Premise: The level of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is slightly higher than it was ten years ago. This increase is troubling because ten years ago the Interior Ministry imposed new, stricter regulations on emissions from coal-burning power plants. If these regulations had been followed, then the level of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere would have decreased.

Hypothesis: There have been violations of the regulations on emissions from coal-burning power plants that were imposed ten years ago can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Multimedia teaching: in the teaching process, according to the characteristics of teaching goals and teaching objects, through teaching design, rational selection and use of modern teaching media, and organic combination with traditional teaching methods, jointly participate in the entire teaching process, and use multiple media information for students, form a reasonable teaching process structure to achieve the most optimized teaching effect.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, students learn legal knowledge through the moot court organized by the school is not classified as multimedia teaching.


Premise: Experimental method refers to the method of simulating or interfering with the signals used between animals or animals receiving behavior, and then analyzing the main factors of stimulating behavior.

Hypothesis: The experimental method of observing the dolphin's response to sound waves by interfering with their movement in the water with sound waves.


Premise: Plant scientists have been able to genetically engineer vegetable seeds to produce crops that are highly resistant to insect damage. Although these seeds currently cost more than conventional seeds, their cost is likely to decline. Moreover, farmers planting them can use far less pesticide, and most consumers prefer vegetables grown with less pesticide, ttherefore, for crops for which these seeds can be developed, their use is likely to become the norm.

Hypothesis: Whether seeds genetically engineered to produce insect-resistant crops generate significantly lower per acre crop yields than do currently used seeds would be most useful to know in evaluating the argument above.


Premise: French linguist Mayer said: what kind of culture, there is what kind of language. Therefore, the instrumentality of language itself is cultural. If we only pay attention to the training of listening, speaking, reading and writing or the teaching of language, vocabulary and grammar, thinking that we can understand English and communicate in English, we will often have word ambiguity because we do not understand the cultural background of the language. Pragmatic failures and other embarrassing phenomena.

Hypothesis: The main description of this text is that culture teaching should be paid attention to in language teaching.


Premise: In the process of eternal change, some things should be persisted forever. That is learning methodology and savvy as well as being a human being.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that some things should not be discarded with eternal change.


Premise: The crime of producing and selling toxic or harmful food refers to the act of mixing toxic or harmful non-food raw materials in the food produced or selling food that is known to be mixed with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials.

Hypothesis: The crime of producing and selling toxic or harmful food can be properly inferred from the statement that a beverage manufacturer added caffeine, a food additive, to the cola produced, but did not indicate it on the package, which caused a large number of consumers to drink cola containing caffeine.


Premise: Historian: A democracy' s citizens must know some history if the democracy is to meet its challenges. However, popular historical awareness is inevitably distorted, for most people learn history through popular narratives that sustain readers' interest by implying that a few famous heroes and notorious villains have shaped all of history.

Hypothesis: The historian's argument depends on assuming that history cast in the narrative format inevitably distorts historical reality.


Premise: Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent and control infectious diseases. Everyone will be vaccinated with a variety of vaccines after birth. Vaccination can enhance the body's resistance, improve its own immunity and resist the invasion of bacteria. Vaccine is a kind of pathogen with low toxicity, and people will produce corresponding antibodies against it after vaccination. When the immune response of the vaccine subsides, the corresponding antibody of the vaccine stays in the body for a long time, while another type of immune cells with memory function will record information about the pathogen. When the human body encounters the same pathogen again, memory immune cells will quickly mobilize the corresponding antibodies that already exist to form an effective defense response.

Hypothesis: Prevention of infectious diseases by improving body resistance is uncontextual about vaccines.


Premise: Critic: Emily Dickinson' s poetry demonstrates that meaning cannot reside entirely within a poem itself, but is always the unique result of an interaction between a reader' s system of beliefs and the poem; and, of course, any two readers from different cultures or eras have radically different systems of beliefs.

Hypothesis: A modern reader and a nineteenth-century reader interpret one of Shakespeare's sonnets in the same way could be true EXCEPT if the critic's statements are true.


Premise: The surfaces of Terracotta Warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang unearthed in Shaanxi are painted with raw lacquer and color.However, after the terracotta warriors and horses are unearthed, the raw lacquer paint on the surface will warp and curl quickly, causing the whole color painting layer to fall off.This provides important information for the study of the clothing color of soldiers in the Qin Dynasty.Therefore, it must be protected by two methods of protective solution and monomer infiltration, otherwise it can not be used for research. Once these two methods are used to protect the terracotta warriors and horses, it will destroy all the information that researchers may get about the techniques of color painting in the Qin Dynasty.

Hypothesis: After taking protective measures, the Qin terracotta warriors and horses can only provide information on the clothing color of the soldiers of the Qin Dynasty must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: China is one of the countries with the highest degree of agricultural openness in the world. with the deepening of opening up to the outside world, the domestic market and the international market will be further integrated, and the degree of agricultural openness will be further improved. In the future, we will face competition not only from developed countries with a high level of agricultural modernization, but also from developing countries with obvious labor advantages. At present, the production cost of domestic agricultural products is still in the rising channel, land rental, labor costs and machinery operating costs continue to rise, grain and other agricultural products lack price advantages, while international agricultural prices decline, imports increase, and the pressure on domestic grain inventory increases, which will have a huge impact on China's market and will directly lead to a narrowing of the space for domestic price increases. The production of domestic agricultural products will face the double squeeze of price ceiling and cost floor, and the comparative benefit will decline.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that we must speed up the transformation of the mode of agricultural development in China.


Premise: Dobson: Some historians claim that the people who built a ring of stones thousands of years ago in Britain were knowledgeable about celestial events. The ground for this claim is that two of the stones determine a line pointing directly to the position of the sun at sunrise at the spring equinox. There are many stones in the ring, however, so the chance that one pair will point in a celestially significant direction is large. Ttherefore, the people who built the ring were not knowledgeable about celestial events .

Hypothesis: Dobson's conclusion logically contradicts some of the evidence presented in support of it is an error of reasoning in Dobson's argument.


Premise: A township office purchased a batch of ballpoint pens, which were equally divided among five staff members, each with three, and there were still three left.

Hypothesis: There are 21 ballpoint pens in this batch.


Premise: Lance: If experience teaches us nothing else, it teaches us that every general rule has at least one exception. Frank: What you conclude is itself a general rule. If we assume that it is true, then there is at least one general rule that has no exceptions. Ttherefore, you must withdraw your conclusion.

Hypothesis: Frank's argument is an attempt to counter Lance's conclusion by showing that it has no implications for any real cases.


Premise: French President Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced his re-election campaign, launched the campaign slogan of strong France and promised to lead France out of the economic crisis.Sarkozy's campaign advertisement on the streets of Paris reads: only a strong France can protect your family.

Hypothesis: According to the reasoning of this campaign slogan, a weak France can't protect your family.


Premise: This semester, the administration major of a university set up five elective courses, requiring every student to take at least two, and it was found that some students took all the courses.

Hypothesis: All the students took a certain course can be derived from the given information.


Premise: Obligatory alternative action refers to a situation in which the actor has committed an illegal act and caused the result, but the result cannot be avoided even if he abides by the law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, pedestrian Wang's sudden rush onto the road while drunk, causing injury to himself, is an optional act of obligation.


Premise: Artists have different ways of producing contours and hatching, and analysis of these stylistic features can help to distinguish works by a famous artist both from forgeries and from works genuinely by other artists. Indeed, this analysis has shown that many of the drawings formerly attributed to Michelangelo are actually by the artist Giulio Clovio, Michelangelo' s contemporary.

Hypothesis: There is an analyzable difference between Clovio's contour and hatching styles and those of Michelangelo must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Recreational sports is a kind of highly recreational physical activity that people do in their spare time. It is not only a means of entertainment, but also a means of physical exercise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, On the eve of the Beijing Olympic Games, many units organized tug-of-war competitions among their staff is not the recreational sport.


Premise: Charlene: Environmental cleanup increasingly relies on microorganisms to metabolize pollutants. This has its limitations, though, since microbes become less active when a region' s temperature drops below normal. Olaf: I don' t think that' s right. Researchers studying oil spills in the Arctic and subtropical regions measured the carbon dioxide output of organisms that digest petroleum pollutants and found that Arctic and subtropical microbes ate oil at nearly the same rate.

Hypothesis: Olaf's reply suggests that he misinterprets Charlene's use of the term 'limitations'.


Premise: Traditionally, decision making by managers that is reasoned step-by-step has been considered preferable to intuitive decision making. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle-or lower-level managers. This confirms the alternative view that intuition is actually more effective than careful, methodical reasoning.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is based on the assumption that top managers have the ability to use either intuitive reasoning or methodical, step-by-step reasoning in making decisions.


Premise: British scientists claim that they have found an alternative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) without resorting to any space technology. Studies have found that lasers can confine and cool atoms placed in vacuum, reducing the temperature to above absolute zero. One millionth of a degree. At this temperature, atoms are extremely sensitive to changes in the Earth's magnetic and gravity fields. Researchers can use these results to confine atoms on a small device, study their fluctuations, and locate them Movement, and accurately find out where they are. At this time, the tracking and positioning work will be completed by a device that is only 1 meter long. The key is how to make it a miniature device so that it can be installed on a smartphone. middle.

Hypothesis: The text mainly introduces the application of the new positioning system in the frontier field.


Premise: Leadership depends as much on making one' s followers aware of their own importance as it does on conveying a vivid image of a collective goal. Only if they are convinced both that their efforts are necessary for the accomplishment of this goal, and that these efforts, if expended, will actually achieve it, will people follow a leader.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements above are true, then the statement 'One who succeeds in conveying to one's followers the relationship between their efforts and the attainment of a collective goal succeeds in leading these people to this goal' cannot be true.


Premise: According to China's current laws and regulations, neighbors in the same building throw objects at high altitude, causing damage to other people's lives or property, if the person who throws objects cannot be found out, the residents of the same building who may cause damage shall jointly bear the liability for compensation. Such laws and regulations protect the rights of the victims, safeguard public safety, colleagues and allow the possible perpetrators to share the responsibility, which can enhance their awareness of supervision and prevention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The state has set up a special relief fund to provide certain relief to victims of accidents' best supports the above argument.


Premise: In some ill-considered popularizations of interesting current research, it is argued that higher apes have the capacity for language but have never put it to use -- a remarkable biological miracle, given the enormous selectional advantage of even minimal linguistic skills. It is rather like claiming that some animal has wings adequate for flight but has never thought to fly.

Hypothesis: Arguing that the human brain has telekinetic powers that no humans have ever exercised is rather like arguing that some insect has legs but never uses them to walk is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are brothers and sisters of a family. It is known that A is a boy with three sisters; B has a brother and a brother; C is a girl with a sister and a sister; D is the oldest of all; E is a girl, but she has no sister; He has neither brother nor sister.

Hypothesis: From the above description, the conclusion that can be drawn is that D is a woman.


Premise: Anthony: It has been established that over 80 percent of those who use heroin have a history of having used marijuana. Such evidence would seem to prove that smoking marijuana definitely leads to heroin use. Judith: Maybe smoking marijuana does lead to heroin use, but it is absurd to think that citing those statistics proves that it does. After all, 100 percent of the people who take up heroin had a previous history of drinking water.

Hypothesis: Judith's reply to Anthony's argument relies on undermining the credibility of his conclusion by showing that it is a statement from which absurd consequences can be derived.


Premise: Among the employees of a software company, three Cantonese, one Beijinger, three northerners, four are only responsible for software development, and two are only responsible for product sales.

Hypothesis: It could be at least 6 people and it could be 12 people at most is correct if the above introduction involves all the employees of the company.


Premise: Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz' s that discuss one of Newton' s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since <b> the book includes a presentation of Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques, </b>and since the notes were written before Leibniz' s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain <b> that the traditional view is false. </b> A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz' s notes are limited to early sections of Newton' s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

Hypothesis: The first portion of the historian's reasoning in boldface is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion, while the second is that conclusion, about which the historian expresses reservations.


Premise: In the past, in the countryside, only boys had the right to study. Zhang Fei came out of the countryside and successfully entered the university.

Hypothesis: Zhang Fei is a boy and is valued by the family.


Premise: All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not have exchanges and mutual learning with other civilizations, it cannot maintain its exuberant vitality can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Government statistics show that the real (adjusted for inflation) average income for families has risen over the last five years. Ttherefore, since this year the Andersen family' s income is average for families, the family' s real income must have increased over the last five years.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes, without providing justification, that the government makes no errors in gathering accurate estimates of family income.


Premise: It is important to protect the historical relics themselves, but what is more indispensable is to be in awe of the history of our ancestors. Not paying attention to the cultural blood behind the historical relics, forced demolition and reconstruction are actually a way to show the cultural power of contemporary people. Technically, as long as there are drawings, maybe any building can be rebuilt. However, the history and culture it carries are difficult to reproduce. Cultural inheritance and historical accumulation have their own footprints, which are not formed overnight. If we think that by relying on a huge investment and a pile of building materials, we can connect history and continue the context, I'm afraid cultural relics will become the plaything of modern people.

Hypothesis: Protecting cultural relics requires awe and respect for the history and culture behind them is mainly explained in the above text.


Premise: A new medication for migraine seems effective, but there is concern that the medication might exacerbate heart disease. If patients with heart disease take the medication under careful medical supervision, however, harmful side effects can definitely be averted. The concern about those side effects is thus unfounded.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the new medication is actually effective when taken by patients with heart disease is required by the argument.


Premise: Fishing columnist: When an independent research firm compared the five best-selling baits, it found that Benton baits work best for catching trout. It asked a dozen top anglers to try out the five best-selling baits as they fished for speckled trout in a pristine northern stream, and every angler had the most success with a Benton bait. These results show that Benton is the best bait for anyone who is fishing for trout.

Hypothesis: The argument overlooks the possibility that two best-selling brands of bait may be equally effective is an exception to the flaws in the reasoning in the fishing columnist's argument.


Premise: The scene of mountains is beautiful after the rain, even if no one appreciates it.

Hypothesis: The statement "Beauty is only in the eyes of people" is refuted by the above text.


Premise: In 1980, people between the ages of 18 and 24 who lived with their parents accounted for 48% of the population in that age group. By 1986, this proportion rose to 53%. It can be said that in 1986, People in this age group find it harder to afford to live independently.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that some people in this age group, as long as they can live independently, will choose to be independent instead of living with their parents.


Premise: Cereal advertisement: Fitness experts say that regular exercise is the most effective way to become physically fit, and studies have shown that adults who eat cereal every day exercise more regularly than adults who do not eat cereal. So by eating Fantastic Flakes every morning, you too will be on the most effective path to physical fitness.

Hypothesis: The argumentation in the advertisement is flawed because it infers a cause from a mere correlation.


Premise: Lifelong education is an important part of community work. A community has set up some spare-time classes for the elderly. there are two types of spare-time classes, technical and interesting. Some elderly people have signed up for all the technical amateur classes, while others have signed up for all the interesting amateur classes.

Hypothesis: People sign up for every part-time class must be true.


Premise: I agree that Hogan' s actions resulted in grievous injury to Winters. And I do not deny that Hogan fully realized the nature of his actions and the effects that they would have. Indeed, I would not disagree if you pointed out that intentionally causing such effects is reprehensible, other things being equal. But in asking you to concur with me that Hogan' s actions not be wholly condemned I emphasize again that Hogan mistakenly believed Winters to be the robber who had been terrorizing west-side apartment buildings for the past several months.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that the actions of Hogan that seriously injured Winters are not completely blameworthy.


Premise: Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.

Hypothesis: Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have can properly be inferred on the basis of the statements above.


Premise: Linda says that, as a scientist, she knows that no scientist appreciates poetry. And, since most scientists are logical, at least some of the people who appreciate poetry are illogical.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Betty says that, as a corporate executive, she knows that no corporate executives like to pay taxes. And, since most corporate executives are honest people, at least some people who like to pay taxes are honest people' is most parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning above.


Premise: There is some irrationality in our legal system. In criminal law, although the motive for committing the crime is the same, the punishment for those who succeed in committing the crime is much heavier than the punishment for those who attempt to commit the crime and do not succeed. In civil law, however, a person who deliberately defrauds and does not succeed does not have to pay a fine.

Hypothesis: Many imprisoned criminals will commit other crimes once released seriously undermines the argument in the above argument.


Premise: Box office receipts at movie theaters increased 40 percent last year over the previous year. Thus, the film industry overall evidently is prospering. Yet twice as many movie theaters went bankrupt last year as in the preceding two years combined.

Hypothesis: The statement "Those of last year's films that were successful were very profitable films that were shown by exclusive engagement at only a selection of the largest theaters" most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Thirty students from Jinghua University recently agreed to participate in a program aimed at improving dating skills. One month before participating in the program, they had had an average date once. The thirty students were divided into two groups:The first group had six Practicedates with six different volunteers and received feedback on their appearance and behaviour; the second group was a control group only. Before the practice date, each group was asked to fill out a social anxiety inventory and score their social skills. After the practice date, the first group had to fill out the questionnaire again. The results showed that the first group showed less social anxiety, greater social confidence, and greater ability to date than the control group.Obviously, actual dating, which can improve our social communication level.

Hypothesis: The statement "When filling in the social anxiety questionnaire, the students need to recall the date situation to a certain extent. The male students generally evaluate the date more objectively, while the female students appear more emotional" is most likely to challenge the above assumption.


Premise: A computer with signature recognition software installed-this software is restricted to those whose signature is in the document accessing the computer-not only by analyzing the shape of the signature, but also by analyzing characteristics such as pen tip pressure and signature speed to identify someone's sign. Even the most clever counterfeiter cannot replicate all the features analyzed by the program.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that signature recognition software has taken many years to develop and improve can be logically drawn from the above paragraph.


Premise: While the number of cod in the North Atlantic has greatly decreased, the number of seals has increased from 1.5 million to about 2.5 million. Some people think that seals are responsible for the reduction of cod, but seals rarely feed on cod, so it is impossible that a large increase in the number of seals has led to a significant decline in the number of cod.

Hypothesis: Cod eat almost only hairy scale fish, which are also the main food for seals would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Principle: Employees of telemarketing agencies should never do anything that predisposes people to dislike the agencies' clients. Application: If an employee of a telemarketing agency has been told by a person the employee has called that he or she does not want to buy the product of a client of the agency, the employee should not try to talk that person into doing so.

Hypothesis: People who are already predisposed to dislike the client of a telemarketing agency are more likely to refuse to buy the product of that client than are people who are predisposed to like the client justifies the given application of the principle above.


Premise: North Americans who travel to Europe for the first time should include significant time in Italy on their itinerary. To develop an appreciation of a continent that goes beyond the mere accumulation of impressions, one needs to acquire a thorough knowledge of at least one country, and North Americans seem to find it easier to get to know Italy than other European countries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Edith Wharton is the most accessible of the classical U. S. writers. So in order to provide a superb introduction to U. S. literature, a class should emphasize her work while also studying the works of others' best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above.


Premise: In the ecosystem of Internet industry cluster blockchain technology application, there are tens of millions of registered members, who form a huge consumer group and are also the specific counterpart of the Internet industry cluster. As in the traditional sense of the consumer, through its own commercial consumer behavior, one thousand years to create the value of this group to witness a generation after generation of the rich, successful, emerge in endlessly, Japan's richest man by material, green red wine, an enviable life, enjoying wealth brings a person of extraordinary powers mansion, luxury cars, position, honor, their children can get high quality education opportunities, too To the inheritance of all the resources of our parents, there is an element of individual effort, but it certainly has to do with the millions of people who buy and use their products and services.

Hypothesis: The Internet industry cluster blockchain industry cluster have gained a lot of wealth can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Some jurists are graduates of the economics department of some universities. Therefore, some graduates of the economics department of some universities are people who have a good study of the law business.

Hypothesis: Some jurists are not graduates of the economics department of a university, but students majoring in law, can guarantee the correctness of the above statement.


Premise: In a study of patients who enrolled at a sleep clinic because of insomnia, those who inhaled the scent of peppermint before going to bed were more likely to have difficulty falling asleep than were patients who inhaled the scent of bitter orange. Since it is known that inhaling bitter orange does not help people fall asleep more easily, this study shows that inhaling the scent of peppermint makes insomnia worse.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because the scents of peppermint and bitter orange are each very distinctive, it was not possible to prevent the patients from knowing that they were undergoing some sort of study of the effects of inhaling various scents' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Recycling is the best possible way for people to preserve the environment. Recycling conserves finite natural resources, protects forests, and reduces fossil fuel. If recycling achieves a 75% conversion rate, it would be the equivalent of removing 55 million cars from the road per year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Recycling reduces carbon emissions more than green energy programs' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The causes of water pollution, noise pollution and air pollution are complex. They are often trans-regional industrial pollution, automobile emissions and cooking fumes. In addition, specific weather factors together cause disastrous weather such as haze. This is difficult to ascribe a day of haze to specific which, which several enterprises of pollution, then by the air pollution damage of the citizens to whom? And how to argue that the diseases they suffer from are caused by air pollution rather than other causes? If citizens did Sue a long list of potential polluters, the result would be that many polluters would have diluted their compensation and would not act as a deterrent to polluters.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to say next that they will introduce the successful cases of air pollution claims.


Premise: Analogical argument is based on the sameness or similarity of two objects in some attributes, and infers that the two objects are also the same or similar in other attributes. Its logical form is that object A has the attributes of a, b, c and d. Object B has properties of a, b, c. So object B has the property of d.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, analogical argument belongs to the following: "Both light and sound have the phenomena of linear propagation, refraction and reflection, so light, like sound, also has fluctuation."


Premise: When people apply the general rule to the special cases to which it does not apply, it will produce the fallacy of accident.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Life lies in exercise. When Xiao Sun is growing up, he can't always stay at home to study. He should go out for running and exercise' does not produce the fallacy of accident.


Premise: A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles' prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers' cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to know whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect in assessing the plan's chances of achieving its aim.


Premise: A factory laboratory carries out impact and tensile tests on three kinds of products A.B.C, and the products that can pass these two tests are qualified products. As a result, two products passed the impact test and two products passed the tensile test.

Hypothesis: It is possible that none of the three products are qualified according to the above tests.


Premise: The cleaning and restoration of Michelangelo murals on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were carried out by some of the world's best art restoration experts under the close supervision of a group of international artists and historians. However, there was a great deal of controversy in the result. Most modern visitors seem to be used to looking at murals whose colors have been overshadowed by yellowing glue and dust, and the contours of the characters have been blurred by dirt accumulated over half a century.

Hypothesis: People prefer the original mural, although it is eroded by the years, but you can feel more enjoyment from it is correct about the murals of Michelangelo.


Premise: The parents' committee of the Green Leaf Kindergarten recommends that the kindergarten reduce the management fee by 5% to 10%, which is risky if implemented. Although parents can reduce their monthly childcare fees, they may have to pay more to cope with the problems caused by the decline in the quality of kindergarten services.

Hypothesis: The reduction of management fees is likely to reduce the quality of service in kindergartens is most likely to be the hypothesis of the above argument.


Premise: In the winter of 2008, more than 1/3 of commercial beehives in the United States developed colony collapse syndrome. All worker bees in some colonies suddenly disappear or die, leaving only lonely queens in the hives. The syndrome has spread to many European countries, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Without these bees, many crops related to human life would not exist, such as soybeans, cotton, apricots, sunflowers and so on. Almost 1/3 of the world's food is related to the behavior of bees. If they become extinct, it will be followed by serious social problems such as serious food shortages, hunger, violence and riots.

Hypothesis: Lack of food is the main reason for the disappearance of worker bees cannot be inferred from the original text.


Premise: There is no doubt that the use of multimedia courseware can improve the teaching effect. Even if the courseware is too simple, only the traditional blackboard writing move, can not really achieve the effect of multimedia, can also play a time-saving role.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is 'Replacing the traditional blackboard writing with multimedia courseware can save the time of writing blackboard writing.'


Premise: French linguist Mayer said: what kind of culture, there is what kind of language. Therefore, the instrumentality of language itself is cultural. If we only pay attention to the training of listening, speaking, reading and writing or the teaching of language, vocabulary and grammar, thinking that we can understand English and communicate in English, we will often have word ambiguity because we do not understand the cultural background of the language. Pragmatic failures and other embarrassing phenomena.

Hypothesis: The main description of this text is that culture teaching should be paid attention to in language teaching.


Premise: It has been a staple of drama to feature an innocent young protagonist, eager to make a mark on the world, who is stymied by an indifferent or hostile society. Since the playwrights of such works wished the audience to empathize with the protagonist, historians do not regard these plays as serious revelations of what the societies presented in the plays were really like.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The historians believe that playwrights tend to exaggerate the weaknesses of a society for the sake of dramatic effect' most helps to explain the viewpoint of the historians described above.


Premise: A hotel announced that although the newly developed oil fume emission system has not completed the test and inspection for six months, it has not failed so far, so the company decided to install it in the hotel back kitchen. After all, this system can solve the oil fume problem more effectively. the chef of the hotel said: we can't use the oil fume emission system that hasn't completed the test. Let's talk about it in six months.

Hypothesis: New systems that can deal with oil fume more effectively may also have new problems best supports the chef's objection.


Premise: There are five teams taking part in the game. As for the result of the game, the spectators have the following comments: (1) the champion is either Shannan team or Jiangbei team. (2) the champion is neither Shanbei nor Jiangnan. (3) the champion is Jiangnan team. (4) the champion is not Shannan team.

Hypothesis: Shanbei was the champion of the competition, as shown by the results.


Premise: A court has the following four statements about a criminal case: 1.There is evidence that Zhao Gang did not commit the crime; 2.The criminal is either Zhao Gang, or Wang Qiang, or Li Ming; 3.There is also evidence that Wang Qiang did not commit the crime; 4.The TV screen showed that Li Ming was in the auditorium of a football match far away from the scene of the crime at the time of the crime.

Hypothesis: The correct description of the four statements is that at least one of them is false.


Premise: A school recruitment full-time teachers are Zhang Qiang, Li Ying, Wang Dan, Zhao Lei, Qian Ping 5 doctoral candidates. Three graduated from American universities, two from British universities, two published SSCI papers, three did not published SSCI papers. Zhang Qiang and Wang Dan are known to graduate from the same universities in the same countries, but Zhao Lei and Qian Ping are from different countries; Li Ying and Qian Ping publish the same papers, but Wang Dan and Zhao Lei publish different papers. In the end, British universities to train a published SSCI doctoral dissertation was admitted.

Hypothesis: Zhao Lei graduated from a British college can be derived from this.


Premise: According to China's current laws and regulations, neighbors in the same building throw objects at high altitude, causing damage to other people's lives or property, if the person who throws objects cannot be found out, the residents of the same building who may cause damage shall jointly bear the liability for compensation. Such laws and regulations protect the rights of the victims, safeguard public safety, colleagues and allow the possible perpetrators to share the responsibility, which can enhance their awareness of supervision and prevention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The state has set up a special relief fund to provide certain relief to victims of accidents' best supports the above argument.


Hypothesis: According to the above tests, it is possible that none of the three products are qualified.


Premise: Cyclamen is a famous ornamental flower, which is difficult to grow in hot climate. It is difficult to grow rice in dry areas. In most parts of a country, cyclamen is easy to grow, or it is easy to grow rice.

Hypothesis: If the statement that it is possible to grow cyclamen in this country is true, then the statement that it is impossible to grow cyclamen in this country must be false.


Premise: The role of the microbiome in the Earth's ecosystem and human health is beyond imagination. It will not only greatly help human beings to overcome the survival challenges they face today, but also provide the way for human beings to survive in the future. One reason is that microbes can work together to make themselves more stable and effective in ecosystems and endows the microbiome with more powerful function than single microorganism.

Hypothesis: The statement 'As a new industry, bio-pesticide and bio-fertilizer have been developing rapidly in recent years and their market share in the world has been increasing rapidly' best supports the view.


Premise: Some ornithologists believe that many species of songbirds are threatened by deforestation. Yet they also claim that, despite recent reforestation, matters continue to worsen, since it is fragmentation of forest rather than reduction of forest size that endangers songbird species. The introduction of open spaces and corridors in forests reduces the distance of songbird nests from unforested areas and thus reduces the songbirds' natural shield from predators.

Hypothesis: The claim that there has recently been reforestation plays the role of being presented as a phenomenon that is compatible with the ornithologists' claim that the threat to songbirds continues to worsen in the ornithologists' argument.


Premise: In modern society, although the number of marriages based on the premise of economic security and material comforts is rapidly decreasing, money decides everything and money worship is still deeply rooted in some people's minds. In modern society where love and marriage are free, parents still try to interfere in their children's marriage. Family background, educational background and working conditions are still the main reference factors. We can't help thinking: can money decide everything? Of course not. What is the most likely conclusion to be drawn from this passage?

Hypothesis: A marriage based purely on beauty and passion will be a failure and an unfortunate one is the most likely conclusion to be reached.


Premise: Pulford: Scientists who study the remains of ancient historical figures to learn about their health history need to first ask themselves if their investigation is a legitimate scientific inquiry or is motivated by mere curiosity. An investigation into a private matter such as health history is justified only if it is done for the advancement of scientific knowledge. Varela: You forget that curiosity is the root of scientific inquiry. Many great scientific discoveries were motivated by curiosity alone.

Hypothesis: Varela responds to Pulford's argument by maintaining that Pulford's argument is based on inconsistent premises.


Premise: Journalist: Although a recent poll found that more than half of all eligible voters support the idea of a political party whose primary concern is education, only 26 percent would like to join it, and only 16 percent would be prepared to donate money to it. Furthermore, there is overwhelming historical evidence that only a party that has at least 30 percent of eligible voters prepared to support it by either joining it or donating money to it is viable in the long run. Ttherefore, it is unlikely that an education party is viable in the long run.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the journalist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider that some of those who said they were willing to donate money to an education party might not actually do so if such a party were formed.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: G and I cannot be assigned to the sales department.


Hypothesis: The champion of the competition is Jiangbei as the result showed that only one argument was correct.


Premise: Over the past 12 months, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a thrilling decline, and the average price of the property market has plummeted by 36%. If you take into account the crazy rise of 18 months earlier, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a roller coaster-like dizziness for 30 months. No one knows where the express train ends, and of course no one knows how to get off.

Hypothesis: If the statement "No one knows where the express train ends, and some people don't know how to get off" is true, then the above statement must be false.


Premise: Letter to the editor: After Baerton' s factory closed, there was a sharp increase in the number of claims filed for job-related injury compensation by the factory' s former employees. Hence there is reason to believe that most of those who filed for compensation after the factory closed were just out to gain benefits they did not deserve, and filed only to help them weather their job loss.

Hypothesis: Workers who are aware that they will soon be laid off from a job often become depressed, making them more prone to job-related injuries weakens the argument above EXCEPT.


Premise: Generally speaking, the increase in the price of a product will lead to a decrease in sales, unless the increase in price is accompanied by an improvement in the quality of the product. In China, foreign brands of wine are an exception. Seven increases in the price of wine from many foreign brands often lead to an increase in sales, although the quality of those brands has not changed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Consumers often judge the quality of wine according to the price of wine' best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Experimental method refers to the method of simulating or interfering with the signals used between animals or animals receiving behavior, and then analyzing the main factors of stimulating behavior.

Hypothesis: The experimental method used is capturing the movement of cheetahs and studying their methods of chasing prey using a camera.


Premise: The number of codfish in the North Atlantic has declined substantially as the population of harp seals has increased from two million to more than three million. Some blame the seal for the shrinking cod population, but cod plays a negligible role in the seal' s diet. It is ttherefore unlikely that the increase in the seal population has contributed significantly to the decline in the cod population.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The harp seal thrives in water that is too cold to support a dense population of cod' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In today's academic speech, the environment is much better than in the past, but there is a strange kind of cynicism among intellectuals who dare not express their thoughts for fear of offending anyone.The reason for the existence of this situation is that some things were afraid in the past and some things were timid, but you can't do knowledge or research if you don't tell the real problems in academia.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the passage is that academic environment is an important factor affecting academic achievement.


Premise: Desk workers read and write with their heads down for a long time, which is easy to suffer from lumbar and cervical diseases. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate lumbar and cervical diseases, the trade union of a unit printed and distributed brochures for employees to teach them some methods to prevent and treat lumbar and cervical diseases

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who don't often work at their desk may also suffer from lumbar and cervical diseases' can most question the above publicity effect.


Premise: Impression management is the process by which people try to control the impressions others form about themselves. The impression a person leaves on others indicates how others perceive, evaluate, and even shape other people's specific ways of coping with them. Therefore, in order to leave a good impression on others and get good evaluation and treatment from others, people will express themselves in a way that creates a specific impression on others. The use of impression management, especially to avoid certain performance collapses, including unintentional movements, untimely intrusions, farce, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the use of impression management is reflected in Yue Fei's mother stabbing four words on his back with a needle in order to motivate him to fight against gold.


Premise: First of all, an individual in Chinese society lives naturally in a network that he cannot choose. His joys and sorrows, his successes and failures are always embedded in his social network and difficult to enjoy alone. That is to say, when he does not intend to have a social network, others are morally his potential resources, and he is also a user of others, whether he likes it or not.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the development basis of Chinese associations.


Premise: If it is said that the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the vulgar side of life in the Song Dynasty, Xiyuan Ya Collection is the symbol of elegance. Xiyuan Ya Ji, which was widely told in the Northern Song Dynasty, showed the banquet scenes of many literati at that time. Su Shi, Li Gonglin and Mi Fu gathered together to recite poems and lyrics, or to caress the piano and sing, or to meditate and ask Zen, forming a literati circle with Su Shi as the center. The painter Li Gonglin depicts the elegant collection in a realistic way, with a preface to rice, saying, the gurgling of water and stone, the swallowing of wind and bamboo, the square curl of furnace smoke, and the self-sweetness of vegetation. The joy of emptiness in the world, but so much. Xiyuan Ya Collection is a classic motif in the history of ancient painting, and many future generations of painters have copies or imitations, which is also a continuation of the spirit of the Song Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the evaluation of the unique contribution of Xiyuan Ya Collection to the History of ancient Chinese painting.


Premise: Lake Dali is a barrier lake on the plateau formed by volcanic eruptions. Like salmon living in the sea, Hua Zi fish-Leuciscus waleckii, which lives in a brackish lake, must migrate to the upper reaches of the Tanshui River to spawn and breed, although the four rivers currently flowing into Lake Dali are inland rivers, and none of them leads to the sea. Scientists are still convinced that the Huaziyu in Lake Dali first migrated from the ocean.

Hypothesis: Melting glaciers will form Lake Dali, and the overflowing lake was once connected to the Liao River, which flowed into the ocean provides the best explanation for scientists' beliefs.


Premise: A research institution took 9 years to track 63 thousand healthy people's eating habits, including meat consumption, meat cooking and meat cooking. The research group was divided into 5 groups according to the amount of meat consumed. By the end of the study, a total of 208 people had pancreatic cancer, most of which were concentrated in two groups with the highest usage of barbecue meat. Therefore, researchers have found that eating lots of roast meat is more susceptible to pancreatic cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the proportion of people who eat meat cooked for a long time and those who eat barbecue for a long time are quite similar" weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Because of the lucrative but illegal trade in rhinoceros horns, a certain rhinoceros species has been hunted nearly to extinction. Ttherefore an effective way to ensure the survival of that species would be to periodically trim off the horns of all rhinoceroses, thereby eliminating the motivation for poaching.

Hypothesis: Rhinoceroses whose horns have been trimmed off are unable to defend themselves against predators is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A new medication for migraine seems effective, but there is concern that the medication might exacerbate heart disease. If patients with heart disease take the medication under careful medical supervision, however, harmful side effects can definitely be averted. The concern about those side effects is thus unfounded.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that no migraine sufferers with heart disease will take the new medication except under careful medical supervision.


Premise: From 2005 to 2006, from Super Girl to Hu Gemen booming, from Guo Degang in Beijing to Cai Galiang in Shanghai, from the folk, fresh and lively, unrefined grass-roots culture was becoming popular at a surprising speed. In the face of such a group or group culture, people who appreciated it boasted from the masses, close to the masses, while those who did not appreciate it disdainfully gave their comments that vulgar and grandstanding.

Hypothesis: The assumption that heart to heart is the biggest capital for the success of grass-roots culture is the basis for the comments of the above people who appreciated grass-roots culture.


Premise: Definite thing is one that has its own characteristics and cannot be replaced by others

Hypothesis: An unearthed cultural relic of the Han Dynasty is a definite thing according to this definition.


Premise: It is the task of China's criminal law to use penalty to fight against all criminal acts, to safeguard national security, to defend the political power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect state-owned property and the property collectively owned by the working people, and to protect the privately owned property of citizens. It is the task of our criminal law to protect citizens' personal rights, democratic rights and other rights, maintain social and economic order, and ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of this paragraph is that the purpose of China's criminal law is to safeguard the rights of the state and the people.


Premise: A teacher conducted a test on American high school students and Chinese high school students. He asked the subjects the same question, if a piece of A4 paper is folded in half, it can be folded several times at most. The results showed that after hearing the question, most American high school students immediately began to fold paper, and then answered the number of times they can fold according to the actual situation, Most Chinese high school students immediately answered: infinite times. The teacher concluded that American high school students pay attention to practice while Chinese high school students pay attention to theory

Hypothesis: The statement "As long as you start origami and answer questions according to the actual situation, you pay attention to practice" must be assumed by the teacher to reach a conclusion.


Premise: The term boundary problem refers to various short-sighted behaviors of employees due to the short employment relationship in modern enterprises, and the harm caused by such behaviors to the enterprise

Hypothesis: The use of working machinery and equipment by Xiao Sun is an example of the boundary problem.


Premise: The number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased, but the number of leopards increased significantly almost at the same time. Some people say that seals are responsible for the decline of crocodiles, which is not true because seals rarely feed on crocodiles.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Crocodiles only eat hairy scale fish, which is also the main food for seals' will most weaken the above argument if correct.


Premise: Life cannot be perfect. It is also difficult for us to find that a flower is perfect. Although the human body is generally symmetrical, this symmetry is far from complete. The thickness of each person's left and right hand is different, one eye is bigger or more round than the other, and the shape of the two earlobes is also different. The most obvious is that each person has only one heart, usually in the left position.

Hypothesis: Asymmetry can also produce a sense of beauty of harmony and balance is most likely to be told next in the article.


Premise: The outstanding mathematician Chen Jingrun studied Goldbach's conjecture day and night for decades. Yao Xueyin, a famous writer, gets up at 3 am every morning, writes hard, reads books in the afternoon, studies historical materials, and works more than ten hours a day. Young woman Zhang Wenshu, who spends all her spare time on self-study of Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and dermatology, has become an expert in the treatment of skin diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All successful people rely on their own hard work and concentrate on their own research' most directly supports this view.


Premise: Regarding the question raised by netizens about whether to test a driver's license directly without training in a driving school, the Traffic Administration of the Ministry of Public Security responded that my country's laws and regulations do not require driving school training to apply for a driver's license, but driving skills must be learned on the road. According to the relevant provisions of Article 20 of the Regulations for the Implementation of the Road Traffic Safety Law, learning to drive on the road should follow the route and time specified by the traffic management department of the public security organ. Learning motor vehicle driving skills on the road should use a coach car. The coach is guided by the coach, and those who are not related to teaching are not allowed to ride the Coach car.

Hypothesis: If only a driving school has a coach car, you must first go to the driving school to apply for a driver's license cannot be obtained based on the above information.


Premise: In a party game, one person leaves the room with the understanding that someone else will relate a recent dream to the remaining group. The person then returns and tries to reconstruct the dream by asking only yes-or-no questions. In fact, no dream has been related: the group simply answers the questions according to some arbitrary rule. Surprisingly, the person usually constructs a dream narrative that is both coherent and ingenious.

Hypothesis: The example presented above most closely conforms to the proposition that 'The presumption that something has order and coherence can lead one to imbue it with order and coherence.'


Premise: In ancient times, due to the restrictions of the development level of politics, economy and culture, there were not as many books and so complicated as today. Therefore, the need for reference books is far less urgent than today.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there were no reference books in ancient times.


Premise: The Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights stipulates that patents for certain inventions shall not be granted simply because their national laws prohibit the commercial implementation of certain inventions.

Hypothesis: In country A, an invention to improve gun targeting has been granted a patent, but the commercial implementation of the invention is prohibited is inconsistent with the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights (trips).


Premise: In the west, football used to be a synonym for meanness and coarseness. At that time, football activities had no rules, let alone etiquette. It was no different from group fighting, and it was common to cause human life. However, this game was particularly bloody, exciting and attractive. Although it was repeatedly banned, it was often reborn in the spring breeze. In order to make this game that people love and hate beneficial to their body and mind, In order to change the image of cheap kicker, people have created football rules and increased football etiquette.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to emphasize that rules and etiquette are important to football.


Premise: Businessman: Sales are the most important part of any business. Marketing and communications are never as effective as a strong sales team. Persuasive salesmen can sell as many units of an inferior product as average salesmen with better quality products. Our company should eliminate every department except the sales team.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the businessman's argument depends is that the sales team's effectiveness depends on contributions from the other departments.


Premise: Companies created through venture capital financing have a lower failure rate than companies created through other sources of financing. It can be seen that financing channels are more important factors for the successful development of a new company than factors such as the entrepreneur's personal qualities, the company's strategic planning or the company's management structure.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that venture capitalists are more sensitive to changes in the financial needs of startups than other investors would most strongly weaken the above statement.


Premise: It's impossible for all the witnesses to tell the truth.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, some witnesses don't tell the truth must be true.


Premise: At present, Tamil, a specific drug for bird flu, has not been registered by the Ministry of Health in Vietnam, so it is difficult to circulate widely in Vietnam.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this sentence is that it will take some time for bird flu specific drugs to circulate widely in Vietnam.


Premise: An important sign that modern industrial civilization replaces traditional agricultural civilization is that socialized large-scale production replaces traditional small-scale production and natural economy. This is not only the change of the mode of production, but also inherently includes the change of cultural mode. Because the basic principles of the operation mechanism and organization mode of socialized large-scale production are the rational and scientific principles provided by the cultural model of rationalism, as well as the modern organizational principles that embody the rational spirit.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of this passage is that the change of the mode of production and the change of cultural mode have promoted the progress of human civilization.


Premise: Obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to a neuropathy characterized by obsessive-compulsive ideas and compulsive actions. It is characterized by the simultaneous existence of conscious self-compulsion and conscious self-counter-compulsion. The patient knows that the persistence of obsessive-compulsive disorder is meaningless and unreasonable, but The repeated occurrences that cannot be restrained, the more you try to resist, the more tension and pain you feel.

Hypothesis: Zhang accidentally injuring a passerby while driving at the intersection and checking the road conditions carefully and driving carefully afterward is not obsessive-compulsive disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: In the Copenhagen naval battle between Britain and Denmark in 1801, the British naval hero Colonel Nelson was in danger during the fierce battle and received a signal to retreat. Captain Frey asked him what to do, and he raised the telescope to a blind eye. Said:'I didn't see the signal.' So he bravely continued to command the battle, and the result was a victory, and Denmark was forced to cease the war.

Hypothesis: The theme of this passage is telling us how Colonel Nelson found a reason for not executing his superiors' orders during the Copenhagen naval battle.


Premise: The shortage of water resources has always been a long-term and trending problem facing my country in the process of population growth, urbanization and industrialization, and has become a major bottleneck restricting my country's economic development. Experts believe that seawater desalination is the most economical  and the most practical and flexible water crisis solution in coastal and coastal areas. With the advancement of technology, the cost of seawater desalination will gradually decrease, and will eventually reach the level of competition with urban tap water, which is gradually increasing in cost, so that it can be promoted on a large scale.

Hypothesis: Effective measures to solve the water crisis in coastal areas is stressed.


Premise: Unmanned banks, using intelligent devices instead of tedious manual operations, of course, is the trend of the future. Reducing manpower expenditure and allowing limited manpower to give full play to the value of limited manpower may be the biggest driving force for banks to actively promote unmanned technology.However, banks can not reduce the level of service in order to reduce costs, ignore the actual needs of some groups, nor can they shirk their responsibility to protect the safety of customers' assets in the uninhabited future. In the application of technology, we can find the common pain point of users in order to better play with unmanned banks. After all, the purpose of the application of intelligent technology, in the final analysis, is to improve the service level of the banking industry, so that every user can enjoy better service.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the development of unmanned banks should be based on the actual needs of users.


Premise: There is a scientific experiment conducted on 500 women aged 25 to 35. Two experimental groups were set up, with the first group of experimenters taking aspirin for a long time, and the second group not. The results showed that the corners of the eyes of those who took aspirin for a long time appeared wrinkles later than those who did not take aspirin, and their skin was smoother and softer. This experiment shows that aspirin may become a cheap and effective anti-wrinkle, rejuvenating drug.

Hypothesis: The statement "The eye corner skins of the two groups of subjects were comparable before the experiment" best supports the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Location advantage refers to the objectively existing favorable conditions or superior status of a certain area in terms of economic development, scientific research, etc., mainly determined by natural resources, labor, industrial concentration, geographical location, transportation, etc,It is a comprehensive concept.

Hypothesis: In the era of knowledge economy, human factors play a leading role, and human mobility, especially those who master knowledge and skills, is very large. Cultivating and attracting high-tech personnel has become the key to regional economic development is not a location advantage.


Premise: Li Shi, Wang Yue, Du Shu, and Liu Mo are lovers of Tang poetry and Song Ci. Among the Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei, and Liu Yuxi, four people each liked one of them, and each of the favorite Tang poetry authors did not have the same surname as their own. . Regarding the four of them, it is known that: (1) If you like Wang Wei's poems, you also like Xin Qiji's poems; (2) If you like Liu Yuxi's poems, you also like Yue Fei's poems; (3) If you like Du Fu's poems, Then I also like Su Shi's words;

Hypothesis: The statement 'Wang Yue likes Su Shi's words' can be derived if Li Shi doesn't like Su Shi and Xin Qiji's words.


Premise: In Sweden, known as the model of a high-welfare country, the benefits of non-working people are almost the same as their wages, and they do not have to pay taxes. Generous sick pay means that workers can get 90% of their wages even if they are sick. Although the Swedes are the healthiest citizens in Europe, the average annual sick leave for employees is no less than 50 days, accounting for almost one-fifth of the working time of the year.

Hypothesis: The statement "The pursuit of fairness will affect social development to some extent" does not fit the context.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in modern physics and reports on new physics. Now many people know that there are hundreds of millions of galaxies, and each galaxy contains hundreds of millions of stars. We know that the world can be understood by subnuclear particles, most of which survive only a few 1/100000000 seconds. Yes, the world of modern physics is really strange. Particles with Greek alphabet names dance to quantum music and do not obey the determinism of classical physics. But eventually the reader will walk away with disappointment, and while these facts are novel, they are also boring and annoying.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to describe novel physics achievements next.


Premise: The development of digital economy and the protection of personal information should not be an either-or choice. However, whether it is the rise and fall of traditional industries or the change of economic new business type in recent years, many lessons remind us that development and norms are very easy to take care of one at the expense of the other. Data is the food of the digital economy, and the digital economy is seen as a good opportunity for China's economy to overtake at the corner. However, the conflict between the digital economy and the protection of information data has become increasingly prominent. The absence of basic norms for the protection of personal information, weak and slow implementation of supervision, and frequent platform infringement, if many problems can not be solved as soon as possible, it is bound to drag down the digital economy itself.

Hypothesis: It is urgent to protect personal information in accordance with rules and regulations in the era of digital economy is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: The researchers used genetic manipulation to enable the experimental mice to metabolize glucose and fatty acids, but not acetic acid, and then compared the physical conditions of these experimental rats and normal experimental rats when they were fed bait and fasted for 48 hours. In the state of being forced to go on a hunger strike for a long time, the body temperature and endurance of the experimental mice that cannot metabolize acetic acid are significantly reduced. Acetic acid is the basic substance in life, and the body structure of the experimental mice is very close to the human body.

Hypothesis: Acetic acid can be used as an energy source for the human body that does not increase blood sugar level can be derived from this.


Premise: Consumers are not as susceptible as manufacturers think. They know what they need, and what they want may be far from what others think they want.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'The company that advertises the most also has the most sales' is true, then the above view cannot be right.


Premise: Marketing consultant: Last year I predicted that LRG' s latest advertising campaign would be unpopular with customers and ineffective in promoting new products. But LRG ignored my predictions and took the advice of a competing consultant. This season' s sales figures show that sales are down and LRG' s new products are selling especially poorly. Thus, the advertising campaign was ill conceived.

Hypothesis: The marketing consultant's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it confuses a condition necessary for increasing product sales with a condition that will ensure increased sales.


Hypothesis: The necessity and feasibility of seawater desalination is stressed.


Premise: In recent years, stressed urban residents have been looking for safe havens in green spaces. Because it turns out that green space has a positive effect on physical and mental health, which is often used as an argument for building more urban parks and opening up more woodland. The benefits of blue space-oceans, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and even fountains-are less well known. For at least 10 years, however, scientists have always believed that proximity to water is good for both body and mind.

Hypothesis: Studies have shown that staying in an urban environment makes people more likely to feel tired and depressed does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: In today's academic speech, the environment is much better than in the past, but there is a strange kind of cynicism among intellectuals who dare not express their thoughts for fear of offending anyone.The reason for the existence of this situation is that some things were afraid in the past and some things were timid, but you can't do knowledge or research if you don't tell the real problems in academia.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the passage is that only when you dare to express your thoughts can you do well in learning.


Premise: The epidemic raged in 2020, but e-commerce live streaming rose against the trend. There were more than 4 million live e-commerce broadcasts nationwide in the first quarter. everything can be broadcast and all people can broadcast has become a resounding slogan. A survey of consumers and businesses shows that in live streaming of e-commerce, many consumers can buy the goods they want at favorable prices, and merchants can also increase their sales. According to this, some experts infer that the commercial model of e-commerce live broadcast will still be sought after by merchants and consumers after the epidemic.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many consumers encounter problems such as inferior quality and difficulties in protecting their rights after buying goods sold on live broadcasts' does not undermine the views of the above experts if true.


Premise: Confirmation bias refers to the fact that once a belief is established, people try to find examples that are consistent with it and ignore those that are not.

Hypothesis: Xiaodong's increased trust in the prophet after a brush with another vehicle is the most likely confirmation bias based on the definition above.


Premise: Non-operating income refers to a variety of income confirmed by an enterprise that has no direct relationship with the enterprise's production and operation activities. This income is actually a net income, which is not generated by the enterprise's operating capital expenditure, and does not need to be paid by the enterprise or matched with relevant expenses. In other words, all income other than the main business and other ancillary businesses specified in the business license of the enterprise is considered non-operating income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ticket revenue obtained by the service company of a tourist spot belongs to non-operating income' is incorrect according to the above definition of non-operating income.


Premise: A well-known enterprise recruits senior management talents from the society. In the interview, there was a question: please write down the biggest secret of your original unit and what value it has to our company? The candidates had their own views on this, but in the end, they were hired. When asked why, the boss replied: such a person is trustworthy.

Hypothesis: Only with innovative spirit can we win by surprise is the most correct understanding of what it means that the candidate turned in blank papers but was hired.


Premise: Easter Island is an isolated island in the Pacific Ocean. In reports, the decline of Easter Island's civilization is often used as a cautionary story, telling that humans wantonly logging palm forests, causing the loss of fertile soil, and ultimately leading to a shortage of food on the island. Civilization has since declined. However, some experts have recently suggested that the decline of the Easter Island civilization is not necessarily related to the felling of trees.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Pollen analysis shows that the destruction of forests began as early as 800 AD, and the pollen of large palm trees and other trees in the island's strata was getting less and less' would best support the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Paula will visit the dentist tomorrow morning only if Bill goes golfing in the morning. Bill will not go golfing unless Damien agrees to go golfing too. However, Damien has decided not to go golfing. Ttherefore, Paula will not be visiting the dentist tomorrow morning.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning displayed above most closely parallels the statement 'Maddie will plan a picnic only if one of her friends, Lisa or Kenny, will come. Kenny will not come to the picnic, but Lisa will. Therefore, Maddie will plan a picnic.'


Premise: Rachel: Though contemporary artists are pleased to be free of the constraints that bound their predecessors, this freedom has caused a decline in the quality of art. Great art can be produced only when artists struggle to express themselves within externally imposed boundaries. James: People have always been critical of the art of their own time. They forget all but the greatest art from past eras. Since inferior contemporary artworks have not yet been forgotten, people today mistakenly think that contemporary art is generally inferior to earlier art.

Hypothesis: On the basis of their statements, Rachel and James are committed to disagreeing with each other about whether one can correctly assess the quality of art only if it was produced in past eras.


Premise: Four girls from a school, Shi Lin, Zhang Fang, Wang Yu, and Yang Hong, compete with four boys Fan Yong, Lu Wei, Zhao Hu, and Li Long in a Chinese elephant model competition. They are arranged on four tables, each with a man and a woman playing against each other. The four tables are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 from left to right. Each pair of players needs to play four games. The rules of the game: each player wins A game gets 2 points, a tie gets 1 point, and a loss game gets 0 points. At the end of the first three rounds, the total points of the four pairs of players are 6:0, 5:1, 4:2, and 3:3 in order of the difference in points. Known: (1) Zhang Fang is playing against Lu Wei, Yang Hong is playing at table 4, Wang Yu's table is to the right of Li Long's table; (2) At least one game at table 1 is a tie, 4 The total points of the two sides at the number table is not 4:2; (3) Zhao Hu's total points in the first three rounds are not ahead of his opponent, and they have not made a tie; (4) Li Long has lost three consecutive rounds, and Fan Yong is in Leading his opponent in total points in the first three rounds.

Hypothesis: Zhang Fang is the player who made a tie with the opponent in the first three rounds.


Premise: Due to history, culture and understanding of the nature of the disease, the public tends to be repulsive to depression. Patients are afraid that people around them will discriminate against themselves when they know their illness. Some patients secretly take medicine and even discontinue treatment without authorization. In fact, depression is as common as high blood pressure and other physical diseases. A large part of the causes of these diseases come from the dysfunction of neurotransmitters in the brain, and external (mainly psychological stress) influence is often the inducing factor. But depression is not entirely caused by stress, it may also be a change in the activity of some nervous systems in the brain. Experts say taking antidepressants can help the body increase the concentration or activity of these substances. At the same time, people with depression also need the support of their families and society, and their families are responsible for guardianship to help them tide over the difficulties.

Hypothesis: At present, many patients with depression in China have received adequate treatment is incorrect according to this text.


Premise: The first electric car was on the road as early as 1990. Although some well-known automakers have launched their own pure electric concept cars in recent years, this has not narrowed the gap between electric vehicles and real life. The reason is that the research and development of electric vehicles is not as simple as replacing traditional engines with motors, but a huge research topic. Only vehicle batteries have many problems, such as battery capacity, storage capacity, stability and so on. In addition, the body design, traditional system and electrical system will have subversive changes after using motor instead of traditional engine. To solve this series of problems, automobile manufacturers need to have strong R & D capability.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the research and development process of electric vehicles and its dependence on the R & D strength of manufacturers.


Premise: Researcher: This fall I returned to a research site to recover the armadillos I had tagged there the previous spring. Since a large majority of the armadillos I recaptured were found within a few hundred yards of the location of their tagging last spring, I concluded that armadillos do not move rapidly into new territories.

Hypothesis: A large majority of the recaptured armadillos did not move to a new territory in the intervening summer and then move back to the old territory by the fall is an assumption required by the researcher's argument.


Premise: Given that employees of the XYZ Company could, in theory, do their work at home, the company developed a radical plan to increase efficiency: eliminate office-space expenditures by having employees work at home. To evaluate this plan, XYZ' s managers asked volunteers from the company' s staff to try the arrangement for six months. There were several volunteers; significantly, their productivity during this period was as high as or higher than before.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The employees who agreed to participate in the test of the plan were among the company's most self-motivated and independent workers' would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of the trial results, to implement the company's plan.


Premise: A public service advertisement suggest that drinkers should wait until they are safe to drive. However, a hospital survey found that people questioned immediately after drinking underestimated how long it would take them to regain their driving ability. The results show that many people who drink before driving have difficulty following the advice of the advertisement.

Hypothesis: The statement that "compared with the respondents outside the hospital, the respondents in the hospital had a more conservative estimate of their abilities" most strongly supports the argument.


Premise: A concurrent sentence is a sentence in which a facultative phrase acts as a predicate or an independent sentence. The concurrent sentence has the following characteristics: first, the predicate of the concurrent sentence is composed of verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases, and the object of verb-object phrases is also the subject of subject-predicate phrases. Second, most of the concurrent sentences have the meaning of causative, so the former predicate in the sentence is mostly served by the causative verb. Third, the predicate in the sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, there is a certain semantic connection between the two verbs before and after the sentence. I asked him to give a report is a concurrent sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'I went to the library to borrow a book to read' does not belong to a concurrent sentence.


Premise: In the years before hosting the Olympic Games, the host country of the Olympic Games has to make a lot of infrastructure construction and investment, so as to promote economic growth. In the year of the Olympic Games, residents' consumption and tourism increased significantly, which will also boost economic growth. But these factors disappeared after the Olympic Games, causing the host country's economy to decline. South Korea, Spain, Greece and other countries all experienced economic downturn after the Olympic Games. As a result, China will also experience an economic recession after the 2008 Olympic Games.

Hypothesis: The statement "The stadiums built for the Olympic Games will become places for fitness and entertainment for ordinary citizens after the Olympic Games" cannot challenge the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: Some engineers have doctorates, so some people who have doctorates are highly skilled.

Hypothesis: In order for the above reasoning to be true, the premise 'All the engineers are highly skilled' must be added.


Premise: Environmental effects: Refers to the corresponding changes in the structure and function of the environmental system caused by natural processes or human activities.

Hypothesis: A coastal city reclaimed the sea to build an island, and a small town with a capacity of 70,000 people was built on the island is not environmental effects.


Premise: Interviewer: A certain company released a model of computer whose microprocessor design was flawed, making that computer liable to process information incorrectly. How did this happen? Industry spokesperson: Given the huge number of circuits in the microprocessor of any modern computer, not every circuit can be manually checked before a computer model that contains the microprocessor is released. Interviewer: Then what guarantee do we have that new microprocessors will not be similarly flawed? Industry spokesperson: There is no chance of further microprocessor design flaws, since all microprocessors are now entirely computer-designed.

Hypothesis: The industry spokesperson's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it takes for granted, despite evidence to the contrary, that some computers are not liable to error.


Premise: Political struggle is a form of political conflict. It refers to the antagonistic interaction between various political subjects based on their own interest requirements to realize specific rights, revolving around public political power.

Hypothesis: Two councillors publicly preaching their political views on the street is not political struggle according to the above definition.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: If X is not assigned as an engineer, it is possible that W and G are assigned as engineers.


Premise: Intellectual property is the right of people to enjoy the wealth created by intellectual labor in the fields of science, technology, culture, education and art.

Hypothesis: Copyright is not an intellectual property according to the above definition.


Premise: Radial keratotomy (RK), a surgery that is designed to reshape the cornea so that light focuses correctly on the retina, is supposed to make eyeglasses or contact lenses that correct for nearsightedness unnecessary. Yet a study of patients who have undergone RK shows that some of them still need to wear glasses or contact lenses.

Hypothesis: Those who choose to undergo RK tend to be as nearsighted before this operation as those who choose not to undergo RK would not help to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Public empowerment refers to the active participation of the public and the full expression of their interests in the process of formulation, implementation, evaluation and supervision of public policy, so as to promote the democratization and scientization of the process of public policy.

Hypothesis: After being elected as a deputy to the Municipal people's Congress, Xiao Li, a courier, submitted a bill on how to protect the rights and interests of couriers and promote the healthy development of the express industry on the basis of extensive visits and full investigation belongs to public empowerment.


Premise: Human body, like metals, will gradually oxidize in nature. Metal oxidation is such as iron to yellow rust, copper to patina and so on. The main culprit of human oxidation is not oxygen, but oxygen free radicals, a kind of active gene with unpaired electrons outside the nucleus. This kind of unpaired electron is easy to cause chemical reaction, damage DNA, protein and lipid and other important biological molecules, and then affect the membrane transport process, so that the function of various tissues and organs is damaged, leading to aging of the body.

Hypothesis: The statement "Oxygen free radicals can enhance the phagocytosis of leukocytes to bacteria and inhibit bacterial proliferation, which can enhance the body's ability to fight infection and immunity" cannot support the above discussion if it is true.


Premise: In recent years, with the development of mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence technology, a lot of new business type has emerged. For example, the very popular live broadcast with goods, and so on, many new products and even traditional products have achieved good results through the promotion of these new business type. Similar to new technologies such as push and live broadcast, new business type can stimulate those potential consumption. It shows that there is room for further exploration in the re-saturated market, and the key is whether consumers can find and meet more levels of needs other than the simple material needs of consumers, such as fruits, which can also be bought in supermarkets, but products with live broadcast are pushed from poor areas, and buying on the platform has an extra layer of social significance.

Hypothesis: Making good use of new technology and new business type can explore a larger market is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: The WWF report shows that biological species are dying out faster than ever. There are currently 13,000 rhinos in Africa, and the number of such behemoths once reached 1 million on this continent. In Africa, The number of hippos has dropped by 95%, and there are only 1,300 hippos now, and 30 years ago, the number of this pachyderm reached 29,000. At least 800 hippos' teeth and meat are traded in Africa every year.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of this paragraph is that human activities are the main reason for the sharp decline in the number of horses.


Premise: Face recognition technology has gradually penetrated into the trend of social life, and many people even make face recognition omnipotent. In fact, there may still be risks and loopholes behind high-tech applications, although according to the usual view, the higher the content of science and technology, the higher the safety factor, but as shown in the March 15 party, with the development of science and technology, simulation headsets, holographic projection, face tracking and other high-tech means continue to appear, a single face recognition technology has great limitations. There is no absolute concept of security. Therefore, when using high-level security scenarios such as privacy and payment, we should pay attention to the fusion of face with voiceprint, fingerprint, iris and other biometric signals, rather than using single face recognition technology, so that the security coefficient will be greatly improved.

Hypothesis: Multiple authentication methods help to improve the safety factor is intended to explain by this passage.


Premise: Lucy, the skeleton of a female hominin species, was discovered in 1974 in Africa. Scientists think the skeleton is about 3. 2 million years old. For six years, Lucy' s remains were part of an exhibition called Lucy' s Legacy: The Hidden Treasures of Ethiopia. However, there was much opposition to the exhibition for fear that Lucy' s fossils would be damaged. It' s a good thing that they started using casts instead; the preservation of these fossils should be the number one concern of excavators and scientists.

Hypothesis: The statement "The exhibition of Lucy is an important step in raising an awareness of where humans originated and the studies thereof. Keeping the fossils isolated from the public will certainly preserve the remains; however, we might risk the deterrence of public knowledge" would be used in opposition to the passage.


Premise: People often face choices in social life, either choose opportunities with low risk and low reward, or choose the opportunity with high risk and high reward. Is it risky in the case of individual decision-making or risky in the case of group decision-making? Studies have shown that groups are more adventurous than individuals, and groups tend to have high profits but low success rate.

Hypothesis: The statement "In group decision-making, people tend to deviate to an extreme than in individual decision-making, so as to deviate from the best decision-making" best supports the above research conclusion.


Premise: Continuous contrast refers to the visual dislocation of color contrast observed and felt by the human eye in different time periods.Continuous comparison is divided into positive and negative images.Positive image refers to the visual state in which the image of the original object color is retained temporarily after the visual stimulation of the object is stopped.Negative image refers to the visual state in which the visual image is temporarily colored with the original object after the visual stimulation of the object is stopped.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option "After staring at a red object, even if you move it away, you will still feel red appear in front of you" is negative.


Premise: Language, like culture, is rarely self-sufficient, so the borrowing of words has been a common language phenomenon since ancient times. However, when foreign words enter a country, the local people will unconsciously mutate and transform their original appearance while adapting and absorbing new elements. With the passage of time, foreign words will gradually localize, grow for a long time, the origin is vague, the aspect is separated, and the variation is repeated. Once the exotic features of loanwords (such as phonemes, syllable composition, etc.) are diluted or disappeared in the user's consciousness, they will be regarded by the locals as part of their mother tongue.

Hypothesis: The option that focuses on the description of this passage is the universality of the use of foreign words and the process of localization.


Premise: Embryonic tissue has an underdeveloped immune system and is slow to respond to external stimuli. If injected into a traumatized adult, it can effectively prevent scar formation. A growth factor in adult platelets can speed up wound healing. To develop a drug that inhibits this growth factor, apply the drug to the wound site within 12 hours of the appearance of the wound, and there is no scar after wound healing.

Hypothesis: The most accurate statement of the two medical procedures described above is that the combined effect is to make the healing process of the wound relatively slow.


Premise: There are five sprinters A, B, C, D, and E in the men's 100-meter final. In the stands, Zhao Ming and Qian Liang are predicting their place. Zhao Ming said that the ranking is E, D, C, A, B; Qian Liang said that the ranking is A, E, B, C, D. The results of the final show: Zhao Ming neither guessed the correct ranking of any athlete, nor did he guess the order of any pair of adjacent athletes; Qian Liang Guessed the correct position of the two athletes, and guessed the order of the two pairs of adjacent athletes.

Hypothesis: The ranking of the five sprinters is B, A, E, C, D based on this.


Premise: Disturbance of perceptive synthesis refers to that the patient is correct as an objective whole when perceiving a real thing, but has a perception inconsistent with the individual attributes of the thing, such as size, shape, color, spatial distance, etc.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Wang often had hallucinations because he was addicted to the game, and the scene of fighting in the game appeared in front of him' belongs to disturbance of perceptive synthesis according to the above definition.


Premise: According to a commercial survey, sales of skiing equipment in city A are higher than those in city B, indicating that residents in city A prefer skiing to those in city B.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In recent years, a city has made great efforts to develop its tourism industry and many tourists have learned skiing in city A' would most weaken the conclusions of this investigation.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to help their children take care of the next generation. In a recent urban survey, young people interviewed admitted that their parents were drifters. I have just started my career with my lover and I am under great pressure at work. I have no time to take care of the children and do housework at all. According to this, some experts assert that the group of old drifters in China's cities will be further expanded.

Hypothesis: The implementation of the national two-child policy will promote the birth of more children can best support the views of the above experts.