Premise: weeds originally means useless or unbeautiful herbs, while the so-called useful and beautiful actually depend on people's perspective. The word weed is a convenient label with a strong subjective color, so it is not a scientific classification term.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that makes the above conclusion valid is 'All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms'.


Premise: Alia: Hawthorne admits that he has influence with high government officials. He further admits that he sold that influence to an environmental interest group. There can be no justification for this kind of unethical behavior. Martha: I disagree that he was unethical. The group that retained Hawthorne' s services is dedicated to the cause of preventing water pollution. So, in using his influence to benefit this group, Hawthorne also benefited the public.

Hypothesis: Alia and Martha disagree on whether the meaning of ethical behavior has changed over time.


Premise: Editorial: It has been suggested that private, for-profit companies should be hired to supply clean drinking water to areas of the world where it is unavailable now. But water should not be supplied by private companies. After all, clean water is essential for human health, and the purpose of a private company is to produce profit, not to promote health.

Hypothesis: The principle 'If something is necessary for human health, then it should be provided by an organization whose primary purpose is the promotion of health' would most help to justify the reasoning in the editorial.


Premise: Native speakers perceive sentences of their own language as sequences of separate words. But this perception is an illusion. This is shown by the fact that travelers who do not know a local language hear an unintelligible, uninterrupted stream of sound, not sentences with distinct words.

Hypothesis: Native speakers' perceptions of their own language are not more accurate than are the perceptions of persons who do not know that language is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: In recent years, spaghetti has been crowned with the bad reputation of obesity, so many people have a tangled mood of hate and love when facing this Mediterranean diet. However, through the study of 23,000 people by the Italian Mediterranean Institute of Neurology, it is found that spaghetti does not lead to weight gain as many people think. Moreover, spaghetti not only does not lead to obesity, it can also have the opposite effect - reducing the body fat rate. The results show that spaghetti is of great benefit to people's health if people can eat in an appropriate amount and ensure dietary diversity.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Proper consumption of spaghetti can maintain people's ideal body fat rate' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: One housewife discarded a pair of old sofas. Another housewife picked them back from the outside and repaired them, so that the sofas are not only practical but also beautiful at home.

Hypothesis: Whether everything is useful depends largely on people's judgment is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: If Tang Xiaohua is selected, Fang Rufen and Guo Yanran must be selected.


Premise: When politicians resort to personal attacks, many editorialists criticize these attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. Everyone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. Political commentators, however, cannot be. Political commentators should be engaged in sustained and serious debate about ideas and policies. In such a context, personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that political commentators should not resort to personal attacks on their opponents.


Premise: Most people who drink too much will have a headache. If Xiao Wang doesn't drink too much, he probably won't have a headache.

Hypothesis: Most engineers have studied in school for many years, so Lao Liu may be an engineer because he has studied in school for many years is similar to the above reasoning.


Premise: Philosopher: The eighteenth-century thesis that motion is absolute asserts that the change in an object' s position over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. A well-respected physicist, however, claims that this thesis is incoherent. Since a thesis that is incoherent cannot be accepted as a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.

Hypothesis: The argument uses the technique of relying on the authority of an expert to support a premise.


Premise: A smoker trying to quit is more likely to succeed if his or her doctor greatly exaggerates the dangers of smoking. Similar strategies can be used to break other habits. But since such strategies involve deception, individuals cannot easily adopt them unless a doctor or some other third party provides the warning.

Hypothesis: People generally do not find it easy to deceive themselves is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: 40% of the country's male owners believe that as long as there are pre-school children in the family, wives should not go out to work, but should stay at home to take care of children.The owners of 80 per cent of B's households do not think so, arguing that their wives' outings reflect men's respect for women. According to the survey, one in two families in country a has pre-school children, and in b, two out of every three households have pre-school children.

Hypothesis: The question lacks sufficient conditions to make a definitive comparison of the support rates of husbands in country A and country B for their wives with preschool children to go out to work is correct if the above judgment is correct.


Premise: In a study of patients who enrolled at a sleep clinic because of insomnia, those who inhaled the scent of peppermint before going to bed were more likely to have difficulty falling asleep than were patients who inhaled the scent of bitter orange. Since it is known that inhaling bitter orange does not help people fall asleep more easily, this study shows that inhaling the scent of peppermint makes insomnia worse.

Hypothesis: The fact that because the scents of peppermint and bitter orange are each very distinctive, it was not possible to prevent the patients from knowing that they were undergoing some sort of study of the effects of inhaling various scents most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: The researchers divided the subjects into two groups: group A did its own thing for ten minutes, but did not do anything that would lead to lying; group B was asked to steal the test paper and lie during the test. The researchers then asked the subjects to wear special electrodes to record the frequency of blinking when asked. The results showed that the blinking frequency of group A increased slightly, but the blinking frequency of group B decreased at first, and then increased significantly to 8 times of the general frequency. Thus it can be seen that by observing the blinking frequency of a person, we can judge whether he is lying or not.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Will telling lies lead to a faster heartbeat and higher blood pressure?' hardly questions the conclusions of this study.


Premise: Some jurists are graduates of the economics department of some universities. Therefore, some graduates of the economics department of some universities are people who have a good study of the law business.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All jurists are people who have a good knowledge of lawyers' business' can guarantee the correctness of the above statement.


Premise: A company that imports and sells collectibles sought to have some of its collectible figurines classified as toys, which are subject to lower import tariffs than collectibles. The company argued that the figurines amuse customers, just as toys do. However, the government agency responsible for tariffs rejected the company' s request on the grounds that the figurines are marketed as collector' s items rather than toys.

Hypothesis: The principle that the tariff classification of an item should depend primarily on how the item is marketed most helps to justify the government agency's decision.


Premise: Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __.

Hypothesis: The average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet most logically completes the passage.


Premise: The new party and government leaders of a county had just been formed and wanted to do something practical for the masses. Faced with limited financial resources, the new leadership has made it clear that only two big things can be accomplished this year. They argue that if you build a country road, you can't build a sewage treatment plant; If a sewage treatment plant is to be built, sewage pipes should be built; If you build a sewer line, you can't build a waste treatment plant.

Hypothesis: Sewage treatment plants and sewage pipes could not be built at the same time this year, according to the leadership's thinking.


Premise: The term boundary problem refers to various short-sighted behaviors of employees due to the short employment relationship in modern enterprises, and the harm caused by such behaviors to the enterprise

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because he only signed a contract for half a year, Xiao Sun ignored the use of working machinery and equipment' belongs to the term boundary problem.


Premise: Wong: Although all countries are better off as democracies, a transitional autocratic stage is sometimes required before a country can become democratic. Tate: The freedom and autonomy that democracy provides are of genuine value, but the simple material needs of people are more important. Some countries can better meet these needs as autocracies than as democracies.

Hypothesis: Wong's and Tate's statements provide the most support for the claim that they disagree over the truth of the statement 'There are some countries that are better off as autocracies than as democracies.'


Premise: At present, British scientists have put forward a view that sponges have no brains or even any nerve cells.Animals that have lived on the earth for hundreds of millions of years also had nerve cells in ancient times, but they gave up in subsequent evolution.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Compared with their close relatives, some parasites lose their complex nervous system because of the parasitic lifestyle; while sponges, compared with their close relatives, the lifestyle is similar to parasitism' can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou as an officer. Although it was only eight months, he made great efforts to set up a state school, donated all his salary money to the expenses of running a school, and actively promoted mandarin of the Tang Dynasty. Eight months later, Han Yu was transferred from Chaozhou because of few achievements. However, he left Chaozhou with great spiritual wealth. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Chaozhou was already a famous cultural city with the reputation of seaside Zou Lu.

Hypothesis: The reason why Chaozhou has become a famous historical and cultural city is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Generally, bacteria grow and reproduce in the greenhouse environment. If they stop growing in the low-temperature environment, they can only maintain life. On the contrary, Yersinia is not afraid of low temperature and cold, but only proliferates in large numbers at about 0  degree. The food stored in the refrigerator makes Yersinia in the best growth state.

Hypothesis: The optimum growth temperature of Yersinia is not suitable for general bacteria can be inferred.


Premise: Letter to the editor: The Planning Department budget increased from $100, 000 in 2001 to $524, 000 for this year. However, this does not justify your conclusion in yesterday' s editorial that the department now spends five times as much money as it did in 2001 to perform the same duties.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A restructuring act, passed in 2003, broadened the duties of the Planning Department' most helps to support the claim made in the letter regarding the justification of the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: Intellectual property is the right of people to enjoy the wealth created by intellectual labor in the fields of science, technology, culture, education and art.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, portrait rights is not an intellectual property.


Premise: Richard: Because it fails to meet the fundamental requirement of art -- that it represent -- abstract art will eventually be seen as an aberration. Jung-Su: Although artists, like musicians, may reject literal representation, makers of abstract art choose to represent the purely formal features of objects, which are discovered only when everyday perspectives are rejected. Thus, whatever others might come to say, abstract art is part of the artistic mainstream.

Hypothesis: Richard and Jung-Su disagree over whether abstract art is representational.


Premise: Certainly, <b> pesticides can adversely affect the environment in localities distant from where the pesticide has actually been used. </b> Nevertheless, regulation of pesticide use should not take place at the national level but at the local level. <b> It is in the areas where pesticides are actually applied that they have their most serious effects. </b> Just how serious these effects are depends on local conditions such as climate, soil type, and water supply. And local officials are much more likely than national legislators to be truly knowledgeable about such local conditions.

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion identifies grounds for a potential objection to the conclusion of the argument, and the second provides support for that conclusion.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The US, Japan, India and other countries took advantage of China's aircraft carrier's trial flight to stir up a new China threat theory' best explains the expert's seemingly contradictory attitude.


Premise: According to the role of learning in the formation and development of mobility, human motivation can be divided into primitive motivation and acquisition motivation. Primitive motives are innate motives, which are based on people's instinctive needs; Acquisition motivation refers to all kinds of acquired motivation, that is, all kinds of motivation generated and developed through learning.

Hypothesis: Respect teachers and education, respect literature and martial arts is most likely to belong to the original motivation according to the above definition.


Premise: The formal language used in scientific research is very different from the natural language used in daily life. Formal language looks like a book of heaven, far away from the public, and only some professionals can understand and use it. But in fact, this is a misunderstanding. The relationship between natural language and formal language is like the relationship between the naked eye and the microscope. The naked eye has a wide field of vision and can grasp the information of things as a whole: a microscope can help people see the details and subtleties of things, even though they can be seen in a small range. Therefore, both formal language and natural language are important tools for people to communicate and understand information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The development of science has improved the daily life of ordinary people to a great extent, but people do not realize the importance of formal language, which is the basis of scientific expression' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Ding kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which is as famous as Ru, Guan, GE and Jun kilns. The kiln is located in Quyang, Hebei Province. Quyang County belonged to Dingzhou in the Song Dynasty, so it was named Ding kiln. Under the influence of Xing kiln, Ding kiln mainly produces white porcelain, but also burns black glaze and green glaze at the same time. The enamel of white porcelain is clear and moist, the color is mild, just like tooth carving, and the recessive is quite good. The decoration is well-known in ancient and modern times for its vivid and powerful carved and printed white porcelain, which is better than Xing kiln. The beautiful and elegant carved white porcelain and magnificent printed white porcelain in the Song and Jin dynasties are the two main varieties of Ding Kiln, representing the typical artistic style of Ding Kiln in its heyday.

Hypothesis: Beauty, simplicity and elegance are not a typical artistic style of Ding kiln, according to the original text.


Premise: A famous entrepreneur summed up the ice cream philosophy from his indomitable struggle experience, that is, selling ice cream must start in winter, because there are few customers in winter, which will force you to reduce costs and improve services. If you can survive in winter, you will no longer be afraid of competition in summer.

Hypothesis: According to this paragraph, ice cream philosophy mainly emphasizes that adversity is very important to cultivate the competitiveness of enterprises.


Premise: Legislator: To keep our food safe, we must prohibit the use of any food additives that have been found to cause cancer. Commentator: An absolute prohibition is excessive. Today' s tests can detect a single molecule of potentially cancer-causing substances, but we know that consuming significantly larger amounts of such a chemical does not increase one' s risk of getting cancer. Thus, we should instead set a maximum acceptable level for each problematic chemical, somewhat below the level at which the substance has been shown to lead to cancer but above zero.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The level at which a given food additive has been shown to lead to cancer in children is generally about half the level at which it leads to cancer in adults' is the logically strongest counter the legislator can make to the commentator's argument.


Premise: Before the final of the men's team division of the World Table Tennis Championships, the coach of country S was lining up. If the No. 4 player is in good competitive condition and the injury has healed, then let the No. 4 player play; only when the No. 4 player cannot play, will the No. 6 player play.

Hypothesis: The No. 6 player was not injured must be true if player No. 6 is present in the final.


Premise: Some claim that migratory birds have an innate homing sense that allows them to return to the same areas year after year. However, there is little evidence to support this belief, since the studies testing whether the accuracy of birds' migratory patterns is due to such an innate ability are inconclusive. After all, birds may simply navigate using landmarks, just as humans do, and we do not say that humans have an innate sense of direction simply because they find their way home time after time.

Hypothesis: There is as yet little reason to accept that birds have an innate homing sense accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument.


Premise: Network crime refers to the perpetrator using computer technology, with the help of the network to attack and destroy the system or information, deliberately implement the relevant legal norms of the behavior.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li opened a blog two months ago, three days ago, Xiao Li told Zhang his blog password, xiao Zhang asked to help him manage the log, Xiao Zhang incidentally, xiao Li's blog in the wrong words have changed over is not network crime.


Premise: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria' s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks-those with three trailers-had less than a third of the accident rate of single-and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

Hypothesis: In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Two hundred mice of the same kind and none of them had leukemia were exposed to some kind of radiation of the same dose and intensity, and then half of the mice were not restricted to eat the food they normally eat. and the other half gave them the same food, but in a limited amount. It was found that 55 mice in the former group had leukemia, while only 3 mice in the latter group had leukemia.

Hypothesis: By controlling the amount of food these mice eat, they are less likely to develop leukemia from certain radiation exposure is correct.


Premise: Reduction to Absurdity refers to a method not directly denying an absurdity, but first assuming its truth, and then deriving the absurd result based on the absurdity, and deducing the absurdity of the problem from the absurdity of the result, thus directly denying the argumentation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, someone said at this time : So it's better to kill someone cannot be included in reduction to absurdity.


Premise: The wave of the world's high-tech revolution has pushed economic competition from material resource competition to human human resource competition. The development, utilization and management of human resources will become key factors in the development of human society and economy. In this process, a large amount of human resource information is needed. , Inevitably cannot do without human resource accounting. In our country with a large population and relatively poor population quality, it is more necessary to establish and implement a human resource accounting system.

Hypothesis: The competition of human resources has become the key factor of social development can be inferred from this text.


Premise: When you are about to graduate, a certain class will select outstanding graduates, and discussions are ongoing within the class. Class leader: Either Li Xue is rated as an outstanding graduate or Wang Lei is rated as an outstanding graduate. Youth League Party Secretary: I disagree.

Hypothesis: The opinion of the party secretary is that either Li Xue and Wang Lei are both rated as outstanding graduates, or neither Li Xue nor Wang Lei can be rated as outstanding graduates.


Premise: Opponents of peat harvesting in this country argue that it would alter the ecological balance of our peatrich wetlands and that, as a direct consequence of this, much of the country' s water supply would be threatened with contamination. But this cannot be true, for in Ireland, where peat has been harvested for centuries, the water supply is not contaminated. We can safely proceed with the harvesting of peat.

Hypothesis: The original ecology of the peat-harvesting areas of Ireland was virtually identical to that of the undisturbed wetlands of this country most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The traditional view is that taking vitamin C supplements every day can effectively prevent colds. However, a new study has found that this method has no obvious effect on most people.

Hypothesis: If true, people who are often exposed to cold weather can reduce the risk of catching a cold by a quarter if they take vitamin C supplements every day best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is the first deep-water immersed tunnel in the world in the history of the World Island Tunnel Project, which is of epoch-making significance. The design life of the bridge's main structure is as long as 120 years, which means that for more than a century, the core structure of the bridge body, especially the 6.7-kilometer-long immersed tunnel, cannot have the slightest quality problem. The tunnels of the bridge are connected by 33 sections of immersed tubes, each of which is equivalent to a fully loaded Liaoning aircraft carrier. Such a huge immersed tube also has to ensure the strict error limit of less than 0.5 mm, which makes it impossible to have the slightest error in the transportation process. Therefore, engineers specially built a prefabrication factory for immersed pipe sections in Niutou Island, Guishan, not far from the bridge, and used the most advanced assembly line for production.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this article regarding the Zhuhai-Hong Kong-Macao Bridge is that it has significance in the history of bridges in the world.


Premise: Most plants produce chemicals that resist parasites in the process of long-term evolution. Plants commonly used by humans contain about 40 natural drugs, that is, complex chemical toxins against bacteria, fungi and other parasites. People ingest these toxins every day without poisoning, so the new harm caused by synthetic pesticides sprayed on crops is very small.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'The chemical structure of synthetic pesticides is usually simpler than that of natural drugs contained in plants' is true, it does not undermine the above argument.


Premise: The Iliad and the Odyssey were both attributed to Homer in ancient times. But these two poems differ greatly in tone and vocabulary and in certain details of the fictional world they depict. So they are almost certainly not the work of the same poet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Works known to have been written by the same modern writer are as different from each other in the respects mentioned as are the Iliad and the Odyssey' most weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: Mosquitoes can transmit a variety of diseases, such as malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc. Some people worry that when a mosquito bites an HIV-infected person, the HIV present in the mosquito will be transmitted from person to person when it bites the next person. But researchers pointed out that such worries are unnecessary.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After a mosquito bites an HIV-infected person, it may not be necessary to bite the next person immediately' supports researchers' view most.


Premise: The coach of a national football team found that the best cooperation characteristics of players U, V, W, X, Y and Z in the process of training are: (1) V and X cannot both be on the field or not on the field. (2) only U is not on the field, V is not on the field. (3) if W is on the field, X should also be on the field. (4) if Y and Z are on the field, W must also be on the field.

Hypothesis: If U and Z are on the court, in order to maintain the best cooperation between players, V is on the court and Y is not on the court.


Premise: Because some university teachers have overseas doctorates, some overseas doctorates have a very high level.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All the teachers in colleges and universities have a very high level' ensures that the above statement is correct.


Premise: Lao Wang said to Lao Li, Unless you pay the purchase price as required by the contract within today, we will see you in court.

Hypothesis: If Lao Li pays the purchase price as required by the contract today, Lao Wang will not take him to court has a different meaning from the above information.


Premise: In Newton's eyes, time is absolute, transcends nature, governs all things and cannot add or subtract them. Common quantum mechanics accepts this absolute concept of time. In contrast, relativity holds that time and everything else that changes with time moves more slowly in the gravitational field. In the theory of relativity, time is no longer an external parameter, but an active participant in the composition of the universe.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of this passage is that the theory of relativity develops man's understanding of time.


Premise: Cynthia: Corporations amply fund research that generates marketable new technologies. But the fundamental goal of science is to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the workings of the universe. The government should help fund those basic scientific research projects that seek to further our theoretical knowledge of nature. Luis: The basic goal of government support of scientific research is to generate technological advances that will benefit society as a whole. So only research that is expected to yield practical applications in fields such as agriculture and medicine ought to be funded.

Hypothesis: Cynthia's and Luis's statements provide the most support for the contention that they would disagree with each other about the truth of the statement "Although some research projects in theoretical science yield practical benefits, most do not, and so no research projects in theoretical science should be funded by the government."


Premise: Generally, bacteria grow and reproduce in the greenhouse environment. If they stop growing in the low-temperature environment, they can only maintain life. On the contrary, Yersinia is not afraid of low temperature and cold, but only proliferates in large numbers at about 0  degree. The food stored in the refrigerator makes Yersinia in the best growth state.

Hypothesis: At 0 degree, only Yersinia exists in the refrigerator can be inferred.


Premise: German discount supermarket chains such as Ardi, Riedel and others have taken advantage of the global food price boom. The German model of discount chain stores is different from ordinary supermarkets, family-owned stores or French farmers' markets. Its stores are usually just 200-300 square meters, narrow aisles, simple packaging, more than 80 percent of the goods are food and beverages, and the price are typically 30 to 50 percent lower than the average supermarket.Analysts say there are several reasons for the German discount chain's dominance in rising food prices. In addition to its Low price advantage. The discount store variety is few, the large-scale purchase pattern causes the new store cost to be very low.

Hypothesis: Low-cost strategy and low-price strategy are all supermarkets in the use of the business strategy as far as possible, that is, strive to overwhelm competitors in price advantage weakens the above-mentioned analyst's explanation.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of housing in City C is the lowest is a judgment that is wrong about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: Several carefully conducted studies showed that 75 percent of strict vegetarians reached age 50 without developing serious heart disease. We can conclude from this that avoiding meat increases one' s chances of avoiding serious heart disease. Ttherefore, people who want to reduce the risk of serious heart disease should not eat meat.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the statement 'Studies have shown that cigarette smokers have a greater chance of incurring heart disease than people who do not smoke. Since cigarette smoking increases one's chances of incurring heart disease, people who want to try to avoid heart disease should give up cigarette smoking' is most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: There are more girls than boys in law school. More than half of the law school students failed in the math final exam in the second semester of 2004.

Hypothesis: Girls pass more than boys can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The most cancer-prone organs of the human body, including the lungs, stomach, large intestine, breast, etc., are all parts of the body with low body temperature, and high temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get cancer. Therefore, you can  raise your body temperature to fight cancer by doing exercise, drinking hot water, bathing and other ways.

Hypothesis: The human body temperature has a precise regulation mechanism, which is basically stable, and there is no obvious temperature difference between the various organs in the body can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: Right to equality refers to the right of citizens to enjoy their rights equally without any unreasonable differential treatment and require equal protection from the state.

Hypothesis: A primary school refusing to accept students with physical disabilities is a violation of the right to equality according to the above rights.


Premise: Safeguarding personal interests is the only motivation for personal behavior. Therefore, safeguarding personal interests is the main factor affecting personal behavior.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The act of safeguarding personal interests can also be beneficial to the public interest' weakens the argument of the stem.


Premise: A researcher fed honeybee larvae separately with fresh royal jelly and royal jelly that had been stored for 30 days. The results showed that the larvae fed with fresh royal jelly grew into queens. Further research found that a protein called royalactin in fresh royal jelly can promote the secretion of growth hormone, making the larvae have the characteristics of queen bee, such as larger body size and well-developed ovaries. The researchers fed fruit flies with this protein, and the fruit flies also showed an increase in body length, number of eggs and lifespan, indicating that the effect of this protein on biological characteristics is cross-species.

Hypothesis: The statement "Royalactin can only be stored for a short time, and it will be broken down into other substances over a long period of time" can support the above researchers' findings.


Premise: Conformity behavior means that individuals give up their own opinions, change their original attitudes, and adopt behaviors consistent with the majority under the pressure of the group.

Hypothesis: The behavior of going to Taohua Island with the class because a few students proposed it and everyone unanimously decided to go is an example of conformity behavior.


Premise: There is no doubt that minors smoking should be banned. However, we cannot explicitly prohibit the use of vending machines in order to prevent minors from smoking. This kind of ban is like setting up roadblocks on the roads in order to prohibit driving without a license. These roadblocks undoubtedly prohibit unlicensed driving, but it also blocks more than 99% of licensed drivers.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the above argument, the most important question to answer is 'Is the harm of minor smoking really as serious as the public thinks?'.


Premise: It is generally believed that honesty is a matter of personal morality and has nothing to do with others, but personal morality is not only a personal problem, but it will also produce social effects through externalities-the debt that individuals get, Eventually, it may repay to the whole society. From the perspective of institutional economics, a good economic system and governance mechanism should be able to restrain negative externalities, otherwise the economic order may collapse. It is necessary to make the initiators bear their due responsibility through the system and mechanism, rather than letting others or the whole market pay for it.

Hypothesis: Honesty is both a social issue and an economic issue is the most accurate summary of the main point of this passage.


Premise: Community activist: If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville. Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.

Hypothesis: The answer to In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period would be most useful for evaluating the community activist's reasoning.


Premise: Talent chain refers to the continuous emergence of talents of the same talent. There are two kinds of talent chains. One is called apprentice talent chain. One is called consanguinity type (also known as family type) talent chain.

Hypothesis: The family style of the Zhang family in the south of the Yangtze River is cautious, and famous writers have appeared for several generations in a row belongs to the talent chain.


Premise: Parents who consistently laud their children for every attempt to accomplish something, whether successful or not, actually erode the youngsters' sense of self-esteem. Children require commendation for their achievements, but if uniformly praised for both what they have accomplished and what they have merely attempted, they will eventually discount all words of commendation. In effect, such children never hear any praise at all.

Hypothesis: Children's self-esteem will suffer if their parents uniformly praise their attempts to accomplish things regardless of their success or failure most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the argument.


Premise: A survey report in 2017 showed that more than 80% of households believe that reading is an important way for children to understand the world and acquire knowledge, and more than 60% believe that reading is of great significance for children to develop loving learning habits and develop a healthy personality. Among them, more than 30% of the minor children from households surveyed are able to read every day, and over 60% of the children spend between half an hour and one hour in each reading. However, only 30% of the parents surveyed often read with their children, and nearly 6 Adult families are for children to read by themselves. What's interesting is that although parents themselves have taken up too much time by mobile phones, computers, and TV, 13.63% of parents hope to use reading to squeeze their children's time to play electronic products and watch TV.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this text is 'Reading, not just about books'.


Premise: In the whole year of last year, the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk driving in a certain area was twice the number of traffic accidents caused by fatigue driving. Therefore, the publicity work on the prohibition of fatigue driving has been done better than that of drunk driving.

Hypothesis: The answer 'Is the number of traffic accidents directly related to the publicity work on traffic safety?' best evaluates the above conclusion.


Premise: A serious safety accident occurred in a coal mine. As for the cause of the accident, the four responsible persons A, B, C, and D have the following conclusions: A: If the direct cause of the accident is equipment failure, then someone must have violated the operating rules. B: It is true that someone has violated the operating rules, but the direct cause of the accident is not the equipment failure. C: The direct cause of the accident is indeed the equipment failure, but no one has violated the operation. D: The direct cause of the accident is the equipment failure.

Hypothesis: C is true if only one of the above determinations is true.


Premise: Obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to a neuropathy characterized by obsessive-compulsive ideas and compulsive actions. It is characterized by the simultaneous existence of conscious self-compulsion and conscious self-counter-compulsion. The patient knows that the persistence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is meaningless and unreasonable, but The repeated occurrences that cannot be restrained, the more you try to resist, the more tension and pain you feel.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, obsessively checking whether the doors and windows are locked after leaving the house and feeling anxious if they are not is not obsessive-compulsive disorder.


Premise: In recent years, China's commercial UAV has gradually appeared in surveying and mapping, military and police, agriculture, emergency relief and other professional fields, but the demand of these professional markets has not increased rapidly and there are industrial level and institutional constraints behind it. For example, the level of modern agriculture in China is not high, and the progress of UAV in agricultural extension is not fast. Agricultural operators do not know about drones, or do not have a strong willingness to invest, and the source of funds is not guaranteed, so that this potential market demand can not be transformed into transactions. At the same time, the lack of operational personnel also restricts the promotion of drones in the agricultural market. In order to achieve the best spraying effect in the agricultural operation of UAV, the requirement of aircraft control is very high, which is difficult for ordinary farmers to master. To overcome these obstacles, it is not easy to rely on the strength of the enterprise itself.

Hypothesis: The current economic level is not suitable for large-scale promotion of UAV technology is the option that the passage is intended to emphasize.


Premise: Directed thinking refers to the process of thinking activities based on past knowledge and experience, forming direction, method or procedure, as compared with divergent thinking.

Hypothesis: The peach blossoms in Beijing are in bloom, so spring is coming does not belong to directed thinking, according to the above definition.


Premise: At home, the concept of privatization seems to be the division of state-owned assets. In essence, it is a matter of protecting the ownership of private property. If there is no legal basis for the protection of this right, the state-owned assets can be divided and the divided property can be confiscated at any time.

Hypothesis: The system of privatization is based on the legal right to own private property is most strongly supported if the above statement is true.


Premise: Beverage company representative: The plastic rings that hold six-packs of beverage cans together pose a threat to wild animals, which often become entangled in the discarded rings and suffocate as a result. Following our lead, all beverage companies will soon use only those rings consisting of a new plastic that disintegrates after only three days' exposure to sunlight. Once we all complete the switchover from the old to the new plastic rings, ttherefore, the threat of suffocation that plastic rings pose to wild animals will be eliminated.

Hypothesis: The assumption that use of the old plastic rings poses no substantial threat to wild animals other than that of suffocation is required by the argument.


Premise: Liability insurance refers to the form of insurance in which the insured takes his legal liability, mainly civil tort liability for damages, as the subject matter of insurance and insures with an insurance company.

Hypothesis: Enterprises, institutions and social organizations taking the death and disability of their on-the-job employees due to other injury accidents as the subject matter of insurance is inconsistent with the definition of liability insurance.


Premise: Honesty plays an important role in Chinese Confucian philosophy. It is the category of heaven and humanity. In terms of the way of heaven, honesty is the noumenon, attribute and function of the universe, as well as the life and power of the universe. Mencius said, 'He who is most sincere and immovable has not yet been; Not sincere not to move also. From the aspect of humanity, honesty is the criterion of moral life and the supreme value goal. Xunzi pointed out: Honesty of the husband, the gentleman to defend also, and the foundation of the government. Confucianism raises honesty to the height of political affairs to recognize, and its political ethics also plays a warning role in contemporary times.

Hypothesis: Persevere and keep moving forward is good faith.


Premise: Scale is one of the important methods of industrial modernization. Whether China's agricultural development adapts to the large-scale agricultural production model is still debatable. Years of large farm production methods in the United States have proven that intensive agricultural production will cause the degradation of the agricultural ecological environment and biodiversity. It is destroyed, which in turn affects food security. At present, my country's per capita arable land area is only 1.52 acres, which is only the world average and far lower than the U.S. per capita level. Therefore, the U.S. large farm model is not necessarily suitable for China's development. At the same time, my country's agricultural modernization started relatively late. Compared with developed countries such as the United States, there is still a certain gap in agricultural technology and management methods. The steps of modernization are suddenly too large, which is likely to cause disconnection between the upper and lower levels.

Hypothesis: The scale of agricultural production should be tailored to local conditions is the most likely to be described in this passage.


Premise: Laser technology is a high and new technology developed in the early 1960 s. The emission ability of the laser is strong and the energy is highly concentrated, which is hundreds of millions of times brighter than the ordinary light source and tens of billions times brighter than the sun's surface. If a medium-intensity laser beam is converged, a high temperature of thousands to tens of thousands of degrees can be produced in the focus. In addition, the monochromaticity of laser is very good. We know that different colors of light are determined by different wavelengths of light, while the wavelength of the laser is basically the same, the spectral line width is very narrow and the color is very pure. Because of this characteristic, laser is widely used in communication technology.

Hypothesis: The option 'Laser technology has the potential to subvert the traditional optical theory' is not conforming to the meaning of the text.


Premise: In recent years, there has been more and more public discussion about the harm of sugar to health. The data show that the sales of white sugar have dropped significantly. This shows that the public's vigilance against the harmfulness of sugar has led to a decline in the sale of white sugar.

Hypothesis: The option 'Sales of salt and vinegar have been rising in recent years' most weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: In a broad sense, collective memory is the memory of a group with its own specific cultural cohesion and unity. This group can be a political and religious group, a regional cultural community, a nation or a country. This memory can be scattered, fragmented, oral, centralized, official and written, It can be a memory of a recent event or a trace of the deeds of ancient ancestors.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a textbook introducing the history of neighbouring countries in a university in China belongs to collective memory.


Premise: Related marketing means that businesses find the relevance of the marketing content of products and brands through the integration of resources, so as to achieve deep and multifaceted guidance.

Hypothesis: The best-selling product of a clothing company is a kind of round-neck T-shirt with a certain pattern. at the same time, the company also produces V-collar T-shirt and vertical-collar T-shirt with this pattern, which also sells well does not reflect related marketing.


Premise: An international team analyzed the genetic material decay rate of DNA extracted from an extinct MOA skeleton fossil and found that although the short DNA fragment may exist for 1 million years, the half-life of 30 or more base pair sequences under certain conditions is only about 158000 years. According to this, a scientist believes that reconstructing dinosaurs with ancient DNA is similar to the story of the film Jurassic Park is impossible to happen.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Environmental factors will affect the decay rate of genetic materials such as DNA' refutes the scientist's point of view most.


Premise: Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Ttherefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.

Hypothesis: Organizations that set standards for products or activities should attempt to ensure that those products or activities can serve the purposes for which they were originally developed justifies the argument's conclusion that pedigree organizations should set standards for working ability in dogs.


Premise: Reason is the most reliable tool when people need to make reliable judgments to decide how to act in complex situations. Irrational tools, such as hunches and habits, are often used, but resorting to reason is undoubtedly the easiest way to succeed when it matters a lot, or when success or failure depends on the judgment you make. We already have some reasonable methods that have been tested for a long time, which can be used to determine what is appropriate and which is true, and we have a series of established principles that guide us to draw inferences from what we know.

Hypothesis: The main meaning expressed in this passage is that a rational judgment of a complex situation will not be wrong.


Premise: The researchers divided the subjects into two groups: group A did its own thing for ten minutes, but did not do anything that would lead to lying; group B was asked to steal the test paper and lie during the test. The researchers then asked the subjects to wear special electrodes to record the frequency of blinking when asked. The results showed that the blinking frequency of group A increased slightly, but the blinking frequency of group B decreased at first, and then increased significantly to 8 times of the general frequency. Thus it can be seen that by observing the blinking frequency of a person, we can judge whether he is lying or not.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Will telling lies lead to a faster heartbeat and higher blood pressure?' hardly questions the conclusions of this study.


Premise: When trying to identify new technologies that promise to transform the marketplace, market researchers survey the managers of those companies that are developing new technologies. Such managers have an enormous stake in succeeding, so they invariably overstate the potential of their new technologies. Surprisingly, however, market researchers typically do not survey a new technology' s potential buyers, even though it is the buyers-not the producers-who will ultimately determine a technology' s commercial success.

Hypothesis: The potential buyers for not-yet-available technologies can seldom be reliably identified best accounts for the typical survey practices among market researchers.


Premise: In general, young children's body temperature rises less as a result of sun exposure than adults'. However, it has been found that heat stroke is more likely to occur in young children if the temperature is high in a car compartment, and almost infrequently in adults. You won't get sunstroke even if you stay in a car for an hour at 45 degree. Which of the following, if true, best explains these findings?

Hypothesis: The statement 'The car belongs to a confined space, when the outdoor temperature reaches, the car temperature can be reached, and adults in the car is likely to open the window when they feel uncomfortable' best explains these findings.


Premise: According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems government needs to address, in order of importance, air pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since __ .

Hypothesis: The statement "all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and unemployment than the candidates who were defeated" most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Aggression behavior is short for aggression, sometimes it can also be called aggression. It refers to the behavior of individuals who violate the mainstream norms of society, have motivation and hurt others.

Hypothesis: A doctoral student at a university in California breaking into his office and wounding his mentor with a gun belongs to aggression behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: Zhao and Sun probably will not attend the meeting in the end according to this arrangement.


Premise: Smart city uses information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of the urban operation core system to achieve intelligent urban management and operation. And then make an intelligent response to various needs, including people's livelihood, environmental protection, public safety, industrial and commercial activities, so as to create a better life for people in the city and promote the sustainable growth of the city. According to statistics, up to now, more than 500 cities above the vice-provincial level and above the prefecture level in China have proposed or are building smart cities, accounting for about half of the total number of smart cities in the world.

Hypothesis: The present situation of the construction of smart cities in China is mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: Labor touches porcelain means that individual workers take advantage of the management loopholes of the enterprise to urge the enterprise to commit illegal acts, and then demand economic benefits such as double wages or economic compensation.

Hypothesis: After Lin applied to a company, he did not sign a labor contract with the company under various excuses. Three months later, Lin applied to the labor arbitration department on the grounds that the company refused to conclude a labor contract with him, asking the company to compensate for double wages during the period when the contract was not signed belongs to labor touches porcelain.


Premise: Locophobia is mainly manifested by fear of certain environments, such as heights, squares, objective environments and crowded public places. It often starts with spontaneous panic attacks, and then produces expected anxiety and avoidance behavior, leading to the formation of conditionalization. Some clinical studies have shown that locophobia is often accompanied by panic attacks. However, some experts believe that the first panic attack is a necessary condition for the onset of place phobia, so they think that place phobia is the consequence of the development of panic attacks and should be classified as panic disorder.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The study found that locophobia often occur in their 40s and the course of the disease tends to be chronic' can best question the above expert opinion.


Premise: In recent years, China's commercial UAV has gradually appeared in surveying and mapping, military and police, agriculture, emergency relief and other professional fields, but the demand of these professional markets has not increased rapidly and there are industrial level and institutional constraints behind it. For example, the level of modern agriculture in China is not high, and the progress of UAV in agricultural extension is not fast. Agricultural operators do not know about drones, or do not have a strong willingness to invest, and the source of funds is not guaranteed, so that this potential market demand can not be transformed into transactions. At the same time, the lack of operational personnel also restricts the promotion of drones in the agricultural market. In order to achieve the best spraying effect in the agricultural operation of UAV, the requirement of aircraft control is very high, which is difficult for ordinary farmers to master. To overcome these obstacles, it is not easy to rely on the strength of the enterprise itself.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize that commercial UAV has not been fully developed in the professional market for a variety of reasons.


Premise: Unmanned banks, using intelligent devices instead of tedious manual operations, of course, is the trend of the future. Reducing manpower expenditure and allowing limited manpower to give full play to the value of limited manpower may be the biggest driving force for banks to actively promote unmanned technology.However, banks can not reduce the level of service in order to reduce costs, ignore the actual needs of some groups, nor can they shirk their responsibility to protect the safety of customers' assets in the uninhabited future. In the application of technology, we can find the common pain point of users in order to better play with unmanned banks. After all, the purpose of the application of intelligent technology, in the final analysis, is to improve the service level of the banking industry, so that every user can enjoy better service.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the adoption of intelligent technology by banks cannot sacrifice service and security.


Premise: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A research team found that the development of ALS is closely related to the number of AM bacteria in the gut. The researchers observed and compared gut microbiota and blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 37 ALS patients and 29 healthy relatives. They found differences in gut bacterial strains, one of which was linked to nicotinamide production. In addition, nicotinamide levels decreased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these ALS patients.

Hypothesis: Changes in human gut bacteria linked to disease progression in ALS is a prerequisite for the above research findings to hold.


Premise: The researchers looked at 241 stroke patients. Of the 88 patients with systemic strokes, 78 had specific creases on their earlobes, and 112 of the 153 patients with temporary ischemic strokes (commonly known as microstrokes / small strokes) had the same phenomenon. The researchers believe that we should consider adding this kind of crease on the earlobe to the list of risk factors for a typical stroke.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the increase of age, the blood circulation of the skin slows down, the elasticity of the skin of the earlobe decreases, and finally there are creases' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: On May 4, 2015, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued a document that the tobacco consumption tax was increased from 5% to 11% and the specific tax was increased. Some experts believe that the linkage between tax and price will increase the price of cigarettes with the increase of tax rate and reduce the number of people buying cigarettes. From the perspective of tobacco control, this is undoubtedly a good thing.

Hypothesis: The increase of income level makes people less sensitive to the price of cigarettes weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: cientists found that shutting down two genes in the muscle tissue of lab rat severely limited their ability to run, two genes control the synthesis of a protein called AMPK in lab rat  skeletal muscle, the muscle that controls movement. These genes allow muscles to make energy from sugar, and if this process is disrupted, the mitochondria, which make energy in muscles, are at lower levels and the muscles do not function properly. So scientists think the differences between couch potatoes and Olympians may all be genetic.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Studies have shown that genetically modified rat have improved the abilityof running' can best support the scientist's opinion.


Premise: In the years before hosting the Olympic Games, the host country of the Olympic Games has to make a lot of infrastructure construction and investment, so as to promote economic growth. In the year of the Olympic Games, residents' consumption and tourism increased significantly, which will also boost economic growth. But these factors disappeared after the Olympic Games, causing the host country's economy to decline. South Korea, Spain, Greece and other countries all experienced economic downturn after the Olympic Games. As a result, China will also experience an economic recession after the 2008 Olympic Games.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The stadiums built for the Olympic Games will become places for fitness and entertainment for ordinary citizens after the Olympic Games' cannot challenge the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: In the recruitment examination for the open selection of deputy section chiefs in a certain department, a total of 7 people signed up, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. According to statistics, the highest academic qualifications of the seven people are bachelor's degree and doctor's degree respectively. Among them, there are 3 PhD graduates and 3 women. It is known that the educational levels of A, B and C are the same, while those of F and G are different; the genders of E, F and G are the same, and the genders of A and D are different. In the end, a female doctor was hired.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, An is a male doctor can be inferred.


Premise: Only poetry cannot be translated well, and ttherefore it is poets who preserve languages, for we would not bother to learn a language if we could get everything written in it from translation. So, since we cannot witness the beauty of poetry except in the language in which it is composed, we have motivation to learn the language.

Hypothesis: The information above provides the LEAST support for the statement 'Some translations do not capture all that was expressed in the original language.'


Premise: A survey shows that all parts of our country have provided very favorable conditions for the introduction of foreign capital. However, when acquiring Chinese enterprises, foreign companies require absolute control, refuse to accept non-performing assets, and require to own and limit the original Chinese brands. For example, the largest construction machinery manufacturing enterprise in China has been acquired 85% by an American investment group, and a German company has acquired the leading enterprise of oil pump in China. After a joint venture with a German company for two years, a bearing co., Ltd., the first listed company in China, has become a German exclusive company. therefore

Hypothesis: The most logical way to complete the above discussion is to state that the introduction of foreign capital on preferential terms is likely to harm China's industry.


Premise: The faster the economy in the world, the more people look at the table. The slower the country, the less often people look at watches. Earlier, the pace of economic development was ranked in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Italy, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan... But these arrangements always change with concurring.

Hypothesis: The number of Americans watched is always the first in the world can be inferred.


Premise: Retailers that excel in neither convenience nor variety of merchandise tend not to be very successful. Yet many successful retailers excel in just one of the areas and meet competitors' standards for the other. Hence, a retailer' s success need not depend on excellence in both areas.

Hypothesis: The structure of the reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to that in which it is stated that apples that are neither especially firm nor especially flavorful are unsuitable for baking, yet while flavor is essential for both baking and eating, many flavorful apples that are soft are suitable for eating, and therefore the apples that are best for eating need not be both firm and flavorful.


Premise: Human rights activists have urged consumers to be conscious of the labor practices employed by manufacturers, especially in developing nations, saying that if we accept moral responsibility for our impact on third world workers, we must buy products from manufacturers that do not take advantage of their workers. It is nearly impossible, however, to determine which manufacturers are employing fair labor practices. Because of this impossibility there can be no moral obligation to choose products in the way these activists urge, because__.

Hypothesis: The principle that a person cannot have a moral duty to do what is impossible provides the most appropriate completion for the argument.


Premise: Doppler effect refers to the phenomenon that the frequency received by the observer and the frequency emitted by the source are different when the wave source and the observer move relative to each other. The frequency received by the observer increases when they are close to each other, and decreases when they leave each other.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Doppler segment camera does not use the Doppler effect.


Premise: The researchers asked children of different ages to use words to form semantic correspondence. For example, when children see the words eagle, bear and robin, they combine them best according to their meaning. The results showed that older participants were more likely to develop different types of false memory than younger participants. Because there are many forms of classification in their minds. For example, young children classify eagles and robins as birds, while older children classify eagles and bears as predators. Compared with children, they have a concept of predators in their minds.

Hypothesis: Older children are more likely to have false memories than younger ones conforms to the context.


Premise: The counter-trend expansion refers to the business behavior that enterprises further consolidate and expand the market and take the lead in the competition under the situation of great pressure and difficulty.

Hypothesis: An automobile fuel tank sales company is a large-scale independent brand export enterprise in China. The company has recently entered the pre-disclosure update list, which is a further step towards the goal of listing are not the counter-trend expansion.


Premise: People who have habitually slept less than six hours a night and then begin sleeping eight or more hours a night typically begin to feel much less anxious. Ttherefore, most people who sleep less than six hours a night can probably cause their anxiety levels to fall by beginning to sleep at least eight hours a night.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument that most small companies that have never advertised on the Internet can probably improve their financial situation by doing so is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Unquestionably, inventors of useful devices deserve credit for their ingenuity, but the engineers who help develop an invention get too little recognition. Although inventors sometimes serve as their own engineers, more often, engineers must translate an inventor' s insight into something workable and useful. Ttherefore, engineers also deserve credit for their contribution.

Hypothesis: The claim that inventors sometimes serve as their own engineers introduces an alternative solution to the problem the argument is addressing.


Premise: A study of 86 patients, all of whom suffered from disease T and received the same standard medical treatment, divided the patients into 2 equal groups. One group' s members all attended weekly support group meetings, but no one from the other group attended support group meetings. After 10 years, 41 patients from each group had died. Clearly, support group meetings do not help patients with disease T live longer.

Hypothesis: For many diseases, attending weekly support group meetings is part of the standard medical treatment most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Studies have proved that the free calcium content in bone soup cooked by traditional methods is very low, and the calcium content in every 100 ml of bone soup is only about 2 mg. Therefore, the traditional concept of drinking bone soup to supplement calcium is wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only free calcium ions can be digested and absorbed by the body' if true, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Given that employees of the XYZ Company could, in theory, do their work at home, the company developed a radical plan to increase efficiency: eliminate office-space expenditures by having employees work at home. To evaluate this plan, XYZ' s managers asked volunteers from the company' s staff to try the arrangement for six months. There were several volunteers; significantly, their productivity during this period was as high as or higher than before.

Hypothesis: Minor changes in the way office work is organized at XYZ would yield increases in employee productivity similar to those achieved in the trial would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of the trial results, to implement the company's plan.


Premise: People generally think that the thinking of scientists is based on strict logical reasoning, rather than Image thinking. However, research shows that Nobel Prize winners use image thinking methods more than ordinary scientists, because image thinking helps make a major scientific breakthroughs.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Nobel Prize winners have made major scientific breakthroughs is the basis for the above conclusion.


Premise: There are five sprinters A, B, C, D, and E in the men's 100-meter final. In the stands, Zhao Ming and Qian Liang are predicting their place. Zhao Ming said that the ranking is E, D, C, A, B; Qian Liang said that the ranking is A, E, B, C, D. The results of the final show: Zhao Ming neither guessed the correct ranking of any athlete, nor did he guess the order of any pair of adjacent athletes; Qian Liang Guessed the correct position of the two athletes, and guessed the order of the two pairs of adjacent athletes.

Hypothesis: The ranking of the five sprinters based on the information is C, D, E, A, B.


Premise: A well-known enterprise recruits senior management talents from the society. In the interview, there was a question: please write down the biggest secret of your original unit and what value it has to our company? The candidates had their own views on this, but in the end, they were hired. When asked why, the boss replied: such a person is trustworthy.

Hypothesis: The most correct understanding of the candidate turning in blank papers but being hired is that personality is an important factor in success.


Premise: PhishCo runs a number of farms in the arid province of Nufa, depending largely on irrigation. Now, as part of a plan to efficiently increase the farms' total production, it plans to drill down to an aquifer containing warm, slightly salty water that will be used to raise fish in ponds. The water from the ponds will later be used to supplement piped-in irrigation water for PhishCo's vegetable fields, and the ponds and accompanying vegetation should help reduce the heat in the area of the farms.

Hypothesis: If true, organic waste from fish in the pond water will help to fertilize fields where it is used for irrigation most strongly suggests that the plan, if implemented, would increase the overall efficiency of PhishCo's farms.


Premise: There are a large number of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses on the Minjiang River and its tributaries, such as the Manchu Village of the Qinjiang River, the ancient town of Minan, the Taishan Palace of Linpu Village, the Nine Golden Belt of Dacheng Village, and so on. They have similarities in type and connotation. Although they have been protected to a certain extent, their development and utilization are generally not enough, which leads to the danger of annihilation of some historical memories. With the acceleration of urbanization and the continuous expansion of the scale of old city transformation, traditional villages and towns and ancient houses are bound to face the problem of how to be effectively protected.

Hypothesis: The development and protection of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses is most likely to be described by the author next.


Premise: Honesty plays an important role in Chinese Confucian philosophy. It is the category of heaven and humanity. In terms of the way of heaven, honesty is the noumenon, attribute and function of the universe, as well as the life and power of the universe. Mencius said, 'He who is most sincere and immovable has not yet been; Not sincere not to move also. From the aspect of humanity, honesty is the criterion of moral life and the supreme value goal. Xunzi pointed out: Honesty of the husband, the gentleman to defend also, and the foundation of the government. Confucianism raises honesty to the height of political affairs to recognize, and its political ethics also plays a warning role in contemporary times.

Hypothesis: Perseverance and continuing to move forward are qualities of good faith.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: the process of processing orders quickly and accurately is helpful to our transaction. In order to increase profits, we should use electronic procedures instead of manual operation. With electronic procedures, customer orders will directly enter all relevant queues. Li Ming: if we use the electronic order process, our income will be reduced. Many people prefer to call when placing an order. If we switch to an electronic order process, our transactions will look cold and impersonal, and we will attract fewer passers-by.

Hypothesis: The difference of opinion between Zhang Qiang and Li Ming is 'For most customers, whether the electronic order process really seems indifferent and inhumane.'


Premise: For the past several years, a certain technology has been widely used to transmit data among networked computers. Recently two data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech, have each developed separate systems that allow network data transmission at rates ten times faster than the current technology allows. Although the systems are similarly priced and are equally easy to use, Aptron' s product is likely to dominate the market, because __.

Hypothesis: It is much more likely that Gammatech's system will be expandable to meet future needs most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Department manager: I'd like to replace the M-type computers in my department with V-type computers. General manager: Why? Department manager: The cost of training new employees to operate V-shaped computers can be reduced by 20%. General manager: But that's not a good enough reason. We can simply hire only those who already know how to use M-type computers.

Hypothesis: If true, employees who are proficient in using M-type computers will demand higher income than those who are expected to have no experience in using computers will most seriously weaken the general manager's opposition to replacing M-type computers with V-computers.


Premise: The apples on a tree are ripe. Because the tree is too high to reach on tiptoe, I had to move to the wooden ladder. Just as I reached out to pick it, the apple suddenly fell down and fell to the ground, becoming a ball of fruit mud. That is the so-called helplessness in life. I saw it dropping, but I missed it. But it was not in vain. At least, I knew that that apple didn't belong to me. If I come down from the wooden ladder at that time, it's not too late to pick from other trees.

Hypothesis: The most important enlightenment from this story is that any exploration in life is the accumulation of successful experience.


Premise: The peaceful coexistence of mankind is an unattainable ideal.Statistics show that since 1945, there have been 12 battles going on every day, including large and small international wars and armed battles in civil wars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since the existence of mankind, the conflict between mankind for resources and territory has never stopped' can most challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: The navigation satellite is located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals within its coverage. In the deep space of more than 20,000 kilometers, a brand new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, and the most talked about is pulsar navigation. Pulsars are a kind of neutron stars whose magnetic pole direction can produce radio or X-ray radiation. When the rotation axis does not coincide with the magnetic pole, and the rotation axis sweeps over the earth, pulses will be generated. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they can be compared to the best atomic clocks on earth, so these pulsars are also called atomic clocks in the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know their location, you can use these pulsars for interstellar travel.

Hypothesis: Some difficulties faced in interstellar voyage at present is most likely to be described next.


Premise: After long-term observation of a parking lot in a shopping mall, psychologists found that when a car is quietly waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 39 seconds to get out of the parking space; when the owner waiting to enter the parking space honks impatiently, the driver takes an average of 51 seconds to get out of the parking space; when there is no car waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 32 seconds to get out of the parking space. This shows that the driver is still possessive of the parking space that is about to leave, and the possessiveness increases with the increase of other drivers' expectations of the parking space.

Hypothesis: When someone is waiting for the driver to drive out of the car skillfully, most drivers will have psychological pressure. The greater the pressure, the slower the driver will drive out of the parking space most powerfully weakens the above conjecture.


Premise: Kite continuous Line is an artistic concept put forward by Wu Guanzhong around the 1980s, which has exerted an important influence on the history of contemporary Chinese art. It seems that this is an exposition of the internal relationship between formal beauty and abstract beauty. In fact, it emphasizes that no matter how innovative art creation is, no matter how free it is, it can not be far away from real life. In Wu Guanzhong's view, abstract painting is like flying a kite. A kite is a work, an art form abstracted by materials and feelings from life, abstracted by the author by subtraction, division or other methods, and the audience is the sky. In order for a kite to fly into the sky, the artist must have a thread of connection between the work and the source of life. Only by kite continuous thread can art have its foundation and can it maintain communication with the audience.

Hypothesis: Artistic creation should be based on life is in line with the concept of kite continuous line.


Premise: The proportion of Chinese women's income spent on consumption, savings and investment was 62:23:16 in 2016, while the proportion of consumption rose significantly from the previous year, and women tend to have more personalized demand for products or services than men, according to a survey report. Therefore, some experts believe that Chinese women have become important promoters of the upgrading of consumption structure.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of female consumers aged between 15 and 60 in China is about 480 million, which has become an important group of consumption' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: To reduce waste of raw materials, the government of Sperland is considering requiring household appliances to be broken down for salvage when discarded. To cover the cost of salvage, the government is planning to charge a fee, which would be imposed when the appliance is first sold. Imposing the fee at the time of salvage would reduce waste more effectively, however, because consumers tend to keep old appliances longer if they are faced with a fee for discarding them.

Hypothesis: Increasing the cost of disposing of an appliance properly increases the incentive to dispose of it improperly most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Predictive intervention means that people are influenced by predicted information to take a certain behavior, resulting in a multi-possible outcome that actually develops in the direction indicated by the prediction.

Hypothesis: The head of a certain country giving an outlook on the country's economic situation in his New Year's speech is a predictive intervention according to the above definition.


Premise: The Oscar-winning film 'Titanic' was released in a state, and the exclusive right of the state was given to a film distribution and projection company of the certain state. The various departments of the company were busy, and the propaganda department invested an unprecedented 1.7 million in various forms. The business department organized 8 large cinemas for advanced screenings and extended schedules, and the financial department implemented the specific split of the revenue sharing of each cinema. In the end, almost all the people in the city went to watch this film, and the company made 7.5 million. But when summarizing, the company criticized the mistakes made by the propaganda department in this work.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The company's propaganda department has actually invested too much due to ignoring that the Oscar-winning film itself has a free publicity effect' best explains the above situation.


Premise: Letter to the editor: According to last Thursday' s editorial, someone who commits a burglary runs almost no risk of being caught. This is clearly false. Police reports show that at least 70 percent of people who commit crimes are caught. All burglars are criminals, so although some burglars will undoubtedly escape, a large percentage of them will eventually be caught.

Hypothesis: A large percentage of professional persons are self-employed. Thus, since nurses are professional persons, a large percentage of nurses are self-employed is a flawed pattern of reasoning parallel to that exhibited in the argument that a large percentage of burglars will be caught.


Premise: Human Resources Director: Some people dislike their jobs but still go to work every day because they feel that it is ethically wrong to miss work. Others enjoy their jobs but sometimes miss work because they genuinely believe that they are too sick to work or that they might infect others if they go to work. This makes it difficult to__.

Hypothesis: We cannot reasonably draw any conclusions about an employee's job satisfaction from his or her absenteeism record.


Premise: Product positioning refers to the determination of product (or service) functions, quality, price, packaging, sales channels, service methods, etc., in order to meet the target market.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "Our service will be mainly through home maintenance to achieve" is not product positioning.


Premise: The proactive fiscal policy is to make up for the fiscal deficit by issuing treasury bonds. When the old debt matures, the principal and interest should be repaid, and some of the new bonds issued should be used to repay the old debt. With the passage of time, there are more and more old debts, more and more new debts are used to pay off old debts, less and less are used for investment, and the economic benefits are getting worse and worse.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that before the treasury debt matures, the return on investment is not enough to repay the debt.


Premise: Within the earth's core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Ttherefore, the actual temperature at the boundary of the earth's outer and inner cores-the melting temperature of iron there -- can be determined, since__.

Hypothesis: The statement that nowhere in the earth's core can the temperature be measured directly most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Researcher Wang thinks that eating breakfast is harmful to your health. Because eating breakfast leads to a higher peak of cortisol, which in turn leads to abnormal insulin in the body, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. Professor Li thinks that this is not the case. Because high cortisol levels in the morning are only a sign of circadian rhythm, skipping breakfast increases not only the risk of type 2 diabetes, but also the risk of other diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement "Often do not eat breakfast, work in the morning in a state of hunger, which is not conducive to blood sugar regulation, easy jujube stomach ulcers, gallstones and other diseases" can best support Professor Li's point of view.


Premise: A man cannot stand without spirit, and a country without spirit is not strong. Spirit is the soul for a nation to survive for a long time. Only when the spirit reaches a certain height can a nation move forward courageously in the torrent of history.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, if a nation reaches a certain height in spirit, it will forge ahead courageously in the torrent of history.


Premise: In the first half of this year, Beijing Kaihua Taxi Company received twice as many passenger complaint calls as Beijing Anda Taxi Company, which shows that Anda Taxi Company has more standardized management and higher service quality than Kaihua Taxi Company.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of operating vehicles of Anda Taxi Company is twice that of Kaihua Taxi Company' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Chemist: The molecules of a certain weed-killer are always present in two forms, one the mirror image of the other. One form of the molecule kills weeds, while the other has no effect on them. As a result, the effectiveness of the weed-killer in a given situation is heavily influenced by which of the two forms is more concentrated in the soil, which in turn varies widely because local soil conditions will usually favor the breakdown of one form or the other. Thus, much of the data on the effects of this weed-killer are probably misleading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Almost all of the data on the effects of the weed-killer are drawn from laboratory studies in which both forms of the weed-killer's molecules are equally concentrated in the soil and equally likely to break down in that soil' most strengthens the chemist's argument.


Premise: The initial causes of serious accidents at nuclear power plants have not so far been flaws in the advanced-technology portion of the plants. Rather, the initial causes have been attributed to human error, as when a worker at the Browns Mills reactor in the United States dropped a candle and started a fire, or to flaws in the plumbing, exemplified in a recent incident in Japan. Such everyday events cannot be thought unlikely to occur over the long run.

Hypothesis: No serious accident will be caused in the future by some flaw in the advanced-technology portion of a nuclear power plant is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Due to history, culture and understanding of the nature of the disease, the public tends to be repulsive to depression. Patients are afraid that people around them will discriminate against themselves when they know their illness. Some patients secretly take medicine and even discontinue treatment without authorization. In fact, depression is as common as high blood pressure and other physical diseases. A large part of the causes of these diseases come from the dysfunction of neurotransmitters in the brain, and external (mainly psychological stress) influence is often the inducing factor. But depression is not entirely caused by stress, it may also be a change in the activity of some nervous systems in the brain. Experts say taking antidepressants can help the body increase the concentration or activity of these substances. At the same time, people with depression also need the support of their families and society, and their families are responsible for guardianship to help them tide over the difficulties.

Hypothesis: With the combination of drug treatment and psychological adjustment, the therapeutic effect of depression will be better is incorrect according to this text.


Premise: Wittgenstein was a student of Moore, a famous philosopher at Cambridge University. One day, philosopher Russell asked Moore, who is your best student? Moore said without hesitation: Wittgenstein. why? because among all the students, only he always showed a blank look when listening to the class, and there were always endless questions. later, Wittgenstein is more famous than Russell. Someone asked, why did Russell fall behind? Wittgenstein said: he has no problem.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that finding problems is the premise of continuous progress.


Premise: Interviewer: A certain company released a model of computer whose microprocessor design was flawed, making that computer liable to process information incorrectly. How did this happen? Industry spokesperson: Given the huge number of circuits in the microprocessor of any modern computer, not every circuit can be manually checked before a computer model that contains the microprocessor is released. Interviewer: Then what guarantee do we have that new microprocessors will not be similarly flawed? Industry spokesperson: There is no chance of further microprocessor design flaws, since all microprocessors are now entirely computer-designed.

Hypothesis: The industry spokesperson's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presumes, without providing justification, that the microprocessor quality-control procedures of the company mentioned are not representative of those followed throughout the industry.


Premise: For a long time, many scientists believe that the main reason for global sea level rise is global warming and the melting increase of glaciers and ice caps. Recently, some researchers have found through statistics that the amount of snowfall in Antarctica has increased significantly in the past 100 years, thereby increasing the amount of frozen water stored in the Antarctic and other frozen areas. Based on this, some experts optimistically estitate that the trend of global sea level rise will be reversed.

Hypothesis: According to prediction of relevant meteorological departments, this year's global average temperature will be slightly lower than last year would most weaken the expert's opinion.


Premise: Pancake people are intellectuals who are proficient in everything. Instead of focusing on a particular area of interest, they strive to acquire some basic knowledge in various fields.Their love of money reading is extremely dependent on search engines, lack of thinking and imagination, and their noodles are as big as pancakes, but there is no heavy knowledge deposit.The ability to obtain scarce information in a short period of time in the information age, especially the positive side, but it is also easy to make people reluctant to delve into a subject.

Hypothesis: Pancake Man is good at learning new knowledge.


Premise: The words we follow today to talk about ancient Chinese painting are all written by Chinese literati, and because of this, Chinese literati have dominated the discussion space of painting for a long time, and they have become accustomed to starting from their own point of view. choose a point of view that is good for literati and artists, and now-- or should have been-- it's time for us to compete with them. And we should also question what they call a good painter or good work. Many excellent non-literati artists do not get due recognition because of the prejudice of literati. Here, we should give them objective evaluation and due status one by one.

Hypothesis: The literati have been in a strong position in the field of Chinese painting theory for a long time is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Editorial in Golbindian Newspaper: For almost three months, opposition parties have been mounting daily street demonstrations in the capital in an effort to pressure the ruling party into calling an election. Though the demonstrations were well attended at first, attendance has declined steadily in recent weeks. However, the decline in attendance does not indicate that popular support for the opposition' s demands is dropping, since

Hypothesis: The statement "There have not recently been any antigovernment demonstrations in cities other than the capital" most logically completes the editorial below.


Premise: No matter how rich and wonderful the original works are, the adaptation of literary classics into TV dramas is a re-creation. TV dramas should not only present the complex and heavy themes of the original as much as possible, but also integrate the stories into the fate of characters through adaptation. The historical changes of the ancient land, the life reflection of national survival, the glory and decline of Confucian culture, the suppression and publicity of human desire. The motif of literary classics must be reinterpreted through adaptation. Moreover, no matter how to change, the advance of the plot, the shaping of the characters and the development of the plot should conform to the inherent behavior logic of the characters.

Hypothesis: The article 'Use necessary exaggeration' is not covered regarding the principle of adapting literary classics into TV series.


Premise: Some of the students enrolled in colleges and universities in the fall of 2007 are free normal students. All the free normal school students are from poor families. All the students from poor families took part in work-study activities.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some students who take part in work-study activities are not free normal students is false.


Premise: After the warming of the climate, the grain production in the middle and high latitudes increased, but only in the tropics and sub-tropics,and the grain production declined, especially in Africa and Latin America. Hunger and malnutrition will increase in the world's poorest regions and cause a decline in immunity, increasing people's susceptibility to disease.

Hypothesis: The impact of global warming on the climate of the middle and high latitudes is less than that of the tropics and subtropics can be inferred.


Premise: With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Ttherefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Hypothesis: The assumption that this year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Network crime refers to the perpetrator using computer technology, with the help of the network to attack and destroy the system or information, deliberately implement the relevant legal norms of the behavior.

Hypothesis: Xiang mou is the manager of a website, he often uses his position as a network service provider or other methods to open the personal mailbox of net friends and see their personal mail is not network crime according to the above definition.


Premise: One-door government service: For the convenience of the masses, it refers to the service behavior of concentrating into one service center or simplifying to one window for the convenience of the people.

Hypothesis: A city has recently established a service station for the disabled is a one-door government service.