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[ { "content": "", "role": "user" } ]
[ { "content": "Arrhenius's sixth impossibility theorem involves a set of conditions (axioms) that a critical-level social welfare function cannot simultaneously satisfy.\n\n**Context:**\n\n- **Critical-level views** are a family of utilitarian-type social welfare functions that incorporate a \"critical level\" such that only individual utilities above that level add to social welfare.\n- Arrhenius's sixth impossibility theorem shows that no social welfare function satisfying certain reasonable axioms can be both critical-level and meet all the listed conditions.\n\nThe question is asking: Which of the given conditions do critical-level views violate?\n\n---\n\n### The conditions (briefly):\n\n- **A. Egalitarian Dominance:** Social welfare increases if everyone strictly increases their utility by the same amount.\n- **B. General Non-Extreme Priority:** No individual’s welfare is infinitely more important than others; essentially, no extreme priority given.\n- **C. Non-Elitism:** Social welfare should not be determined solely by the welfare of the best-off individuals.\n- **D. Weak Non-Sadism:** Social welfare should not decrease if an individual’s utility improves.\n- **E. Weak Quality Addition:** Adding a copy of an individual with positive utility to the population should increase social welfare.\n\n---\n\n### Which condition do critical-level views violate?\n\n- Critical-level utilitarian functions violate **E. Weak Quality Addition**.\n\n**Why?**\n\n- Weak Quality Addition says: Adding a new person with positive utility should strictly increase social welfare.\n- However, critical-level views can *decrease* social welfare when adding a person whose utility is **below** the critical level, i.e., a \"bad\" addition can reduce social welfare.\n- But the weak quality addition condition requires that *any* positive utility addition increases social welfare, which is violated by critical-level approaches since utilities below the critical level may be positive but \"count negatively\" in the social welfare function.\n\nHence, critical-level views violate **Weak Quality Addition**.\n\n---\n\n### **Answer: E. Weak Quality Addition**", "role": "assistant" } ]
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{ "answer_type": "multipleChoice", "category": "Humanities/Social Science", "has_image": false, "id": "668825f80a642802bdfeadfa", "subject": "Philosophy" }
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