Premise: Defects guarantee liability means that according to the law, when one party transfers property (or rights) to the other party in a transaction, it should guarantee that the property (or rights) is not flawless. If the transferred property (or rights) is flaw, it should be Take corresponding responsibilities to the opposing party.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Company B does not need to bear the defects guarantee liability in the situation where Company A and Company B signed the Equity Transfer Agreement, stipulating that Company A would transfer all the equity under its name to Company B. Soon after the agreement was signed, Company B had a capital problem and filed for bankruptcy.


Premise: Letter to the editor: The Planning Department budget increased from $100, 000 in 2001 to $524, 000 for this year. However, this does not justify your conclusion in yesterday' s editorial that the department now spends five times as much money as it did in 2001 to perform the same duties.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In some years between 2001 and this year, the Planning Department budget did not increase' most helps to support the claim made in the letter regarding the justification of the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: Human Resources Director: Some people dislike their jobs but still go to work every day because they feel that it is ethically wrong to miss work. Others enjoy their jobs but sometimes miss work because they genuinely believe that they are too sick to work or that they might infect others if they go to work. This makes it difficult to__.

Hypothesis: It is not reasonable to make any reliable predictions about an employee's future behavior from his or her absenteeism record.


Premise: The Ming government's salt policy decided that the government must trade with businessmen, but the government never seemed to realize that it was a contractual relationship between itself and merchants. In its view, the country is high above, and every citizen has the obligation to make sacrifices for it. Businessmen are expected to participate voluntarily in government activities and generate profits and taxes. When there is no profit and no one is willing to sell salt, the government will recruit businessmen to accomplish this task, just as ordinary people have to undertake all kinds of taxes and servings. In fact, it is taken for granted that businessmen bear some losses when dealing with the government, and officials may think that such losses are partly the cost of franchising business.

Hypothesis: The cost of franchising business in the text is the taxes paid by salt merchants on the distribution of table salt.


Premise: Under the legal doctrine of jury nullification, a jury may legitimately acquit a defendant it believes violated a law if the jury believes that law to be unjust. Proponents argue that this practice is legitimate because it helps shield against injustice. But the doctrine relies excessively on jurors' objectivity. When juries are empowered to acquit on grounds of their perceptions of unfairness, they too often make serious mistakes.

Hypothesis: The argument uses arguing that the application of the doctrine has undesirable consequences in its attempt to undermine the position that it attributes to the proponents of jury nullification.


Premise: Rush-off anxiety refers to the phenomena that families or schools, worried about their children's lack of competitiveness, are eager to carry out advanced education, deepen teaching content and violate the basic laws of education and teaching.

Hypothesis: An education and training institution requires teachers to appropriately increase the teaching content, increase the difficulty of learning, and attract more excellent students to attend remedial tutoring in all kinds of courses is not the Rush-off anxiety.


Premise: Bunty: The primary job of police officers is keeping the peace. Since their subsidiary jobs, such as controlling traffic, hinder their performance of the primary one, people other than police officers should be hired to perform the subsidiary jobs. Naina: To perform their primary job well, police officers must have the trust of citizens. They gain that trust by performing their subsidiary jobs, which are the only functions most citizens see them fulfill.

Hypothesis: Bunty and Naina disagree with each other about whether the subsidiary jobs police officers perform enable them to perform their primary job effectively.


Premise: In recent years, stressed urban residents have been looking for safe havens in green spaces. Because it turns out that green space has a positive effect on physical and mental health, which is often used as an argument for building more urban parks and opening up more woodland. The benefits of blue space-oceans, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and even fountains-are less well known. For at least 10 years, however, scientists have always believed that proximity to water is good for both body and mind.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Studies have shown that staying in an urban environment makes people more likely to feel tired and depressed' does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.

Hypothesis: The assumption that we cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources is required by the argument.


Premise: From politics, economy to daily life, from globalization to regional revival, from practical technology to discourse expression, many problems and crises are closely related to the factor of space, which is manifested  in the from of earthquake and tsunami disaster, the border armed conflict , the collapse of the real estate industry, road congestion, and increasingly fierce space and other various forms.

Hypothesis: Nowadays, space is becoming more and more important illustrates the following option.


Premise: The older a tree is, the more its rings are. The locust trees in Lao Zhang's yard are older than those in Lao Li's house. Therefore, the locust trees in Lao Zhang's house have more rings than those in Lao Li's house,

Hypothesis: The reasoning that 'the higher the product quality and the more advertising investment, the greater the product demand' is most similar to the problem stem.


Premise: The harder the car's damping system is, the more stable the car body will be when running at high speed and crossing corners. Accordingly, the salesperson of Lutong automobile sales company suggested to the manufacturer that the damping system of cars sold by Lutong company should be designed harder in order to improve sales.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Recently, more and more people like hard damping systems, especially young drivers' best supports the above proposal.


Premise: In most cases, writing poems and filling words is a process of mutual accommodation between language and emotion. It is unpredictable for a beginner to have what kind of feelings and choose what kind of sentence pattern to start with. But once he has a preliminary idea, he can always get appropriate help in the book Tang and Song Poetry Rhythms. He will know which words are suitable to express what kind of feelings, what kind of rhyme he should choose, and how to make rational use of certain rhetorical devices so as not to be fooled in the face of special syntax. If you have read enough ancient poems and have a certain sense of language, you will indeed be able to complete your first creation with the help of this book. It can not teach people to write amazing masterpieces, but with the greatest sincerity to prevent you from making all kinds of jokes.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the creator of poetry must have abundant emotion and high literary accomplishment.


Premise: Despite increasing international efforts to protect the natural habitats of endangered species of animals, the rate at which these species are becoming extinct continues to rise. It is clear that these efforts are wasted.

Hypothesis: Scientists estimate that at least 2000 species become extinct every year, which if true, most weakens the argument.


Premise: Two hundred mice of the same kind and none of them had leukemia were exposed to some kind of radiation of the same dose and intensity, and then half of the mice were not restricted to eat the food they normally eat. and the other half gave them the same food, but in a limited amount. It was found that 55 mice in the former group had leukemia, while only 3 mice in the latter group had leukemia.

Hypothesis: By controlling the amount of food these mice eat, they are less likely to develop leukemia from certain radiation exposure is correct.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Wenkai are not selected at the same time; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: Fang Rufen and He Zhilian must be selected if Tang Xiaohua is selected.


Premise: Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline' s fares.

Hypothesis: When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Trade official: Country X deserves economic retribution for its protectionism. However, it is crucial that we recognize that there are overriding considerations in this case. We should still sell to X the agricultural equipment it ordered; there is high demand in our country for agricultural imports from X.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that we should balance the justice of an action with the consequences for our interests of undertaking that action.


Premise: Industrial scientists have hypothesized that much of the nitrous oxide that contributes to air pollution originates from the burning of organic matter in forest fires. The results of one extensive study in which smoke samples taken from forest fires were bottled and then analyzed in a research laboratory supports this hypothesis, since the analysis showed that all of the samples contained high concentrations of nitrous oxide.

Hypothesis: The statement 'By using gas-analyzing devices mounted on helicopters, researchers can perform on-site analyses of smoke instead of sending smoke samples to laboratories for analysis' most undermines the argument.


Premise: Advertisement: In today' s world, you make a statement about the person you are by the car you own. The message of the SKX Mach-5 is unambiguous: Its owner is Dynamic, Aggressive, and Successful.

Hypothesis: According to the claims made in the advertisement, anyone who is not both dynamic and successful would misrepresent himself or herself by being the owner of an SKX Mach-5.


Premise: There are three traditional standards of civilization, namely writing, bronzes and cities. However, many archaeologists later discovered that due to the differences in civilizations in different regions, this criterion not only does not work, but also hinders archaeological work. Nowadays, the international standard for judging civilization is mainly: it has entered the state and social form, and has a set of etiquette system and governance management system. Although the Liangzhu culture did not have bronze wares and relatively mature characters, it had an early state and social form, a relatively complete etiquette system and management system, and many elements of oriental civilization. Some archaeological researchers of the Liangzhu Culture even believe that the Liangzhu Culture is a comprehensive civilization in the early East.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that Liangzhu culture subverts the traditional understanding of civilization.


Premise: The literary works of the Chinese writer Mo Yan have made the hidden Chinese vernacular concerned by the readers of the world and recognized by the international literary world, which has once again proved that this judgment is that only the national is the world.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it's national, it's world is correct.


Premise: Some of the most prosperous nations in the world have experienced a pronounced drop in national savings rates -- the percentage of after-tax income an average household saves. This trend will undoubtedly continue if the average age of these nations' populations continues to rise, since older people have fewer reasons to save than do younger people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It fails to cite statistics showing that the average age of the population of certain nations is rising' indicates an error in the reasoning leading to the prediction above.


Premise: Everyone has his own fun. A master once said: the only thing I can do outside my work and basic life is reading.

Hypothesis: For a master, reading is his pleasure is the answer to the question.


Premise: Insurance means that the policy-holder pays the insurance premium to the insurer according to the contract agreement, and the insurer bears the liability of indemnity for the property loss caused by the accident agreed upon in the contract, or when the insured dies or becomes disabled or reaches the age agreed upon in the contract, the commercial insurance act that bears the responsibility of paying the insurance money within the time limit.

Hypothesis: Students purchase injury insurance at school is not covered by insurance.


Premise: Hospital R has ranked first in the My Most Satisfied Hospital survey held in City C for 5 consecutive years. The person in charge of the hospital said that this is because the hospital provides better quality guidance services than other hospitals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are more than 200 hospitals in the city, and not all hospitals participated in the survey' would best support the opinion of the person in charge of the hospital.


Premise: When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, No.  Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.

Hypothesis: The challenge 'Why does the part that replies not answer, Yes?' indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above.


Premise: We ought to pay attention only to the intrinsic properties of a work of art. Its other, extrinsic properties are irrelevant to our aesthetic interactions with it. For example, when we look at a painting we should consider only what is directly presented in our experience of it. What is really aesthetically relevant, ttherefore, is not what a painting symbolizes, but what it directly presents to experience.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the statement 'What an artwork symbolizes involves only extrinsic properties of that work' is added to the premises.


Premise: Autism affects social interaction, language communication, hobbies and other aspects of behavior. Researchers have discovered that if the neuronectin protein in the experimental mice is synthesized too much, it can lead to autism. Therefore, they believe that autism has an important relationship with the amount of neuroconnect protein synthesis.

Hypothesis: If the key genes that control protein synthesis in experimental mice are removed, the neuronectin in their bodies will increase best supports the above view.


Premise: For a long time, many scientists believe that the main reason for global sea level rise is global warming and the melting increase of glaciers and ice caps. Recently, some researchers have found through statistics that the amount of snowfall in Antarctica has increased significantly in the past 100 years, thereby increasing the amount of frozen water stored in the Antarctic and other frozen areas. Based on this, some experts optimistically estitate that the trend of global sea level rise will be reversed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The increase in ice caused by snowfall is only one-third of the ice loss caused by melting glaciers' would most weaken the expert's opinion.


Premise: Language intelligence refers to the use of computer programs to realize language communication between people and machines or to allow machines to do language-related work on their own.

Hypothesis: The option 'The artificial intelligence Alpha dog defeated several world-class go masters with absolute superiority in the man-machine war that lasted for several months' belongs to language intelligence.


Premise: In a learning experiment a researcher ran rats through a maze. Some of the rats were blind, others deaf, others lacked a sense of smell, and others had no sensory deficiencies; yet all the rats learned the task in much the same amount of time. Of the senses other than sight, hearing, and smell, only kinesthesia had not previously been shown to be irrelevant to maze-learning. The researcher concluded on the basis of these facts that kinesthesia, the sensation of bodily movement, is sufficient for maze-learning.

Hypothesis: The criticism that it can be determined from the data that rats can learn to run mazes by depending on kinesthesia alone, but the possibility that rats respond to nonkinesthetic stimulation is not ruled out most accurately expresses a principle of reasoning that is vulnerable to the researcher's reasoning.


Premise: On the eve of the Minsk meeting of the Coordination Group of the Ukrainian authorities, the issuers of the Donetsk people's Republic and Luhansk people's Republic announced their negotiating position: if the Ukrainian authorities do not recognize their territory and the special status of the Russian language, and without halting its military operations in the south-east, the conflict cannot be resolved. In addition, the two republics have insisted on amnesty for all armed militia participants and political prisoners. Some Ukrainian observers commented: can we resolve the conflict by recognizing the special status of these two so-called republics and pardoning the militia?

Hypothesis: The comments of Ukrainian observers are best used to refute the statement that the conflict can be resolved as long as the Ukrainian authorities recognize the special status of the territories of the two republics and the Russian language, and pardon all armed militia participants and political prisoners.


Premise: Lucy, the skeleton of a female hominin species, was discovered in 1974 in Africa. Scientists think the skeleton is about 3. 2 million years old. For six years, Lucy' s remains were part of an exhibition called Lucy' s Legacy: The Hidden Treasures of Ethiopia. However, there was much opposition to the exhibition for fear that Lucy' s fossils would be damaged. It' s a good thing that they started using casts instead; the preservation of these fossils should be the number one concern of excavators and scientists.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The controversy over the exhibition of Lucy's bones is irrelevant. Even if the bones are damaged, we have preserved the memory with scans, photographs, as well as accurate castings of the fossils. Scientists are making a huge deal over something that doesn't matter in the long run' would be used in opposition to the passage.


Premise: Displacement is different from translocation. As long as the component that should have appeared in a certain position in the prototype structure leaves the original position and runs to other positions in the structure, it is displacement, and the displaced component must act as the syntactic component of this mechanism. While translocation is caused by temporary addition or supplement in the discourse, and the translocation component can no longer be analyzed as the syntactic component of this structure

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "A sheep ran away" and "Ran a sheep" belong to Displacement.


Premise: The proportion of Chinese women's income spent on consumption, savings and investment was 62:23:16 in 2016, while the proportion of consumption rose significantly from the previous year, and women tend to have more personalized demand for products or services than men, according to a survey report. Therefore, some experts believe that Chinese women have become important promoters of the upgrading of consumption structure.

Hypothesis: The statement that about 60% of domestic women are in charge of household finances, and 75% of household consumption is made by women can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: In one study, scientists analyzed population data from 1964 to 2007 in the United States and 39 European countries. They found that between 1964 and 1975, the birth rate of boys was higher than that of girls in all countries. A similar phenomenon occurred in many Eastern European countries after 1986. Scientists have analyzed that this phenomenon is closely related to nuclear power plant leakage and nuclear testing caused by radiation leakage. The former appears mainly related to atomic experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, while the latter is likely to be linked to the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Hypothesis: Experimental results show that nuclear radiation particles have some damage to the x chromosome in sperm and after exposure to radiation, male offspring have a higher birth rate than females best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: Some meteorological experts pointed out that global warming has become one of the most serious problems in human development. The melting of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic regions has accelerated due to global warming, which has caused sea levels to rise; if this trend remains unchanged, many will be flooded in the future. area. However, in recent years, people in many parts of the northern hemisphere have felt quite cold in winter, and some areas have even experienced super snowfall and ultra-low temperatures. People feel that the exact description of the recent climate seems to be global cooling.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In recent years, the original ocean currents have been interrupted or weakened due to the increase in sea temperature near the poles, and the areas in the northern hemisphere experiencing severe winters are the main areas affected by the original warm currents' best explains the above phenomenon.


Premise: Native speakers perceive sentences of their own language as sequences of separate words. But this perception is an illusion. This is shown by the fact that travelers who do not know a local language hear an unintelligible, uninterrupted stream of sound, not sentences with distinct words.

Hypothesis: People paying less close attention to the way their own language sounds than they do to the way an unfamiliar language sounds is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Through the in-depth study of the communication between dolphins, scientists have found that Zipf's law and the concept of entropy in information theory can well serve for the analysis of alien signals. After receiving any suspicious signal outside the earth, we should first use Zipf's law to analyze whether there is a certain slope straight line feature, and if there is a certain feature, it is proved that it is not meaningless noise. Then entropy analysis is carried out so that the complexity of the communication can be known without deciphering the signal. Assuming that a suspicious signal intercepted not only has a straight line with a slope of-1 in the Zipf coordinate system, but also has a high-order entropy, then it is very likely that the signal is the extraterrestrial civilization we have been looking for for a long time.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate one to summarize this passage is 'How to judge whether the suspicious extraterrestrial signal comes from an alien civilization.'


Premise: The primitive ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau occupies a special position in the world, but the ecological environment is very fragile, once destroyed, it is irreversible, and some plants need more than a hundred years to be restored. Cold, drought, pristine and extremely fragile are the remarkable characteristics of the ecological environment in this region.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The high cold and drought make the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau very fragile' conforms to the context.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'G is assigned to the sales department' cannot be true if X and F are assigned to the same department.


Premise: In recent years, with the rise of large wildlife parks, it has been proposed that traditional urban zoos are no longer necessary. However, the traditional urban zoo has the advantages of low ticket price and convenient transportation, so it is very convenient for primary and secondary schools to organize visits, so it has a very strong educational function, so traditional urban mobilization is indispensable.

Hypothesis: It ignores the possibility of the coexistence of wildlife parks and traditional urban zoos is not a flaw in the above argument.


Premise: Historian: In rebuttal of my claim that West influenced Stuart, some people point out that West' s work is mentioned only once in Stuart' s diaries. But Stuart' s diaries mention several meetings with West, and Stuart' s close friend, Abella, studied under West. Furthermore, Stuart' s work often uses West' s terminology which, though now commonplace, none of Stuart' s contemporaries used.

Hypothesis: Stuart's work was not entirely free from West's influence is the proposition that is most supported by the historian's statements if those statements are true.


Premise: Why are the brain sizes of some primates larger than other animals? The reason is usually considered to be social behavior, that is, primates live in larger and more complex social groups. In order to better handle various social relationships, they Need a bigger brain.

Hypothesis: If the size of the cerebral cortex is not directly related to the size of the brain, but it is very important for primate cognition, spatial reasoning ability, etc, the above point of view can't be questioned.


Premise: A new study suggests that moderate drinking relaxes the brain's control instincts and stimulates creativity and inspiration. The researchers compared 70 people who were given real beer to those who were given non-alcoholic beer, and the two drinks were indistinguishable. In tests, the experimental group scored higher. The results showed that even after drinking just a small glass of beer or wine and having a blood alcohol concentration of just 0.03 per cent, creativity improved significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The executive function of the brain was reduced to varying degrees after drinking alcohol' can most weaken the above view.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: If J is the fourth speaker, then G or L must be the third speaker.


Premise: Language plays an important role in human communication, and if a language is completely effective, then every combination of basic languages can express words of independent significance. But if there is a problem with the function of human auditory systems in receiving sound signals, not every combination of basic languages can become independent words.

Hypothesis: If the human auditory system receives sound and has problems with signal function, then language cannot be fully effective based on the above materials.


Premise: All Anxi people are vegetarians, while all Zhenyuan people are ascetics. Ascetics and vegetarians are like fire and water, and there is no conflict. Guo Shu is an ascetic.

Hypothesis: Guo Shu is not from Anxi can be inferred.


Premise: Prime minister: Our nation' s government should give priority to satisfying the needs of our nation' s people over satisfying the needs of people of any other nation. This is despite the fact that the people of other nations are equal in worth to the people of our nation, which means that it is objectively no more important to satisfy the needs of our nation' s people than to satisfy those of other nations' people.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'when the people of two nations are equally worthy, the needs of the people of each of those nations should be satisfied primarily by the people's own governments' most helps to reconcile the apparent conflict among the prime minister's claims.


Premise: Plant Manager: We could greatly reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide our copper-smelting plant releases into the atmosphere by using a new process. The new process requires replacing our open furnaces with closed ones and moving the copper from one furnace to the next in solid, not molten, form. However, not only is the new equipment expensive to buy and install, but the new process also costs more to run than the current process, because the copper must be reheated after it has cooled. So overall, adopting the new process will cost much but bring the company no profit. Supervisor: I agree with your overall conclusion, but disagree about one point you make, since the latest closed furnaces are extremely fuel-efficient.

Hypothesis: The point about which the supervisor expresses disagreement with the plant manager is whether the new copper-smelting process is more expensive to run than the current process.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it is possible that the order of the five sites from west to east is Hao Yun Station,Yin Ling Station,Jiu Shang Station, Fu Yi Station,Hu Yao Station.


Premise: Raisins are made by drying grapes in the sun. Although some of the sugar in the grapes is caramelized in the process, nothing is added. Moreover, the only thing removed from the grapes is the water that evaporates during the drying, and water contains no calories or nutrients. The fact that raisins contain more iron per calorie than grapes do is thus puzzling.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since grapes are bigger than raisins, it takes several bunches of grapes to provide the same amount of iron as a handful of raisins does' most helps to explain why raisins contain more iron per calorie than do grapes.


Premise: Large and small planets are suspended at the edge of the solar system and are easily affected by the gravity of nearby stars. Researchers calculate that these forces sometimes pull comets out of the Oort Nebula. In this way, they are more likely to be close to the sun. Based on this, the two researchers made two different conclusions: first, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits or expelled them from the solar system; second, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits. or drive them out of the solar system.

Hypothesis: If only one of the above two assertions is true, the conclusion that can be inferred is that Jupiter's gravity pushes them into smaller orbits and drives them out of the solar system.


Premise: Collective bargaining refers to the face-to-face negotiation between lender representatives and employee representatives on wages, working hours, and working conditions.

Hypothesis: The leader of a textile factory listened to the suggestions of the chairman of the labor union and decided to provide regular medical examination services to employees is an example of collective bargaining.


Premise: Xiao Wang: Do you think Mission Impossible 3 was shot well? Xiao Ma: I don't think it is good. Xiao Wang: Then you mean it is not good? Xiao Ma:  I didn't say anything bad. Xiao Wang: if it's not good, it's bad.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang did not correctly understand the meaning of the pony's two answers is a correct evaluation of the dialogue between Xiao Wang and Xiao Ma.


Premise: The bidding policy of the municipal government for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction is that the lowest bidder can win the bid. Some people think that if this policy is implemented, some successful bidders will cut corners and cause poor quality of the project. This will not only lead to the consequences of additional construction funds, but also endanger the lives of people. If we want to put an end to the tofu-dreg project, we must change this erroneous policy.

Hypothesis: If the design of the building is defective, it is dangerous to build a building with the best building materials and the quality of first-class engineering would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: People who are respected by everyone also respect everyone, and Zhang San does not respect Li Si.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some people respect Zhang San' most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: Meteorological service economy includes two meanings. First, it refers to use meteorological services to prevent and resist disasters in order to avoid risks and losses. Second, it refers to the use of powerful meteorological conditions to create benefits. People can use meteorological information as one of the decision-making bases for engaging in economic activities. They can arrange production and operation activities according to the information provided by meteorological services, reduce economic losses and improve economic benefits.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, telecom service providers releasing charging weather forecast SMS belongs to meteorological service economy.


Premise: Astorga' s campaign promises are apparently just an attempt to please voters. What she says she will do if elected mayor is simply what she has learned from opinion polls that voters want the new mayor to do. Ttherefore, voters are not being told what Astorga actually intends to do if she becomes mayor.

Hypothesis: The opinion polls on which Astorga's promises are based do not accurately reflect what voters want the new mayor to do is a questionable assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: College student Xiao Wang took the Postgraduate Admission Test exam in four subjects: politics, English, major one, major two. The sum of the scores of political and professional subject one is equal to the sum of the scores of the other two subjects.The sum of the scores of the political and professional subjects two is greater than the sum of the scores of the other two subjects. The scores of the professional subject one are higher than the sum of the scores of the political and English subjects.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, the correct ranking of Xiao Wang's four subjects from high to low is major subject two, major subject one, politics, English.


Premise: In the past, the import and export of domestic enterprises could only be settled in US dollars or a third-party currency. During the period from the signing of the contract to the completion of the contract, the change of exchange rate will fluctuate the actual earnings of enterprises. Now the bank has launched RMB settlement business. Since RMB is the local currency of domestic enterprises, the contract pricing is consistent with the main currency of enterprise operation, Before signing the contract, domestic enterprises can effectively understand the transaction cost and income, so as to prevent the exchange rate risk.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to the huge domestic market space, more and more overseas enterprises are willing to carry out trade with domestic enterprises' is true and is the best prerequisite for the above argument.


Premise: David is a senior CEO who has made up his mind to go to the company with the best treatment. Huizhong and Cantor are interested in hiring him, and the two companies are treated the same in other respects, except for a slight difference in salary. The terms offered by Huizhong Company are: a half-year salary of US $500000 and an increase of US $50, 000 per half-year. Kantuo's condition is an annual salary of US $1 million and an annual salary increase of US $200000.

Hypothesis: David will go to Huizhong because he will have an extra $70,000 a year correctly describes David's choice.


Premise: The Oscar-winning film 'Titanic' was released in a state, and the exclusive right of the state was given to a film distribution and projection company of the certain state. The various departments of the company were busy, and the propaganda department invested an unprecedented 1.7 million in various forms. The business department organized 8 large cinemas for advanced screenings and extended schedules, and the financial department implemented the specific split of the revenue sharing of each cinema. In the end, almost all the people in the city went to watch this film, and the company made 7.5 million. But when summarizing, the company criticized the mistakes made by the propaganda department in this work.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The company's propaganda department did not invest enough. When Titanic was released in state, the company invested 3 million in publicity' best explains the above situation.


Premise: Senestopathia is a kind of sensory disorder. It refers to all kinds of discomfort and unbearable abnormal feelings inside the body, such as traction, extrusion, swimming, ant crawling, etc. different from visceral hallucinations, patients can not clearly point out the specific unsuitable parts, which are more common in schizophrenia, schizophrenia, depression and mental disorders after brain trauma.

Hypothesis: A patient who had just finished the operation and had not fully awakened from anesthesia regarded the plastic tube as a snake, so he tried to avoid it and tried to pull it out belongs to Senestopathia.


Premise: A super basketball game is about to enter the final stage of the game, four teams will fight fiercely for the final place. According to each team's past record and on-the-spot performance, the experts made three predictions for the results of the game: (1) the sky team and the earth team could not enter the top two; (2) if the River team won the first place, then the ocean team will win the second place; (3) if the sky team wins the third place, then the earth team will enter the top two places. At the end of the game, it was found that only one of the experts' predictions was correct.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that the Ocean team won second.


Premise: American scientist Taylor almost every day ten new ideas, nine and a half of which are wrong, but he did not care, still tireless scientific research, the accumulation of everyday ideas, taylor achieved great success, become the world-famous father of hydrogen bombs.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, Taylor is a man of innovation is correct.


Premise: Thirty students from Jinghua University recently agreed to participate in a program aimed at improving dating skills. One month before participating in the program, they had had an average date once. The thirty students were divided into two groups:The first group had six Practicedates with six different volunteers and received feedback on their appearance and behaviour; the second group was a control group only. Before the practice date, each group was asked to fill out a social anxiety inventory and score their social skills. After the practice date, the first group had to fill out the questionnaire again. The results showed that the first group showed less social anxiety, greater social confidence, and greater ability to date than the control group.Obviously, actual dating, which can improve our social communication level.

Hypothesis: After the event, the control group complained that they did not know the plan had begun. As a result, the questionnaires they filled out were filled in with more apprehension because they had expectations about the future is most likely to challenge the above assumption.


Premise: Some online media reported that letting rice listen to the thanksgiving song and the Great Compassion Mantra can increase by 15%. The results of rice planting in Liangshan Village, Fujian for three consecutive seasons confirmed that listening to the Great Compassion Mantra not only increased the number of rice grains by 15%, but also the rice grains were fuller. Some agricultural experts said that music not only helps plants absorb, transmit and transform nutrients, but also achieves the effect of repelling insects.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Does the expert's explanation have solid theoretical support?' is least relevant for assessing the veracity of the above report.


Premise: Not all tenured faculty are full professors. Ttherefore, although every faculty member in the linguistics department has tenure, it must be the case that not all of the faculty members in the linguistics department are full professors.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by the statement 'Although some buildings designed by famous architects are not well proportioned, all government buildings are designed by famous architects. Ttherefore, some government buildings are not well proportioned.'


Premise: University administrator: Any proposal for a new department will not be funded if there are fewer than 50 people per year available for hire in that field and the proposed department would duplicate more than 25 percent of the material covered in one of our existing departments. The proposed Area Studies Department will duplicate more than 25 percent of the material covered in our existing Anthropology Department. However, we will fund the new department.

Hypothesis: The field of Area Studies has at least 50 people per year available for hire logically follows from the university administrator's statements.


Premise: A microbe in Weiming Lake usually multiplies above freezing point. It is winter now, and the lake has frozen. Therefore, if Weiming Lake does have the kind of microbes we studied, they will not reproduce now.

Hypothesis: The conclusion can't be true if all the premises in the question are true.


Premise: The wave of the world's high-tech revolution has pushed economic competition from material resource competition to human human resource competition. The development, utilization and management of human resources will become key factors in the development of human society and economy. In this process, a large amount of human resource information is needed. , Inevitably cannot do without human resource accounting. In our country with a large population and relatively poor population quality, it is more necessary to establish and implement a human resource accounting system.

Hypothesis: The necessity of developing Human Resource Accounting in China can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Kim: In northern Europe during the eighteenth century a change of attitude occurred that found expression both in the adoption of less solemn and elaborate death rites by the population at large and in a more optimistic view of the human condition as articulated by philosophers. This change can be explained as the result of a dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred in northern Europe early in the eighteenth century. Lee: Your explanation seems unlikely, because it could not be correct unless the people of the time were aware that their life expectancy had increased.

Hypothesis: The statement 'An increase in life expectancy in a population often gives rise to economic changes that, in turn, directly influence people's attitudes' provides the strongest defense of Kim's explanation against Lee's criticism.


Premise: The most brilliant cheat may cheat all people at a certain moment, or cheat some people at all times, but it is impossible to cheat all people at all times.

Hypothesis: If the assertion that "There is no moment when one can not be cheated" is true, then the assertion that "A man may not be cheated at any time" is false.


Premise: Due to history, culture and understanding of the nature of the disease, the public tends to be repulsive to depression. Patients are afraid that people around them will discriminate against themselves when they know their illness. Some patients secretly take medicine and even discontinue treatment without authorization. In fact, depression is as common as high blood pressure and other physical diseases. A large part of the causes of these diseases come from the dysfunction of neurotransmitters in the brain, and external (mainly psychological stress) influence is often the inducing factor. But depression is not entirely caused by stress, it may also be a change in the activity of some nervous systems in the brain. Experts say taking antidepressants can help the body increase the concentration or activity of these substances. At the same time, people with depression also need the support of their families and society, and their families are responsible for guardianship to help them tide over the difficulties.

Hypothesis: At present, many patients with depression in China have received adequate treatment is incorrect according to this text.


Premise: Insurance means that the policy-holder pays the insurance premium to the insurer according to the contract agreement, and the insurer bears the liability of indemnity for the property loss caused by the accident agreed upon in the contract, or when the insured dies or becomes disabled or reaches the age agreed upon in the contract, the commercial insurance act that bears the responsibility of paying the insurance money within the time limit.

Hypothesis: The village chief assured the villagers that using the wheat seed provided by the village committee will definitely yield a good harvest, otherwise everyone can dismiss him and demand compensation for the loss is not covered by insurance.


Premise: Recently, a number of emotional intelligence education institutions have launched corresponding packages for different age groups. Emotional intelligence classes are popular among parents. Emotional intelligence is the ability to control and manage emotions, and it plays an important role in people's life and work. However, in the hearts of many people, the connotation of emotional intelligence has been alienated. The earliest concept of emotional intelligence is very different from the popular concept of emotional intelligence today. Many people's understanding of emotional intelligence is another way of saying sophistication and flattery. In fact, the core of emotional intelligence is not only the ability to recognize and control one's own emotions, but also the ability to communicate with others and integrate into the collective. The cultivation of these two abilities needs to be practiced in daily life. Whether children can develop good emotional control and social skills depends to a large extent on their parents, and no EQ training can replace the EQ training in daily life.

Hypothesis: Parents should view emotional intelligence training courses rationally is most likely to be described next.


Premise: Bevex, an artificial sweetener used only in soft drinks, is carcinogenic for mice, but only when it is consumed in very large quantities. To ingest an amount of Bevex equivalent to the amount fed to the mice in the relevant studies, a person would have, to drink 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soft drinks per day. For that reason, Bevex is in fact safe for people.

Hypothesis: For the conclusion that Bevex is safe for people to be properly drawn, it must be true that people drink fewer than 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soda per day.


Premise: The obesity invariably associated with some high-fat diets is caused by an absence in these diets of certain nutrients that are necessary for an active metabolism, not by excessive caloric intake. Hence, people on these high-fat diets do not consume too many calories.

Hypothesis: The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in the statement 'Electrical storms are caused by precipitous drops in barometric pressure, rather than by air turbulence.'


Premise: When people apply the general rule to the special cases to which it does not apply, it will produce the fallacy of accident.

Hypothesis: You grew up in the town of etiquette and know that honesty and frankness are virtues. Now tell me the secrets of your company does not produce the fallacy of accident.


Premise: To become an expert on a musical instrument, a person must practice. If people practice a musical instrument for three hours each day, they will eventually become experts on that instrument. Ttherefore, if a person is an expert on a musical instrument, that person must have practiced for at least three hours each day.

Hypothesis: The statement "The conclusion fails to take into account that practicing for less than three hours each day may be enough for some people to become experts" most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: The reverse flow of talents refers to the phenomenon that professionals who used to work in well-known big cities actively choose to work in small and medium-sized cities.

Hypothesis: The option 'The county town of Xiaozhao's hometown has developed rapidly in recent years, and is recruiting professionals with working background in big cities everywhere. After repeated consideration, Xiaozhao resigned from a research department in Beijing and went back to his hometown to apply for a job successfully' belongs to the reverse flow of talents.


Premise: For several centuries there have been hairless dogs in western Mexico and in coastal Peru. It is very unlikely that a trait as rare as hairlessness emerged on two separate occasions. Since the dogs have never existed in the wild, and the vast mountainous jungle separating these two regions would have made overland travel between them extremely difficult centuries ago, the dogs must have been transported from one of these regions to the other by boat, probably during trading expeditions.

Hypothesis: Centuries ago, it was easier to travel by boat between western Mexico and coastal Peru than to travel by an overland route is an assumption that the argument requires.


Premise: If this reform measure is not welcomed by the cadres, we should revise it. If it is not popular with workers, we should adopt a new reform measure. And this measure must be either unpopular with cadres or workers.

Hypothesis: If the revision of this reform measure will not affect its popularity among cadres, we should revise it immediately must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: 40% of the country's male owners believe that as long as there are pre-school children in the family, wives should not go out to work, but should stay at home to take care of children.The owners of 80 per cent of B's households do not think so, arguing that their wives' outings reflect men's respect for women. According to the survey, one in two families in country a has pre-school children, and in b, two out of every three households have pre-school children.

Hypothesis: The option that is correct is that husbands in country A have a lower rate of support for their wives with preschool children to go out to work than husbands in country B.


Premise: The administration at a certain university has explained this year' s tuition increase by citing increased spending on faculty salaries and on needbased aid to students. However, this year' s budget indicated that faculty salaries constitute a small part of the university' s expenditure, and the only significant increases in scholarship aid have gone to academic scholarships awarded regardless of need. The administration' s explanation is not believable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Of the substantial items in the budget, the greatest increase was in administrative costs, facilities maintenance costs, and costs associated with the provision of athletic facilities' most strengthens the argument that the administration's explanation is not believable.


Premise: On the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Renaissance art master Michelangelo portrayed his characters so majestic and powerful. In Italy, whenever we see these burly, powerful, plump and beautiful body art works , We will deeply feel the courage and power of mankind to conquer and transform nature, so that we have a deeper understanding of the relationship between the Renaissance and modern sports.

Hypothesis: The passage is talking about the Renaissance and Modern sports.


Premise: The prawn is a large extinct invertebrate marine animal and the largest known Cambrian animal. The fossils show that the mouthparts of this animal have more than a dozen rows of teeth, 25 cm in diameter, and the fecal fossil is 10 cm long. It is 5 cm thick. It is speculated that the body length of the odd shrimp may exceed 2 meters.

Hypothesis: For large invertebrates, the more teeth they have, means they have longer body, if true, can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Advertisement: Anyone who thinks moisturizers are not important for beautiful skin should consider what happens to the earth, the skin of the world, in time of drought. Without regular infusions of moisture the ground becomes lined and cracked and its lush liveliness fades away. Thus your skin, too, should be protected from the ravages caused by lack of moisture; give it the protection provided by regular infusions of Dewyfresh, the drought-defying moisturizer.

Hypothesis: The Dewyfresh advertisement exhibits an error of reasoning because it relies on an analogy between two things that are insufficiently alike in the respects in which they would have to be alike for the conclusion to be supported.


Premise: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car' s position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would ttherefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so' most helps to explain the increase in accident rate.


Premise: In recent years, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China's overall innovation capability has been continuously enhanced, continuously injecting new momentum into high-quality development and opening up a new world of economic growth. The sudden epidemic inevitably has a great impact on economic and social development, and the value of innovation-driven is more prominent. From vaccine drug research and development to big data group prevention and control, from telecommuting and online classrooms to unmanned sales and contactless services, the changes brought about by science and technology have not only given us the strength to overcome the epidemic, but also affected social production and life in an unprecedented way.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Innovation drive contains unlimited potential'.


Premise: Advertisement: In today' s world, you make a statement about the person you are by the car you own. The message of the SKX Mach-5 is unambiguous: Its owner is Dynamic, Aggressive, and Successful.

Hypothesis: If the claims made in the advertisement are true, then anyone who is dynamic and aggressive is also successful. This must be true on the basis of the advertisement's claims.


Premise: Achievement motivation is an individual's motivation to pursue important and valuable work, to set high standards for themselves, to achieve success as the goal, and try to make the work to achieve the perfect state.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang, a high school student, kept reviewing the questions he had made wrong in the past, hoping he would not make any more mistakes in the college entrance exam is not show achievement motivation according to the above definition.


Premise: Essayist: When the first prehistoric migrations of humans from Asia to North America took place, the small bands of new arrivals encountered many species of animals that would be extinct only 2, 000 years later. Since it is implausible that hunting by these small bands of humans could have had such an effect, and since disease-causing microorganisms not native to North America were undoubtedly borne by the new arrivals as well as by the animals that followed them, these microorganisms were probably the crucial factor that accounts for the extinctions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Very few species of North American animals not hunted by the new arrivals from Asia were extinct 2, 000 years after the first migrations' most weakens the essayist's argument.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid the occurrence of traffic accidents, traffic authorities have stepped up traffic safety publicity efforts. Statistics show that before 2008, the city's traffic deaths per year more than a thousand people. Since 2008, the annual number of traffic fatalities has been kept below 1000, with 921 deaths in 2008. 738 people died in 2009. 569 people died in 2010. From this, we can draw that as long as we strengthen the publicity of traffic management, we can effectively reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.

Hypothesis: In recent years, due to the serious traffic congestion during rush hours, the city has improved citizens' safety awareness best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: Shadow is a concept put forward by the new psychoanalyst Jung, referring to the most hidden and profound part of the human spirit, which includes the worst aspects of human nature as well as the most vital aspects of human nature. Shadow contains positive and negative aspects. Positive aspects refer to great creativity. Negative aspects can range from wars, aggressions, turmoil, and corruption in real life to deception, lies, hatred, jealousy, and hurt in real life. , Doubt, complain, etc.

Hypothesis: The concept and connotation of shadow is explained in the text.


Premise: Irritability refers to the response of organisms to external stimuli. It is not only a measure of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, but also one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms.

Hypothesis: The irritability is that nails will rust when they are placed in a moist environment.


Premise: Life expectancy is the average age at death of the entire live-born population. In the middle of the nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years. Thus, in those days, people must have been considered old at an age that we now consider the prime of life.

Hypothesis: Most of the gains in life expectancy in the last 150 years have come from reductions in the number of infants who die in their first year of life undermines the argument above.


Premise: Desire projection: refers to projecting one's own subjective desires on others, believing that other people also regard hope as reality as one's expectations. As a result, they often make wrong evaluations of other people's emotions and intentions, distort others, and cause communication barriers .

Hypothesis: "Consider what others consider (or consider things for others) and give others what they need" belongs to desire projection according to the above definition.


Premise: Sharks are generally carnivorous. But some scientists say they have found a sphyrna tiburo in an area that uses plants as an important part of its diet.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The blood of sphyrna tiburo contains large amounts of the nutrient that is not self-synthesizing. In nature, only seaweed contains a small amount of this nutrient' best supports the scientists' findings.


Premise: Arson refers to the behavior of deliberately igniting a fire on a condition that one knows that it will cause losses to others, the state and collective property or even threaten the life safety of others.

Hypothesis: Mr. Gao was watching a play in the theater and accidentally threw a cigarette butt on the sofa to cause a fire is not considered arson.


Premise: The popular germicidal soap is not suitable for use in winter. It will destroy the protective fat film on the skin surface to keep the skin moist. In cold weather, the air humidity will be greatly reduced and the moisture will be more easily lost.

Hypothesis: The point of this passage is that Germicidal soap is popular.


Premise: The first electric car was on the road as early as 1990. Although some well-known automakers have launched their own pure electric concept cars in recent years, this has not narrowed the gap between electric vehicles and real life. The reason is that the research and development of electric vehicles is not as simple as replacing traditional engines with motors, but a huge research topic. Only vehicle batteries have many problems, such as battery capacity, storage capacity, stability and so on. In addition, the body design, traditional system and electrical system will have subversive changes after using motor instead of traditional engine. To solve this series of problems, automobile manufacturers need to have strong R & D capability.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that electric vehicle has become a new direction of research and development in the automobile industry.


Premise: There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered to be great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together.

Hypothesis: Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Differentiated credit refers to the policy of differential treatment of credit lines and repayment methods for different regions, industries, groups and purposes. It is an important means for the state to carry out macro-control of the economy, curb the polarization trend through differentiated credit, promote social equity, and promote economic structure adjustment and all-round sustainable development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the new house purchase policy stipulates that families who buy the first house with a building area of less than 90 square meters can enjoy the policy of 20% of the down payment; If the area of the first house is more than 90 square meters, the proportion of down payment of the loan shall not be less than 30% belongs to differentiated credit.


Premise: Our parents pay more and more attention to children's reading. Most parents want their children to read more and read better books. In 2018,70.3 percent of families in one city had the habit of parents reading with their children. The amount of books read by parents and children increased by 1.8 percentage points compared to 2017 and the length of books read also increased compared to last year. But in 2018, the city's children read just 4.72 books per person, down 0.6 percentage points from 2017.

Hypothesis: Many children are used to listening to books in parent-child reading, which is not counted in 2018 if true, best explains the phenomenon.


Premise: Due to problems in chemical fertilizers, pesticide application and management techniques in recent years, the production of green onions in the main producing areas of northern China has dropped significantly, and domestic prices have risen rapidly. If we want to maintain domestic prices, we must strictly limit the export of green onions. Because the export contracts of companies engaged in the export trade of green onions are signed at low prices, if they continue to perform the contracts when the price of green onions rises sharply, these companies will suffer serious losses. However, if the export of green onions is strictly restricted, China's share of the international green onion market will be replaced by other countries or regions.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then we will lose our share of the international green onion market if we want to maintain the stability of domestic green onion prices.


Premise: Aunt Zhang and Li sell melon seeds in the same market. Aunt Zhang always fried melon seeds with flavor, but Li never fried melon seeds with flavor. The fact proves, the melon seed that fries with essence does not sell well.

Hypothesis: Aunt Zhang's melon seeds may not sell well can be inferred.


Premise: The odds of winning any major lottery jackpot are extremely slight. However, the very few people who do win major jackpots receive a great deal of attention from the media. Thus, since most people come to have at least some awareness of events that receive extensive media coverage, it is likely that many people greatly overestimate the odds of their winning a major jackpot.

Hypothesis: Becoming aware of individuals who have won a major jackpot leads at least some people to incorrectly estimate their own chances of winning such a jackpot is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: University president: We will be forced to reduce spending next year if we do not increase our enrollment. So, if we are to maintain the quality of the education we provide, we must market our programs more aggressively. Without such marketing we will be unable to increase our enrollment.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the university president's argument can be properly drawn if the assumption that the university will not maintain the quality of the education it provides if it reduces spending next year is made.


Premise: The surfaces of Terracotta Warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang unearthed in Shaanxi are painted with raw lacquer and color.However, after the terracotta warriors and horses are unearthed, the raw lacquer paint on the surface will warp and curl quickly, causing the whole color painting layer to fall off.This provides important information for the study of the clothing color of soldiers in the Qin Dynasty.Therefore, it must be protected by two methods of protective solution and monomer infiltration, otherwise it can not be used for research. Once these two methods are used to protect the terracotta warriors and horses, it will destroy all the information that researchers may get about the techniques of color painting in the Qin Dynasty.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then a terracotta warrior and horses without protective measures can provide more information than a terracotta warrior and horses after taking protective measures must be true.


Premise: Although administrative decision-making in strict accordance with the scientific way of thinking can reduce mistakes and achieve accuracy, decision-making is human action after all. People do not operate according to the law and produce products on a scale as machines do.

Hypothesis: The scientific mode of thinking is the premise of scientific administrative decision-making is what this passage is intended to tell us.


Premise: The navigation satellite is located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals within its coverage. In the deep space of more than 20,000 kilometers, a brand new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, and the most talked about is pulsar navigation. Pulsars are a kind of neutron stars whose magnetic pole direction can produce radio or X-ray radiation. When the rotation axis does not coincide with the magnetic pole, and the rotation axis sweeps over the earth, pulses will be generated. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they can be compared to the best atomic clocks on earth, so these pulsars are also called atomic clocks in the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know their location, you can use these pulsars for interstellar travel.

Hypothesis: An experiment to verify the feasibility of pulsar navigation is most likely to be described next.


Premise: Numerous paintings and engravings representing warfare can be found in remains of all civilizations going back to and including the Neolithic period, when agriculture was first developed. However, no paintings or engravings of warfare are found dating from before the Neolithic period. Ttherefore, warfare must have first developed as a result of the transition to an agricultural society.

Hypothesis: There was no warfare prior to the period in which paintings and engravings of warfare were first created is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Husband and wife's personal property refers to the personal property within a certain range retained by husband and wife after marriage according to law or as agreed by the parties. It generally includes legal personal property and agreed personal property. Specifically, it includes pre marital property and post marital property.

Hypothesis: Property actually acquired by one party after marriage after accepting inheritance before marriage belongs to husband and wife's personal property.


Premise: Righteousness refers to actions that are not due to statutory duties or agreed obligations, to protect national interests, collective interests, or the personal and property safety of others, regardless of personal safety, to fight against illegal and criminal acts, or to take an active part in rescue and relief work.

Hypothesis: Heal the wounded and rescue the dying must not belong to the act of righteousness.


Premise: The faculty of Grey County Public Schools will shortly go on strike unless the school board increases their salary. As the school board president is well aware, however, in order to increase the faculty' s salary, Grey County Public Schools would have to cut some of its after-school programs. So, some of Grey County Public Schools' after-school programs will be cut.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is properly drawn if it is assumed that the faculty of Grey County Public Schools will not be going on strike.


Premise: How did ancient sages affect scientists with subversive innovations such as Einstein? On the surface, these ancients' cognition of physics and the whole field of science was naive and full of mistakes, and they knew almost nothing about science. However, they asked many fundamental questions and had a serious discussion. If contemporary scientists want to get rid of the shackles of conventional thinking, these ancient sages will be the source of inspiration: they are subversive in pursuing the forefront of knowledge. At the same time, the childish problem will guide people into Xinjiang.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to indicate that the ancient sages' understanding of the nature of science is still enlightening.


Premise: People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because__.

Hypothesis: Manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a standard brand of the same product best completes the passage below.


Premise: In recent years, community banks in some big cities have been closed frequently. At the same time, a series of new banks, such as unmanned banks, 5G banks and smart banks, keep emerging. Bank branches are bidding farewell to cold glass counters and metal benches. The traditional transaction processing functions of bank branches are weakened, and customized services, product experience, social interaction and other functions are increasingly prominent. As a result, some experts predict that traditional bank branches will disappear within 20 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Online banking, mobile banking and other emerging, bank outlets as the main channel of service is weakening' best supports the expert's view.


Premise: On the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Renaissance art master Michelangelo portrayed his characters so majestic and powerful. In Italy, whenever we see these burly, powerful, plump and beautiful body art works , We will deeply feel the courage and power of mankind to conquer and transform nature, so that we have a deeper understanding of the relationship between the Renaissance and modern sports.

Hypothesis: The passage is talking about the Renaissance and Body Art.


Premise: Peripheral products refer to goods made by authorizing the use of characters or animals in animation, comics, games and other works.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an entertainment company that has developed a very popular animated film and simultaneously launches toys and costumes of the protagonist's image belongs to the peripheral product.


Premise: Irrigation runoff from neighboring farms may well have increased the concentration of phosphorus in the local swamp above previous levels, but the claim that the increase in phosphorus is harming the swamp' s native aquatic wildlife is false; the phosphorus concentration in the swamp is actually less than that found in certain kinds of bottled water that some people drink every day.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it makes a generalization that is unwarranted because the sources of the data on which it is based have not been specified.


Premise: Kim: The rapidly growing world population is increasing demands of food producers in ways that threaten our natural resources. With more land needed for both food production and urban areas, less land will be available for forests and wildlife habitats. Hampton: You are overlooking the promise of technology. I am confident that improvements in agriculture will allow us to feed the world population of ten billion predicted for 2050 without significantly increasing the percentage of the world' s land now devoted to agriculture.

Hypothesis: Kim's and Hampton's statements most strongly support the claim that they both agree that continued research into more-efficient agricultural practices and innovative biotechnology aimed at producing more food on less land would be beneficial.


Premise: The city is a way of life, or an experience, not a difference in size. According to my personal experience, Shenzhen, except for the Luohu District, is an unfinished city.The reason is very simple, the city takes several years to mature and popularity do not gather in a day.The city where no one lives is the ghost city.

Hypothesis: In cities with a long development time, the popularity of his gathering is relatively strong, so that the city is mature best supports the above point of view.


Premise: Charlene: Environmental cleanup increasingly relies on microorganisms to metabolize pollutants. This has its limitations, though, since microbes become less active when a region' s temperature drops below normal. Olaf: I don' t think that' s right. Researchers studying oil spills in the Arctic and subtropical regions measured the carbon dioxide output of organisms that digest petroleum pollutants and found that Arctic and subtropical microbes ate oil at nearly the same rate.

Hypothesis: Olaf's reply suggests that he misinterprets Charlene's use of the term normal.


Premise: Joint liability: refers to when there are several creditors or debtors, each creditor can request the debtors to perform all the debts, and each debtor has the obligation to perform all the debts; and all the debts are eliminated due to the full performance at one time.

Hypothesis: The compensation liability of both parties to the collision for causing the third person's personal injury or death is not joint liability.


Premise: Nano is a unit of measurement of geometric dimensions. 1 nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter, that is, 1 nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. Nanostructure usually refers to a microstructure with a size below 100 nanometers.

Hypothesis: The correct statement about nano is that it is a unit of length.


Premise: A middle school has tried out the evaluation system of students' behavior since 2010. Recently, the student affairs office of the school investigated students' satisfaction with the evaluation system. The data show that the students with high scores have high satisfaction with the evaluation system. As a result, the student affairs office has come to the conclusion that all the students with good performance are satisfied with the evaluation system.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the conclusion of the student affairs office of the school is based on is that the students who perform well are all students with high scores.


Premise: A company that imports and sells collectibles sought to have some of its collectible figurines classified as toys, which are subject to lower import tariffs than collectibles. The company argued that the figurines amuse customers, just as toys do. However, the government agency responsible for tariffs rejected the company' s request on the grounds that the figurines are marketed as collector' s items rather than toys.

Hypothesis: The principle 'When importing products, a company should seek the tariff classification that results in the lowest tariffs' most helps to justify the government agency's decision.


Premise: Traditional Chinese medicine is composed of traditional medicine of han, Tibetan, Mongolian and other nationalities. It has the mysterious place of Oriental traditional medicine, often contains the ingredients of myth and legend. Many of its principles cannot be scientifically explained by modern medical theories. But this mysterious medicine, but often has a magical effect. Tibetan medicine, for example, has for a long time treated patients with plants, animals, minerals and food unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has a good effect on many diseases that make modern medicine difficult, including cancer and stroke.

Hypothesis: The difference between Chinese traditional medicine and modern medicine illustrates the meaning of the text.


Premise: Although bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye, they do play a key role in breaking down dead branches and leaves. They can break down tree trunks and branches that absorb carbon dioxide and other nutrients and release them into the atmosphere. Without bacteria, the earth's carbon dioxide can only be used by plants for 40 years, because carbon will be locked in plants and will not be involved in the material cycle. Because of this effect of bacteria, it maintains the green color of the whole forest and even the whole earth.

Hypothesis: In the process of decomposing tree trunks and branches and leaves, bacteria release the carbon dioxide it absorbs into the atmosphere is incorrect in interpreting the key role in the text.


Premise: Social anxiety disorder refers to the behavior that individuals have persistent and strong fear and avoidance in one or more social environments that may be examined by others.

Hypothesis: Xiao Yang's fear of speaking in public next week, causing him to lose sleep, is an example of social anxiety disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: According to the role of learning in the formation and development of mobility, human motivation can be divided into primitive motivation and acquisition motivation. Primitive motives are innate motives, which are based on people's instinctive needs; Acquisition motivation refers to all kinds of acquired motivation, that is, all kinds of motivation generated and developed through learning.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, respect teachers and education, respect literature and martial arts is most likely to belong to the original motivation.


Premise: A computer with signature recognition software installed-this software is restricted to those whose signature is in the document accessing the computer-not only by analyzing the shape of the signature, but also by analyzing characteristics such as pen tip pressure and signature speed to identify someone's sign. Even the most clever counterfeiter cannot replicate all the features analyzed by the program.

Hypothesis: Signature recognition software has taken many years to develop and improve is a conclusion that can be logically drawn from the above paragraph.


Premise: The Reception Department of an office receives three visitors a day: Lao Zhao, Lao Qian and Lao Sun. After the meeting, three comrades found that the undergraduate section chief, Deputy Section Chief and staff three surnames just the same as the three visitors. In addition, there are the following situations: (1) the home of the old visitor Qian in Wuxi. (2)Visitor Lao Zhao is a veteran worker with 28 years of service. (3)The deputy section chief lives somewhere between Nanjing and Wuxi. (4) a fellow scientist and a colleague surnamed Sun turned out to be primary school classmates. (5)One of the visitors was a neighbor of the deputy section chief, who was also an old worker and had exactly three times the length of service of the section chief. (6) the same surname as the deputy section chief visited Hakka people and lived in Nanjing.

Hypothesis: In light of the above, it can be concluded that Section Chief Surnames Sun, Deputy Section Chief Surnames Zhao, and section member surnames Qian are all true.


Premise: In the Hartshorn Building, most but not all of the third-floor offices are larger than any office on the second floor. The fourth-floor offices are all larger than any office on the second floor. However, all the second-floor offices are larger than any office on the first floor.

Hypothesis: Some first-floor offices are as large as the smallest third-floor offices must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Modern science and technology began in the 19th century, when there was an organized, large-scale scientific and technological research units. There are internal and external reasons for this. The internal reason is that science and technology to this period more complex professional. The external cause was a technological revolution.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, modern science and technology is the result of internal and external factors is correct.


Premise: In the process of eternal change, some things should be persisted forever. That is learning methodology and savvy as well as being a human being.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that eternal change is absolute and stillness is relative.


Premise: Water bear is a common name for the phylum of slow-walking animals. More than 900 species have been recorded, most of which are distributed all over the world. They are extremely small, the smallest is only 50 microns and the largest is only 1.4 millimeters. They can only be seen clearly with a microscope. They can survive in a frozen, boiled, air-dried state, or even in a vacuum or radioactive rays, and once they are put back to normal conditions, they can still return to normal.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the water bear worm has strong vitality and can survive under extreme conditions.


Premise: Enceladus is one of the three stars observed in geological eruptions in the solar system so far, and it is also one of the most important research objects in astrobiology. With the help of analytical instruments on the Cassini Saturn probe, German scientists found that the particles emitted by Enceladus contained sodium salts. Based on this, it can be inferred that there is liquid water on Enceladus, and there may even be an underground sea.

Hypothesis: Only when there is liquid water, can sodium salt particles exist can best support the above speculation.


Premise: By examining beetle fossils, a research team has put forward the most detailed description of the temperature in the UK in the past 22,000 years. The research team selected the existing biological fossils and determined their dates. When individuals of several organisms found in the same place belong to the same time period, The known tolerable temperature of existing beetles can be used to determine the highest summer temperature in that place during that time.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the method of determining the date of beetles is more accurate than that of other organisms is required by the researcher's discussion.


Premise: When reconsidering natural resources, circular economy and ecological economy regard them not only as available resources, but also as ecosystems that need to maintain a virtuous circle. When considering science and technology, we should not only consider its ability to develop nature, but also fully consider its ability to maintain and repair the ecosystem, so as to make it a technology beneficial to the environment. When considering man's own development, we should not only consider man's ability to transform nature, but also pay more attention to the ability to live in harmony with nature, so as to promote man's all-round development.

Hypothesis: The idea of circular economy and ecological economy is expressed in values.


Premise: Credit quality blacklist refers to the disclosure of certain individuals or units' breach of contract and law violations in economic activities within a certain range through a certain information system, thereby recording taints, criticism and supervision, and punishment and inhibition of such behaviors. Management methods.

Hypothesis: A magazine disclosed that when a passenger asked for an invoice from the dining car, he actually got a receipt with the words meal expenses written on it does not meet the above definition.


Premise: Division is a logical method of dividing the objects reflected by a concept into several small categories to confirm the extension of the concept, or it can be said to be a logical method of dividing an extended generic concept into several juxtaposed species concepts. Decomposition is to divide an object into several parts in thinking, and there is not a species relationship between the concept that reflects the part and the concept that reflects the whole.

Hypothesis: The penalty is divided into principal punishment, deprivation of political rights, confiscation of property, etc. is correctly divided according to the above definition.


Premise: Computer programmers who work in front of computer screens for a long time are prone to myopia. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate myopia, the company has issued brochures for employees to teach them some ways to prevent and treat myopia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The methods of prevention and treatment of myopia vary from person to person' can best question the effectiveness of the above publicity.


Premise: It takes 365. 25 days for the Earth to make one complete revolution around the Sun. Long-standing convention makes a year 365 days long, with an extra day added every fourth year, and the year is divided into 52 seven-day weeks. But since 52 times 7 is only 364, anniversaries do not fall on the same day of the week each year. Many scheduling problems could be avoided if the last day of each year and an additional day every fourth year belonged to no week, so that January 1 would be a Sunday every year.

Hypothesis: The proposal above, once put into effect, would be most likely to result in continued scheduling conflicts for employed people whose strict religious observances require that they refrain from working every seventh day.


Premise: Complex sentence refers to a sentence composed of two or more clauses whose meanings are related and do not contain each other in structure.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, 'Ye Wen practises martial arts in his youth, sells martial arts in his youth, teaches martial arts in his middle age, and takes care of his old age. In addition, he also opened a hotel and concurrently engaged in health care and physiotherapy for hands and feet' is not a complex sentence.


Premise: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that <b> of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual </b>. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that <b> scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field </b>.

Hypothesis: The first provides evidence to support an explanation that the argument favors; the second is that explanation is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the argument given.


Premise: Corporate social response means that enterprises are guided by social ethics and moral standards to meet some common needs of society

Hypothesis: A company arranges employment for the disabled in accordance with the provisions of the law on the protection of the disabled does not belong to corporate social response according to the above definition.


Premise: Time is the most unbiased, giving anyone 24 hours a day; time is also the most biased, giving no one 24 hours a day.

Hypothesis: The main point supported by this passage is that it is important to hurry up in order to avoid wasting time.


Premise: If a child's weight to height ratio exceeds the level of 80% of children in the region, it is called an obese child. According to the survey results over the years, the number of obese children in Linjiang has been steadily increasing for 15 years.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'In the past 15 years, the number of children underweight in Linjiang City has been declining' is correct.


Premise: When you are about to graduate, a certain class will select outstanding graduates, and discussions are ongoing within the class. Class leader: Either Li Xue is rated as an outstanding graduate or Wang Lei is rated as an outstanding graduate. Youth League Party Secretary: I disagree.

Hypothesis: The opinion of the party secretary is that neither Li Xue nor Wang Lei can be rated as outstanding graduates.


Premise: A man cannot stand without spirit, and a country without spirit is not strong. Spirit is the soul for a nation to survive for a long time. Only when the spirit reaches a certain height can a nation move forward courageously in the torrent of history.

Hypothesis: If a nation moves forward courageously in the torrent of history, it has reached a certain height in spirit can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: Numerous paintings and engravings representing warfare can be found in remains of all civilizations going back to and including the Neolithic period, when agriculture was first developed. However, no paintings or engravings of warfare are found dating from before the Neolithic period. Ttherefore, warfare must have first developed as a result of the transition to an agricultural society.

Hypothesis: Warfare is the inevitable result of the development of a civilization is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: To discover what percentage of teenagers believe in telekinesis -- the psychic ability to move objects without physically touching them -- a recent survey asked a representative sample of teenagers whether they agreed with the following statement: A person' s thoughts can influence the movement of physical objects.  But because this statement is particularly ambiguous and is amenable to a naturalistic, uncontroversial interpretation, the survey' s responses are also ambiguous.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above conforms most closely to the general proposition that responses people give to poorly phrased questions are likely to be ambiguous.


Premise: Five graduate students majoring in linguistics in the liberal arts college of a university in 2014, Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao and Liu, were hired by one of the three employers Tianshu, Tianji and Tianxuan, and each unit hired at least one of them. It is known that: (1) Li was hired by Tianshu; (2) Li and Zhao were not employed by the same unit; (3) Liu and Zhao were hired by the same unit; (4) if Zhang was hired by Tianxuan, Wang was also hired by Tianxuan.

Hypothesis: Wang was hired by Tianxuan must be wrong if Liu is hired by Tianxuan.


Premise: Speculation refers to buying to profit from changes in prices in order to sell goods later.

Hypothesis: Lao Yang buying 2000 shares at a price of 1003 yuan and selling it at a price of 1100 yuan is speculation according to the above definition.


Premise: Before the Chinese Super League Football League, four members of Guoan team A, B, C and D were together to discuss the transfer application of the club's players. A said: all the players of our club have submitted transfer applications. B said: if Da Liu submitted the transfer application, then Xiao Wang did not submit the application. C said: Da Liu has submitted a transfer application. D said: some players in our club have not submitted a transfer application.

Hypothesis: A lied,Xiao Wang did not submit the application can be drawn knowing that only one of the four people is telling lies.


Premise: In general, the performance of a listed company is positively related to its stock price: when a company publishes its annual report, if its profits are higher than market profits, the company's stock price will rise. However, on March 31, 2011, Dongfang Electric Co., Ltd., which is engaged in the production of nuclear power and other power units in my country, announced its annual report. 67% of its net profit growth exceeded market expectations, but its stock price fell by 1.59% at the close, underperforming the broader market by 0.73%. percent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After a long debate, Germany's ruling coalition decided in May 2011 to close all nuclear power plants in Germany by 2022' best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Synaesthesia is the psychological phenomenon in which one sensation causes another sensation and is strengthened by the simultaneous action of another sensation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang being afraid when he thinks of his nightmare last night is not synesthesia.


Premise: A researcher fed honeybee larvae separately with fresh royal jelly and royal jelly that had been stored for 30 days. The results showed that the larvae fed with fresh royal jelly grew into queens. Further research found that a protein called royalactin in fresh royal jelly can promote the secretion of growth hormone, making the larvae have the characteristics of queen bee, such as larger body size and well-developed ovaries. The researchers fed fruit flies with this protein, and the fruit flies also showed an increase in body length, number of eggs and lifespan, indicating that the effect of this protein on biological characteristics is cross-species.

Hypothesis: Royalactin can only be stored for a short time, and it will be broken down into other substances over a long period of time, which can support the above researchers' findings.


Premise: The Internet not only brings infinite convenience to mankind, but also brings a lot of troubles to people. For families with children, there are great temptations from both positive and negative aspects of network information. Children's long time on the Internet will affect their eyesight and learning. What makes parents worry more is the side effects of pornography, games, violence and so on from the Internet. Therefore, parents should guide and restrict their children on the Internet.

Hypothesis: The practice of turning off the computer is inconsistent with the above view.


Premise: Institutionalized procedures refer to a process in which people internalize and habituate certain behavior patterns and behavior norms. It is manifested in certain social life norms, customs and rituals. It is a phenomenon in which people consciously or unconsciously act according to this behavior pattern and behavior when they appear in a certain social role.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang often reminisces about all sorts of trifles at work after he retires is not an institutionalized procedure.


Premise: A car factory claims that its new car has passed various crash tests. When a car accident occurs, the safety of the passengers can be fully protected. But there are also questions about whether crash tests alone will not prove the car is safe.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The size and quality of the doll used in the test can not fully simulate the real human body' cannot support this challenge.


Premise: On average, people who are educated today spend significantly less time reading than those who were educated 50 years ago, yet the number of books sold per day is much higher today than it was 50 years ago.

Hypothesis: Each of the following statements helps to explain the above phenomenon, except Books today tend to be thinner and easier to read than they were 50 years ago.