Premise: Some of the charged particles in the solar wind can reach the surface of M star and transfer enough energy to the surface particles of M star so that the latter can escape from the surface of M star and escape into the atmosphere of M star. In order to determine these escaped particles, the scientists obtained the following information through three experiments: experiment 1: either X particle or Y particle; experiment 2: either Y particle or Z particle; experiment 3: if it is not Z particle, it is not Y particle.

Hypothesis: This particle is an X particle must be true according to the above three experiments.


Premise: People often face choices in social life, either choose opportunities with low risk and low reward, or choose the opportunity with high risk and high reward. Is it risky in the case of individual decision-making or risky in the case of group decision-making? Studies have shown that groups are more adventurous than individuals, and groups tend to have high profits but low success rate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Group decision-making is conducive to make full use of their members' different education, experience and background, and their extensive participation is conducive to the science of the highest decision-making' best supports the above research conclusion.


Premise: High Tower is a company that occupies several office buildings. It is considering installing energy-saving light bulbs in all of its buildings. This new light bulb emits as much light as the traditional light bulbs currently in use, and the electricity required is only half of the traditional bulb. The life of this new bulb is also greatly extended, so by replacing the old bulb with this new bulb when the old bulb is broken, High Tower can greatly reduce its overall lighting cost.

Hypothesis: The statement "The company that produces this new bulb has obtained a patent for the new technology used in the bulb, so it has the exclusive right to produce the new bulb" best supports the above statement.


Premise: Genetic testing of the fetus is morally wrong. People have no right to kill a potential life form simply because it does not accept the sex of a potential life form, or because it has some kind of physical defect.

Hypothesis: The statement that all people are born equal, whether male or female, regardless of whether they are physically defective or not provides the strongest support for the above assertion.


Premise: If Li Jia passes the exam, Li Hua, Sun Tao and Zhao Lin must also pass.

Hypothesis: If Sun Tao fails, Li Jia and Zhao Lin are not both pass the exam can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Researcher: People who participate in opinion surveys often give answers they believe the opinion surveyor expects to hear, and it is for this reason that some opinion surveys do not reflect the actual views of those being surveyed. However, in well-constructed surveys, the questions are worded so as to provide respondents with no indication of which answers the surveyor might expect. So if a survey is well constructed, survey respondents' desire to meet surveyors' expectations has no effect on the survey' s results.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the researcher's argument is questionable because it overlooks the possibility that the answers of opinion-survey respondents can be influenced by beliefs about the surveyor's expectations even if those beliefs are unfounded.


Premise: Lao Wang is a university teacher and has written many philosophical papers, so he must be a teacher in the department of philosophy.

Hypothesis: The faculty of the philosophy department has written many philosophical papers is the basis for this determination.


Premise: Hydrological rhythm refers to the periodic and rhythmic changes of lake water regime. The generalized hydrological rhythm includes diurnal, monthly, seasonal and interannual rhythms. Under normal circumstances, due to the stable climate and underlying surface of the basin, the multi-year average water level of the lake tends to be stable, that is, the normal annual average water level of the lake. Therefore, the interannual rhythm of the lake is characterized by the abrupt change driven by interference factors and the stage stability after adapting to the disturbance, and there is no gradual trend, while the circadian rhythm has a weak effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, narrow hydrologic rhythm especially refers to monthly rhythm and seasonal rhythm.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the narrow hydrological rhythm involves the continuous decrease of rainfall and decrease of incoming water, resulting in the shrinking of the surface area of Poyang Lake.


Premise: Dietitian: High consumption of sodium increases some people' s chances of developing heart disease. To maintain cardiac health without lowering sodium consumption, ttherefore, these people should eat fresh, rather than canned or frozen, fruit and vegetables, since the potassium in plant foods helps to prevent sodium' s malign effects.

Hypothesis: Fresh fruits and vegetables contain more potassium than do canned or frozen ones is an assumption required by the dietitian's argument.


Premise: The case of the French Revolution is typically regarded as the best evidence for the claim that societies can reap more benefit than harm from a revolution. But even the French Revolution serves this role poorly, since France at the time of the Revolution had a unique advantage. Despite the Revolution, the same civil servants and functionaries remained in office, carrying on the day-to-day work of government, and thus many of the disruptions that revolutions normally bring were avoided.

Hypothesis: The argumentative strategy used in the passage is opposing a claim by undermining evidence offered in support of that claim.


Premise: one-door government service refers to the service behavior of centralizing the tasks that need to be done by multiple government departments into one service center or simplifying it to one window for the convenience of the masses.

Hypothesis: The option 'Non-local school-age children in a certain city used to need guardians to submit household registration, housing, work certificates and other materials on the spot, but now all materials can be submitted with one click through the online registration system set up by the education department' belongs to the one-door government service.


Premise: A county airport, designed to serve the needs of private aircraft owners, planned to cover its operating expenses in part by charging user fees to private aircraft using the airport. The airport was unable to pay its operating expenses because the revenue from user fees was lower than expected.

Hypothesis: The airport's operating expenses were greater than the revenue raised from sources other than the airport user fees for private planes must be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: The first bicycle in the world was invented in 1847. Bicycles disappeared only a short time after the emergence of bicycles and did not reappear until 1860. why did this happen? A new technology will be accepted only when it is consistent with the concept of social values. So there must have been some change in social values between 1817 and 1860.

Hypothesis: The cause of the defect in the above reasoning is that this paper puts forward a question which has little to do with the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Premise: Tent caterpillars' routes between their nests and potential food sources are marked with chemical traces called pheromones that the caterpillars leave behind. Moreover, routes from food sources back to the nest are marked more heavily than are merely exploratory routes that have failed to turn up a food source. Thus, tent caterpillars are apparently among the insect species that engage in communal foraging, which consists in the conveying of information concerning the location of food to other members of the colony, nest, or hive.

Hypothesis: A hungry tent caterpillar is more likely to follow heavily marked routes than lightly marked routes adds the most support to the argument.


Premise: Public service refers to the general term for the service industry in which the public sector and the quasi-public sector jointly provide public products to meet the public needs of the society. It is mainly produced by the public sector dominated by government agencies, and is a social service that all citizens of the whole society consume together and that all consumers enjoy equally.

Hypothesis: Colleges and universities open gymnasiums to the public for free is not public service.


Premise: Compensation trade refers to a type of trade in which importers purchase foreign technology and equipment and certain raw materials, and agree to repay the goods or labor in installments within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, purchasing a complete set of ketchup equipment and technical services from a foreign company and agreeing to repay the money with domestic bamboo products in three years is not classified as compensation trade.


Premise: Since the beginning of winter, haze, which contains a large number of toxic particles, has frequently attacked some areas of our country. Surveys show that continuous exposure to high concentrations of pollutants can cause 10% to 15% of people to suffer from chronic eye inflammation and xerophthalmia. Some experts believe that if urgent measures are not taken to improve air quality, the incidence of these diseases and related complications will increase.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Toxic particles can irritate and damage people's eyes, and long-term contact will affect lacrimal gland cells' best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Some experts suggest that in order to revitalize land resources and effectively protect arable land, it is a good choice for farmers to live in buildings like urban residents, so that the farmers' existing houses can be stacked up, thereby saving a lot of land resources.

Hypothesis: After the farmers live in the building, they are far away from the fields, which affects agricultural production and reduces the use of land resources from the benefit would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Ethicist: Many environmentalists hold that the natural environment is morally valuable for its own sake, regardless of any benefits it provides us. However, even if nature has no moral value, nature can be regarded as worth preserving simply on the grounds that people find it beautiful. Moreover, because it is philosophically disputable whether nature is morally valuable but undeniable that it is beautiful, an argument for preserving nature that emphasizes nature' s beauty will be less vulnerable to logical objections than one that emphasizes its moral value.

Hypothesis: The ethicist's reasoning most closely conforms to the principle that if it is philosophically disputable whether nature has a certain characteristic, then nature would be more clearly worth preserving if it did not have that characteristic.


Premise: Everyone has his own fun. A master once said: the only thing I can do outside my work and basic life is reading.

Hypothesis: For a master, reading is his pleasure.


Premise: Due to the profitable but unlawful practice of selling elephant tusks, elephants have been hunted to near extinction by unlicensed poachers. Ttherefore, an efficient way to prevent the hunting of elephants would be to file down the tusks from time to time, thus removing any incentive for hunting elephants.

Hypothesis: Elephants are only valued by poachers for their tusks is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Loss of the Gocha mangrove forests has caused coastal erosion, reducing fish populations and requiring the Gocha Fishing Cooperative (GFC) to partially fund dredging and new shore facilities. However, as part of its subsidiary businesses, the GFC has now invested in a program to replant significant parts of the coast with mangrove trees. Given income from a controlled harvest of wood with continuing replanting, the mangrove regeneration effort makes it more likely that the cooperative will increase its net income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The GFC will be able to hire local workers to assist with the mangrove replanting' would most strengthen the argument that mangrove replanting will increase the Gocha cooperative's net income.


Premise: Crisis management planning is a comprehensive process that enables people to grasp things and social public opinion more effectively by means of planning in order to prevent the outbreak of crisis or to reduce and eliminate the risks and losses caused by the crisis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'After hearing the tsunami warning, the tourists on the beach quickly evacuated to a higher place' does not belong to crisis management planning.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: Zhao and Sun probably will not attend the meeting in the end according to this arrangement.


Premise: The restoration of ancient books is a very practical work, if you can not get in touch with ancient books, even if you have learned the relevant knowledge, it is difficult to improve the practical ability. Although the restoration of ancient books can be regarded as a skill, it requires literature, bibliography, and even background knowledge of science and engineering such as materials and chemistry to work better and requires a higher level of education. Libraries, museums and other recruitment units usually have high academic requirements for candidates for the restoration of ancient books, requiring bachelor's degree or above, but at present, the academic education of ancient books restoration major in our country is mainly higher vocational college education. This makes the talent needs of cultural and cultural institutions can not be met, and people with some practical skills are useless.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that cultural institutions should provide practical opportunities for ancient book restoration personnel.


Premise: Columnist: Although there is and should be complete freedom of thought and expression, that does not mean that there is nothing wrong with exploiting depraved popular tastes for the sake of financial gain.

Hypothesis: There should be no laws restricting what books are published, but publishing books that pander to people with depraved tastes is not thereby morally acceptable conforms most closely to the principle cited by the columnist.


Premise: The house price of our country has risen rapidly in recent years. In the fourth quarter of 2004, various government departments introduced a number of measures to curb the excessive growth of house prices, but house prices rose against the trend in the first quarter of 2005. Some people assert that the rise in land prices is the culprit for the sharp rise in house prices.

Hypothesis: In the first quarter of 2005, house prices in Shanghai increased by 19.1% over the same period last year, and land prices rose by 6.53%, which is most likely to question the assertion.


Premise: When taking a polygraph test, as long as a small amount of a certain common sedative is taken, people will not be noticed when lying. Because the psychological stress response detected by the polygraph can be suppressed by drugs without significant side effects Inferred from this, this drug will also be very effective in reducing the psychological stress in daily life.

Hypothesis: The hypothetical premise of this paragraph is that the psychological stress measured by the polygraph is similar to the psychological stress of daily life.


Premise: About Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang, we know that one of them is a lawyer, one is a doctor and the other is a teacher. We also know that Xiao Zhang is older than the teacher; Xiao Wang is not the same age as the doctor; The doctor is younger than Xiao Li.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang is a teacher, Xiao Li is a lawyer, and Xiao Zhang is a doctor can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: If Suarez is not the most qualified of the candidates for sheriff, then Anderson is. Thus, if the most qualified candidate is elected and Suarez is not elected, then Anderson will be.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above is: If the lowest bidder on the sanitation contract is not Dillon, then it is Ramsey. So if the contract goes to the lowest bidder and it does not go to Dillon, then it will go to Ramsey.


Premise: Journalism professor: Since the number of reportable facts confronting any journalist is extraordinarily large, every journalist must employ a principle of selection. However, any such principle of selection is bound to be subjective, for it involves value judgments. Ttherefore, the view that there is any degree of objectivity in journalistic reporting is a myth. This means that, for example, no newspaper article is more objective than any other.

Hypothesis: The journalism professor's argument is flawed because it draws a conclusion regarding what is right or wrong entirely on the basis of evidence regarding matters of fact.


Premise: Tent caterpillars' routes between their nests and potential food sources are marked with chemical traces called pheromones that the caterpillars leave behind. Moreover, routes from food sources back to the nest are marked more heavily than are merely exploratory routes that have failed to turn up a food source. Thus, tent caterpillars are apparently among the insect species that engage in communal foraging, which consists in the conveying of information concerning the location of food to other members of the colony, nest, or hive.

Hypothesis: A hungry tent caterpillar is more likely to follow heavily marked routes than lightly marked routes adds the most support to the argument.


Premise: A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear, then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti-seasickness medication would have been more severe had they not taken the medication' would most weaken the conclusion above.


Premise: Fishing columnist: When an independent research firm compared the five best-selling baits, it found that Benton baits work best for catching trout. It asked a dozen top anglers to try out the five best-selling baits as they fished for speckled trout in a pristine northern stream, and every angler had the most success with a Benton bait. These results show that Benton is the best bait for anyone who is fishing for trout.

Hypothesis: The argument overlooks the possibility that some other bait is more successful than any of the five best-selling baits is a flaw in the reasoning in the fishing columnist's argument.


Premise: Nucleic acids and other genetic foods that appear in the name of health care products are not very helpful to human health. From a scientific point of view, the so-called human body needs to be supplemented with exogenous nucleic acids cannot be established. What the human body lacks is nutrition, and nucleic acid cannot be lacking. Some advertisements say that when people are old or sick, their ability to make genes will be weakened, which is even more nonsense.

Hypothesis: Eating health products may not promote your health can be inferred.


Premise: Directional movement refers to the directional motion caused by the external stimulation of plants in a single direction, including positive motion, gravity movement, tactile motion and directional motion. Most of the directional movement is growth movement, which is an irreversible process of motion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Plants that prefer shade grow better in the shade than in direct sunlight' is a directional movement, as defined above.


Premise: Columbus voyaged to discover the New American Continent, which promoted the process of modern history. Some 50,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers from northern Asia crossed the ice age frozen Bering Strait into America. Recently, scholars claimed to have evidence that Ming dynasty navigator Zheng He discovered the Americas 72 years before Columbus.

Hypothesis: Even if Zheng He's arrival in America is confirmed, it won't be as significant as Columbus's can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Lydia: Red squirrels are known to make holes in the bark of sugar maple trees and to consume the trees' sap. Since sugar maple sap is essentially water with a small concentration of sugar, the squirrels almost certainly are after either water or sugar. Water is easily available from other sources in places where maple trees grow, so the squirrels would not go to the trouble of chewing holes in trees just to get water. Ttherefore, they are probably after the sugar. Galina: It must be something other than sugar, because the concentration of sugar in the maple sap is so low that a squirrel would need to drink an enormous amount of sap to get any significant amount of sugar.

Hypothesis: Lydia's argument proceeds by rejecting a possible alternative explanation for an observed phenomenon.


Premise: The Ming government's salt policy decided that the government must trade with businessmen, but the government never seemed to realize that it was a contractual relationship between itself and merchants. In its view, the country is high above, and every citizen has the obligation to make sacrifices for it. Businessmen are expected to participate voluntarily in government activities and generate profits and taxes. When there is no profit and no one is willing to sell salt, the government will recruit businessmen to accomplish this task, just as ordinary people have to undertake all kinds of taxes and servings. In fact, it is taken for granted that businessmen bear some losses when dealing with the government, and officials may think that such losses are partly the cost of franchising business.

Hypothesis: The cost of franchising business in the text is the price of salt monopoly by salt merchants.


Premise: Patients often don't understand that when seeing a doctor, even minor problems are required to do a lot of examinations, which leads to excessive costs. In fact, if the doctor does not conduct a detailed examination of the patient, it may miss some serious problems, which is difficult for the doctor. Judge exactly to what extent they should be meticulous. Therefore, it is generally unwise for patients to go for medical examinations when they feel that they are not sick.

Hypothesis: In the early stages of certain important diseases, although the patient does not feel unwell, the doctor can help observe the symptoms through the instrument most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: Rare earths are a general term for a class of metals with less reserves, which are widely used in cutting-edge technology and military industries. Most of the world's rare earths are produced in China. Since 1998, China has begun to reduce the amount of rare earth mining, control the rare earth export quota, and strengthen the concentration of the rare earth industry. In this regard, some countries accuse China of monopolizing resources, which is extremely destructive to other countries in the world, and demand that China relax its control over the rare earth industry.

Hypothesis: In 2009, China's rare earth reserves accounted for 36% of the national reserves, the United States accounted for 13%, Russia accounted for 19%, Australia accounted for 5.4%; China's production accounted for 97% of the world's production, and the other three countries were all zero is the most appropriate statement to refute the accusations of China.


Premise: After analyzing the microorganisms in the intestinal tract of giant pandas, the researchers found that although the original carnivorous pandas, in order to adapt to the environment of food scarcity, they were transformed into eating bamboo in the past 2.4 million years.And have strong jaws, but they do not evolve a longer digestive tract or the ability to secrete special digestive enzymes, thus unable to effectively break down the vitamin.

Hypothesis: The option 'Adapt to the environment or change yourself' is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: An old man said to a young man, criticism and insult are just like mud. You see, the mud spots on my coat were splashed just across the road. It would have been very bad to wipe it at that time, so we had to wait until the mud was dry before dealing with it.  However, any metaphor is lame. If the mud spot becomes paint and the coat becomes glass, according to the logic of the above analogy, it will be counterproductive. Life provides us with all kinds of logic, they are different from each other, and maybe they will fight. And what kind of logic we pursue depends on ourselves.

Hypothesis: The title 'The logic in life is not single' is the most suitable for this paragraph.


Premise: Dr. Z: Many of the characterizations of my work offered by Dr. Q are imprecise, and such characterizations do not provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of my work.

Hypothesis: At least one of Dr. Q's characterizations of Dr. Z's work fails to provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of that work can be properly inferred from Dr. Z's statement.


Premise: Reflection theory refers to the theory that the essence of cognition is the epistemology principle that the human brain reflects on the objective world, that is, the theory that thought reflects existence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'If there is no person to be reflected, there is no person to reflect' is not part of the theory of reflection.


Premise: There has been a lot of talk about an earthquake recently. One evening, Xiao Fang asked her grandmother, who was enjoying the cool in the courtyard, Grandma, they all said that there will be an earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said, According to my observation, tomorrow is not necessarily an earthquake. Xiaofang said: Then you mean there will be no earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said no. Fang was lost in confusion.

Hypothesis: The sentence "There may not be an earthquake tomorrow" is closest to the meaning of Grandma.


Premise: There are only liberal arts and science classes in a high school. There are more boys than girls, and more science classes than liberal arts classes.

Hypothesis: The total number of boys in the liberal arts class is higher than that of girls in the science class must be correct based on the above conditions.


Premise: When driving on the road, one needs not only a good sense of abiding by the law, but also a special rational calculation. In the congested traffic, as long as there is a jam, your car must give way to it; you drive straight on the road normally, and there is a car that suddenly comes across near you without a direction light to bump into you. It turns out that it wants to change lanes, and then you have to give way to it.

Hypothesis: If you don't let it, you will run into it. After you run into it, even if you are right, there will be a lot of trouble can question the above-mentioned rational calculation view.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company whose assets are mortgaged with all the personal property of the shareholders is a Personal company.


Premise: It is the task of China's criminal law to use penalty to fight against all criminal acts, to safeguard national security, to defend the political power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect state-owned property and the property collectively owned by the working people, and to protect the privately owned property of citizens. It is the task of our criminal law to protect citizens' personal rights, democratic rights and other rights, maintain social and economic order, and ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.

Hypothesis: Criminal law does not guarantee the rights of criminals is a correct understanding of this paragraph.


Premise: On average, cats fed canned cat food eat fewer ounces of food per day than do cats fed dry cat food; the canned food contains more calories per ounce than does the dry food. Nonetheless, feeding a cat canned cat food typically costs more per day than does feeding it dry cat food.

Hypothesis: Canned cat food typically costs more per ounce than does dry cat food is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Whether the electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phones is a threat to human health has long been a controversial topic. A 10 years of research shows that use mobile phone for 30 minutes every day more than the risk of having a glioma is 40%, higher than never users due to some experts suggest, before further evidence, people should take more security measures, such as use fixed phone calls or use SMS to communicate as far as possible.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most mobile phones produce electromagnetic radiation intensity in line with national standards' best shows that the expert's advice is unrealistic.


Premise: Human intelligence is not possible without human emotions. A computer is something that can never have emotions, so for that reason alone a computer will never be able to display intelligence.

Hypothesis: The assumption that being intelligent requires the capacity to have emotions is on which the argument depends.


Premise: A report pointed out that in the first half of this year, the cumulative sales of  mobile phones exceeded 60 million in China, of which 28 million domestic mobile phones were sold. Therefore, some media have judged that domestic mobile phones have recovered.

Hypothesis: In the first half of this year, the country took measures to restrict the entry of foreign brands into the Chinese market, if true, will strongly support the above judgment.


Premise: Some health officials are concerned about the current sustained increase in reported deaths from alcohol-related conditions, attributing this increase to a rise in alcoholism. What these health officials are overlooking, however, is that attitudes toward alcoholism have changed radically. Alcoholism is now widely viewed as a disease, whereas in the past it was considered a moral failing. It is ttherefore likely that more deaths are being reported as alcohol-related because physicians are more likely to identify these deaths as alcohol-related.

Hypothesis: The statement 'More physicians now than in the past are trained to recognize the physical effects of alcoholism' provides the most support for the argument.


Premise: Nick: The Pincus family and their construction company have supported our university financially for decades. The university should not give the contract for building its new library to the family' s main competitor. Doing so would be disloyal to a friend of the university. Pedro: Accepting a donation does not oblige the university to give the donor any special privileges. If it did, then it wouldn' t really be a charitable contribution. We should award the contract to whatever company makes the most competitive bid.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Nick and Pedro disagree over whether the acceptance of donations places a university under a special obligation to the donor.


Premise: I agree that Hogan' s actions resulted in grievous injury to Winters. And I do not deny that Hogan fully realized the nature of his actions and the effects that they would have. Indeed, I would not disagree if you pointed out that intentionally causing such effects is reprehensible, other things being equal. But in asking you to concur with me that Hogan' s actions not be wholly condemned I emphasize again that Hogan mistakenly believed Winters to be the robber who had been terrorizing west-side apartment buildings for the past several months.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that the actions of Hogan that seriously injured Winters were reprehensible, other things being equal.


Premise: The basic ingredients from which cement is made are both cheap and plentiful. Materials as common as limestone and clay will do. Nevertheless, the price of cement is influenced by the price of oil, because turning the basic ingredients into cement in high-temperature kilns uses large amounts of energy.

Hypothesis: Oil is one of the basic ingredients that make up cement can be logically inferred from the passage.


Premise: <b> Several of a certain bank's top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. </b> This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know the bank's true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank's condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company's condition. <b> On balance, ttherefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example. </b>

Hypothesis: In the argument given, the first boldfaced portion describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses, and the second boldfaced portion states the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Detective: Because the embezzler must have had specialized knowledge and access to internal financial records, we can presume that the embezzler worked for XYZ Corporation as either an accountant or an actuary. But an accountant would probably not make the kind of mistakes in ledger entries that led to the discovery of the embezzlement. Thus it is likely that the embezzler is one of the actuaries.

Hypothesis: Each of the following weakens the detective's argument EXCEPT: There is evidence of breaches in computer security at the time of the embezzlement that could have given persons outside XYZ Corporation access to internal financial records.


Premise: The members of a mountaineering tour group helped each other and established a profound friendship. Li Jia, who joined later, has been rescued many times by other members, but she has not yet rescued anyone, and those who have rescued Li Jia have been rescued by Wang Yue. Zhao Xin has rescued all the members of the team, and the people Wang Yue has rescued have also been rescued by Chen Fan.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, Chen Fan rescued Zhao Xin can be inferred.


Premise: A research institution conducted a 10-week weight loss test. Participants lost an average of 9 kg, the middle-aged group lost an average of 13 kg, and the youth group lost an average of 7 kg. The researchers attributed the difference in weight loss between the two groups a that the middle-aged group weighed more than the youth group before the test.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that there are more participants in the middle-aged group than in the youth group can be drawn from the information above.


Premise: History has told us more than once that when society changes rapidly, new things continue to emerge, old relationships continue to change, language is impacted and with the change, there is a big mineral deposit in front of us.Because the law of this language has not been fully formed, it seems childish, rough and chaotic, but there are treasures buried in the gold of the language, if it is used indiscriminately as it is, it is bound to destroy the purity of the language, if it is processed and tempered, but it can create a model of artistic language, which is the reality in front of the writer.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, writers should pay attention to casting language with the rapid change of society and the change of language.


Premise: In recent years, the state has made efforts to reduce drug prices from the production, circulation and sales of drugs. However, many patients feel puzzled that, on the one hand, the national policy to reduce drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many common drugs are rising.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The policy of reducing drug price can effectively control the drug price increase caused by the price increase of pharmaceutical raw materials in the drug market' best explains this phenomenon if true.


Premise: At a time when the Japanese economy was dominating the world, many entrepreneurs flocked to the art market, searching for Western Impressionist works. Later, with the bursting of the economic bubble, the purchasing power of Japanese art plummeted, and the classic works of those artists, like giant ships on the waves, were still motionless, while those ordinary works were small sampans, vulnerable in the wind and rain, and their owners were inevitably destroyed.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is "Don't blindly follow the trend when buying works of art".


Premise: Paleontologist: About 2. 8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines. These declines coincided with the onset of an ice age. The notion that cold killed those bottom-dwelling creatures outright is misguided, however; temperatures near the ocean floor would have changed very little. <b> Nevertheless, the cold probably did cause the population declines, though indirectly. </b> Many bottom-dwellers depended for food on plankton, small organisms that lived close to the surface and sank to the bottom when they died. <b> Most probably, the plankton suffered a severe population decline as a result of sharply lower temperatures at the surface, depriving many bottom-dwellers of food. </b>

Hypothesis: In the paleontologist's reasoning, the first portion in boldface introduces the hypothesis proposed by the paleontologist, while the second portion is a judgment offered in spelling out that hypothesis.


Premise: Office manager: I will not order recycled paper for this office. Our letters to clients must make a good impression, so we cannot print them on inferior paper. Stationery supplier: Recycled paper is not necessarily inferior. In fact, from the beginning, the finest paper has been made of recycled material. it was only in the 1850s that paper began to be made from wood fiber, and then only because there were no longer enough rags to meet the demand for paper.

Hypothesis: The stationer's response fails to address the office manager's objection to recycled paper because it uses irrelevant facts to justify a claim about the quality of the disputed product.


Premise: Researchers studied 13 cloned sheep, four of which were replicas of Dolly, the world's first somatic cell cloned sheep. The researchers examined the cloned sheep's musculoskeletal, metabolic and blood pressure profiles. The cloned sheep had only mild osteoarthritis, and only one had moderate osteoarthritis, compared with the control group. They have no symptoms of metabolic disease, have normal blood pressure and are relatively healthy. As a result, the researchers note, the cloning of animals aging process is normal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The researchers did not examine the major molecular markers associated with aging' can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: PhishCo runs a number of farms in the arid province of Nufa, depending largely on irrigation. Now, as part of a plan to efficiently increase the farms' total production, it plans to drill down to an aquifer containing warm, slightly salty water that will be used to raise fish in ponds. The water from the ponds will later be used to supplement piped-in irrigation water for PhishCo's vegetable fields, and the ponds and accompanying vegetation should help reduce the heat in the area of the farms.

Hypothesis: Ponds will be located on low-lying land now partially occupied by grain crops would, if true, most strongly suggest that the plan, if implemented, would increase the overall efficiency of PhishCo's farms.


Premise: A research institution took 9 years to track 63 thousand healthy people's eating habits, including meat consumption, meat cooking and meat cooking. The research group was divided into 5 groups according to the amount of meat consumed. By the end of the study, a total of 208 people had pancreatic cancer, most of which were concentrated in two groups with the highest usage of barbecue meat. Therefore, researchers have found that eating lots of roast meat is more susceptible to pancreatic cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Study shows that the proportion of people who eat meat cooked for a long time and those who eat barbecue for a long time are quite similar' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Social paradox refers to a situation in which everyone has a strategy that can get the optimal result and is disadvantageous to others in at least some cases, but if everyone chooses this strategy, the result will be worse for everyone.

Hypothesis: The social paradox of Wang mou and three other people wanting to contract the fish pond in the village to increase economic income is exhibited by the argument between the three people.


Premise: Chemist: The molecules of a certain weed-killer are always present in two forms, one the mirror image of the other. One form of the molecule kills weeds, while the other has no effect on them. As a result, the effectiveness of the weed-killer in a given situation is heavily influenced by which of the two forms is more concentrated in the soil, which in turn varies widely because local soil conditions will usually favor the breakdown of one form or the other. Thus, much of the data on the effects of this weed-killer are probably misleading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Almost all of the data on the effects of the weed-killer are drawn from laboratory studies in which both forms of the weed-killer's molecules are equally concentrated in the soil and equally likely to break down in that soil' most strengthens the chemist's argument.


Premise: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a self-determined behavior, which is not included in the formal job requirements of employees, but it will undoubtedly promote the effectiveness of the organization.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang often helping his colleague Xiao Li to take care of his sick father is an organizational citizenship behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: On the evening of Oct 6, Zhang Qiang either went to the cinema to see a film or visited his friend Qin Ling. If Zhang Qiang drove home that night, he wouldn't have gone to the cinema. Only zhang Qiang and Qin Ling agreed in advance, Zhang Qiang can visit her, in fact, zhang Qiang can not agree with Qin Ling in advance.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, Zhang Qiang didn't drive home that night can be concluded.


Premise: A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear, then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who do not take anti-seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do' would most weaken the conclusion above.


Premise: Caustic soda, namely sodium hydroxide, is a highly corrosive high-risk chemical. However, caustic soda is also a processing aid that can be used in all kinds of food processing, and the residue does not need to be limited. It is an efficient acidity regulator. However, caustic soda used for food processing needs to be food grade, and many reports mention that illegal vendors use industrial caustic soda. The difference between food grade caustic soda and industrial caustic soda lies not in the main components, but in that the former has monitoring requirements for heavy metal impurities, while the latter does not. In fact, the risk of using sodium hydroxide in food is borne by the staff. In the final food, their corrosivity has long disappeared. As for the use of industrial caustic soda, it belongs to the use of unqualified raw materials and should be cracked down.

Hypothesis: The statement "When caustic soda is used in food processing, workers bear the risk of corrosion" is inconsistent with the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Nylon industry spokesperson: Even though cotton and nylon are used for similar purposes, some people have the mistaken notion that cotton is natural but nylon is not. However, nylon' s main components come from petroleum and from the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Clearly the atmosphere is natural. And petroleum comes from oil, which in turn comes from ancient plants -- a natural source.

Hypothesis: A substance is no less natural than the processes used in its production is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the nylon industry spokesperson's reasoning.


Premise: Pathological nostalgia refers to always indulging in the recollection of the past, tirelessly repeating the narrative of the past and the past environment and conditions.

Hypothesis: I am a stranger in a foreign land, and I miss my relatives every festival does not belong to pathological nostalgia.


Premise: Leadership depends as much on making one' s followers aware of their own importance as it does on conveying a vivid image of a collective goal. Only if they are convinced both that their efforts are necessary for the accomplishment of this goal, and that these efforts, if expended, will actually achieve it, will people follow a leader.

Hypothesis: Sometimes people who remain unsure of whether their efforts are needed for the attainment of a collective goal nevertheless follow a leader cannot be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: The formal language used in scientific research is very different from the natural language used in daily life. Formal language looks like a book of heaven, far away from the public, and only some professionals can understand and use it. But in fact, this is a misunderstanding. The relationship between natural language and formal language is like the relationship between the naked eye and the microscope. The naked eye has a wide field of vision and can grasp the information of things as a whole: a microscope can help people see the details and subtleties of things, even though they can be seen in a small range. Therefore, both formal language and natural language are important tools for people to communicate and understand information.

Hypothesis: If scientific theory is expressed only in formal language, it is difficult to be understood by ordinary people; similarly, if expressed only in natural language, it may become lengthy and difficult to express accurately best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Xiao Wang: Do you think Mission Impossible 3 was shot well? Xiao Ma: I don't think it is good. Xiao Wang: Then you mean it is not good? Xiao Ma:  I didn't say anything bad. Xiao Wang: if it's not good, it's bad.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ma's words are inconsistent is a correct evaluation of the dialogue between Xiao Wang and Xiao Ma except for any of the following.


Premise: A professor divided the students into several groups, gave each group some puzzle pieces, and timed them to see which group could be completed first. In fact, numbers were marked on the back of each puzzle piece in order. Only by splicing them in the order of these numbers, the whole picture can be spelled out quickly. However, few groups noticed this, and some found that there were number marks on the back after a long time, Some didn't see it at all.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to explain that careful observation is more conducive to success.


Premise: Among the external reasons that prompted the emergence of modern science, the prosperity of Puritanism is a very important factor. Scholars believe that a prerequisite hypothesis of modern science is a kind of widespread dissemination, out of instinctive beliefs, belief in the order of things. Especially the order of nature. Experts in the history of science indicated with specific data: Seven out of ten members of the Royal Society in the 17th century were Puritans, which is much higher than the proportion of Puritans in the total population; Most scientists are active teachers, and many teachers also encourage or personally devote themselves to scientific careers; Puritan schools will also set up natural science subjects in their curricula.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate the premise hypothesis of modern science and the origin of religion.


Premise: Differentiated ownership of buildings means that according to the use function, a building is structurally divided into a special part used by each owner alone and a common part used by multiple owners. Each owner has the combination of the exclusive right to its exclusive part and the common right to the common part. Among them, the proprietary part refers to the independence of structure and use, and can become the object of separate ownership. The common part refers to the distinction between the other parts of the building other than the separate part owned by the owner and used by multiple owners.

Hypothesis: An independent balcony is a proprietary part of a building according to the above definition.


Premise: With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county. Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.

Hypothesis: The statement "Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations licensed to operate casinos in the state" most seriously undermines the prediction.


Premise: In a scientific and technological invention competition, an ashtray that will pop in the ash and make a heavy cough like that of patients with advanced lung cancer won the Creative Award. After the competition, a manufacturer bought out the idea and further promoted the product to the market, but the sales were not ideal.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable and sufficient reasons for the poor sales is that the price of the new ashtray is 50 yuan more expensive than ordinary ashtrays, which many consumers think is not worth it.


Premise: The prevailing view among historians is that medieval European peasants were deeply dedicated to religion . But the record keepers in medieval Europe were members of the clergy. It should not surprise us that chroniclers who were professionally occupied with religion would exaggerate people' s religious devotion. Thus, there is reason to doubt the prevailing view of medieval peasants' piety.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Documents produced by clergy in medieval Europe contain detailed descriptions of participation by peasants and others in religious activities' would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: When a shop was stolen, the clues that the police have are as follows: 1.At most one of the three of A, B, and C is a criminal 2.If A is a criminal, B must be a co-criminal 3.When the theft happened, C was eating at home.

Hypothesis: A and C are not criminals is the answer to the question "So?"


Premise: In agricultural production, as long as the appropriate limit is not exceeded, the output of crops will increase if more fertilizer is applied; if less fertilizer is applied, the output of crops will decrease. It can be seen that the amount of fertilizer has a close relationship with the output of crops.

Hypothesis: The use of a logical method that is most similar to the question above is the method used in the statement: 'Give electric shock to a bell in the glass cover with air. With the change in the amount of air extracted, the bell rings smaller and smaller. If all the air is extracted, the bell will not be heard at all. It can be seen that the amount of air decides the sound volume, the presence or absence of air is the reason why the bell ringing can be heard.'


Premise: Human body, like metals, will gradually oxidize in nature. Metal oxidation is such as iron to yellow rust, copper to patina and so on. The main culprit of human oxidation is not oxygen, but oxygen free radicals, a kind of active gene with unpaired electrons outside the nucleus. This kind of unpaired electron is easy to cause chemical reaction, damage DNA, protein and lipid and other important biological molecules, and then affect the membrane transport process, so that the function of various tissues and organs is damaged, leading to aging of the body.

Hypothesis: Oxygen free radicals can lead to the release of human collagenase and hard elastin, resulting in excessive cross-linking and degradation of collagen and hard elastin in skin, resulting in skin loss of elasticity, cell aging and wrinkles cannot support the above discussion.


Premise: Due to the profitable but unlawful practice of selling elephant tusks, elephants have been hunted to near extinction by unlicensed poachers. Ttherefore, an efficient way to prevent the hunting of elephants would be to file down the tusks from time to time, thus removing any incentive for hunting elephants.

Hypothesis: The demand for elephant tusks will decrease as supply dwindles is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: With people's life and work gradually entering high-rise buildings, people have less chance to contact with sunlight. The study found that sunlight is a necessary condition for the synthesis of vitamin D, and vitamin D is the key factor to promote calcium absorption. Therefore, it was concluded that modern people are more likely to suffer from diseases caused by calcium deficiency such as osteoporosis.

Hypothesis: Calcium containing foods in modern people's diet are much richer than before questions the above conclusion most.


Premise: A school recruitment full-time teachers are Zhang Qiang, Li Ying, Wang Dan, Zhao Lei, Qian Ping 5 doctoral candidates. Three graduated from American universities, two from British universities, two published SSCI papers, three did not published SSCI papers. Zhang Qiang and Wang Dan are known to graduate from the same universities in the same countries, but Zhao Lei and Qian Ping are from different countries; Li Ying and Qian Ping publish the same papers, but Wang Dan and Zhao Lei publish different papers. In the end, British universities to train a published SSCI doctoral dissertation was admitted.

Hypothesis: Zhao Lei graduated from a British college can be derived from this.


Premise: On the issue of the selection of the head of the personnel section, a bureau decided to vote by all the staff of the unit. The top three candidates were candidates. Each person only needed to tick the list of employees of the Bureau. The vote counting team found that Zhang Hao, who had just graduated, did not tick anyone; Wang Ming checked all those who checked Zhao Jie; Li Zilu ticked all those who didn't get the full vote

Hypothesis: From this it follows that Wang Ming didn't choose Li Zilu, but Li Zilu chose Wang Ming.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of residential housing in City A is the lowest is a wrong judgment about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: Myrna: People should follow diets in which fat represents no more than 30 percent of total calories, not the 37 percent the average diet in this country contains. Roland: If everyone in the country followed your recommendation during his or her entire life, just 0. 2 percent would lengthen their lives at all, and then only by an average of 3 months. Modifying our diet is not worthwhile. A lifetime of sacrifice spent eating an unappealing low-fat diet is too high a price to pay for the chance of extending that sacrifice for 3 months. Myrna: But for everyone who dies early from a high-fat diet, many more people suffer from serious chronic diseases because they followed such diets.

Hypothesis: Myrna responds to Roland by showing that the factors considered by Roland are not the only ones relevant in evaluating her recommendation.


Premise: Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as houses and stores' most seriously weakens the guidebook writer's argument.


Premise: Investigators have not proved that the forest fire was started by campers. Nor have they proved that lightning triggered the fire. So the investigators have not proved that the blaze was caused by campers or lightning.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above closely resembles the flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument where Kim has no reason to believe that Sada will win the election. Kim also has no reason to believe that Brown will win the election. So Kim has no reason to believe that either Sada or Brown will win the election.


Premise: Continuous contrast refers to the visual dislocation of color contrast observed and felt by the human eye in different time periods.Continuous comparison is divided into positive and negative images.Positive image refers to the visual state in which the image of the original object color is retained temporarily after the visual stimulation of the object is stopped.Negative image refers to the visual state in which the visual image is temporarily colored with the original object after the visual stimulation of the object is stopped.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option "After staring at red for a long time, the vision moves quickly to white, not white, but green" is negative.


Premise: Agricultural resources refer to the general term for all materials and energy that can be used in agriculture.

Hypothesis: Tobacco is the second largest type of economic crop in Henan Province after cotton. Its total output has always been the first in the country and it is the largest tobacco production base in the country is not the agricultural resource.


Premise: Modern information network technology, microelectronics technology and virtual technology have expanded people's horizons to a whole new field. People can not only use computer technology to establish combat laboratories, but also integrate historical experience and predictions of the future. Computer automatic reasoning is combined with expert experience guidance, and it can create a realistic combat environment by synthesizing dynamic artificial battlefields, opening up new channels and broad space for strategic theoretical research. Many countries use this as a basis to propose new combat principles On this basis, the country's national security strategy was formed, thus realizing the transformation of national security planning from empirical decision-making to scientific decision-making.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to emphasize that modern technology contributes to the scientific formulation of national security strategies.


Premise: Peace in Asia and Africa is guaranteed, then world peace is guaranteed. Only when terrorism is completely eradicated can world peace be guaranteed. But in fact, terrorism continues to create trouble in the Middle East.

Hypothesis: If peace in Asia is guaranteed, then peace in Africa is not guaranteed can be inferred.


Premise: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car' s position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would ttherefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles' most helps to explain the increase in accident rate.


Premise: Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.

Hypothesis: Pointing out that Xiao Chen's argument is obviously unconvincing can best summarize the methods used by Xiao Wang to refute Xiao Chen's point of view.


Premise: Archaeologists from the University of York and the University of Manchester in England have found the remains of a human house with a history of more than 10,000 years in Starka, North Yorkshire. Dating results show that it is a round wooden hut about 3.5 meters high, which existed in 8500 BC and is at least 500 years earlier than the oldest house previously found in Britain. Archaeologists also found a wooden platform and the trunk of a well-preserved tree nearby. In addition, they also found ornaments of processed antlers, indicating that people at that time already had some ceremonial activities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The wooden platform is the workplace where human beings build small wooden houses' can best support the above point of view.


Premise: Some new employees become government cadres as soon as they enter the factory. In the re-election of the factory, all Hunan workers supported Li Yang's election as factory director, and all government cadres opposed Li Yang's election as factory director.

Hypothesis: Assuming that all the above judgments are correct, the statement 'Some Hunan workers are new employees' must be wrong.


Premise: Senators have long held a view of all newspapers that no real work of art is obscene, so there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the public from obscene works. When people cite masterpieces that are generally considered obscene as possible counterexamples, the senator believes that if they are indeed obscene, then they cannot be works of art. In order to determine that the above principle is correct.

Hypothesis: The mistake that the senator's reasoning contains is that he tried to persuade emotionally rather than rationally.


Premise: Aunt Zhang and Li sell melon seeds in the same market. Aunt Zhang always fried melon seeds with flavor, but Li never fried melon seeds with flavor. The fact proves, the melon seed that fries with essence does not sell well.

Hypothesis: Aunt Zhang's melon seeds may not sell well can be inferred.


Premise: Credit leverage refers to an important means by which the state controls and guides the use of funds and adjusts the operation of the national economy by adjusting interest rates and determining different loan directions, loan quantities and loan costs according to the operation status of the national economy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the state raising mortgage interest rates uses credit leverage.


Premise: False empathy bias, also known as false consistency deviation, means that people often overestimate or exaggerate the universality of their beliefs, judgments and behaviors. When knowing others, they always like to give their own characteristics to others, assuming that they are the same as themselves, and when they encounter conflicting information, they will firmly believe in the correctness of their beliefs and judgments.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'Some college students will hang billboards around the campus to get paid, they think that those who do not agree to hang up are arrogant cowards, while those who do not agree to hang billboards will think that those who agree to hang up are pretending to be crazy and foolish' does not belong to false empathy bias.


Premise: Erosion refers to the process in which external forces such as wind, water, glacier and wave change the ground rocks and their weathering materials under the state of motion. Erosion can be divided into mechanical and chemical denudation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, soluble limestone partially dissolving in flowing water to form natural solution and then running off with water, resulting in rock mass shrinking or even disappearing and forming karst landform is an erosive action.


Premise: The cocktail party effect is that at a cocktail party, many people are having various conversations at the same time, but a person can only pay attention to and participate in one of the conversations at the same time, it is a matter of attention distribution. Due to the limited psychological resources, information can only be filtered  at the same time, with the most important or interesting information as the object of attention. As a selection filter, attention acts like a knob on the radio, blocking most unwanted information and holding on to what is needed to get it into consciousness.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, He switched from one topic to another at the birthday party and talked eloquently is not a cocktail party effect.


Premise: Mimicry refers to the adaptation phenomenon that some animals imitate other biological or abiotic environments in terms of appearance, shape, color, markings or behavior, so as to confuse the enemy's vision and avoid enemy predation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the phenomenon of the inchworm being the larva of the foot moth and perching on a branch without moving belongs to mimicry.


Premise: Education fighting for wealth refers to the phenomenon of building luxury schools under the banner of benefiting children in the field of education, while neglecting its practicality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a primary school equipped with many high-end and advanced teaching facilities, and it is convenient to surf the Internet all over the campus at any time, resulting in many children surfing the Internet immediately after class does not involve education fighting for wealth.


Premise: The public is well aware that high blood cholesterol levels raise the risk of stroke caused by blood clots. But a recent report concludes that people with low blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of the other lethal type of stroke -- cerebral hemorrhage, caused when a brain artery bursts. The report suggests that because blood cholesterol plays a vital role in maintaining cell membranes, low blood cholesterol weakens artery walls, making them prone to rupture. The conclusion thus supports a long-standing contention by Japanese researchers that Western diets better protect against cerebral hemorrhage than do non-Western diets.

Hypothesis: The argument is based on the assumption that people who have low blood pressure are at increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage.


Premise: Since the founding of new China, China's higher education mechanism has changed several times, but it is basically managed by the government. Over the past ten years of reform and opening up, the reform of higher education system has taken important steps and made great achievements. However, on the whole, it still lags behind the process of economic system reform and social development.

Hypothesis: The above paragraph mainly supports the argument that China's higher education system needs supporting reform to adapt to economic system reform and social development.


Premise: Opponents of peat harvesting in this country argue that it would alter the ecological balance of our peatrich wetlands and that, as a direct consequence of this, much of the country' s water supply would be threatened with contamination. But this cannot be true, for in Ireland, where peat has been harvested for centuries, the water supply is not contaminated. We can safely proceed with the harvesting of peat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The original ecology of the peat-harvesting areas of Ireland was virtually identical to that of the undisturbed wetlands of this country' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The researchers newly recruited by a scientific research institution in 2013 are either introduced talents with the title of vice high or above, or newly graduated doctoral students with household registration in Beijing. All the recent doctoral graduates live in postdoctoral apartments, and the introduced talents live in the Peony Garden community.

Hypothesis: Those who live in the Peony Garden community do not have a doctorate is true about the researchers newly recruited by the unit in 2013.


Premise: Robyn: A new line of designer imposter cosmetics could be very successful in certain markets. Manufacturers developing a new line of designer imposter cosmetics should focus on matching the packaging of the new line as closely as possible to the name brand cosmetic because the packaging is a significant part of brand recognition. Linda: Packaging is a significant part of brand recognition, but it is not the most important aspect. Generic food brands whose packaging closely resembles the name brand versions are not successful at luring the name brand' s customers unless the quality of the product is the same. Ttherefore, manufacturers that want to develop a successful line of designer imposter cosmetics should focus more on creating a product that is similar in quality to the original rather than focusing their energies on the packaging in an attempt to take advantage of brand recognition.

Hypothesis: The claim that generic food brands whose packaging closely resembles the name brand versions are not successful at luring the name brand products' customers unless the quality of the product is the same provides a specific example that illustrates Linda's general claim.


Premise: At present, the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of automobiles in our country is over 20% more than that of developed countries. Studies have shown that diesel vehicles have 20% to 30% lower fuel consumption compared with gasoline vehicles. Under the situation of serious pollutant emissions from automobiles, the development of advanced diesel vehicles can make no increase in vehicle pollutants emissions or even emission reductions. In our country, diesel vehicles account for 23.7% of the number of vehicles and only 0.2% of the number of cars. Assuming that the proportion of diesel vehicles in passenger vehicles in 2020 is 30%, and the corresponding proportion in the total vehicle ownership is 39.7%, 28.37 million tons of crude oil can be saved in 2020.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is suggested that adopting a differential tax rate for gasoline and diesel can make the price of diesel lower than that of gasoline" best supports the above statement.


Premise: A payment order is a procedure applied by the people's court to urge the debtor to give a certain amount of money or securities to the creditor on time according to the creditor's application. The payment order does not need to go through trial procedure and will only be enforced if the debtor does not raise any objection or  not pay during the legal period.

Hypothesis: The court made a judgment and the defendant paid the plaintiff 50,000 yuan for mental damage are payment orders according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, a number of emotional intelligence education institutions have launched corresponding packages for different age groups. Emotional intelligence classes are popular among parents. Emotional intelligence is the ability to control and manage emotions, and it plays an important role in people's life and work. However, in the hearts of many people, the connotation of emotional intelligence has been alienated. The earliest concept of emotional intelligence is very different from the popular concept of emotional intelligence today. Many people's understanding of emotional intelligence is another way of saying sophistication and flattery. In fact, the core of emotional intelligence is not only the ability to recognize and control one's own emotions, but also the ability to communicate with others and integrate into the collective. The cultivation of these two abilities needs to be practiced in daily life. Whether children can develop good emotional control and social skills depends to a large extent on their parents, and no EQ training can replace the EQ training in daily life.

Hypothesis: Need to cultivate and improve parents' emotional intelligence is most likely to be described next.


Premise: Only by adhering to the scientific outlook on development can we achieve sustainable development. We must achieve sustainable development for the sake of future generations.

Hypothesis: As long as we adhere the scientific outlook on development, we will surely achieve sustainable development can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Complex sentence refers to a sentence composed of two or more clauses whose meanings are related and do not contain each other in structure.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the sentence "Ye Wen practises martial arts in his youth, sells martial arts in his youth, teaches martial arts in his middle age, and takes care of his old age. In addition, he also opened a hotel and concurrently engaged in health care and physiotherapy for hands and feet" is not a complex sentence.


Premise: Some engineers have doctorates, so some people who have doctorates are highly skilled.

Hypothesis: In order for the above reasoning to be true, some engineers are highly skilled must be added as a premise.


Premise: Algorpal Industries produces high quality pneumatic filters. For years, they have primarily served manufacturers of domestic agricultural equipment, and over time, this market has been decreasing. A consultant recommended that, with a minor modification, Algorpal could expand into pneumatic filters for biomedical research technology, a rapidly expanding market. The consultant argued that this single change could reverse a ten-year decline in Algorpal' s profits.

Hypothesis: Whether other markets, such as food processing and food service, would offer greater opportunities for potential profits would be the most useful to establish in evaluating the consultant's recommendation.


Premise: A serious safety accident occurred in a coal mine. As for the cause of the accident, the four responsible persons A, B, C, and D have the following conclusions: A: If the direct cause of the accident is equipment failure, then someone must have violated the operating rules. B: It is true that someone has violated the operating rules, but the direct cause of the accident is not the equipment failure. C: The direct cause of the accident is indeed the equipment failure, but no one has violated the operation. D: The direct cause of the accident is the equipment failure.

Hypothesis: A is true, but no one violated the rules of operation is the determination that is true if only one of the above determinations is true.


Premise: Smart city uses information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of the urban operation core system to achieve intelligent urban management and operation. And then make an intelligent response to various needs, including people's livelihood, environmental protection, public safety, industrial and commercial activities, so as to create a better life for people in the city and promote the sustainable growth of the city. According to statistics, up to now, more than 500 cities above the vice-provincial level and above the prefecture level in China have proposed or are building smart cities, accounting for about half of the total number of smart cities in the world.

Hypothesis: Essential conditions for building a smart city is mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: One should never sacrifice one' s health in order to acquire money, for without health, happiness is not obtainable.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the assumption 'Health is more conducive to happiness than wealth is' is made.


Premise: There is no doubt that the use of multimedia courseware can improve the teaching effect. Even if the courseware is too simple, only the traditional blackboard writing move, can not really achieve the effect of multimedia, can also play a time-saving role.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is the statement 'The courseware used by some teachers is too simple to give full play to the effect of multimedia'.


Premise: The term sex and gender are often used interchangeably. But sex more properly refers to biological differences of male and female, while gender refers to society' s construction of a system that identifies what is masculine and feminine. Unlike the set of characteristics defining biological sex, the set of traits that are associated with gender does not sort people into two nonoverlapping groups. The traits characterize people in a complex way, so that a person may have both masculine and feminine traits.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Gender traits are not determined at birth' best expresses a main point of the argument.


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: If F and M are not in charge of the same department, F and I are in charge of the same department must be correct.


Premise: There is no doubt that minors smoking should be banned. However, we cannot explicitly prohibit the use of vending machines in order to prevent minors from smoking. This kind of ban is like setting up roadblocks on the roads in order to prohibit driving without a license. These roadblocks undoubtedly prohibit unlicensed driving, but it also blocks more than 99% of licensed drivers.

Hypothesis: To evaluate the above argument, the most important question to answer is 'How much inconvenience does the prohibition of using vending machines bring to adult cigarette buyers?'


Premise: Press and hold the fingerprint on the screen, mainly because the thickness of the screen module itself makes the sensor unable to collect enough useful signals. This makes the front capacitance fingerprint identification scheme useless in the full screen mobile phone. The full screen literally means that the front of the mobile phone is full of screens, which adopts a borderless design and pursues a screen share of nearly 100%. However, due to the current technology, the comprehensive screen mobile phone claimed by the industry is only a mobile phone with ultra-high screen share for the time being. If you want to make the comprehensive screen more comprehensive or even close to the real comprehensive screen, off screen fingerprint identification must be overcome. At present, there are two known off screen fingerprint identification schemes. One is realized by OLED, that is, optical recognition. The other is ultrasonic fingerprint recognition.

Hypothesis: According to the above words, the statement 'At present, no mobile phone can use optical or ultrasonic fingerprint recognition technology' is wrong.


Premise: For example, X X Group held an anniversary celebration, your mobile phone number won a grand prize of 100000 yuan. this kind of unwise fraudulent text messages on mobile phones still appear again and again even after they have been exposed by the media. Professional swindlers prefer to use shoddy fraudulent text messages rather than design more deceptive and gullible text messages, which only shows that the swindlers are too stupid and unprofessional.

Hypothesis: If a deception was useless, the swindler would have eliminated it long ago strongly refutes the above conclusion.


Premise: Part of the work of quantitative historical research is to find appropriate quantities to reflect the past. For example, height data can play such a role in the study of history, especially in the study of economic history. There are many factors that affect height at the individual level. At the social level, the average height is closely related to the living standard of an individual's adolescence. Height will be fixed at a certain age and will not change much until old age. Height is equivalent to freezing the socio-economic conditions of the past, although it is not as accurate as amber to hold bugs, but it is precious.

Hypothesis: The author mainly wants to explain height data freezes the socia-economic situation through this passage.


Premise: In Sweden, known as the model of a high-welfare country, the benefits of non-working people are almost the same as their wages, and they do not have to pay taxes. Generous sick pay means that workers can get 90% of their wages even if they are sick. Although the Swedes are the healthiest citizens in Europe, the average annual sick leave for employees is no less than 50 days, accounting for almost one-fifth of the working time of the year.

Hypothesis: The welfare system is not a system conducive to promoting social progress does not fit the context.


Premise: Last year, Mayor Stephens established a special law-enforcement task force with the avowed mission of eradicating corruption in city government. The mayor' s handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting a dozen city officials. Since all of these officials were appointed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens' predecessor and longtime political foe, it is clear that those being prosecuted have been targeted because of their political affiliations.

Hypothesis: The statement "Almost all of the officials who have served in city government for any length of time are appointees of Mayor Bixby" most weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: The peaceful coexistence of mankind is an unattainable ideal.Statistics show that since 1945, there have been 12 battles going on every day, including large and small international wars and armed battles in civil wars.

Hypothesis: A total of 30 wars broke out in the world in the 1960s, and there were fewer than 10 wars in the 1980s if true, can most challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: International multimodal transport refers to a kind of transport in which the multimodal transport operator transports the goods from the receiving point in one country to the designated delivery point in another country by at least two different modes of transport according to the multimodal transport contract.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, E-commerce purchases fresh commodities from overseas, which are imported into China by logistics companies through the aviation cold chain, and then transported to all parts of the country by cold chain vehicles is an international multimodal transport.


Premise: The proposal to ban the sale of cigarettes to teenagers is quite reasonable because teenagers should not smoke. But banning cigarette vending machines is like blocking 100 drivers on a thoroughfare in order to arrest one unlicensed driver. The roadblock discourages not just those who break the law, but everyone.

Hypothesis: The question 'Does the ban on cigarette vending machines inconvenience many adult cigarette buyers' helps us to evaluate the above correctly.


Premise: Between the two A shaped tombs and the round rammed earth platform, five horse pits and a rectangular chariot pit were found. Six horses are buried in each of the two horse pits. The skeleton in one pit is neatly arranged in two rows of north and south, with 2 in the front row and 4 in the back, arranged in sequence from west to east; in the other pit, the skeleton of horses is arranged in a special way, with 6 horses in pairs or opposite sides, with different head directions. A special phenomenon is that a horn is placed in the middle of the horse pit, so it is speculated that the horse pit may be related to sacrifice.

Hypothesis: If the horses sacrificed at the time of sacrifice must be made in a consistent head-to-head shape, this can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Synaesthesia is the psychological phenomenon in which one sensation causes another sensation and is strengthened by the simultaneous action of another sensation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, some people getting excited when they see red is not synesthesia.


Premise: The causes of water pollution, noise pollution and air pollution are complex. They are often trans-regional industrial pollution, automobile emissions and cooking fumes. In addition, specific weather factors together cause disastrous weather such as haze. This is difficult to ascribe a day of haze to specific which, which several enterprises of pollution, then by the air pollution damage of the citizens to whom? And how to argue that the diseases they suffer from are caused by air pollution rather than other causes? If citizens did Sue a long list of potential polluters, the result would be that many polluters would have diluted their compensation and would not act as a deterrent to polluters.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to say next that the legal basis for air pollution claims is the topic of the next paragraph or section.


Premise: A computer game publisher has recently released its latest adventure game. The game' s inventive puzzles and compelling plot induce even casual players to become preoccupied with completing it. The game can be purchased from retail outlets or rented for two-day intervals. The publisher offers a rebate equal to the cost of one rental for renters who go on to purchase the game, saving them a significant portion of the purchase price. Since the rate of sales now meets expectations and rentals are exceeding expectations, the publisher predicts that soon sales of the game will also exceed expectations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people who complete the game do not play it extensively afterward' most helps to justify the publisher's prediction.


Premise: Directional movement refers to the directional motion caused by the external stimulation of plants in a single direction, including positive motion, gravity movement, tactile motion and directional motion. Most of the directional movement is growth movement, which is an irreversible process of motion.

Hypothesis: The roots of rice always growing in the direction of more fertilizer in the soil is a directional movement, as defined above.


Premise: Related marketing means that businesses find the relevance of the marketing content of products and brands through the integration of resources, so as to achieve deep and multifaceted guidance.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, building an experience space to make customers feel the visual experience brought by the LCD screen does not reflect related marketing.


Premise: Prevention cost refers to the cost paid to prevent the occurrence of defective products or services. It includes planning and management system, personnel training, quality control process, and strengthening attention to the two stages of design and production to reduce the probability of defective products. Such costs generally occur before production.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the expenses incurred by a mobile phone enterprise in setting up a product upgrade award in the company to improve the quality of mobile phones is not a prevention cost.


Premise: In the future, the intersection and integration of technologies will become more and more obvious. The direction of the new round of technology and industrial revolution will not only depend on one or two disciplines or a single technology, but the high degree of intersection and deep fusion of multi-disciplinary and multi-technical fields. The trend of technological integration determines that strategic emerging industries cannot and should not develop in isolation, but they must not only help promote the innovation of traditional industries, but also facilitate the rise of emerging industries in the future. Moreover, strategic emerging industries and other industries in the meantime, the internal integration of strategic emerging industries is also the general trend, which will make the boundaries between industries more and more blurred, and the comprehensive competitiveness will become more and more fierce.

Hypothesis: The development of strategic emerging industries needs to conform to the new trend of technological integration is mainly illustrated.


Premise: Professor: if both parents have type O blood, their children's blood type can only be type O. this is the law of heredity. Student: that's not true. My father has type B blood, and I have type O blood.

Hypothesis: The student's understanding of the professor's statement is most likely to be that only those with type O blood have children with type O blood.


Premise: Palliative care refers to for those patients who are hopeless or unable to receive curative treatment to take full active medical treatment and care, to control pain and related symptoms, and are paid attention to psychological, social and spiritual problems. Its purpose is for patients and their families to win the best quality of life. Palliative care is also applicable to early-stage cancer patients. Palliative care can be combined with cancer therapy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a patient was unable to receive anti-cancer treatment because of his advanced cancer and his poor condition, and the doctor believes that the patient has no therapeutic value and advises the patient to go home and recuperate is not palliative care.


Premise: The prehistoric fish Tiktaalik is the earliest known animal with fingers. Since variations were so great among prehistoric fish species, Tiktaalik would not have stood out as unusual at the time. However, Tiktaalik' s fingers were an important development in animal evolution because it is likely that Tiktaalik is an ancestor to the many land animals with fingers.

Hypothesis: The statement "Tiktaalik's fingers were its only feature to play a significant role in the development of modern land animals" is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Recycling is the best possible way for people to preserve the environment. Recycling conserves finite natural resources, protects forests, and reduces fossil fuel. If recycling achieves a 75% conversion rate, it would be the equivalent of removing 55 million cars from the road per year.

Hypothesis: Recycling one aluminum can saves the equivalent amount of energy needed to power a television for three hours most strengthens the argument.


Premise: If you close all the wrong doors, truth will be shut out.

Hypothesis: If the truth is not shut out, then the door to all wrong must not be closed is closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: As a result of the recent continuous drought and high temperature, resulting in the city vegetable prices rising, causing the concern of the general public, in order to maintain the interests of the general people, protect the stability of the market, the market price department announced the maximum price of several main vegetables.

Hypothesis: The price department has state pricing power can be derived from the given information.


Premise: Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008, the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed economies have fallen into the dilemma of weak economic growth, and their economic growth has always been significantly lower than the pre-crisis level. According to the secular stagnation theory, this is because the equilibrium real interest rate continues to decline and has fallen into the negative range. The central bank is constrained by the zero zero limit and it is difficult to lower the real interest rate to the equilibrium real interest rate. Therefore, the relatively high real interest rate leads to the continuous suppression of aggregate demand (especially investment demand). That is why, even with zero interest rates in the US, Japan and Europe, output gaps remain negative and recovery is hard to achieve. According to this theory, some argue that China's economy also faces a lack of investment demand and a prolonged period of stagnation.

Hypothesis: China's lack of investment demand is mainly reflected in the sharp decline in private investment demand most refutes the above view.


Premise: Statistics show that the proportion of cars with airbags in car accidents is higher than those without airbags, so installing airbags in cars does not make car owners safer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Incorrect assumption that the airbag will open automatically in any car accident' best points out the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: If squirrels eat from a bird feeder, it will not attract many birds. However, squirrels eat from a bird feeder only if it lacks a protective cover. So a bird feeder will not attract many birds if it does not have a protective cover.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in the argument: "If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely. But tire pressure will become too low only if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly. So a tire will wear out prematurely if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly."


Premise: Seventeen copper coins have been unearthed in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, north of China's Silk Road. They have been identified as Kushan Dynasty coins left over from the ancient Silk Road. With central Asia into the han Chinese contemporary your frost dynasty, is a rise in Asia of slavery in the country, the development from 105 to 250 to its peak, is considered to be at that time, Europe and Asia, one of the four great powers, and the han dynasty, Rome, rest in peace. your frost coin is the ancient silk road has important historical value of a coin, Greece on method is used to manufacture, the quality of a material with gold, silver and copper Such as material. On the front side of the coin, characters and patterns are often designed with equal emphasis, and the shape is almost round or oval. Previously in loulan site and Hetian area have unearthed dozens of expensive frost coins.

Hypothesis: The precious frost coin adopted the most popular coinage technology at that time is consistent with the text.


Premise: The Iliad and the Odyssey were both attributed to Homer in ancient times. But these two poems differ greatly in tone and vocabulary and in certain details of the fictional world they depict. So they are almost certainly not the work of the same poet.

Hypothesis: The statement "Several hymns that were also attributed to Homer in ancient times differ more from the Iliad in the respects mentioned than does the Odyssey" most weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: All laundry detergents contain surfactants, which can harm aquatic life. However, the environmental effects of most ingredients in laundry detergents, including most of those in so-called ecologically friendly detergents, are unknown. Ttherefore, there is no reason to suppose that laundry detergents advertised as ecologically friendly are less damaging to the environment than other laundry detergents are.

Hypothesis: Laundry detergents advertised as environmentally friendly are typically less effective than other detergents, so that larger amounts must be used, which weakens the argument.


Premise: After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith' s reasoning?

Hypothesis: Smith's argument that meat in the diet is healthy relies on assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning.