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MonumentalSystems
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text-corpus-v1

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Galileo: Both, perhaps! The sculptor’s chisel follows the laws of physics, just as the poet’s pen follows the laws of language. But here’s a thought: if the universe is mathematical, then information is its grammar. Without measurement, we’re like poets reciting verses in a language we cannot read.	general_knowledge	salon	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4701	58.94	80.64	77	48
Hawkey a was a pretty large town for interior Missouri. Washington, very stiff and tired and hungry, climbed out, and wondered how he was to	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4398	59.64	43.75	30	25
Moreover, the process noise ω k follows N ( 0 , Q k with Q k = γ · diag(), the initial state x 0 is 4.3 Nonlinear dynamic system 4.3 Nonlinear dynamic system As , we consider a two-dimensional dynamic system with the linear motion model [MATH] and the nonlinear observation model [MATH] where F k = diag(), and the state...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5998	1.5	50.34	502	382
“Nonsense, again! Marry! I don’t want to marry, and never shall marry.” “That is saying too much: such hazardous affirmations are a proof of the excitement under which you labour.”	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Charlotte Brontë	literature	trivium	0.4089	61.89	30	51	30
“Have I anything to pay?” demanded D’Artagnan. “Everything is paid,” replied the host, “and liberally. Begone, and may God guide you!”	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	intermediate	Alexandre Dumas	literature	trivium	0.4178	59.21	21	47	21
snow-flakes descending soft and still on her old gray head and making it white and whiter. The crowd was gathering now, and an egg came flying	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4195	69.81	63.09	33	26
When arrived at this state of mind, Lucretia's conversation took a more worldly, a more practical turn. Her knowledge of the speculators of Paris instructed her pictures of bold ingenuity creating sudden wealth; she spoke of fortunes made in a day,--of parvenus bursting into millionnaires; of wealth as the necessary in...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	high_school	advanced	Jeremy Bentham	ethics	philosophy	0.6451	44.86	159.25	178	137
After a general discussion it was determined that for to-night nothing be definitely settled; that we should all sleep on the facts, and try to think out the proper conclusions. To-morrow, at breakfast, we are to meet again, and, after making our conclusions known to one another, we shall decide on some definite cause ...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	advanced	Bram Stoker	literature	trivium	0.5846	48.49	125.44	69	56
Again, that the world is an animal, and that it is endued with reason, and life, and intellect, is affirmed by Chrysippus, in the first volume of his treatise on Providence, and by Apollodorus in his Natural Philosophy, and by Posidonius; and that it is an animal in this sense, as being an essence endued with life, and...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	middle_school	foundational	Diogenes Laertius	ethics	trivium	0.3192	64.94	33.58	155	123
This is because PSs follow the PDL. While the PD based methods show the full extent of the line, the PS based AM method only returns a point-like region. While there is only functional re-entry in the optical voltage mapping data set, we can still use the same algorithm to recover the long-term location of the PDL in t...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4449	52.22	75.08	443	347
sides of one of them, and he began to swell out, so that he soon filled the lodge by his bulk; and he had great strong teeth. When he attained	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	elementary	foundational	unknown		philosophy	0.3468	83.33	50.4	35	30
Thereafter, nevertheless, would no one trust my simple mind to keep in my memory any unaccustomed name, hearing which I should answer to it and step out of the ranks: and so must I keep the name of Simplicius; and for a surname the Governor himself added that of Simplicissimus, and so had me written down in the muster-...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4165	53.53	55.76	188	161
care of his mother as if she were cut glass. He always brought his mother to church, and was the pride of all the matrons. The boys all	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	elementary	foundational	unknown		philosophy	0.2875	95.94	43.9	32	28
‘wr MAY ASSUME” N the Assuming trade three separate and inde- pendent cults are transacting business. Two of these cults are known as the Shakespearites and the Baconians, and I am the other one—the Bronto- saurian.	general_knowledge	philosophy	humanities	high_school	intermediate	Bacon	rhetoric	philosophy	0.4518	56.97	51.84	60	36
Werner Heisenberg: And it must include a cutoff for the UV catastrophe. Max Planck: Yes. We have constructed a model. It is not a single machine. It is a mechanism with a Hamiltonian, a dissipation term, a source of noise, and a limit to precision.	general_knowledge	salon	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3917	69.86	50.59	66	45
Soon afterwards, the bell at the great gate sounded, and he thought, “They have come back!” and sat listening. But, there was no loud irruption into the courtyard, as he had expected, and he heard the gate clash again, and all was quiet.	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Charles Dickens	literature	trivium	0.3608	76.8	51.77	58	43
HLA genotype assessment HLA genotype assessment For the Rochester and San Diego cohorts, HLA class I (A, B, and C) and class II (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1) genotyping was performed by high-resolution PCR-SSP (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), as previously described [ – ]. For the Rochester cohort, 249 subjects with Eu...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5868	26.7	97.14	490	303
“By the powers, Ben Gunn!” roared Silver. “Aye, and so it were,” cried Morgan, springing on his knees. “Ben Gunn it were!” “It don’t make much odds, do it, now?” asked Dick. “Ben Gunn’s not here in the body any more’n Flint.”	classics_literature	classics	literature	elementary	intermediate	Robert Louis Stevenson	literature	trivium	0.4937	93.92	164.64	86	42
Then this old person got up and tore his paper all into small shreds, and stamped on them, and broke several things with his cane, and said I did not know as much as a cow; and then went--out and banged the door after him, and, in short, acted in such a way that I fancied he was displeased about something. But not know...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4868	66.97	115.52	92	76
Setting partial derivatives of the objective function of with respect to c l to zeros, i.e., [MATH] we obtain the optimal weight coefficients [MATH] and then from Eqs ( ), ( ) and ( ), [MATH] (iii) Using the Euclidean structure on the Lie algebra [MATH] , we take the norm of the average displacement vector [MATH] as th...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4482	42.96	59.9	513	360
For thicker airfoils, the maximum C l / C d increases with Reynolds number, but the corresponding angle of attack Î± and lift coefficient C l decrease. In the region of larger angle of attack, the stall angle increases with Reynolds number, which means the maximum C l increases at higher Reynolds number, as shown in . ...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.3985	47.39	42.87	504	367
However with the W-type state it is impossible to turn off the entanglement, and so it will not be possible to embed the classical game, as we have done with the GHZ-type state. Hence we will not proceed any further except to show the result of maximizing the payoff function in Eq. (53) for the PD. Prisoner Dilemma (PD...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	middle_school	foundational	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.3126	73.58	53.47	514	343
everybody else. In our cities, the ward meetings elect delegates to the nominating conventions and instruct them whom to nominate. The publicans	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	college	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.5781	34.16	67.76	27	22
Desired currents [MATH] depend on the current reference flow of the commutation sequence, whose values are given by [MATH] where T ref is the desired motor torque vector and is the output of a PID controller intended to control the position tracking error. [MATH] where K 1 , K 2 , and K 3 are diagonal definite positive...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4477	30.12	33.15	484	341
When we got to our journey’s end, our first pursuit was to look about for a little lodging for Peggotty, where her brother could have a bed. We were so fortunate as to find one, of a very clean and cheap description, over a chandler’s shop, only two streets removed from me. When we had engaged this domicile, I bought s...	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Charles Dickens	literature	trivium	0.4928	66.94	122.92	216	154
strong effect upon him that he began to ACT the prince, unconsciously. His speech and manners became curiously ceremonious and courtly, to the	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4993	47.39	49.37	28	23
In this period is likewise to be placed M. Terentius Varro, the celebrated Roman grammarian, and the Nestor of ancient learning. The first mention made of him is, that he was lieutenant to Pompey in his piratical wars, and obtained in that service a naval crown. In the civil wars he joined the side of the Republic, and...	classics_literature	classics	history	high_school	intermediate	Suetonius	history	trivium	0.4492	53.53	79.7	442	357
I do not know that there have not been moments in the course of the present session when I should have been very glad to have accepted the proposal of my noble friend, and to have exchanged parts in some of our evenings of work.--[From a Speech of the English Chancellor of the Exchequer, August, 1879.]	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	college	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.483	36.69	34.63	66	56
Other elucidations besides I have endeavoured to give on some difficulties which have been put before me of late. I have, moreover, followed the advice of some friends who thought it fitting that I should add two appendices: the one treats of the controversy carried on between Mr. Hobbes and Bishop Bramhall touching Fr...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	Gottfried Leibniz	metaphysics	philosophy	0.5326	51.47	102.22	92	74
sides, leaving all the middle stretch of the floor free. A cake is provided as a prize for the winner in the competition, and a bench of	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3998	66.63	40.82	31	27
Thereupon a strange fire lighted up Boldwood’s eye, and his face flushed with the suppressed excitement of an unutterable thought. Everybody’s glance was now centred upon him and the unconscious Bathsheba. He lifted her bodily off the ground, and smoothed down the folds of her dress as a child might have taken a storm-...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	advanced	Thomas Hardy	literature	trivium	0.5679	53.88	132.42	164	113
illness and exhaustion, subject to a girl's weaknesses. Yes, it was shrewdly thought. She had tacitly said herself that under the	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3751	67.26	21	30	21
To ensure objectivity, this study adopts the entropy weight method to calculate the initial weights based on the dispersion of FEA results, followed by normalization. The final values of λ 1 , λ 2 and λ 3 are determined as (0.6, 0.3, 0.1). The sensitivity design variable to three design objectives is denoted by S Fmax ...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5392	29.93	86.35	380	312
Our purpose here is to compare this method with other established strategies for spectral estimation, including both parametric spectrum estimation methods like MUSIC (MUltiple Signal Classification), ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques), and Prony’s (least squares) as well as c...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4623	52.75	85.91	499	368
Multi-objective optimization problem Multi-objective optimization problem This paper focuses on minimizing three objective functions for the robot’s motor selection, energy consumption, tracking error, and motors’ total weight. There is a conflict among the three objective functions. If lower energy consumption is desi...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4458	37.78	52.31	379	305
We then find [MATH] the dâAlembertian in two dimensions, so that [MATH] is a square root of the dâAlembertian. We therefore write for the Dirac equation [MATH] where [MATH] is a general multivector, shown in Eq. (2), which gives a Lorentz covariant equation isomorphic to the conventional Dirac equation in two dimen...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	foundational	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.3354	57.59	36.78	544	338
that the thing was difficult. Many a small thing has been made large by the right kind of advertising. That monk was filled up with the difficulty of this enterprise; he would fill up the others.	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	elementary	foundational	unknown		philosophy	0.3377	81.86	51.84	40	36
For the edge-based algorithms, the output is a number σ ab computed from the pair of phases [MATH] , [MATH] found at the vertices connected by that edge, which could be regarded as making up a vector field. 3.3.2 Interpolation between vertex-based and edge-based methods 3.3.2 Interpolation between vertex-based and edge...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4019	56.18	63.15	499	361
Around a small shanty was collected a crowd of natives buying the awa root. It is said that but for the use of this root the destruction of the people in former times by certain imported diseases would	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5075	45.82	67.39	40	38
When the train arrived at Omsk, the new regime of Kolchak had been established. The Admiral was distinctly pleased with the change; for he no longer believed in granting the Russian people a Constituent Assembly because he had grounds for thinking that the Russian people, if given this opportunity, would take advantage...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.5785	49.49	141.39	445	304
A. LINCOLN. COMMENT ON A NOTE. NEW YORK, October 15, 1863. DEAR SIR: On the point of leaving I am told, by a gentleman to whose statements I attach credit, that the opposition policy for the Presidential campaign will be to "abstain from voting." J.	classics_literature	classics	humanities	middle_school	advanced	Abraham Lincoln	rhetoric	trivium	0.5619	71.74	141.75	64	45
For analyzing the algorithm performance, we selected 10 6 positions of the robot in the reachable workspace at random, to find a solution by the above optimized elimination method. And the testing environment was (Intel(R) Xeon CPU2.8GHz, python). The statistical results showed that the average solving speed was reduce...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5089	37.64	84.04	365	300
For practical simplicity, the values that are considered to carry out the normalization in the equation (29) are [MATH] and [MATH] . Once the maximum values of the terms in the optimization problem are obtained, the three steps considered in this stage are described below. (i) Trade-off selection As mentioned in the de...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5517	18.43	69.29	394	292
loafers at my heels, I was taken up an alley and into a stone-paved dungeon which had large cells all down one side of it, with iron gates to	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3814	66.54	29	36	29
“Señor,” replied the lad, “I am a stranger, and I have been only a few days in the town, doing farm work for a rich farmer. In that house opposite there live the curate of the village and the sacristan, and both or either of them will be able to give your worship some account of this lady princess, for they have a list...	classics_literature	classics	literature	graduate	expert	Miguel de Cervantes	literature	trivium	0.7099	-6.09	91.18	131	105
Paths that are allowed to move backward in time have been discussed in a paper by Ord in connection with quantum interference arising from charge conservation. At present, we are uncertain how to deal with this type of path in determining relative velocity. We made an observation that the area of the rectangle in the x...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5869	36.14	118.16	262	204
personage for worship, and in addition--here in the very beginning--a working equipment that has not a flaw in it. In the beginning,	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.509	42.22	45.17	30	22
LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI into requisition and a gap made. After much labor the horses and mules were securely placed on the flat.	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5199	59.07	74.06	31	23
“A MISSOURI MAIDEN’S FAREWELL TO ALABAMA “Alabama, goodbye! I love thee well! But yet for a while do I leave thee now! Sad, yes, sad thoughts of thee my heart doth swell, And burning recollections throng my brow! For I have wandered through thy flowery woods; Have roamed and read near Tallapoosa’s stream; Have listened...	general_knowledge	literature	literature	middle_school	advanced	Mark Twain	literature	trivium	0.5882	71.66	174.24	117	66
If the limit [MATH] holds true for each i , then the sequence of curves γ ( k ) ( t ) is said to have the PIA property, and the method of generating this sequence of curves is referred to as the PIA method. As stated in , all normalized totally positive basis functions possess the PIA property. Let [MATH] , P = [ p 0 ,...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.3988	41.72	38.87	518	349
market house, There was an engine company and a hook-and-ladder company. Half of each was composed of rummies and the other half of anti-rummies,	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4785	45	40.32	38	24
the Frankenstein monster that was draining their substance and holding out false hopes of relief and golden return. The program here outlined was one that would continue for several years yet,	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5373	49.83	89.69	33	31
The Causes Of Change In Religion From the propagation of Religion, it is not hard to understand the causes of the resolution of the same into its first seeds, or principles; which are only an opinion of a Deity, and Powers invisible, and supernaturall; that can never be so abolished out of humane nature, but that new R...	classics_literature	classics	social_science	graduate	expert	Hobbes	politics	philosophy	0.7361	-3.38	105.41	96	80
“I do not mean that for you, Blacas,” continued Louis XVIII.; “for if you have discovered nothing, at least you have had the good sense to persevere in your suspicions. Any other than yourself would have considered the disclosure of M. de Villefort insignificant, or else dictated by venal ambition.” These words were an...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	advanced	Alexandre Dumas	literature	trivium	0.6045	53.23	145.15	96	72
“No; I desire not an earthly immortality,” said I. “Were man to live longer on the earth, the spiritual would die out of him. The spark of ethereal fire would be choked by the material, the sensual. There is a celestial something within us that requires, after a certain time, the atmosphere of heaven to preserve it fro...	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Nathaniel Hawthorne	literature	trivium	0.4943	69.95	123.22	117	89
He got up, lame, stiff, and half famished, washed himself in the river, stayed his stomach with a pint or two of water, and trudged off toward Westminster, grumbling at himself for having wasted so much time. Hunger helped him to a new plan, now; he would try to get speech with old Sir Humphrey Marlow and borrow a few ...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.5542	55.96	129.43	107	86
SAML. But even so able a man as Henry Rogers could not accomplish the impossible. The affairs of the Webster Company were hopeless, the business was not worth saving. By Mr. Rogers's advice an assignment was made April, 18, 1894. After its early spectacular success less than ten years had brought the business to failur...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5167	62.01	114.27	81	67
editorial page in the morning, followed by a Vesuvian opinion of our wretch a column long, which wound up by adding a thousand dollars to our	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4637	53.55	47.32	31	26
“‘What do you think of this?’ he asked in a low voice. “‘Let him have it—let him have it,’ she said. ‘If he returns to Beaucaire without the diamond, he will inform against us, and, as he says, who knows if we shall ever again see the Abbé Busoni?—in all probability we shall never see him.’	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Alexandre Dumas	literature	trivium	0.4676	69.64	97.56	91	56
Elinor could not help smiling at this display of indifference towards the manners of a person, to whom she had often had difficulty in persuading Marianne to behave with tolerable politeness; and resolved within herself, that if her sister persisted in going, she would go likewise, as she did not think it proper that M...	classics_literature	classics	literature	college	advanced	Jane Austen	literature	trivium	0.5908	28.35	92.63	155	123
commissioned of Satan; and this signature of hers bound her to resume the dress of a woman. There were other promises, but that one would answer, without the others;	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5012	54.88	78.49	36	29
The difference cannot be accounted for on the score of extraordinary efforts or extraordinary achievements. The war that cost twenty-one millions was the war of the con-federates, historically called the grand alliance, consisting of England, Austria, and Holland in the time of William III. against Louis XIV. and in wh...	classics_literature	classics	social_science	college	intermediate	Thomas Paine	politics	trivium	0.4943	36.26	55.89	137	97
Troy’s appearance in this position may be briefly accounted for. The brig aboard which he was taken in Budmouth Roads was about to start on a voyage, though somewhat short of hands. Troy read the articles and joined, but before they sailed a boat was despatched across the bay to Lulwind cove; as he had half expected, h...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	intermediate	Thomas Hardy	literature	trivium	0.5466	51.19	124.91	430	362
elected, all voting for him but himself. It was then moved that his election should be ratified by acclamation, which was lost, in	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.6108	62.11	148.12	29	23
To facilitate inclusion of studies in future meta-analyses, curtailment experiments should report fatality estimates for both control and treatment groups, as well as carcass persistence rates, searcher efficiency, search frequency, search area coverage, number of turbine-nights of study, curtailment regime (including ...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	expert	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.8325	-2.05	178.47	344	265
“Most of the way,” said I. “I can’t tell you for certain, because there was still too much water when last I went down: but I think it lies pretty low.” “Were you the last to go down?” “I was.” “Can you speak German?” said Rose Noble. “Not a word.” I knew what was in his mind, and was glad to make a true answer, for to...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.5345	76.33	179.25	575	380
First, the expression s 1 , c 1 obtained from two equations e 3 , e 6 was substituted into e 7 , e 8 , e 9 , e 14 , getting 4 equations. Two equations would be obtained by simplifying the e 1 , e 2 , e 4 , e 5 , e 10 , e 11 , e 12 , e 13 via Eqs – . There were no specific simplified formulas in other literatures. [MATH...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	foundational	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.326	58.61	27.68	500	389
This elusive quality it is, which causes the thought of whiteness, when divorced from more kindly associations, and coupled with any object terrible in itself, to heighten that terror to the furthest bounds. Witness the white bear of the poles, and the white shark of the tropics; what but their smooth, flaky whiteness ...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	advanced	Herman Melville	literature	trivium	0.5831	43.85	123.77	141	103
In truth, the wind, though it was low, had a solemn sound, and crept around the deserted house with a whispered wailing that was very mournful. Everything was gone, down to the little mirror with the oyster-shell frame. I thought of myself, lying here, when that first great change was being wrought at home. I thought o...	classics_literature	classics	literature	elementary	intermediate	Charles Dickens	literature	trivium	0.3797	80.47	90	114	90
Results of fish behavior field study Results of fish behavior field study The collected video data included 2 804 fish from 14 pelagic associated taxa with dominance of sergeants ( Abudefduf spp.) and trevallies ( Caranx spp.). The recorded sergeants, most probably A . vaigiensis , typically occurred in loosely congreg...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4545	44.79	66.46	459	294
A MISSOURI MAIDEN’S FAREWELL TO ALABAMA Alabama, good-by! I love thee well! But yet for a while do I leave thee now! Sad, yes, sad thoughts of thee my heart doth swell,	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4723	77.04	95.57	53	32
At Sonia’s entrance, Razumihin, who had been sitting on one of Raskolnikov’s three chairs, close to the door, got up to allow her to enter. Raskolnikov had at first shown her the place on the sofa where Zossimov had been sitting, but feeling that the sofa which served him as a bed, was too _familiar_ a place, he hurrie...	classics_literature	classics	literature	high_school	intermediate	Fyodor Dostoevsky	literature	trivium	0.4883	52.74	81.92	103	64
But the next day he called on her with a bill for two hundred and seventy francs, not counting the centimes. Emma was much embarrassed; all the drawers of the writing-table were empty; they owed over a fortnight’s wages to Lestiboudois, two quarters to the servant, for any quantity of other things, and Bovary was impat...	classics_literature	classics	literature	college	advanced	Gustave Flaubert	literature	trivium	0.5905	35.17	96.77	106	72
I do not know any author in a public narrative who mixes so much consideration of manners and particular inclinations: and I am of a quite contrary opinion to him, holding that, having especially to follow the lives of the emperors of his time, so various and extreme in all sorts of forms, so many notable actions as th...	classics_literature	classics	humanities	high_school	advanced	Montaigne	rhetoric	philosophy	0.5615	42.04	115.62	443	375
* I must still come to you until I get the men-at-arms ; for so it is commanded, and I may not disobey. I must go to the Dauphin, though I go on my knees.'	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4007	67.37	42.88	47	35
upon the record." "Then in God's name call the pig eightpence, and heaven bless the day that freed my conscience of this awesome thing!"	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.456	73.2	80.64	31	24
Presently they made an end of drinking, and, running the canoe into a little creek, were about to land among the thick growth that overhung the water.	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	H.G. Wells	literature	trivium	0.5238	60.36	102.06	33	27
Conclusion Conclusion In this article, we have introduced and explored novel extensions of k -HCFs and demonstrated their significant applications in the field of information sciences. By extending the notion of the k -HCF with two approaches [MATH] via a parameter r and [MATH] for the IVFs, we have broadened the scope...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5678	19.12	67.19	246	187
4.7.1 Physics residual distributions. shows violin plots comparing the distribution of physics residuals (PR-MSE) between healthy and faulty windows for the full PI-SSD model and its Physics ablation. For both health states, the full model exhibits narrower and lower residual distributions, indicating strong physical c...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	expert	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.7168	17.41	149.78	391	266
He had no doubt that the crime had been meditated; and regarding me as the instigator of it, he frankly told Master Thomas that he must remove me from that neighborhood, or he would shoot me down. He would not have one so dangerous as “Frederick” tampering with his slaves. William Hamilton was not a man whose threat mi...	classics_literature	classics	history	middle_school	intermediate	Frederick Douglass	history	trivium	0.4528	63.71	100.99	438	349
The argument in is more general, suggesting (among other things) that the Lorentzian signature is required so that the equations underlying successful prediction will be well-posed. However, the latter is not a constructive argument, being more along the lines of reductio ad absurdum and evidently based on the anthropi...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.6654	21.32	126.49	311	218
So make as good a bargain for yourself as you can. Al can’t play next season.” “Why, what is the matter with Al? Why can’t he play any more?” “It’s mighty cold standing here talking on the bridge, Larry, and I don’t know that I have any right to give Al’s reasons, but I have a notion that his mother objects to his goin...	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3924	76.48	98.57	527	392
They are accustomed, if by chance they see A private individual abroad, To try what powers of argument he has, How he can speak and reason: and they bother him With strange antithesis and forced conclusions, Errors, comparisons, and magnitudes, Till they have filled and quite perplex’d his mind.	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	college	advanced	Diogenes Laertius	ethics	trivium	0.6277	29.34	96.04	63	49
Simulations were started from a high temperature and typically consisted of 50 iterations after each of which we reduced the temperature by 10%. Results Results Clinical data In we show the clinically obtained AP morphologies for different CLs in one of the five patients, with voltage rescaled to span 0 and 1 and APD r...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.478	46.26	81.93	441	358
However, if we treat the needle of the umbrella pine simple as a pair of fused transversal prophylls of the bud that are born in the axil of the scale, then we may associate these prophylls with the same scale-leaf phytomer and again describe the whole double needle of Sciadopitys only by single quartic ( Î± x) 4 . Thi...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	high_school	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4357	53.53	75.05	480	353
Choice, man larger sphere of, than brutes, i. 388; not freedom of individual volition, _loc. cit._ Christianity, different constituent parts of, i. 500, 501, iii. 422; its connection with Brahmanism and Buddhism, iii. 391, 421, 459; pessimistic spirit of, ii. 372, iii. 397, 436; kernel of, i. 424, 523‐524, ii. 149, iii...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	Schopenhauer	metaphysics	philosophy	0.3899	79.41	78.49	109	58
Charles at home was waiting for her; the “Hirondelle” was always late on Thursdays. Madame arrived at last, and scarcely kissed the child. The dinner was not ready. No matter! She excused the servant. This girl now seemed allowed to do just as she liked.	classics_literature	classics	literature	elementary	intermediate	Gustave Flaubert	literature	trivium	0.45	82.66	113.4	62	45
"No! You can't mean it!" "It's as true as I'm sitting here, I give you my word," she answered. His cup was full, and he hugged her to his heart with rapture, saying:	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	elementary	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.5618	97.8	304.92	47	33
VIII. Whatsoever thou dost affect, whatsoever thou dost project, so do, and so project all, as one who, for aught thou knowest, may at this very present depart out of this life. And as for death, if there be any gods, it is no grievous thing to leave the society of men. The gods will do thee no hurt, thou mayest be sur...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	Marcus Aurelius	ethics	trivium	0.3717	63.76	63.43	390	324
Take the following passage, for example—we must hold to duty, even against the evidence, Renan says—but he then goes on:— “There are many chances that the world may be nothing but a fairy pantomime of which no God has care. We must therefore arrange ourselves so that on neither hypothesis we shall be completely wron...	general_knowledge	philosophy	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	William James	metaphysics	philosophy	0.5118	58.98	124.58	471	369
HIS courage that animates him; but the first time the pilot steps out and leaves him to his own devices he finds out it was the other man's.	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.4562	66.62	73.17	33	28
However extraordinary these sentiments may appear, I think it fruitless to trouble myself with any farther enquiry or reasoning upon the subject, but shall repose myself on them as on established maxims.	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	college	expert	David Hume	metaphysics	philosophy	0.7373	23.66	143.36	39	32
This is the reason why he was so unwilling to take lunch (on the morning upon which we took up this narrative) with the rest of his family. Before the prince’s arrival he had made up his mind to plead business, and “cut” the meal; which simply meant running away.	classics_literature	classics	literature	middle_school	intermediate	Fyodor Dostoevsky	literature	trivium	0.4471	66.4	77.78	63	50
Moreover, the application of smoothening function to the global dynamic analysis of the rotor/stator rubbing system embarks upon the holonomic solutions rather than the discrete solutions in . Consequently, the smoothening function offers more benefits compared to Heaviside function. Nevertheless, caution should be tak...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	graduate	advanced	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.6027	0.87	60.12	348	267
seems a piteous thing to sweat this poor ancient devil for a burglary he hadn't the least hand in, still if duty commands I suppose we must give	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	advanced	unknown		philosophy	0.6641	69.64	219.52	33	28
Alexander Hamilton: Commerce and virtue are not merely compatible—they are mutually reinforcing. A well-ordered commercial society, guided by sound institutions and a strong central authority, channels human ambition toward productive ends, fostering both prosperity and moral discipline. Without the structure that ...	general_knowledge	debate	philosophy	graduate	expert	unknown		philosophy	0.7343	12.84	130.23	79	61
“Matter! Look at this shroud-rags. Look at this gravestone, all battered up. Look at that disgraceful old coffin. All a man's property going to ruin and destruction before his eyes, and ask him if anything is wrong? Fire and brimstone!”	general_knowledge	synthetic_dialogue	philosophy	middle_school	intermediate	unknown		philosophy	0.3523	78.16	48.44	60	40
Depending on the magnitude of the critical distance compared to the largest grid scale, two complementary coding schemes have been proposed for grid cells ( ): In nested coding smaller grid modules iteratively refine the position coding of larger modules and the modules span a wide range of scales. The capacity of nest...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.5022	28.21	60.87	375	330
Sec. 4. INDIVIDUALISM IN THE PROGRESS OF LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY =Rights.=--It is not possible or necessary here to sketch the advance of political and civil liberty. Finding its agents sometimes in kings, sometimes in cities, sometimes in an aristocracy or a House of Commons, and sometimes in a popular uprising, it has ...	classics_literature	classics	philosophy	high_school	intermediate	Spinoza	metaphysics	philosophy	0.489	49.9	91.81	415	337
In particular, with M = 10 modules [MATH] for almost all choices of the grid scales ( ), both when the scales follow a geometric series with a common scale ratio α ( ) and when all the M scales are chosen from the bounded interval (1, 2). We also found that [MATH] vanishes only for pathological examples such as rationa...	science_papers	science_paper	biology	college	intermediate	Various (PLOS)	biology	quadrivium	0.4634	35.82	50.95	421	342

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MonumentalSystems Text Corpus

A richly filtered, multi-domain text corpus for language model training. Combines classical literature, synthetic philosophical dialogues, science explainers, and peer-reviewed science papers — all processed through deduplication and quality filtering.

Corpus composition

Domain	Chunks
classics_literature	732309
general_knowledge	2249803
science_papers	251111

Metadata fields

Field	Type	Description
`text`	string	The text chunk (≤ 2048 chars)
`domain`	string	`classics_literature`, `general_knowledge`, `science_papers`
`content_type`	string	Fine-grained type: `classics`, `science_paper`, `philosophy`, `science_explanation`, `stem_explanation`, `humanities_writing`, `synthetic_dialogue`, `history`, `literature`, `social_science`
`subject`	string	Subject area: `philosophy`, `literature`, `history`, `biology`, `physics`, `chemistry`, `astronomy`, `mathematics`, `humanities`, `social_science`, `stem`, `science`, `general`
`reading_level`	string	`elementary`, `middle_school`, `high_school`, `college`, `graduate`
`complexity`	string	`foundational`, `intermediate`, `advanced`, `expert`
`author`	string	Author name where known
`art`	string	Original curriculum art (trivium/quadrivium subject)
`phase`	string	`philosophy`, `trivium`, `quadrivium`
`difficulty`	float	Normalised lexical difficulty score (0–1)
`flesch`	float	Flesch Reading Ease score
`mtld`	float	Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity
`token_count`	int	Approximate GPT-2 token count
`word_count`	int	Word count

Filtering examples (with `datasets` library)

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("MonumentalSystems/text-corpus-v1")

# Only philosophy, college level or above
phil = ds["train"].filter(
    lambda x: x["subject"] == "philosophy" and x["reading_level"] in ("college", "graduate")
)

# Science explanations at high-school reading level
sci_hs = ds["train"].filter(
    lambda x: x["content_type"] == "science_explanation" and x["reading_level"] == "high_school"
)

# Advanced classics only
adv_classics = ds["train"].filter(
    lambda x: x["domain"] == "classics_literature" and x["complexity"] in ("advanced", "expert")
)

# Short chunks for fine-tuning (< 300 tokens)
short = ds["train"].filter(lambda x: x["token_count"] < 300)

Quality filtering applied

MinHash near-dedup (threshold 0.8, 128 permutations)
DataTrove Gopher + FineWeb quality filters
MTLD vocabulary diversity threshold
English language score filter
N-gram contamination scan (0 benchmark contamination)

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MonumentalSystems Text Corpus

Corpus composition

Metadata fields

Filtering examples (with datasets library)

Quality filtering applied

Filtering examples (with `datasets` library)