nickfuryavg/mls_eng_chunk_10350000_to_10400000

original_path string	begin_time float64	end_time float64	transcript string	audio_duration float64	speaker_id string	book_id string	filename string
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_12_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	351.66	362.97	we therefore wish to record our approval of the position taken by the medical staff of the aec in point of their studies of the substances dangerous to human life	11.31	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350000
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	128.71	142.33	as a consequence of a u s hydrogen bomb test conducted in nineteen fifty four several hundred residents of the marshall islands and the crew of a japanese fishing boat developed acute radiation effects	13.62	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350001
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_12_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	931.85	948	at the federal level this included the subcommittee on human applications of the cotmi ilitopc distribution whose very purpose was to review all initial for radioisotopes to be used experimentally or otherwise in human beings	16.15	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350002
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_38_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	448.93	459.21	the risks of thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodine generally i one thirty one represent a special case for three reasons	10.28	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350003
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_86_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	520.42	532.47	in our subject interview study interviews with patient subjects we confirmed that patient subjects often base their decisions to participate in research on the belief that physicians	12.05	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350004
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_88_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	383.53	395.83	under special declassification review records are often reviewed within months versus the years it takes under the freedom of information act or mandatory declassification review	12.3	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350005
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_39_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	746.39	765.97	a particularly poignant dimension of the unfairness of using institutionalized children as subjects of research is that it permits investigators to secure cooperation by offering as special treats what other noninstitutionalized children would find far less exceptional	19.58	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350006
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_84_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	160.87	170.93	secrecy regarding the participation of particular subjects was maintained until as late as nineteen seventy four documents showing that the government kept	10.06	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350007
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_36_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	546.92	563.51	parents are generally thought to have the authority to determine whether their children should be made subjects of such research certainly today any use of a child in research would not be ethically acceptable or legally permissible without the parent's permission	16.59	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350008
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_37_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	812.12	827.58	henry beecher a harvard anesthesiologist whose impact on the history of research ethics is detailed in chapter three condemned krugman and his staff for not properly informing the parents about the risks involved in the experiment	15.46	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350009
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_47_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	883.34	902.12	other radiation experiments there is no comprehensive list of radiation experiments with prisoners as subjects but in the course of the advisory committee's historical research a handful of such experiments other than those in oregon and washington has been identified	18.78	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350010
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_36_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,096.79	1,115.55	john b roberts a physician from philadelphia labeled wentworth's procedures human vivisection saying that using the children in the hospital without explaining his plan to their mothers or gaining their permission intensified public fear of hospitals	18.76	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350011
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_81_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	357.14	369.01	however the small number of observed cancers as well as considerable uncertainties in the amount of radioisotope administered have made the determination of causality difficult	11.87	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350012
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_39_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	152.33	171.04	for the experiments at wrentham similar efforts did not produce any significant information on questions of parental authorization again with the exception of the experiments conducted at fernald and wrentham we know almost nothing about who the children were who served as subjects in these experiments	18.71	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350013
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_87_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	59.82	70.48	a system of compensation for research injuries has been contemplated since at least the late nineteen forties when the army debated but ultimately rejected	10.66	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350014
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_38_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,040.12	1,056.84	if they could have known then arguably these investigators were not conforming to the aec's requirement permitting nontherapeutic research in children provided that the radiation dosage level in any tissue is low enough to be considered harmless	16.72	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350015
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_13_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,140.9	1,151.64	it was resolved the chairman wrote to the secretary of defense that the ten rules promulgated at the nuremberg trials be adopted as the guiding principles to be followed	10.74	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350016
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_14_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	116.38	132.98	essential this means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice without the intervention of any element of force fraud deceit	16.6	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350017
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_87_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	654.36	670.55	recommendation sixteen the advisory committee recommends to the human radiation interagency working group that improvements be made in the protections of the public's rights and interests with respect to intentional releases	16.19	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350018
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_11_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	159.62	173.39	to an exploration of the norms and practices of physicians and medical scientists who conducted research with human subjects during this period we include here an part i analysis of the significance of the nuremberg code	13.77	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350019
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_65_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	48.37	60.86	not only had such experiments been the subject of government inquiry in prior years but they also had been openly published in the medical literature and even the popular press at the time they were performed	12.49	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350020
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_12_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,537.61	1,557	the only evidence of general attention to matters of consent from patient subjects comes from orins whose policies and practices show a striking similarity to those that as we shall see were being contemporaneously employed at another facility essentially devoted to experimental work	19.39	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350021
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,663.44	1,678.44	now with these conditions in mind let us turn to a more detailed analysis of the washington and oregon testicular irradiation experiments as we have noted the committee's ability to assess the quality of consent	15	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350022
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_46_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,186.73	1,206.53	a review of applications for dr heller's program and depositions of prisoners who sued dr heller various other individuals and the state and federal governments for violation of their rights clearly indicates that money was in most cases the most important consideration in deciding to volunteer	19.8	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350023
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_68_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	294.2	304.34	because the chief of the dbm dr john bugher advised that security specifications needed to be maintained a cover story would be employed	10.14	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350024
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_68_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,437.71	1,448.22	sunshine internal memos recorded lacked coordination and clear goals and the confusion of roles cost credibility he primary reason	10.51	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350025
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_89_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	292.12	303.03	meaning that some individuals who actually have the disease will be falsely reassured that they are cancer free and may thereby delay seeking attention when it becomes symptomatic	10.91	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350026
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_13_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	526.59	543.09	however aec officials were less than enthusiastic doesn't the prisoner proposal acbm chairman alan gregg asked a military official in the course of one discussion fall in the category of cruel and unusual punishment	16.5	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350027
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	493.77	506.1	the civil rights movement the women's movement the patients rights movement the prisoners rights movement and the general questioning of authority associated with the antivietnam war	12.33	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350028
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,072.3	1,083.73	in march nineteen fifty one as we have just noted shields warren advised los alamos to avoid secrecy in human experimentation warren and other aec	11.43	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350029
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_85_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,354.31	1,365.25	extending to all federal grant recipient institutions and all students and trainees involved or likely to be involved in human subject research	10.94	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350030
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_37_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	245.57	264.8	and although his research was merely observational it was not hard to imagine that experimental research with these children could have been conducted when asked about the studies conducted by dr saul krugman on institutionalized children at the willowbrook state school discussed later in this chapter seidel observed	19.23	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350031
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_88_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	988.86	1,004.92	rules are needed that accommodate both the citizen's right to know about the conduct of the government and the relevant differences between nonfederal and federal institutions with respect to duties to create and maintain publicly accessible records	16.06	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350032
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_46_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	29.72	42.54	in july nineteen forty nine a medical advisory panel met in washington d c to discuss psychological problems posed by radiation to crews of a then planned nuclear-powered	12.82	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350033
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_47_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	287.82	305.2	it should be understood that when sterilized in this manner a man still has the same desires and can still perform as he always has submit to surgical biopsy this is a simple procedure performed under local anesthesia it is not a very painful procedure	17.38	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350034
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	496.32	506.51	at midcentury the medical college of virginia mcv performed research on the effect of thermal burns for the defense department	10.19	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350035
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_81_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	933.66	947.73	moreover requests for guidance concerning human use policies from investigators at aec operated research facilities suggest that the nineteen forty seven requirements were not routinely disseminated	14.07	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350036
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_69_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	289.62	301.49	many other significant collections were retrieved however there were often gaps including for example multiyear gaps in the division of biology and medicine fallout collection	11.87	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350037
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_65_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	602.05	615.15	an individual or any governmental activity or be of advantage to a foreign nation similarly data could be classified secret where it might endanger national security or	13.1	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350038
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_11_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	753.15	766.56	we are no less interested however in what these statements can tell us about how government officials and advisers saw human research at the time and how they understood the obligations surrounding it	13.41	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350039
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_15_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	948.2	959.92	formal policies and public morality it is important not to get lost in the details of the various documents we have cited in this chapter	11.72	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350040
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,293.04	1,312.58	population exposures finding twenty three the advisory committee finds that events that raise the same concerns as the intentional releases in the advisory committee's charter could still take place in secret under current environmental laws and regulations	19.54	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350041
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_84_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	748.03	765.07	although it is surely worse from an ethical standpoint to have been both harmed and wronged than to have been used as an unwitting subject of experiments and suffered no harm it is still a moral wrong to use people as a mere means without their consent	17.04	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350042
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_46_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	604.29	619.54	the oregon and washington experiments oregon in nineteen sixty three car her was an internationally renowned medical scientist a winner of the important ciba prize	15.25	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350043
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_66_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	285.58	295.71	but these broad statements left unaddressed the specific response to continued requests to declassify manhattan project human experiments	10.13	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350044
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_37_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	274.9	285.64	william silverman the other pediatrician interviewed had clear recollections of how research was conducted in pediatrics at that time he recalled that	10.74	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350045
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	744.11	759.25	relating to the many licenses for human use it granted in the period of nineteen forty seven to nineteen fifty five the committee notes that laws governing government records provide for routine destruction of older records	15.14	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350046
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_66_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	315.18	326.85	in an august twelfth letter to stone wilson indicated that the medical board of review had considered the question of secrecy and human experiments in mid june but the matter had been deferred	11.67	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350047
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_82_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,116.52	1,133.87	in only a very few of these cases was radiation released for the purpose of studying its effect on humans the advisory committee's charter identified thirteen releases one related to the testing of intelligence equipment the green run	17.35	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350048
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_82_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	500.3	513.11	or in any day with respect to current sound government requirements we have found that some government agencies did in fact have such requirements see findings four and six	12.81	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350049
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_85_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	246.17	261.37	the committee recommends that the radioepidemiological tables prepared by the national institutes of health in nineteen eighty five which identify diseases that may be causally connected to radiation exposures be updated	15.2	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350050
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_88_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	409.15	424.72	classified finding aids should undergo declassification review and declassified versions of these finding aids should also be made available finding aids or indices to federal government records holdings are an invaluable tool	15.57	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350051
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_39_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	189.07	205.04	in some of the experiments reviewed by the committee the scientific research questions of interest could have been pursued only in children who were ill and hospitalized in other instances however the hospitalized children were likely samples of convenience	15.97	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350052
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_46_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,217.77	1,234.31	of which most inmates had five or more plus a bonus when they were vasectomized at the end of the program which appears to have been an additional twenty five dollars some inmates indicated that they were grateful for an opportunity to perform a service to society	16.54	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350053
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_65_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	630.76	645.8	and even at the higher level of secret in the absence of likely harm to national security before the end of world war two therefore there was precedent for using the classification system to do more than protect national security	15.04	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350054
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_47_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	917.31	932.01	a former prison administrator in utah has confirmed that experiments were conducted on prisoner subjects in the late nineteen fifties or early nineteen sixties in which blood appears to have been removed irradiated and returned to the body	14.7	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350055
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_84_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,367.61	1,379.21	following this detailed analysis the advisory committee concluded that none of the experiments examined satisfied both of the guidelines identified in this recommendation	11.6	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350056
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_13_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	543.09	558.97	not the official replied if they would carry out the work as they proposed it would be on an absolutely voluntary basis and under every safety precaution that could be built up around it it didn't strike me as being cruel and unusual	15.88	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350057
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,105.8	1,122.37	only in the case of the washington and oregon testicular irradiation experiments do we know enough to make any legitimate claims about the extent to which researchers conformed with reasonable contemporary standards for the ethical conduct of prison experimentation	16.57	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350058
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_37_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	845.05	856.06	only to come to its defense later in nineteen seventy one also in the early nineteen seventies will became the subject of a heated debate in the medical literature	11.01	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350059
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_68_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	881.32	892.1	while further rationale for keeping the data gathering secret may have existed in surviving documents concern for public relations emerges as the dominant	10.78	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350060
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,312.58	1,324.56	regulations today the law provides that environmental reviews may be conducted in part or even in whole in secret thereby eliminating provision for public notice and comment	11.98	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350061
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_89_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	315.68	331.02	one the condition must have a significant effect on the quality or length of life two the condition must have an asymptomatic period during which it can be detected by available screening methods	15.34	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350062
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_68_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,448.22	1,460.83	wrote hal hollister an aec fallout expert the aec is now in the soup with respect to congress the public and the fallout problem is that all three of these relationships with the public	12.61	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350063
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,094.21	1,105.63	at the same time however warren and other aec biomedical experts were called on to advise on nuclear weapons activities that might place entire populations at risk	11.42	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350064
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_11_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	191.34	209.14	as well as how this translated into the manner in which they conducted their research of particular interest are the differences in professional norms and practices between research in which patients are used as subjects and research involving so-called healthy volunteers	17.8	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350065
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_12_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,557	1,570.62	the nih's clinical center at the same time there is evidence of considerable attention in both policy and practice to issues of safety and acceptable risk see chapter six	13.62	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350066
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_66_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	865.56	880.29	in late nineteen forty eight division of biology and medicine chief shields warren stated his complete agreement with oak ridge's holland that a report on the nineteen forty eight university of california experiment with	14.73	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350067
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_39_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	171.04	189.07	the journal articles on these remaining studies do not describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects they do sometimes mention whether the subjects had relevant medical conditions and usually that the children including the control subjects were hospitalized patients	18.03	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350068
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_68_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	319.02	335.52	as for the emphasis on infants we can say that such samples are easy to obtain here and that we would like to keep our foreign collections comparable dudley explained that the aec wanted to be kept out of the picture where possible but to be helpful	16.5	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350069
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_88_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,004.92	1,017.53	to ensure consistent and informed governmentwide treatment of the question the human radiation interagency working group may wish to call on the office of management and budget omb and the	12.61	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350070
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_85_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	824.18	839.47	consider establishing an independent panel to review the status and adequacy of the current program of medical monitoring and medical care provided by the united states to the exposed population of the marshall islands	15.29	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350071
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	142.33	157.75	some of the marshall islanders subsequently developed benign thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer as a result of the radiation exposure surviving marshallese also may remain at elevated risk of thyroid abnormalities	15.42	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350072
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	506.51	517.93	defense department mcv's research conducted with animals prisoners and medical students initially appears to have been a matter of public record in january nineteen fifty one	11.42	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350073
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_13_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,151.64	1,170.25	an eleventh rule barring experiments with prisoners of war was added by the legal advisor to the council mr stephen s jackson d d attorney jackson evidently was responsible for the inclusion of the nuremberg code in the afmpc's proposed policy	18.61	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350074
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_14_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	711.43	730.16	in biomedical or other types of experimentation it was learned that although this document details very definite and specific steps which must be taken before volunteers may be used in experimentation no serious attempt has been made to disseminate the information to those experimenters	18.73	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350075
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_36_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	563.51	581.92	where the research does not offer any prospect of benefit to the child however the legitimacy of the parent as authorizer is less clear respect for the authority of parents to make decisions for their children and otherwise control their children's lives is not without bounds	18.41	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350076
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_65_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	615.15	630.76	cause serious injury to the interests or prestige of the nation an individual or any government activity the manhattan project's security manual followed the army rules requiring classification of information as confidential	15.61	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350077
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_81_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	381.07	396.96	pathologic evidence of kidney damage secondary to chemical and radiation toxicity in some patients injected with uranium and radiographic evidence of minimal bone changes in some long-term survivors of plutonium injections	15.89	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350078
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_12_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,570.62	1,590.55	questions of subject selection as in the case of seriously ill patients emerge only in this context of safety there is no evidence that issues of fairness or concerns about exploitation in the selection of subjects figured in aec policies or rules of the period	19.93	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350079
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_69_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	301.49	313.93	gaps in the transcripts from the meetings of the advisory committee on biology and medicine and limited collections related to the work of the isotope distribution division's human use subcommittee	12.44	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350080
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_84_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	779	798.23	in most of these cases we have almost no information about whether or how consent was obtained moreover in most of these cases the identities of the subjects are not currently known even if considerable resources were expended it is likely that most of their identities would remain unknown	19.23	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350081
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,083.73	1,094.21	aec officials also told the military of their concern for public repercussions if human experiments were conducted in close proximity to government secret keeping	10.48	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350082
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_89_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	303.03	315.68	to this end the advisory committee has adopted the following criteria for assessing the value of screening preventive or therapeutic measures for exposed subjects of biomedical experiments	12.65	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350083
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_40_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	473.54	488.98	for this treatment intranasal radium applicators sealed ampules containing radium salt were inserted at least three insertions per treatment cycle into the nasopharyngeal area for twelve minute periods	15.44	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350084
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	157.75	169.83	the miners who were the subject of government study as they mined uranium for use in weapons manufacturing were subject to radon exposures well in excess of levels known to be hazardous	12.08	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350085
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_36_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,130.01	1,148.77	when his experimental gelatin injections provoked alarming symptoms of prostration and collapse in three normal children including a feeble-minded four-year-old girl the physician isaac abt stopped his pediatric experiments and began experimenting on rabbits	18.76	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350086
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_38_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,056.84	1,067.17	it is clear that the medical community's understanding of the nature and magnitude of risks posed to children by radiation exposure is not what it is today	10.33	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350087
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_87_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	688.83	708.6	or in circumstances where any aspect of the environmental review process required by law is conducted in secret in conducting its review the independent panel should ensure that one secrecy is limited to that required for reasons of national security	19.77	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350088
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_14_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	694.78	711.43	in november fifty three it was learned that there existed a ts document signed by the secretary of defense which listed various requirements and criteria which had to be met by individuals contemplating the use of human volunteers	16.65	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350089
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_67_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	517.93	536.06	following inquiry by a reporter from the richmond times dispatch mcv investigator dr everett i evans grew alarmed that press reports decrying the use of dogs would greatly harm the work we are doing on the experimental burn in relation to atomic bomb injuries	18.13	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350090
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_83_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,324.56	1,335.83	in classified programs the government must still comply with environmental standards and the environmental protection agency must oversee and review environmental compliance	11.27	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350091
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_65_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	74.74	88.97	this chapter drawing on what we have reported and adding some new material summarizes what we have learned about both the rules governing secrecy in human subject research and data gathering and the actual practices employed	14.23	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350092
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	506.1	516.77	but as has been common in the history of human experimentation scandal galvanized public attention brought official inquiry and resulted in significant change	10.67	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350093
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_69_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	892.62	907.15	in yet others such as the aec's denial that it sponsored human experiments when its isotopes division publicly advertised the success of human subject research the rationale is hard to discern in	14.53	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350094
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	1,689.14	1,707.93	then the investigators are either no longer alive or their memories have grown hazy or selective with time the same is true of subjects and of course there are confidentiality considerations which limit the availability of records the concern of researchers for their reputations and so on	18.79	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350095
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_48_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	516.77	534.45	a major scandal in prison experimentation came when the new york times published a front-page article on july twenty ninth nineteen sixty nine detailing an ethically and scientifically sloppy drug testing program that a physician had established in the state prisons of alabama	17.68	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350096
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_46_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	633.41	653.23	he designed a study to test the effects of radiation on the somatic and germinal cells of the testes the doses of radiation that would produce changes or induce damage in spermatogenic cells the amount of time it would take for cell production to recover and the effects of radiation on hormone excretion	19.82	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350097
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_84_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	765.07	779	although what we know about the practices of the time suggests it is likely that many people who were subjects in nontherapeutic research were used without their consent or with what today we would consider inadequate consent	13.93	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350098
http://www.archive.org/download/finalreport_humanradiationexperiments_1910_librivox/finalreport_radiationexperiments_11_advisorycommittee_64kb.mp3	173.39	191.34	which arose out of the international war crimes trial of german physicians in nineteen forty seven using the results of our ethics oral history project and other sources we also examine how scientists of the time viewed their moral responsibilities to human subjects	17.95	11528	10696	chunk_0207_row_10350099

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351.66

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we therefore wish to record our approval of the position taken by the medical staff of the aec in point of their studies of the substances dangerous to human life

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128.71

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as a consequence of a u s hydrogen bomb test conducted in nineteen fifty four several hundred residents of the marshall islands and the crew of a japanese fishing boat developed acute radiation effects

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931.85

948

at the federal level this included the subcommittee on human applications of the cotmi ilitopc distribution whose very purpose was to review all initial for radioisotopes to be used experimentally or otherwise in human beings

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448.93

459.21

the risks of thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodine generally i one thirty one represent a special case for three reasons

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520.42

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in our subject interview study interviews with patient subjects we confirmed that patient subjects often base their decisions to participate in research on the belief that physicians

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383.53

395.83

under special declassification review records are often reviewed within months versus the years it takes under the freedom of information act or mandatory declassification review

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746.39

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a particularly poignant dimension of the unfairness of using institutionalized children as subjects of research is that it permits investigators to secure cooperation by offering as special treats what other noninstitutionalized children would find far less exceptional

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160.87

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secrecy regarding the participation of particular subjects was maintained until as late as nineteen seventy four documents showing that the government kept

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546.92

563.51

parents are generally thought to have the authority to determine whether their children should be made subjects of such research certainly today any use of a child in research would not be ethically acceptable or legally permissible without the parent's permission

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812.12

827.58

henry beecher a harvard anesthesiologist whose impact on the history of research ethics is detailed in chapter three condemned krugman and his staff for not properly informing the parents about the risks involved in the experiment

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883.34

902.12

other radiation experiments there is no comprehensive list of radiation experiments with prisoners as subjects but in the course of the advisory committee's historical research a handful of such experiments other than those in oregon and washington has been identified

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1,096.79

1,115.55

john b roberts a physician from philadelphia labeled wentworth's procedures human vivisection saying that using the children in the hospital without explaining his plan to their mothers or gaining their permission intensified public fear of hospitals

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357.14

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however the small number of observed cancers as well as considerable uncertainties in the amount of radioisotope administered have made the determination of causality difficult

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152.33

171.04

for the experiments at wrentham similar efforts did not produce any significant information on questions of parental authorization again with the exception of the experiments conducted at fernald and wrentham we know almost nothing about who the children were who served as subjects in these experiments

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59.82

70.48

a system of compensation for research injuries has been contemplated since at least the late nineteen forties when the army debated but ultimately rejected

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1,040.12

1,056.84

if they could have known then arguably these investigators were not conforming to the aec's requirement permitting nontherapeutic research in children provided that the radiation dosage level in any tissue is low enough to be considered harmless

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1,140.9

1,151.64

it was resolved the chairman wrote to the secretary of defense that the ten rules promulgated at the nuremberg trials be adopted as the guiding principles to be followed

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116.38

132.98

essential this means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice without the intervention of any element of force fraud deceit

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654.36

670.55

recommendation sixteen the advisory committee recommends to the human radiation interagency working group that improvements be made in the protections of the public's rights and interests with respect to intentional releases

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159.62

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to an exploration of the norms and practices of physicians and medical scientists who conducted research with human subjects during this period we include here an part i analysis of the significance of the nuremberg code

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48.37

60.86

not only had such experiments been the subject of government inquiry in prior years but they also had been openly published in the medical literature and even the popular press at the time they were performed

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1,537.61

1,557

the only evidence of general attention to matters of consent from patient subjects comes from orins whose policies and practices show a striking similarity to those that as we shall see were being contemporaneously employed at another facility essentially devoted to experimental work

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1,663.44

1,678.44

now with these conditions in mind let us turn to a more detailed analysis of the washington and oregon testicular irradiation experiments as we have noted the committee's ability to assess the quality of consent

15

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1,186.73

1,206.53

a review of applications for dr heller's program and depositions of prisoners who sued dr heller various other individuals and the state and federal governments for violation of their rights clearly indicates that money was in most cases the most important consideration in deciding to volunteer

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294.2

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because the chief of the dbm dr john bugher advised that security specifications needed to be maintained a cover story would be employed

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1,437.71

1,448.22

sunshine internal memos recorded lacked coordination and clear goals and the confusion of roles cost credibility he primary reason

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292.12

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meaning that some individuals who actually have the disease will be falsely reassured that they are cancer free and may thereby delay seeking attention when it becomes symptomatic

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526.59

543.09

however aec officials were less than enthusiastic doesn't the prisoner proposal acbm chairman alan gregg asked a military official in the course of one discussion fall in the category of cruel and unusual punishment

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493.77

506.1

the civil rights movement the women's movement the patients rights movement the prisoners rights movement and the general questioning of authority associated with the antivietnam war

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1,072.3

1,083.73

in march nineteen fifty one as we have just noted shields warren advised los alamos to avoid secrecy in human experimentation warren and other aec

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1,354.31

1,365.25

extending to all federal grant recipient institutions and all students and trainees involved or likely to be involved in human subject research

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245.57

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and although his research was merely observational it was not hard to imagine that experimental research with these children could have been conducted when asked about the studies conducted by dr saul krugman on institutionalized children at the willowbrook state school discussed later in this chapter seidel observed

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988.86

1,004.92

rules are needed that accommodate both the citizen's right to know about the conduct of the government and the relevant differences between nonfederal and federal institutions with respect to duties to create and maintain publicly accessible records

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29.72

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in july nineteen forty nine a medical advisory panel met in washington d c to discuss psychological problems posed by radiation to crews of a then planned nuclear-powered

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it should be understood that when sterilized in this manner a man still has the same desires and can still perform as he always has submit to surgical biopsy this is a simple procedure performed under local anesthesia it is not a very painful procedure

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496.32

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at midcentury the medical college of virginia mcv performed research on the effect of thermal burns for the defense department

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moreover requests for guidance concerning human use policies from investigators at aec operated research facilities suggest that the nineteen forty seven requirements were not routinely disseminated

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many other significant collections were retrieved however there were often gaps including for example multiyear gaps in the division of biology and medicine fallout collection

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an individual or any governmental activity or be of advantage to a foreign nation similarly data could be classified secret where it might endanger national security or

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we are no less interested however in what these statements can tell us about how government officials and advisers saw human research at the time and how they understood the obligations surrounding it

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formal policies and public morality it is important not to get lost in the details of the various documents we have cited in this chapter

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population exposures finding twenty three the advisory committee finds that events that raise the same concerns as the intentional releases in the advisory committee's charter could still take place in secret under current environmental laws and regulations

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although it is surely worse from an ethical standpoint to have been both harmed and wronged than to have been used as an unwitting subject of experiments and suffered no harm it is still a moral wrong to use people as a mere means without their consent

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the oregon and washington experiments oregon in nineteen sixty three car her was an internationally renowned medical scientist a winner of the important ciba prize

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but these broad statements left unaddressed the specific response to continued requests to declassify manhattan project human experiments

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william silverman the other pediatrician interviewed had clear recollections of how research was conducted in pediatrics at that time he recalled that

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relating to the many licenses for human use it granted in the period of nineteen forty seven to nineteen fifty five the committee notes that laws governing government records provide for routine destruction of older records

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in an august twelfth letter to stone wilson indicated that the medical board of review had considered the question of secrecy and human experiments in mid june but the matter had been deferred

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in only a very few of these cases was radiation released for the purpose of studying its effect on humans the advisory committee's charter identified thirteen releases one related to the testing of intelligence equipment the green run

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or in any day with respect to current sound government requirements we have found that some government agencies did in fact have such requirements see findings four and six

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the committee recommends that the radioepidemiological tables prepared by the national institutes of health in nineteen eighty five which identify diseases that may be causally connected to radiation exposures be updated

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classified finding aids should undergo declassification review and declassified versions of these finding aids should also be made available finding aids or indices to federal government records holdings are an invaluable tool

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in some of the experiments reviewed by the committee the scientific research questions of interest could have been pursued only in children who were ill and hospitalized in other instances however the hospitalized children were likely samples of convenience

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of which most inmates had five or more plus a bonus when they were vasectomized at the end of the program which appears to have been an additional twenty five dollars some inmates indicated that they were grateful for an opportunity to perform a service to society

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and even at the higher level of secret in the absence of likely harm to national security before the end of world war two therefore there was precedent for using the classification system to do more than protect national security

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a former prison administrator in utah has confirmed that experiments were conducted on prisoner subjects in the late nineteen fifties or early nineteen sixties in which blood appears to have been removed irradiated and returned to the body

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following this detailed analysis the advisory committee concluded that none of the experiments examined satisfied both of the guidelines identified in this recommendation

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not the official replied if they would carry out the work as they proposed it would be on an absolutely voluntary basis and under every safety precaution that could be built up around it it didn't strike me as being cruel and unusual

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only in the case of the washington and oregon testicular irradiation experiments do we know enough to make any legitimate claims about the extent to which researchers conformed with reasonable contemporary standards for the ethical conduct of prison experimentation

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only to come to its defense later in nineteen seventy one also in the early nineteen seventies will became the subject of a heated debate in the medical literature

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while further rationale for keeping the data gathering secret may have existed in surviving documents concern for public relations emerges as the dominant

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regulations today the law provides that environmental reviews may be conducted in part or even in whole in secret thereby eliminating provision for public notice and comment

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one the condition must have a significant effect on the quality or length of life two the condition must have an asymptomatic period during which it can be detected by available screening methods

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wrote hal hollister an aec fallout expert the aec is now in the soup with respect to congress the public and the fallout problem is that all three of these relationships with the public

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at the same time however warren and other aec biomedical experts were called on to advise on nuclear weapons activities that might place entire populations at risk

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as well as how this translated into the manner in which they conducted their research of particular interest are the differences in professional norms and practices between research in which patients are used as subjects and research involving so-called healthy volunteers

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the nih's clinical center at the same time there is evidence of considerable attention in both policy and practice to issues of safety and acceptable risk see chapter six

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in late nineteen forty eight division of biology and medicine chief shields warren stated his complete agreement with oak ridge's holland that a report on the nineteen forty eight university of california experiment with

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the journal articles on these remaining studies do not describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects they do sometimes mention whether the subjects had relevant medical conditions and usually that the children including the control subjects were hospitalized patients

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as for the emphasis on infants we can say that such samples are easy to obtain here and that we would like to keep our foreign collections comparable dudley explained that the aec wanted to be kept out of the picture where possible but to be helpful

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to ensure consistent and informed governmentwide treatment of the question the human radiation interagency working group may wish to call on the office of management and budget omb and the

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consider establishing an independent panel to review the status and adequacy of the current program of medical monitoring and medical care provided by the united states to the exposed population of the marshall islands

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some of the marshall islanders subsequently developed benign thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer as a result of the radiation exposure surviving marshallese also may remain at elevated risk of thyroid abnormalities

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defense department mcv's research conducted with animals prisoners and medical students initially appears to have been a matter of public record in january nineteen fifty one

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an eleventh rule barring experiments with prisoners of war was added by the legal advisor to the council mr stephen s jackson d d attorney jackson evidently was responsible for the inclusion of the nuremberg code in the afmpc's proposed policy

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in biomedical or other types of experimentation it was learned that although this document details very definite and specific steps which must be taken before volunteers may be used in experimentation no serious attempt has been made to disseminate the information to those experimenters

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where the research does not offer any prospect of benefit to the child however the legitimacy of the parent as authorizer is less clear respect for the authority of parents to make decisions for their children and otherwise control their children's lives is not without bounds

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cause serious injury to the interests or prestige of the nation an individual or any government activity the manhattan project's security manual followed the army rules requiring classification of information as confidential

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pathologic evidence of kidney damage secondary to chemical and radiation toxicity in some patients injected with uranium and radiographic evidence of minimal bone changes in some long-term survivors of plutonium injections

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questions of subject selection as in the case of seriously ill patients emerge only in this context of safety there is no evidence that issues of fairness or concerns about exploitation in the selection of subjects figured in aec policies or rules of the period

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gaps in the transcripts from the meetings of the advisory committee on biology and medicine and limited collections related to the work of the isotope distribution division's human use subcommittee

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in most of these cases we have almost no information about whether or how consent was obtained moreover in most of these cases the identities of the subjects are not currently known even if considerable resources were expended it is likely that most of their identities would remain unknown

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aec officials also told the military of their concern for public repercussions if human experiments were conducted in close proximity to government secret keeping

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to this end the advisory committee has adopted the following criteria for assessing the value of screening preventive or therapeutic measures for exposed subjects of biomedical experiments

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for this treatment intranasal radium applicators sealed ampules containing radium salt were inserted at least three insertions per treatment cycle into the nasopharyngeal area for twelve minute periods

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the miners who were the subject of government study as they mined uranium for use in weapons manufacturing were subject to radon exposures well in excess of levels known to be hazardous

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when his experimental gelatin injections provoked alarming symptoms of prostration and collapse in three normal children including a feeble-minded four-year-old girl the physician isaac abt stopped his pediatric experiments and began experimenting on rabbits

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it is clear that the medical community's understanding of the nature and magnitude of risks posed to children by radiation exposure is not what it is today

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or in circumstances where any aspect of the environmental review process required by law is conducted in secret in conducting its review the independent panel should ensure that one secrecy is limited to that required for reasons of national security

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in november fifty three it was learned that there existed a ts document signed by the secretary of defense which listed various requirements and criteria which had to be met by individuals contemplating the use of human volunteers

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following inquiry by a reporter from the richmond times dispatch mcv investigator dr everett i evans grew alarmed that press reports decrying the use of dogs would greatly harm the work we are doing on the experimental burn in relation to atomic bomb injuries

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in classified programs the government must still comply with environmental standards and the environmental protection agency must oversee and review environmental compliance

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this chapter drawing on what we have reported and adding some new material summarizes what we have learned about both the rules governing secrecy in human subject research and data gathering and the actual practices employed

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but as has been common in the history of human experimentation scandal galvanized public attention brought official inquiry and resulted in significant change

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in yet others such as the aec's denial that it sponsored human experiments when its isotopes division publicly advertised the success of human subject research the rationale is hard to discern in

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then the investigators are either no longer alive or their memories have grown hazy or selective with time the same is true of subjects and of course there are confidentiality considerations which limit the availability of records the concern of researchers for their reputations and so on

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a major scandal in prison experimentation came when the new york times published a front-page article on july twenty ninth nineteen sixty nine detailing an ethically and scientifically sloppy drug testing program that a physician had established in the state prisons of alabama

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he designed a study to test the effects of radiation on the somatic and germinal cells of the testes the doses of radiation that would produce changes or induce damage in spermatogenic cells the amount of time it would take for cell production to recover and the effects of radiation on hormone excretion

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although what we know about the practices of the time suggests it is likely that many people who were subjects in nontherapeutic research were used without their consent or with what today we would consider inadequate consent

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which arose out of the international war crimes trial of german physicians in nineteen forty seven using the results of our ethics oral history project and other sources we also examine how scientists of the time viewed their moral responsibilities to human subjects

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