Premise: Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's methods of refuting Xiao Chen's point of view include disagreeing with Xiao Chen's conclusion and putting forward another explanation for Xiao Chen's argument, as well as agreeing with Xiao Chen's conclusion but providing another explanation for it.


Premise: People often perform differently when they know that they are being videotaped than they would if they were performing the same task without being recorded. In recent years, golf instructors have increasingly been making use of tape-recorded sessions to help instruct their students. These instructors often videotape their students' swings in order to show their students what flaws exist in their swings.

Hypothesis: The observations above provide most evidence for the conclusion that video might not be reliable in properly diagnosing a golf swing.


Premise: Einstein's greatest contribution to mankind is the theory of relativity, which is a powerful tool for mankind to study the universe. Einstein used the theory of relativity to calculate the mass of the universe and found that the total mass of the universe turned out to be zero. Einstein believed that, The matter produced in the universe after the Big Bang has two forms, antimatter and positive matter are completely opposite, and the masses of positive and antimatter are equal. However, scientists have only found a small amount of antimatter in the universe, so where did most of the antimatter go? If they do not exist in the universe, Einstein will not find that the total mass of the universe is zero through the calculations of the theory of relativity. But the mass of the universe is zero, which shows that antimatter should still exist in the universe.

Hypothesis: Einstein's calculations through the theory of relativity are correct is the premise assumed in the above discussion.


Premise: When your child has a cold, the mucus in his nose and throat is caused by a cold virus. And love dairy, just stuck in the throat, people feel a little uncomfortable. When your child catches a cold, you can continue to provide him with milk or other dairy products.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, it has nothing to do with your child's discomfort with dairy products when he has a cold is correct.


Premise: According to research by authoritative national scientific research institutions, a certain brand of health food currently on the market does not contain ingredients that improve human body functions and enhance individual immunity. However, the survey results show that many people with weak health are buying and taking the brand. After a period of health food, physical fitness has improved significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The role of health food has a certain time lag' is most helpful to explain the above contradiction.


Premise: The Internet of things application standing at the tuyere was actually a bicycle in 2016. The sharing economy has brought bicycles back to the city. Because of its flexibility and convenience, low-carbon environmental protection has become a common short-distance walking artifact in many cities, realizing resource sharing to the greatest extent. However, the resulting problem of random parking of shared bicycles can be seen everywhere in the green belt, sidewalk and in front of shopping malls; Throw away the garbage at will. There are many rivers and rivers; Park in your garage and take it for yourself; There are some people who steal QR codes to make money... Citizens have a weak awareness of rules, lack of social credit system, and inadequate urban infrastructure... The original win-win situation is likely to cause lose more because a few people do not abide by the rules.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Sharing economy and exchanging social integrity.'


Premise: Peripheral products refer to goods made by authorizing the use of characters or animals in animation, comics, games and other works.

Hypothesis: Xiaoying collects photos of all the roles her idol star has played into a book and sells them among fans belongs to the peripheral product according to the above definition.


Premise: Sensory marketing means that enterprises take products or services as carriers and use people's receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, etc.) to directly respond to light, color, sound, smell and other basic stimuli to create a kind of psychological comfort and spiritual satisfaction for consumers, so as to achieve the purpose of marketing.

Hypothesis: Coffee shops usually having dark light and playing soothing music, which will bring customers an independent sense of space and freedom and make more customers like it, does not belong to sensory marketing according to the above definition.


Premise: Dobson: Some historians claim that the people who built a ring of stones thousands of years ago in Britain were knowledgeable about celestial events. The ground for this claim is that two of the stones determine a line pointing directly to the position of the sun at sunrise at the spring equinox. There are many stones in the ring, however, so the chance that one pair will point in a celestially significant direction is large. Ttherefore, the people who built the ring were not knowledgeable about celestial events .

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning in Dobson's argument is the failure of cited evidence to establish a statement is taken as evidence that the statement is false.


Premise: Facing the localization of psychological counseling and therapy, we need to have an enlightened attitude towards Western theories and urgent problems? How can we use empirical methods such as result research to test the effectiveness of relevant theories among Chinese people, and then remove impurities, keep the essence. At the same time, by absorbing and learning from foreign theories and methods, we can develop or create a psychological counseling and treatment system suitable for Chinese culture and Chinese characteristics.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that the realization of the goal of localization of psychological counseling and therapy should be based on the elimination of false and true Western theories and independent innovation.


Premise: False empathy bias, also known as false consistency deviation, means that people often overestimate or exaggerate the universality of their beliefs, judgments and behaviors. When knowing others, they always like to give their own characteristics to others, assuming that they are the same as themselves, and when they encounter conflicting information, they will firmly believe in the correctness of their beliefs and judgments.

Hypothesis: Zhang and Li are both young teachers in the College of Humanities. They often discuss academic issues together. They often hold different opinions and think that the other is wrong does not belong to false empathy bias according to the above definition.


Premise: A cup of raw milk, after being heated in a microwave oven to 50 degrees Celsius, contains half its initial concentration of a particular enzyme, lysozyme. If, however, the milk reaches that temperature through exposure to a conventional heat source of 50 degrees Celsius, it will contain nearly all of its initial concentration of the enzyme. Ttherefore, what destroys the enzyme is not heat but microwaves, which generate heat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A liquid exposed to a conventional heat source of exactly 50 degrees Celsius will reach that temperature more slowly than it would if it were exposed to a conventional heat source hotter than 50 degrees Celsius' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue. But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestion. Providing enough roads or public transportation to the area would cost far more than the city could gain from the increased tax revenue.

Hypothesis: Adding tax breaks to developers of businesses along the waterfront to offset any tax levied on them for construction of roads or public transportation would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes.


Premise: A survey report in 2017 showed that more than 80% of households believe that reading is an important way for children to understand the world and acquire knowledge, and more than 60% believe that reading is of great significance for children to develop loving learning habits and develop a healthy personality. Among them, more than 30% of the minor children from households surveyed are able to read every day, and over 60% of the children spend between half an hour and one hour in each reading. However, only 30% of the parents surveyed often read with their children, and nearly 6 Adult families are for children to read by themselves. What's interesting is that although parents themselves have taken up too much time by mobile phones, computers, and TV, 13.63% of parents hope to use reading to squeeze their children's time to play electronic products and watch TV.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this text is 'Reading, not just about books'.


Premise: Although many seventeenth-century broadsides, popular ballads printed on a single sheet of paper and widely sold by street peddlers, were moralizing in nature, this is not evidence that most seventeenth-century people were serious about moral values. While over half of surviving broadsides contain moralizing statements, and it is known that many people purchased such compositions, it is not known why they did so, nor is it known how their own beliefs related to what they read.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some seventeenth-century ballad sellers also sold sermons printed in pamphlet form' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The weatherman on TV said: the highest temperature today is 24 degrees celsius and it is cloudy' contains a typical subtext based on the above definition.


Premise: Editorial in Golbindian Newspaper: For almost three months, opposition parties have been mounting daily street demonstrations in the capital in an effort to pressure the ruling party into calling an election. Though the demonstrations were well attended at first, attendance has declined steadily in recent weeks. However, the decline in attendance does not indicate that popular support for the opposition' s demands is dropping, since

Hypothesis: The statement that "the state-controlled media have ceased any mention of the demonstrations, leaving many citizens outside the capital with no way of knowing that demonstrations continue" most logically completes the editorial below.


Premise: Objectively speaking, in order to realize self-driving, it is far from enough to rely on the upgrading of the car itself, and it is also necessary to upgrade the urban road to intelligent management so as to achieve the linkage between the car and the urban transportation system. Cars can have more eyes to observe the surrounding road conditions and discover potential dangers. However, in the current technology and environment is not perfect, driverless cars can not be as accurate as the human brain, can not rush on the road. This is also what self-driving developers should pay attention to. Research and development should be thoughtful rather than radical. After all, whether self-driving can cope with a complex road environment must be tested by a road test.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the application of autopilot technology needs to move forward steadily.


Premise: British scientists claim that they have found an alternative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) without resorting to any space technology. Studies have found that lasers can confine and cool atoms placed in vacuum, reducing the temperature to above absolute zero. One millionth of a degree. At this temperature, atoms are extremely sensitive to changes in the Earth's magnetic and gravity fields. Researchers can use these results to confine atoms on a small device, study their fluctuations, and locate them Movement, and accurately find out where they are. At this time, the tracking and positioning work will be completed by a device that is only 1 meter long. The key is how to make it a miniature device so that it can be installed on a smartphone. middle.

Hypothesis: The text mainly introduces the application of the new positioning system in the frontier field.


Premise: Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

Hypothesis: The statement 'One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food' contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Hypothesis: The option 'toys and costumes of the protagonist's image' belongs to the peripheral product according to the above definition.


Premise: Diffusion of responsibility, also known as the bystander effect, means that for an event, if a single individual is required to complete the task alone, the individual's sense of responsibility will be enhanced. However, if the group is required to complete the task together, the sense of responsibility of each individual in the group will become weaker, and even more people will be irresponsible, This effect often occurs to many bystanders after the accident

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where a lady was attacked by gangsters in downtown and shouted help several times without help does not belong to diffusion of responsibility.


Premise: Lao Wang said to Lao Li, Unless you pay the purchase price as required by the contract within today, we will see you in court.

Hypothesis: If Lao Wang did not take Lao Li to court, then Lao Li paid for the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract today has a different meaning from the above information.


Premise: A physically active lifestyle has been shown to help increase longevity. In the Wistar region of Bellaria, the average age at death is considerably higher than in any other part of the country. Wistar is the only mountainous part of Bellaria. A mountainous terrain makes even such basic activities as walking relatively strenuous; it essentially imposes a physically active lifestyle on people. Clearly, this circumstance explains the long lives of people in Wistar.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Wistar region is one of Bellaria's least populated regions' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Diamond Enterprises is a store in Apisville that sells specialty luxury items. For several years, Diamond reaped substantial profits and was considering building branch stores in nearby counties. Stibium Industries, for several years the single largest employer in Apisville and the surrounding region, abruptly closed its plant last year, causing widespread unemployment. Only a fraction of the former Stibium workers have found new jobs, and many of these at much lower wages. Early this year, Diamond Enterprises has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing the closure of Stibium as one of the primary causes.

Hypothesis: The inference that Diamond Enterprises was the single largest employer in Apisville after Stibium Industry closed is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Traditional Chinese medicine is composed of traditional medicine of han, Tibetan, Mongolian and other nationalities. It has the mysterious place of Oriental traditional medicine, often contains the ingredients of myth and legend. Many of its principles cannot be scientifically explained by modern medical theories. But this mysterious medicine, but often has a magical effect. Tibetan medicine, for example, has for a long time treated patients with plants, animals, minerals and food unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has a good effect on many diseases that make modern medicine difficult, including cancer and stroke.

Hypothesis: The statement "Traditional Chinese medicine has magical effects" illustrates the meaning of the text.


Premise: In general, young children's body temperature rises less as a result of sun exposure than adults'. However, it has been found that heat stroke is more likely to occur in young children if the temperature is high in a car compartment, and almost infrequently in adults. You won't get sunstroke even if you stay in a car for an hour at 45 degree. Which of the following, if true, best explains these findings?

Hypothesis: The statement "The car belongs to a confined space, when the outdoor temperature reaches, the car temperature can be reached, and adults in the car is likely to open the window when they feel uncomfortable" best explains these findings.


Premise: Transitional exploration behavior refers to the interest of curiosity, which does not decrease with the increase of familiarity with new things, but continues to decrease, resulting in the destruction of the things you are fascinated with.

Hypothesis: Xiao Bao's fascination with the Rubik's cube and his tendency to adjust it during meals belongs to transitional exploration behavior.


Premise: After analyzing the microorganisms in the intestinal tract of giant pandas, the researchers found that although the original carnivorous pandas, in order to adapt to the environment of food scarcity, they were transformed into eating bamboo in the past 2.4 million years.And have strong jaws, but they do not evolve a longer digestive tract or the ability to secrete special digestive enzymes, thus unable to effectively break down the vitamin.

Hypothesis: The option 'What you say in your mouth is inconsistent with what you think in your heart' is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: Professional sense refers to the subjective construction of an individual's occupation and the cognition and feelings associated with professional characteristics, often including the sense of meaning and value of professional roles, Whether the profession is fun and attractive. Professional identity is divided into process professional identity and state professional identity. Process professional identity refers to the process of identifying one's professional role gradually developed from one's own experience; Status professional identity refers to an individual's current recognition of his occupation.

Hypothesis: The word saving the dying and healing the wounded has changed from its literal meaning to the pursuit of life belongs to process professional sense according to the above definition.


Premise: Only by adhering to the scientific outlook on development can we achieve sustainable development. We must achieve sustainable development for the sake of future generations.

Hypothesis: For the sake of future generations, we must adhere to the scientific outlook on development can be inferred.


Premise: Professor: if both parents have type O blood, their children's blood type can only be type O. this is the law of heredity. Student: that's not true. My father has type B blood, and I have type O blood.

Hypothesis: The student's understanding of the professor's statement is that if both parents have type B blood, their children will also have type B blood.


Premise: Editorial: Painting involves a sequential application of layers, each of which adheres satisfactorily only if the underlying layer has been properly applied. Education is, in this respect, like the craft of painting. Since the most important steps in painting are preparation of the surface to be painted and application of the primer coat, it makes sense to suppose that__.

Hypothesis: The statement "educators who are not achieving the goals they intended should revise their teaching methods" most logically completes the editorial's argument.


Premise: Only computer scientists understand the architecture of personal computers, and only those who understand the architecture of personal computers appreciate the advances in technology made in the last decade. It follows that only those who appreciate these advances are computer scientists.

Hypothesis: The argument ignores the fact that some computer scientists may not appreciate the advances in technology made in the last decade is a flaw in the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Jupiter is a gas giant planet and the largest planet in the solar system. Its mass is 2.5 times the total mass of the other seven planets in the solar system. Observations have found that most of the more than 70 moons surrounding Jupiter are composed of water ice. Therefore, Jupiter's atmosphere should contain a considerable amount of water.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Uranus is also a gas giant planet, and it has been confirmed that it contains a lot of water ice' can best support the above statement.


Premise: If squirrels eat from a bird feeder, it will not attract many birds. However, squirrels eat from a bird feeder only if it lacks a protective cover. So a bird feeder will not attract many birds if it does not have a protective cover.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in the argument that tires wear out prematurely if car owners neglect to check the tire pressure regularly, unless car owners are unaware of this fact, they check the tire pressure regularly, and so car owners need to be made aware of the consequences of neglecting to check the tire pressure.


Premise: The employment conditions put forward by some recruitment units are often college degree or above, there are some types of work that ordinary technicians can be competent, but recruitment units must recruit undergraduates and graduate students to decorate the facade. In the existing concept of talent, ordinary technicians are often excluded from the category of talent, or it is important to mention it, but queuing is secondary; key positions are needed, and when taking stock of fame, they feel that they are not necessary.

Hypothesis: The passage is about the phenomenon of technicians not being given enough attention.


Premise: Recently discovered prehistoric rock paintings on small islands off the northern coast of Norway have archaeologists puzzled. The predominant theory about northern cave paintings was that they were largely a description of the current diets of the painters. This theory cannot be right, because the painters must have needed to eat the sea animals populating the waters north of Norway if they were to make the long journey to and from the islands, and there are no paintings that unambiguously depict such creatures.

Hypothesis: The cave paintings that were discovered on the islands depicted many land animals weakens the argument against the predominant theory about northern cave paintings EXCEPT.


Premise: A teacher conducted a test on American high school students and Chinese high school students. He asked the subjects the same question, if a piece of A4 paper is folded in half, it can be folded several times at most. The results showed that after hearing the question, most American high school students immediately began to fold paper, and then answered the number of times they can fold according to the actual situation, Most Chinese high school students immediately answered: infinite times. The teacher concluded that American high school students pay attention to practice while Chinese high school students pay attention to theory

Hypothesis: As long as you start origami and answer questions according to the actual situation, you pay attention to practice must be assumed by the teacher to reach a conclusion.


Premise: Journalism professor: Since the number of reportable facts confronting any journalist is extraordinarily large, every journalist must employ a principle of selection. However, any such principle of selection is bound to be subjective, for it involves value judgments. Ttherefore, the view that there is any degree of objectivity in journalistic reporting is a myth. This means that, for example, no newspaper article is more objective than any other.

Hypothesis: The journalism professor's argument is flawed because it concludes that a practice completely lacks a quality on the basis of evidence for its lacking the pure form of that quality.


Premise: <b> Several of a certain bank's top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. </b> This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know the bank's true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank's condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company's condition. <b> On balance, ttherefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example. </b>

Hypothesis: The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument is the role played by the two boldfaced portions in the argument given.


Premise: Two numbers or letters arranged in order are called sequence pairs, such as 2a, e3, dm, etc., the first number or letter in the sequence pair is called the preceding item, and the second is called the subsequent item. Function is a finite sequence composed of several pairs, where the front term of each pair is a letter, and the back term is a number, and for any pair, if the front term is the same, the back term must be the same.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, b3,5a,8n,p1,66 is a function.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid the occurrence of traffic accidents, traffic authorities have stepped up traffic safety publicity efforts. Statistics show that before 2008, the city's traffic deaths per year more than a thousand people. Since 2008, the annual number of traffic fatalities has been kept below 1000, with 921 deaths in 2008. 738 people died in 2009. 569 people died in 2010. From this, we can draw that as long as we strengthen the publicity of traffic management, we can effectively reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.

Hypothesis: Since drunk driving is the leading cause of traffic accidents and deaths, the city has introduced the Drink Driving Penalty Regulations since 2008 to increase penalties for drunk driving best weakens the above conclusions if correct.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that carbon dioxide resource utilization may achieve zero greenhouse gas emission target based on this.


Premise: President of Central Supply Company: Profits are at an all-time low this fiscal year because of decreased demand for our products. If this situation continues, the company may have to declare bankruptcy. So it is important to prevent any further decrease in profits. Consequently, the only options are to reduce planned expansion or to eliminate some less profitable existing operations.

Hypothesis: It does not take into account that there may be other ways to stop the decrease in profits most accurately describes a flaw in the company president's reasoning.


Premise: Huizhou culture mainly refers to the specific life structure system which is based on Huizhou (called Xin'an County in ancient times) and originates from the sexual relationship between man and nature and between people in history. Like any culture, it also includes material culture, institutional culture, ideology, implicit mentality, value system and other cultural and psychological structures, and creates brilliant achievements with distinctive characteristics at all cultural levels,the impact spread all over the country.

Hypothesis: Huizhou culture is a closed cultural tradition with dignified family culture, strong sense of clan identity and prevailing patriarchal concept is an incorrect understanding of Huizhou culture.


Premise: The change of reading scene has led to a great change in the field of knowledge: the traditional knowledge carrier, the pushpin on the book has been pried open by the network, and the knowledge information floats and becomes fragmented. The Internet magnifies these pieces of information, which in turn changes people's reading mentality. In other words, in the face of massive information, people's information anxiety is more serious, and people do not have enough time and attention. The information I have read is like sand in my hand, I can't remember it and can't keep it. Massive information lack of binding tools and binding methods, which is what many people call the reading crisis.

Hypothesis: With regard to this passage, the statement "A new way of binding can solve the reading crisis" is understood accurately.


Premise: People generally think that the thinking of scientists is based on strict logical reasoning, rather than Image thinking. However, research shows that Nobel Prize winners use image thinking methods more than ordinary scientists, because image thinking helps make a major scientific breakthroughs.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Nobel Prize winners have the ability to make creative thinking through image thinking is the basis for the above conclusion.


Premise: Car accidents that happen at excessive speeds are more likely than other car accidents to result in fatalities. However, the majority of accidents that happen at excessive speeds do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address car accidents at excessive speeds as being distinct from other kinds of car accidents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Overweight people are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than other people. However, more than half of all overweight people never develop heart disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients' most closely resembles the pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above.


Premise: The apples on a tree are ripe. Because the tree is too high to reach on tiptoe, I had to move to the wooden ladder. Just as I reached out to pick it, the apple suddenly fell down and fell to the ground, becoming a ball of fruit mud. That is the so-called helplessness in life. I saw it dropping, but I missed it. But it was not in vain. At least, I knew that that apple didn't belong to me. If I come down from the wooden ladder at that time, it's not too late to pick from other trees.

Hypothesis: In reality, we should be good at discovering and seizing opportunities is the most important enlightenment from this story.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: when the economy of a region is depressed, many people lose their jobs, so they reduce the cost of living, resulting in more people losing their jobs and leading to the deterioration of the economy. The economy was deteriorating and prices finally hit rock bottom. Low prices stimulate people to increase the consumption of life, and the increase in consumption leads to the improvement of the economic situation. Li Ming: if people lose their jobs, they will not be able to increase their consumption and have no money to buy goods other than the necessities of life. Therefore, if prices hit rock bottom, it will not lead to an improvement in the economic situation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Even in the extreme deterioration of the economy, the unemployed must continue to buy necessities of life such as food' will most weaken Li Ming's rebuttal to Zhang Qiang.


Premise: Oral registration system means that when going through the formalities of registration of individual industrial and commercial households, the applicant does not need to fill in the form in person, he only needs to dictate all kinds of information, check and confirm, and then get the business license on the spot.

Hypothesis: Mr. Cai went to the market supervision and administration department to go through the formalities for the cancellation of the business license. After completing the automatic identification in the designated window, I answered the staff's inquiry and quickly completed all the formalities belongs to the oral registration system.


Premise: North Americans who travel to Europe for the first time should include significant time in Italy on their itinerary. To develop an appreciation of a continent that goes beyond the mere accumulation of impressions, one needs to acquire a thorough knowledge of at least one country, and North Americans seem to find it easier to get to know Italy than other European countries.

Hypothesis: One can appreciate Taiko-drumming only if one understands how physically demanding it is. Thus, one should see Taiko-drumming and not just hear it in order to appreciate it fully best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above.


Premise: After receiving numerous complaints from residents about loud, highly amplified music played at local clubs, Middletown is considering a law that would prohibit clubs located in residential areas from employing musical groups that consist of more than three people.

Hypothesis: The likelihood that the law would be effective in reducing noise would be most seriously diminished if it were true that amplified music played by fewer than three musicians is generally as loud as amplified music played by more than three musicians.


Premise: According to American nutritionists, cauliflower contains a chloride. A week after researchers injected a special substance similar to a cauliflower into a group of volunteer experimenters, blood tests revealed that the victims had breast cancer effects in their bodies.

Hypothesis: Estrogen levels are not the only cause of breast cancer challenges the above speculation if it is correct.


Premise: When ultraviolet rays pass through the atmosphere, the vibrating frequency of the ozone layer resonates with ultraviolet rays, thus causing the vibration to absorb most of the ultraviolet rays. Therefore, resonance can make the ozone layer in the atmosphere like sunscreen, ensuring that we will not be damaged by radiation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Resonance protects us from ultraviolet rays' best encapsulates the central idea above.


Premise: It is important to protect the historical relics themselves, but what is more indispensable is to be in awe of the history of our ancestors. Not paying attention to the cultural blood behind the historical relics, forced demolition and reconstruction are actually a way to show the cultural power of contemporary people. Technically, as long as there are drawings, maybe any building can be rebuilt. However, the history and culture it carries are difficult to reproduce. Cultural inheritance and historical accumulation have their own footprints, which are not formed overnight. If we think that by relying on a huge investment and a pile of building materials, we can connect history and continue the context, I'm afraid cultural relics will become the plaything of modern people.

Hypothesis: Historical relics that have disappeared can be restored through reconstruction is mainly explained in the above text.


Premise: Researchers have developed a membrane that quickly removes the oxygen from a refrigerator, thereby killing bacteria and enabling food to be stored almost indefinitely. Since food need not be kept as cold to prevent spoilage, energy costs will be greatly reduced. Thus, over the long run, oxygen-removing refrigerators will prove far less expensive than current models.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it does not address the expense of building or refitting a refrigerator with the new technology.


Premise: Legislator: We should not waste any more of the taxpayers' money on the government' s job-creation program. The unemployment rate in this country has actually risen since the program was begun, so the program has clearly been a failure.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the unemployment rate is higher now than at any time before the inception of the job-creation program is on which the legislator's argument depends.


Premise: Some researchers believe that there is no difference between women and men in terms of knowledge background and intelligence, but they have natural advantages in communication skills and affinity.In the information age, female managers are more likely to be recognized by team members and are more suitable for building the cohesion of enterprises and giving full play to the enthusiasm of employees.

Hypothesis: There is no physiological difference in intelligence between women and men is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: Information system outsourcing refers to the information system construction mode of information system development and construction with the help of external forces, that is, on the basis of the specified service level, an enterprise entrusts all or part of the information system operations supporting production and operation to a professional company in the form of contract, which will stably manage and provide the information technology services required by the enterprise within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: An information system operator continuously improving the application software system in order to provide better services for customers does not belong to information system outsourcing according to the above definition.


Premise: The technological development process of mankind in modern times is different from that of ancient times. The development of ancient technologies is only incidental events, such as gunpowder, compasses, etc., although they have had a major impact in military history, due to the simple structure, there has been no major improvement in the subsequent. This is not the case in modern technology. From the layout of the engine to the steam engine, and then to the internal combustion engine, the electric motor, the technological progress is continuous, and it is also a linear process that can be expected. Therefore, it can aim at the future and make an advanced leap in the process, such as Qian Xuesen in the case of China's very weak basic industry, It advocates focusing on the development of missiles instead of aircraft; the United States directly launched the Apollo moon landing program when artificial earth satellites and manned spaceflight lag behind the Soviet Union. These are typical manifestations of leapfrog development.

Hypothesis: The text intended to emphasize is that the unlimited pursuit of technological improvement can achieve leapfrog development.


Premise: Mammals cannot digest cellulose and ttherefore cannot directly obtain glucose from wood. Mushrooms can, however; and some mushrooms use cellulose to make highly branched polymers, the branches of which are a form of glucose called beta-glucans. Beta-glucan extracts from various types of mushrooms slow, reverse, or prevent the growth of cancerous tumors in mammals, and the antitumor activity of beta-glucans increases as the degree of branching increases. These extracts prevent tumor growth not by killing cancer cells directly but by increasing immune-cell activity.

Hypothesis: Mammals obtain no beneficial health effects from eating cellulose is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: The BRICs' economic vitality and development prospects have impressed the international community. But at this stage, these countries still face some difficulties in their own economic development, such as unreasonable economic structure, relatively backward infrastructure, imperfect financial market functions, obvious regional development differences, etc. To solve these problems, we should give full play to the core role of finance and strengthen financial cooperation, explore cooperation mechanisms, enrich cooperation contents, improve cooperation methods, and effectively improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

Hypothesis: There is an urgent need to deepen financial cooperation for BRICs is correct information about BRICs.


Premise: We cannot simply think that the editors of the lexicon are wrong. They will not make changes to the usage of the vocabulary randomly, and must have been carefully researched. However, the lexicographers cannot ignore a basic fact and the basic requirements derived from it : Spoken and written languages are commonly used by the broad masses of the people and have a very broad social nature. Therefore, the standardization of spoken and written languages cannot be carried out in the ivory tower, but must follow the mass line.

Hypothesis: The basic requirement in this passage is that standardization of spoken and written languages must serve the broad masses of people.


Premise: Throughout the Popoya Islands community pressure is exerted on people who win the national lottery to share their good fortune with their neighbors. When people living in rural areas win the lottery they invariably throw elaborate neighborhood feasts, often wiping out all of their lottery winnings. However, in the cities, lottery winners frequently use their winnings for their own personal investment rather than sharing their good fortune with their neighbors.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Twice as many lottery tickets are sold in rural areas as are sold in the city' contributes most to an explanation of the difference between the behavior of lottery winners in rural areas and those in cities.


Premise: Although 5 million people in China have been getting rid of illiteracy every year in the past two years, the situation of illiteracy eradication is not optimistic. China's adult non-illiteracy rate ranks behind in Asia, and the rate of illiteracy eradication is also slower than that of neighboring countries.

Hypothesis: The meaning of words is that China lags behind Asian countries in literacy.


Premise: Many of the presidents and prime ministers who have had the most successful foreign policies had no prior experience in foreign affairs when they assumed office. Although scholars and diplomats in the sacrosanct inner circle of international affairs would have us think otherwise, anyone with an acute political sense, a disciplined temperament, and a highly developed ability to absorb and retain information can quickly learn to conduct a successful foreign policy. In fact, prior experience alone will be of little value to a foreign policymaker who lacks all three of these traits.

Hypothesis: Prior experience in foreign affairs is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy must be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: A company whose capital chain was broken due to poor management and whose entire registered capital was counted when filing for bankruptcy, but whose shareholders' personal property was not affected, is a Personal company according to the above definition.


Premise: Three people are going to climb the mountain. The weather forecast says it may rain today. The three men argued about the weather forecast. A said: it may rain today, which also means it may not rain today. Let's climb the mountain. B said: it may rain today, which means it will rain today, so we'd better not climb the mountain. C said: it may rain today, but it just means that it's not inevitable that it won't rain today. It's up to you to decide whether to climb the mountain or not.

Hypothesis: B is correct, A and C are incorrect is true of the three people's understanding of the weather forecast.


Premise: In the west, football used to be a synonym for meanness and coarseness. At that time, football activities had no rules, let alone etiquette. It was no different from group fighting, and it was common to cause human life. However, this game was particularly bloody, exciting and attractive. Although it was repeatedly banned, it was often reborn in the spring breeze. In order to make this game that people love and hate beneficial to their body and mind, In order to change the image of cheap kicker, people have created football rules and increased football etiquette.

Hypothesis: The face of football has undergone great changes is the intended emphasis of this passage.


Premise: In the last few years, a drastic spike in sea temperatures around Prudhoe Bay has caused the eggs of snow crabs to hatch earlier in the year than they had previously. As a result, baby snow crabs are more likely to be caught by deep sea fishing boats, since deep sea fishing boats are more numerous in Arctic waters during the fall season than they are during the winter season.

Hypothesis: The month in which the boats leave, and the month in which the snow crabs eggs hatch is necessary to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Plant Manager: We could greatly reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide our copper-smelting plant releases into the atmosphere by using a new process. The new process requires replacing our open furnaces with closed ones and moving the copper from one furnace to the next in solid, not molten, form. However, not only is the new equipment expensive to buy and install, but the new process also costs more to run than the current process, because the copper must be reheated after it has cooled. So overall, adopting the new process will cost much but bring the company no profit. Supervisor: I agree with your overall conclusion, but disagree about one point you make, since the latest closed furnaces are extremely fuel-efficient.

Hypothesis: The point about which the supervisor expresses disagreement with the plant manager is whether closed copper-smelting furnaces are more fuel-efficient than open furnaces.


Premise: John: It was wrong of you to blame me for that traffic accident. You know full well that the accident was due to my poor vision, and I certainly cannot be held responsible for the fact that my vision has deteriorated. Michiko: But I can hold you responsible for your hazardous driving, because you know how poor your vision is. People are responsible for the consequences of actions that they voluntarily undertake, if they know that those actions risk such consequences.

Hypothesis: The principle that Michiko invokes, if established, would justify the judgment that Colleen was responsible for missing her flight home from Paris, because she decided to take one more trip to the Eiffel Tower even though she knew she might not have sufficient time to get to the airport if she did so.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: If J is the fourth speaker, M or N must be the third speaker.


Premise: Scientists are sometimes said to assume that something is not the case until there is proof that it is the case. Now suppose the question arises whether a given food additive is safe. At that point, it would be neither known to be safe nor known not to be safe. By the characterization above, scientists would assume the additive not to be safe because it has not been proven safe. But they would also assume it to be safe because it has not been proven otherwise. But no scientist could assume without contradiction that a given substance is both safe and not safe; so this characterization of scientists is clearly wrong.

Hypothesis: The technique of reasoning used above is a statement being argued to be false by showing that taking it to be true leads to implausible consequences.


Hypothesis: There is an urgent need to deepen financial cooperation for BRICs is the correct information about BRICs.


Premise: Professor: if both parents have type O blood, their children's blood type can only be type O. this is the law of heredity. Student: that's not true. My father has type B blood, and I have type O blood.

Hypothesis: The student's understanding of the professor's statement is most likely to be that only those with type O blood have children with type O blood.


Premise: With the development of agriculture in our country today, it is very difficult to advance by leaps and bounds in any one of them. Now structural adjustment has attracted great attention, but supporting reforms in other aspects should not be ignored, especially market-oriented reform must be speeded up. We should establish a unified market throughout the country and promote the free flow of rural elements and products. If the market mechanism does not develop as it should be, then the market-oriented structural adjustment will lose the most important foundation and it will be impossible to give full play to the regional layout and comparative advantages.

Hypothesis: The main problem discussed in this paragraph is market orientation of rural structure adjustment.


Premise: If I argue with you, can we tell the truth from the false? You and I don't know, and all the others are prejudiced, who shall we ask to judge? Ask people who share your opinion to judge. Since he has the same opinion as you, how can you judge? Please judge with people who have the same views as me. Since he has the same views as me, how can he judge? Please judge people who have different views from you and me. Since they have different views from you and me, how can they judge? So, no winning or losing.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the above argument is that the reasons given are untrue and inconsistent with each other.


Premise: High mountains and running water is classical music that everyone appreciates extremely, and everyone's attitude towards any kind of classical music is either fascinated or not appreciating.

Hypothesis: Some people are not fascinated by high mountains and running water can be inferred.


Premise: Most experts believe that setting up full-time posts for production safety can really reduce the incidence of accidents in coal mines. But in fact, the accident rate of coal mines with full-time posts for production safety is similar to that of those that do not have full-time posts for production safety.

Hypothesis: Coal mines with full-time posts for production safety are more prone to accidents because of poor geological conditions is most helpful in explaining this inconsistency.


Premise: All the rules of the game are fair, and the rules of officialdom are the rules of the game. Therefore, the rules of officialdom are fair.

Hypothesis: The reasoning error that is most similar to those in the above reasoning is assuming that because college students are useful talents of the country, and Zhang Hua is a college student, Zhang Hua is a useful talent of the country.


Premise: For a long time, many scientists believe that the main reason for global sea level rise is global warming and the melting increase of glaciers and ice caps. Recently, some researchers have found through statistics that the amount of snowfall in Antarctica has increased significantly in the past 100 years, thereby increasing the amount of frozen water stored in the Antarctic and other frozen areas. Based on this, some experts optimistically estitate that the trend of global sea level rise will be reversed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The increase in ice caused by snowfall is only one-third of the ice loss caused by melting glaciers' would most weaken the expert's opinion.


Premise: Only by intensifying investigation and punishment, and not tolerating corrupt officials, can officials not dare to corrupt; only by establishing and improving relevant systems in every aspect of the operation of power can officials cannot be corrupted. However, if Officials lack the necessary shame and rely solely on the system, then they will definitely find loopholes in the system; on the contrary, if officials have a certain sense of shame, then even if there are some system loopholes, they will not use it intentionally, but Will restrain themselves, even repair these loopholes, truly do not want to be corrupt.

Hypothesis: If officials lack the necessary sense of integrity, they can not be corrupt as long as they establish and improve the relevant systems for all aspects of power operation can be introduced based on the above statement.


Premise: Some online media reported that letting rice listen to the thanksgiving song and the Great Compassion Mantra can increase by 15%. The results of rice planting in Liangshan Village, Fujian for three consecutive seasons confirmed that listening to the Great Compassion Mantra not only increased the number of rice grains by 15%, but also the rice grains were fuller. Some agricultural experts said that music not only helps plants absorb, transmit and transform nutrients, but also achieves the effect of repelling insects.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Is this method feasible for large-scale promotion?' is least relevant for assessing the veracity of the above report.


Premise: Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Ttherefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.

Hypothesis: The principle that organizations that set standards for products or activities should not set standards calling for a particular characteristic if such standards increase the risk of some other characteristic being lost, if valid, justifies the argument's conclusion that pedigree organizations should set standards for working ability in dogs.


Premise: Emotional incentive effect is a management incentive method to stimulate the enthusiasm of the managed through good emotional relationship, so as to improve work efficiency.

Hypothesis: The emotional incentive effect is the thought and behavior of the employees being praised by the leaders, resulting in the emotion of continuing to adhere to it.


Premise: Chinese research institutions recently announced that the world's first fully superconducting tokamak Eastern Hyperloop (EAST) achieved stable 12-second steady-state long-pulse high-confinement plasma operation, setting a new world record. This marks that EAST has become the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world that can achieve steady-state high-confinement mode operation with a duration of hundreds of seconds. EAST is 11 meters high, 8 meters in diameter, and weighs 400 tons. It is the fourth-generation nuclear fusion experimental device in my country. Humans provide a steady stream of clean energy, so it is also called artificial sun.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that it is difficult to build a real artificial sun in the short term.


Premise: Scientists hypothesized that the end of a certain geological period came about when a cataclysmic meteor impact near the equator caused debris to fly up into the atmosphere, where it was scattered by winds, blocking out the sunlight and abruptly killing off many species. In European rock layers, the fossil record of the boundary layer that marks the end of the period supports this picture of rapid, mass extinction of life. But the boundary layer in the Antarctic is much thicker, so that it appears that the extinction process there lasted a much longer time, contrary to what the hypothesis would have predicted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It was recently discovered that Europe accumulated sediment at a slower rate than did the Antarctic region, so that a layer of sediment of a given thickness represents a longer period of time in Europe than it does in the Antarctic' resolves the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: Among the seven members of the newly elected school student union of a school, there are one from Dalian, two from the north of China, one from Fuzhou, two special students (that is, students with special expertise), and three Communist Party members. Assuming that the above introduction involves All the members of the student council.

Hypothesis: Except for the fact that all the special students are from the south, the student council members' judgments are not inconsistent with the question.


Premise: Under the severe impact of Chinese culture, Buddhism cannot gain a foothold in China if it cannot adapt to the reality, so Buddhism can only make some camouflage in order to survive.Among the typical examples of early Buddhism, some especially emphasize that the word filial piety distorts the meaning of the original text in order to meet the requirements of China's strong color culture.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the main idea of the passage is that the power of traditional culture forced Buddhism to adopt flexible strategies in its dissemination.


Premise: The traditional view is that taking vitamin C supplements every day can effectively prevent colds. However, a new study has found that this method has no obvious effect on most people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who take vitamin C supplements are as likely to catch a cold as those who don't' best supports the conclusion.


Premise: A special education program for 3-and 5-year-olds in the study increases their chances of success in school education in the future, according to a study. Therefore, similar educational programmes for all children will improve their chances of success in future school education.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The investigators did not realize that they included a large number of children who had previously received another kind of education and training' most weakens the above point of view.


Premise: A person' s intake of refined sugar and of foods that break down into sugars during digestion is the dietary source of virtually all of the glucose (a type of sugar) that reaches that person' s bloodstream. Coffee, however, which itself does not break down into sugars during digestion, sometimes causes a person' s blood-glucose level to rise dramatically, even if the coffee is consumed without cream or any sweeteners.

Hypothesis: Drinking more than two cups of coffee in an hour increases a person's level of stress, and the body reacts to stress by releasing stored glucose into the blood best helps to explain coffee's effect on blood-glucose levels as it is described above.


Premise: Turkey has applied to join the EU since 1987, and the two sides are still engaged in difficult negotiations. For strategic reasons, the EU needs Turkey, and a categorical no to Turkey would deprive the EU of Turkish cooperation in security, justice, energy and other areas. However, if Turkey joins the EU, it will bring a series of problems to the EU, such as the disharmony of cultural and religious views, the heavy burden of economic subsidies, and the impact of the influx of immigrants on the job market.

Hypothesis: Only 3% of Turkey is in Europe, and most Europeans do not recognize Turkey as a European country can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: Native speakers perceive sentences of their own language as sequences of separate words. But this perception is an illusion. This is shown by the fact that travelers who do not know a local language hear an unintelligible, uninterrupted stream of sound, not sentences with distinct words.

Hypothesis: Native speakers' perceptions of their own language are not more accurate than are the perceptions of persons who do not know that language is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Alsophila spinulosa, a plant of the same age as dinosaurs, was found in the primeval forest at the bottom of Dashiwei, the largest Tiankeng in Leye Tiankeng. Some people speculated that Dashiwei should have been formed in the dinosaur era, that is, 65 million years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No dinosaur fossils were found in Dashiwei' can best refute the above speculation if the followings are true.


Premise: The production of vineyard in Xinjiang has been increasing year by year and the oversupply of grapes has led to a decline in prices.If there are no restrictions on the cultivation of grapes on the vineyards, the price of grapes will fall further.To raise prices, the government idles the fields and provides direct compensation to the farmers. There is a definite ceiling on compensation for each estate. The government's plan, if implemented successfully, will not impose a net burden on the public finances.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the price of grapes increases, the government can rely on taxing the profits of the estate to generate income' is the best explanation if it is true.


Premise: Canadian scientists have developed a device that allows people to generate electricity and store it through jaw movement when talking or eating. The subjects chewed gum for 60 seconds after wearing the device. The cord close to the chin generated about 10 to 18 microwatts of electricity, while each chewing during meals produced an average of about 7 microwatts. It is expected that this improved power generation method may be used to charge small electronic devices such as hearing aids, intelligent hearing protectors and even mobile phones in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The newly developed power generation method can be used to charge hearing aids' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: As an ancient revived Oriental power, China is very mysterious to the west. It is just like Marco Polo's description after coming to China which shows that gold and silver are everywhere in China. Westerners read his travel notes and just think that China is very rich, but how rich it is only depends on imagination. The West's view of China now includes both real evaluation and imagination.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is still a deviation between Westerners' understanding of the Chinese people and Chinese reality' is mainly explained in the above paragraph.


Premise: Requiring that passwords conform to rules of length, complexity, and unpredictability increases the likelihood of someone gaining unauthorized access to a user' s account. Since most user accounts are automatically locked after a certain number of incorrect password guesses, it is usually impossible to gain access by guessing a password. However, because complex passwords can be hard to remember, users often write them down.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion of the argument is strongly supported if the assumption that when a password is written down, it increases the chances that someone will be able to use that password to gain unauthorized access to the user's account is true.


Premise: With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Ttherefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Hypothesis: The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Researcher: People who participate in opinion surveys often give answers they believe the opinion surveyor expects to hear, and it is for this reason that some opinion surveys do not reflect the actual views of those being surveyed. However, in well-constructed surveys, the questions are worded so as to provide respondents with no indication of which answers the surveyor might expect. So if a survey is well constructed, survey respondents' desire to meet surveyors' expectations has no effect on the survey' s results.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the researcher's argument is questionable in that the argument overlooks the possibility that the answers of opinion-survey respondents can be influenced by beliefs about the surveyor's expectations even if those beliefs are unfounded.


Premise: For thousands of years, people have always been prejudiced against the night of the full moon, because in some legends, someone will become a werewolf on the night of the full moon. However, a recent study showed that patients with heart disease not only have the lowest incidence during the full moon, but also the death rate will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that researchers monitored hundreds of heart disease patients and found that their cardiovascular system was at its best during the full moon cannot support the above conclusion.


Premise: Globally, the cost of living is relatively high in all major cities, Shanghai is a big city, so the cost of living in Shanghai is relatively high.

Hypothesis: A graduate student of a university can obtain a master's degree only by replying to his graduation thesis, and Xiao Zhang has obtained a master's degree this year, so he has passed the thesis defense is different from the above argument.


Premise: Legislator: To keep our food safe, we must prohibit the use of any food additives that have been found to cause cancer. Commentator: An absolute prohibition is excessive. Today' s tests can detect a single molecule of potentially cancer-causing substances, but we know that consuming significantly larger amounts of such a chemical does not increase one' s risk of getting cancer. Thus, we should instead set a maximum acceptable level for each problematic chemical, somewhat below the level at which the substance has been shown to lead to cancer but above zero.

Hypothesis: Consuming small amounts of several different cancer-causing chemicals can lead to cancer even if consuming such an amount of any one cancer-causing chemical would not is the logically strongest counter the legislator can make to the commentator's argument.


Premise: In general, the performance of a listed company is positively related to its stock price: when a company publishes its annual report, if its profits are higher than market profits, the company's stock price will rise. However, on March 31, 2011, Dongfang Electric Co., Ltd., which is engaged in the production of nuclear power and other power units in my country, announced its annual report. 67% of its net profit growth exceeded market expectations, but its stock price fell by 1.59% at the close, underperforming the broader market by 0.73%. percent.

Hypothesis: After a long debate, Germany's ruling coalition decided in May 2011 to close all nuclear power plants in Germany by 2022 best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Newspaper editor: Law enforcement experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions against gambling all share a common flaw: no matter how diligent the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. Ethical qualms notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective, it should not be a law. That is why there should be no legal prohibition against gambling.

Hypothesis: If it is assumed that most citizens must agree with a law for the law to be effective, then the argument's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: A survey of 178 countries around the world by the British New Economics Foundation shows that people in emerging countries such as China are happier than those in Japan, South Korea and the United States, of course, according to a survey by the University of Erasmus in the Netherlands and the Institute of Social Studies at the University of Michigan in the United States. since the brief rise in 1995, Chinese happiness has also begun to decline. People around the world are beginning to realize the fact that economic growth is not the same as development, because the latter also includes a series of indicators such as ecological leisure, social welfare and fairness and justice, and happiness not only refers to sensory happiness, because it is also about people's positive experience and overall evaluation of the meaning of life.

Hypothesis: Happiness not only includes sensory happiness, but also has something to do with people's understanding of the meaning of life is correct, based on the information provided.


Premise: Einstein's greatest contribution to mankind is the theory of relativity, which is a powerful tool for mankind to study the universe. Einstein used the theory of relativity to calculate the mass of the universe and found that the total mass of the universe turned out to be zero. Einstein believed that, The matter produced in the universe after the Big Bang has two forms, antimatter and positive matter are completely opposite, and the masses of positive and antimatter are equal. However, scientists have only found a small amount of antimatter in the universe, so where did most of the antimatter go? If they do not exist in the universe, Einstein will not find that the total mass of the universe is zero through the calculations of the theory of relativity. But the mass of the universe is zero, which shows that antimatter should still exist in the universe.

Hypothesis: The premise assumed in the above discussion is that scientists have discovered antimatter in the laboratory, and it is now possible to produce some antimatter in the laboratory.


Premise: Anthropologist: Many people think that if human language evolved, then something like it must be present in those species most closely related to humans, such as chimpanzees. They reason that since new traits evolve gradually, something like human language, albeit cruder, must exist in some species from which humans evolved. This general line of argument may be reasonable, but it simply does not follow that chimpanzees have anything like human language, because humans did not evolve from chimpanzees. While chimpanzees are indeed closely related to humans, this is because both evolved from a common ancestor. The evolution of human language might easily have begun after the extinction of that common ancestor.

Hypothesis: The evolution of human language began after the disappearance of an extinct species from which both humans and chimpanzees evolved accurately expresses the main conclusion of the anthropologist's argument.


Premise: Large and small planets are suspended at the edge of the solar system and are easily affected by the gravity of nearby stars. Researchers calculate that these forces sometimes pull comets out of the Oort Nebula. In this way, they are more likely to be close to the sun. Based on this, the two researchers made two different conclusions: first, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits or expelled them from the solar system; second, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits. or drive them out of the solar system.

Hypothesis: If only one of the two assertions above is true, it can be inferred that Jupiter's gravity pushes them into smaller orbits and drives them out of the solar system.


Premise: Can any research be found to validate the contention that those who spend time plucking out their gray hairs have more negative attitudes toward the elderly than those who shrug their shoulders about their gray hairs? Unless a person' s psychopathology leads him or her to overgeneralize, there is no necessary connection. Certainly it is reasonable to like the elderly yet dislike the idea of impaired eyesight and hearing. Furthermore, holding negative attitudes toward older people merely because they are old is immoral, according to nearly universally accepted ethical standards. But there is nothing immoral about disliking some concomitants of the aging process.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that it cannot be assumed that people who dislike some of the physical concomitants of growing old necessarily have negative feelings toward the elderly.


Premise: Macrophages are cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice and other mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria. Unlike other mice, mice that are genetically incapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels of nitrates when infected with bacteria.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, provide the most support for the conclusion that mice that show elevated levels of nitrates can easily fight off most types of bacterial infections.


Premise: Travel industry consultant: Several airlines are increasing elbow room and leg room in business class, because surveys show that business travelers value additional space more than, say, better meals. But airlines are overconcerned about the comfort of passengers flying on business; they should instead focus on the comfort of leisure travelers, because those travelers purchase 80 percent of all airline tickets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Business travelers often make travel decisions based on whether they feel a given airline values their business' most weakens the reasoning in the travel industry consultant's argument.


Premise: Nylon industry spokesperson: Even though cotton and nylon are used for similar purposes, some people have the mistaken notion that cotton is natural but nylon is not. However, nylon' s main components come from petroleum and from the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Clearly the atmosphere is natural. And petroleum comes from oil, which in turn comes from ancient plants -- a natural source.

Hypothesis: The principle 'A substance is natural if the origins of its main components are natural' most helps to justify the nylon industry spokesperson's reasoning.


Premise: Bicycle wheels are turning again in China, and the lifestyle of cycling is becoming popular among young people in China.This fashion has moved many foreign well-known bicycle manufacturers, who are very optimistic that the Chinese market will come to China to open stores to sell their bicycles.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Generally speaking, bicycles are cheaper than cars. Most people in China can afford bicycles' can best question the views of these well-known foreign bicycle manufacturers.


Premise: In recent years, some young people from other cities who work and live in these cities have set off a Flight from Beishangguang craze, go back to his hometown of small and medium-sized cities for development. However, the latest survey data shows that a large proportion of those who originally chose to Flee from Beishangguang chose to Return to Beishangguang and other big cities to seek work and life opportunities again.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The infrastructure of big cities is better and more convenient than small and medium-sized cities' does not account for the above phenomenon.


Premise: Three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. The concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. In explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. Market analysts predict that the decision of these three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market, will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Major supermarkets have announced that they will not charge the detergent manufacturers less to display their detergents, even though the detergents will take up less shelf space' most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts.


Premise: The heavy historical and cultural heritage is not the burden of urban construction and urban development, but the house of spiritual ideas is easy to agglomerate into the greatest wealth of modern construction.The development of people has a cultural effect in the internal power, and the substantial improvement is the integration of various cultural forms of residents' quality.

Hypothesis: The statement "Historical and cultural heritage is beneficial to improving the spiritual quality of the city and shaping the style and image of the city" best supports this view.


Premise: Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.

Hypothesis: Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have is a statement that can properly be inferred on the basis of the given statements.


Premise: To cut costs, a high school modified its airconditioning system to increase its efficiency. The modified system, however, caused the humidity in the school air to decrease by 18 percent. Twenty-four hours after the decrease in air humidity, a 25 percent increase in the number of visits to the school nurse was reported. This shows that a decrease in humidity can make people ill.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that most of the students at the high school suffered from the decrease in air humidity.


Premise: Impression management refers to the process in which people try to manage and control others impressions of themselves. In general, people tend to present themselves in a way that is appropriate to the current social situation or interpersonal context, to ensure that others judge them favorably.

Hypothesis: Impression management is when the chairman of the board criticized manager Chen, saying that clients would not have confidence in the company if they saw such a mess in your office every day.


Premise: Doppler effect refers to the phenomenon that the frequency received by the observer and the frequency emitted by the source are different when the wave source and the observer move relative to each other. The frequency received by the observer increases when they are close to each other, and decreases when they leave each other.

Hypothesis: Laser velocimeter does not use the Doppler effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Behavior that violates morality is against human nature, and all things that go against human nature are equally bad. Because it is immoral to kill a man, killing one person is as bad as killing a hundred people.

Hypothesis: When you have to kill one person to save another, it is as bad as not to kill someone is most consistent with the principles expressed above.


Premise: When we promote car free day with great fanfare, we do not realize that its birthplace, European car free day, is already at a dead end. It is reported that European cities hosting car-free days and the scale of their activities have been greatly reduced. Across France, 98 cities participated in car-free days in 2003, down to 72 in 2004 and 56 in 2005. Berlin, the capital of Germany, and Rome, the capital of Italy, both withdrew from car free day in 2003. So much so that the French Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development had to regret that car free day is a meaningful activity, but it is not in line with reality and is not enough to change people's driving habits.

Hypothesis: Car free day has played a great role in raising the awareness of environmental protection among people in Europe conforms to the context.


Premise: Sharing requires equal concepts and mechanisms, equality, caring for others, and even the spirit of caring for strangers. Daily interactions and common connections between people need institutional guarantees. This system is based on morality, rather than market exchange. , Only on the basis of equality can a caring community relationship be formed. When the residents of the community build their own sharing system, the community in the sense of value can be realized.

Hypothesis: Equality is of great significance to building a sharing system in the community is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: In chemistry class, Mr. Zhang demonstrated two simultaneous teaching experiments: one is that O2 is produced slowly after KCIO3 heating; the other is that KCIO3 is heated and a small amount of MnO2 is quickly sprinkled into it, and a large amount of O2 is produced immediately. Teacher Zhang pointed out that MnO2 is the reason for the rapid production of O2.

Hypothesis: Statistical analysis shows that between 30 and 60 years old, the older the age, the less daring. There is reason to believe that time is a brave corrosive is similar to Mr. Zhang's conclusion.


Premise: Based on the statistics of the number of gas stations owned by a city, it is found that there is not a simple linear relationship between the growth of the total number of gas stations and the growth of the total population of the city, the increase multiple of the former is 0.77 times that of the latter for example, if the total population of a city increases by 10 times, the total number of gas stations will increase to 0.77 times of 10, that is 5.9 times If the population increases 100-fold, the total number of gas stations will increase to 0.77 times the 100-fold, or 34.7 times.

Hypothesis: There is a non-linear relationship between the total number of gas stations and the total population can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Bevex, an artificial sweetener used only in soft drinks, is carcinogenic for mice, but only when it is consumed in very large quantities. To ingest an amount of Bevex equivalent to the amount fed to the mice in the relevant studies, a person would have, to drink 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soft drinks per day. For that reason, Bevex is in fact safe for people.

Hypothesis: In order for the conclusion that Bevex is safe for people to be properly drawn, it must be true that people can obtain important health benefits by controlling their weight through the use of artificially sweetened soft drinks.


Premise: Jeneta: Increasingly, I' ve noticed that when a salesperson thanks a customer for making a purchase, the customer also says Thank you instead of saying You' re welcome.  I' ve even started doing that myself. But when a friend thanks a friend for a favor, the response is always You' re welcome.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In a commercial transaction, as opposed to a favor, the customer feels that the benefits are mutual' most helps to explain the discrepancy that Jeneta observes in people's responses.


Premise: Education fighting for wealth refers to the phenomenon of building luxury schools under the banner of benefiting children in the field of education, while neglecting its practicality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a university built more dormitories for students, spent a lot of money to upgrade the equipment of various laboratories, hired highly paid talents to teach in the university, and a large number of high-end talents came here does not involve education fighting for wealth.


Premise: Can any research be found to validate the contention that those who spend time plucking out their gray hairs have more negative attitudes toward the elderly than those who shrug their shoulders about their gray hairs? Unless a person' s psychopathology leads him or her to overgeneralize, there is no necessary connection. Certainly it is reasonable to like the elderly yet dislike the idea of impaired eyesight and hearing. Furthermore, holding negative attitudes toward older people merely because they are old is immoral, according to nearly universally accepted ethical standards. But there is nothing immoral about disliking some concomitants of the aging process.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that it is wrong to dislike the elderly merely because of their physical characteristics, since no one likes the physical concomitants of growing old.


Premise: The Russian writer Michail Sholokhov tells the story of a rabbit running for his life when he met a wolf. The wolf said, Why are you running so fast?The rabbit said, They are going to catch me and nail my feet.The wolf said, It is the camel they are going to nail, not you.The rabbit said, If they catch me and nail my feet, how will I prove that I am not a camel?

Hypothesis: The most worrying thing for the rabbit in the story is if it's nailed, it's got to be a camel.


Premise: Cereal advertisement: Fitness experts say that regular exercise is the most effective way to become physically fit, and studies have shown that adults who eat cereal every day exercise more regularly than adults who do not eat cereal. So by eating Fantastic Flakes every morning, you too will be on the most effective path to physical fitness.

Hypothesis: The argumentation in the advertisement is flawed in that it infers that a given factor is the sole predictor of a result merely on the grounds that the factor has been shown to contribute to that result.


Premise: People who listen to certain recordings of music are in danger of being unduly influenced by spoken messages that have been recorded backwards on the records or tapes.

Hypothesis: A consequence of the view above is that if such messages must be comprehended to exert influence, then people must be able to comprehend spoken messages recorded backwards.


Premise: Lactose, a sugar found in milk, aids in the absorption of calcium, which in turn is required for bone repair. In addition to there being shortages of milk in tropical areas, inhabitants of these areas lose the ability to absorb lactose, unlike people from nontropical areas. Yet inhabitants of tropical areas have no more problems with bone repair than do people who inhabit nontropical areas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The abundant sunlight in tropical areas causes the human body to produce vitamin D naturally, which aids in the absorption of calcium' most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: The law of tea production in the world is red in the south and green in the north, that is, only high quality black tea can be produced in lower latitudes (such as India and Kenya), while high quality green tea can be produced in relatively high latitudes (25  degree~ 30  degreenorth latitude). The international price of green tea has always been higher than that of black tea. The quality of green tea in India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the main tea producing countries, is not high. Since the 1970s, the above three countries began to change red to green in an attempt to occupy the international green tea market, all of which ended in failure. China's famous green tea is mainly distributed in mountainous areas. with rich rural labor resources and low labor costs, the development of green tea industry has obvious comparative advantages.

Hypothesis: There is a trend of change red to green in the international tea market is consistent with the original text.


Premise: All the rules of the game are fair, and the rules of officialdom are the rules of the game. Therefore, the rules of officialdom are fair.

Hypothesis: The reasoning error of 'All the young geniuses are very conceited, and some of them are go players, so some go players are very conceited' is similar to those in the above reasoning.


Premise: Internet addiction refers to a mental behavior disorder caused by an individual's repeated excessive use of the Internet, which is manifested as a strong desire to use the Internet again, and withdrawal reactions when stopping or reducing Internet use, and may be accompanied by mental and physical symptoms.

Hypothesis: Mr. Li is keen on stock speculation, watches the stock market on the Internet every day, and feels uneasy all day without looking at it is Internet addiction.


Premise: Since Professor Smythe has been head of the department, the most distinguished member of the faculty has resigned, fewer new courses have been developed, student enrollment has dropped, and the reputation of the department has gone down. These facts provide conclusive evidence that Professor Smythe was appointed to undermine the department.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument fails to distinguish between a decline in quantity and a decline in quality.


Premise: A new treatment for muscle pain that looked very promising was tested in three separate studies. Although the results were positive, it turned out that all three studies had critical methodological flaws. So the treatment is probably not actually effective.

Hypothesis: The flawed nature of the argument above can most effectively be demonstrated by noting that, by parallel reasoning, we could conclude that since all scarves are at least somewhat decorative, it is likely that when scarves were first adopted, they were purely decorative.


Premise: From Yu'e Bao to P2P and then to various crowdfunding models, we have to admit that Internet finance is not only changing the traditional industry, but also subverting people's lives. Crowdfunding, for example, not only gives ordinary people an additional channel to participate and get excess returns, but also makes it possible for young people with dreams to realize their dreams at a low cost.

Hypothesis: The next part of the article is most likely to discuss how crowdfunding helps investors achieve returns.


Premise: In recent years, some places have seen the phenomenon of children dropping out of school, which is related to the understanding of some parents. Some rural parents think there is no need to go to school because their children will have to work outside the country anyway. Obviously, this understanding is wrong.

Hypothesis: It is now necessary for some children to go to school when they grow up to work outside the home can be derived from the information given.


Premise: The pay gap between senior managers reflects the way different parts of a company work. If the gap is large, it encourages competition between sectors and individual performance; If the gap is small, it encourages inter-departmental cooperation and collective performance. The various departments of 3M work in a cooperative way, so ______________

Hypothesis: The statement "The gap in compensation for senior managers at 3M is smaller" is the most appropriate conclusion to the above argument.


Premise: A lot of consumers complained about a brand of poor air-conditioning quality and poor refrigeration effect. In response, the brand's chief engineer said the air-conditioning is not working properly because the local air quality is too bad.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Not all air conditioners are affected by air quality' would most effectively refute the engineer's argument.


Premise: Because some university teachers have overseas doctorates, some overseas doctorates have a very high level.

Hypothesis: The option that ensures that the above statement is correct is that all the teachers in colleges and universities have a very high level.


Premise: John likes rock climbing and shooting. None of his college classmates likes both rock climbing and shooting, but all his middle school and college classmates like swimming.

Hypothesis: If the above conclusion is true, then half of his college classmates also like all the sports John likes cannot be true.


Premise: Medicine believes that people who are overweight have an increased risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which are also risk factors for kidney disease. The researchers tested the urine of 1830 Japanese children between the ages of 6 and 14. The results showed that 27 children developed persistent proteinuria, red blood cells in the urine and other nephrotic symptoms. After comparison, it was found that the body height body mass index (B.MI) and systolic blood pressure (hypertension) of these children with abnormal urine test were significantly higher than those of children with normal urine test.

Hypothesis: There is a correlation between childhood obesity and the risk of kidney disease can be seen from this passage.


Premise: Zoos provide a space for the public to view wild animals, allowing people to forge a stronger relationship with nature. In addition, zoos save endangered species through breeding programs. A combination of public funds and private donations funds most zoos. More tigers now live in Texas than in the wild, as state law allows tigers to be kept as pets.

Hypothesis: The author would most likely agree that all wild animals should be held in captivity.


Premise: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A research team found that the development of ALS is closely related to the number of AM bacteria in the gut. The researchers observed and compared gut microbiota and blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 37 ALS patients and 29 healthy relatives. They found differences in gut bacterial strains, one of which was linked to nicotinamide production. In addition, nicotinamide levels decreased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these ALS patients.

Hypothesis: Nicotinamide being a metabolite of gut microbial AM bacteria is a prerequisite for the above research findings to hold.


Premise: For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brain is damaged, for example by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Ttherefore, people who have suffered a serious stroke on the left side of the brain without suffering any such impairment must have their language centers in the right half.

Hypothesis: If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that side of the brain damages at least one of them is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends.


Premise: Language plays an important role in human communication, and if a language is completely effective, then every combination of basic languages can express words of independent significance. But if there is a problem with the function of human auditory systems in receiving sound signals, not every combination of basic languages can become independent words.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, if the human auditory system receives sound signals that function properly, then every combination of the basic language of a language can become a word of independent significance is correct.


Premise: Prime minister: Our nation' s government should give priority to satisfying the needs of our nation' s people over satisfying the needs of people of any other nation. This is despite the fact that the people of other nations are equal in worth to the people of our nation, which means that it is objectively no more important to satisfy the needs of our nation' s people than to satisfy those of other nations' people.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'The priority a nation's government should place on satisfying the needs of a group of people depends mainly on how objectively important it is for the needs of those people to be satisfied' if valid, most helps to reconcile the apparent conflict among the prime minister's claims.


Premise: Irrigation runoff from neighboring farms may well have increased the concentration of phosphorus in the local swamp above previous levels, but the claim that the increase in phosphorus is harming the swamp' s native aquatic wildlife is false; the phosphorus concentration in the swamp is actually less than that found in certain kinds of bottled water that some people drink every day.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it relies on evidence the relevance of which has not been established.


Premise: It is highly likely that Claudette is a classical pianist. Like most classical pianists, Claudette recognizes many of Clara Schumann' s works. The vast majority of people who are not classical pianists do not. In fact, many people who are not classical pianists have not even heard of Clara Schumann.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that the majority of people who recognize many of Clara Schumann's works are not classical pianists.