Premise: Recreational sports is a kind of highly recreational physical activity that people do in their spare time. It is not only a means of entertainment, but also a means of physical exercise.

Hypothesis: In order to promote the development of Chinese basketball, the Chinese Basketball Association holds CBA competitions every year is not the recreational sport according to the above definition.


Premise: Letter to the editor: After Baerton' s factory closed, there was a sharp increase in the number of claims filed for job-related injury compensation by the factory' s former employees. Hence there is reason to believe that most of those who filed for compensation after the factory closed were just out to gain benefits they did not deserve, and filed only to help them weather their job loss.

Hypothesis: Workers who are aware that they will soon be laid off from a job often become depressed, making them more prone to job-related injuries does not weaken the argument above.


Premise: The prawn is a large extinct invertebrate marine animal and the largest known Cambrian animal. The fossils show that the mouthparts of this animal have more than a dozen rows of teeth, 25 cm in diameter, and the fecal fossil is 10 cm long. It is 5 cm thick. It is speculated that the body length of the odd shrimp may exceed 2 meters.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For large invertebrates, the more teeth they have, means they have longer body' can best support the above speculation.


Premise: The same words, spoken by different people, can sometimes have quite different effects. In a college class, the same sentence will be applauded by some teachers and booed by others. The main reason is that the former has earned himself the right to speak by his actions, while the latter has not. It is often not what is said that matters, but by whom it is said.

Hypothesis: The main idea is to attack the phenomenon of seeking fame and fortune.


Premise: Some people fear that global warming will cause the large ice formations in the polar seas to melt, thereby warming the waters of those seas and threatening the plankton that is crucial to the marine food chain. Some scientists contend that it is unlikely that the melting process has begun, since water temperatures in the polar seas are the same today as they were a century ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The mean air temperature above both land and water in the polar regions has not varied significantly over the past 100 years' most seriously undermines the scientists' contention.


Premise: Virtual team refers to a community composed of two or more people across regions and organizations. They are connected through communication and information technology. They have complementary technologies or skills, common goals, common evaluation and work methods, and they jointly bear the final results and responsibilities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li encountered technical problems in his work, was not familiar with a professional field, consulted many experts through the Internet and telephone, and established regular and fixed contacts with the experts belongs to a virtual team.


Premise: A smoker trying to quit is more likely to succeed if his or her doctor greatly exaggerates the dangers of smoking. Similar strategies can be used to break other habits. But since such strategies involve deception, individuals cannot easily adopt them unless a doctor or some other third party provides the warning.

Hypothesis: People generally do not find it easy to deceive themselves is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Some of the most prosperous nations in the world have experienced a pronounced drop in national savings rates -- the percentage of after-tax income an average household saves. This trend will undoubtedly continue if the average age of these nations' populations continues to rise, since older people have fewer reasons to save than do younger people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It only takes into account the comparative number of reasons older and younger people, respectively, have for saving, and not the comparative strength of those reasons' indicates an error in the reasoning leading to the prediction above.


Premise: With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Ttherefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Hypothesis: The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The warehouse where L is stored is next to the warehouse where F is stored' must be false.


Premise: Scientist: Any theory that is to be taken seriously must affect our perception of the world. Of course, this is not, in itself, enough for a theory to be taken seriously. To see this, one need only consider astrology.

Hypothesis: The point of the scientist's mentioning astrology in the argument is to present an example of a theory that should not be taken seriously despite its affecting our perception of the world.


Premise: There is speculation that the mayor will hire a new staff member this week. But before every prior hiring of a new staff member, the mayor has met with the city' s budget director and finance advisor. No meetings between the mayor and the city' s budget director and finance advisor have occurred or are planned. Ttherefore, the speculation is more than likely baseless.

Hypothesis: A conjecture is undermined when certain events do not occur that would be expected to occur if the conjecture were true is a principle of reasoning employed by the argument in the paragraph above.


Premise: Population density is the number of people living per unit area of land. It is an indicator of the density of people around the world. However, population density only reflects the general quantitative relationship between population and land area, but it can not reflect the relationship between population composition and population per unit area of land and the land area that actually supports it. In order to make up for these defects, some new complementary density indexes have appeared, such as physiological density, agricultural density and so on. The population density calculated by area is called the mathematical density of population.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate the evolution of the meaning of population density.


Premise: Historian: In rebuttal of my claim that West influenced Stuart, some people point out that West' s work is mentioned only once in Stuart' s diaries. But Stuart' s diaries mention several meetings with West, and Stuart' s close friend, Abella, studied under West. Furthermore, Stuart' s work often uses West' s terminology which, though now commonplace, none of Stuart' s contemporaries used.

Hypothesis: The proposition that Stuart's work was not entirely free from West's influence is most supported by the historian's statements, if those statements are true.


Premise: Huizhou culture mainly refers to the specific life structure system which is based on Huizhou (called Xin'an County in ancient times) and originates from the sexual relationship between man and nature and between people in history. Like any culture, it also includes material culture, institutional culture, ideology, implicit mentality, value system and other cultural and psychological structures, and creates brilliant achievements with distinctive characteristics at all cultural levels,the impact spread all over the country.

Hypothesis: Huizhou culture develops from different cultural levels and influences all parts of the country with distinctive achievements is an incorrect understanding of Huizhou culture.


Premise: Anyone who went to elementary school in Huangtu Village, as long as they are under 25 years old, is a student of teacher Xin. No one in the village does not know teacher Xin. Zhao Da knows teacher Xin. Li Lan from Huangtu Village is Zhao Da's wife, she is 24 years old and graduated from elementary school when he was 14.

Hypothesis: Zhao Da is from Huangtu Village can be inferred.


Premise: According to a small-scale study, thin people don't necessarily eat better or exercise more than others. They just get up early and get more sun for a while. The effect of dawn on body mass index is about 20%. The earlier they get up and get in the sun, the lower their body mass index. On the contrary, researchers suggest that if they want to lose weight, they just need to get up early and get in the sun for a while.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A university called on students to do morning exercises. Many students who insisted on it tanned, but they didn't lose weight' best illustrates that the above research results are not tenable.


Premise: When encountering high temperatures, the building materials will make unique sounds. The sound sensor alarm will detect these sounds and provide an early warning of a house fire, so that the occupants can escape before being fainted by the smoke. Because the smoke is The most common factor causing casualties, so the installation of sound sensor alarm will effectively reduce the casualties of house fires.

Hypothesis: Many fires start in indoor sofa cushions or mattresses, which produce a lot of smoke but no sound, can best refute the above statement.


Premise: Essayist: Some researchers criticize British governmental security agencies for not releasing enough information about sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) made by these military and intelligence agencies. Requests for information by civilian researchers are brushed aside. This leads one to suspect that there have been spacecraft sighted near Earth that are extraterrestrial in origin.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The British government would withhold information pertaining to UFOs only if it were established that they were from other planets' would most strengthen the essayist's argument.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: If X and F are assigned to the same department, H cannot be assigned to the production department.


Premise: A court has the following four statements about a criminal case: 1.There is evidence that Zhao Gang did not commit the crime; 2.The criminal is either Zhao Gang, or Wang Qiang, or Li Ming; 3.There is also evidence that Wang Qiang did not commit the crime; 4.The TV screen showed that Li Ming was in the auditorium of a football match far away from the scene of the crime at the time of the crime.

Hypothesis: The correct description of the four statements is that Li Ming is definitely not in the auditorium of the football.


Premise: Science fiction master Arthur Clark said, if a respected old scientist says this thing is possible, he may be right; But if he says something is impossible, he may be very wrong.

Hypothesis: Arthur Clark wants to say that the future may be far beyond imagination.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: Only four students can go to England together.


Premise: If absolute fairness is implemented, it will inevitably lead to distribution according to work; If distribution according to work, there will be inequality between the rich and the poor; Only by equalizing the rich and the poor can absolute fairness be implemented.

Hypothesis: Can not implement absolute fairness is the answer to the question.


Premise: According to the work performance of the employees Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang, the leaders of a company put forward two compatible options for sending them abroad for training: [1] neither Xiao Zhang nor Xiao Li has been sent abroad for training; (2) Xiao Wang abroad for training.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Wang is not sent abroad for training, both Zhang and Li will be sent is the meaning of taking the two options together.


Premise: University president: Our pool of applicants has been shrinking over the past few years. One possible explanation of this unwelcome phenomenon is that we charge too little for tuition and fees. Prospective students and their parents conclude that the quality of education they would receive at this institution is not as high as that offered by institutions with higher tuition. So, if we want to increase the size of our applicant pool, we need to raise our tuition and fees.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the proposed explanation for the decline in applications applies in this case is required by the university president's argument.


Premise: Little John sat quietly at midnight. He hopes very much that it is morning so that he can go out and play football. He calmed down and prayed that the sun would rise earlier. As he prayed, the sky slowly changed. He continued to pray. The sun gradually rose above the horizon and rose into the sky. Little John thought about what had happened and came to the conclusion that if he prayed, he could turn a cold and lonely night into a warm and clear day. He is proud of himself.Little John sat quietly at midnight. He hopes very much that it is morning so that he can go out and play football. He calmed down and prayed that the sun would rise earlier. As he prayed, the sky slowly changed. He continued to pray. The sun gradually rose above the horizon and rose into the sky. Little John thought about what had happened and came to the conclusion that if he prayed, he could turn a cold and lonely night into a warm and clear day. He is proud of himself.

Hypothesis: The statement "Little John is just a child. He knows very little" best points to a flaw in little John's reasoning.


Premise: A civil contract is an agreement between parties who are equal subjects to establish, modify or terminate the civil relationship.

Hypothesis: Farmer's land contract is not a civil contract.


Premise: A unit wants to plant four kinds of trees in the courtyard among Toona sinensis, jujube, neem, cedar, ginkgo and peach. It is known that: (1) Toona sinensis, at least one kind of jujube tree is planted: (2) if you plant Chunshu, then plant cedar but not cedar: (3) if you plant jujube, plant cedar but not ginkgo.

Hypothesis: If ginkgo biloba is planted in the courtyard, it is impossible not to plant peach trees.


Premise: The aspect of a noun refers to a cognitive way or result of the number, size, shape and structure of the person or thing indicated by the noun in spatial dimension.

Hypothesis: The body of a noun is represented by Battle shanggan Mountain according to the above definition.


Premise: In 1964, the famous Genovese case occurred in New York, the United States. A girl named Genovese was killed by a ruffian with a knife on her way home. Within 30 minutes of the crime, 38 neighbors heard the victim's call for help. Many people even walked to the window and watched for a long time, but no one went to help her. And no one called the police in time. As a result, a tragedy that shouldn't have happened became a reality.

Hypothesis: The reason why people witnessed the incident but didn't give a hand may be due to the presence of others, which inhibited the motivation of them to help others and also led to the dispersion of social responsibility gives the most appropriate explanation for the above phenomenon.


Premise: Lao Li said: although the enrollment of colleges and universities has decreased year by year, the enrollment of primary schools has increased a lot.So the district education department suggested building a new primary school.  another way to solve the problem is to use classrooms in some colleges and universities as primary school classrooms, Lao Liu said.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'there were many colleges and universities whose classrooms were rarely used' can best support Lao Liu's plan.


Premise: The Canadian elk has traditionally been limited in its geographic range by the presence of elderberries, its primary source of food, which only grow up until a certain point in the tundra. A recent rise in temperatures, however, has seen a spread in the growth of elderberries northwards into the tundra. Ttherefore, the overall range of the Canadian elk can be expected to increase.

Hypothesis: If the permafrost, the region above the tundra, in which the temperatures never reach above freezing, will unlikely see elderberry growth is true, then it best casts doubt on the argument.


Premise: The parents' committee of the Green Leaf Kindergarten recommends that the kindergarten reduce the management fee by 5% to 10%, which is risky if implemented. Although parents can reduce their monthly childcare fees, they may have to pay more to cope with the problems caused by the decline in the quality of kindergarten services.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the above argument is most likely to be that the management fee of Green Leaf Kindergarten is already lower than the average level of the same industry.


Premise: When a certain gland becomes cancerous in humans, it produces high levels of a particular protein. A blood test can determine the level of this protein well before a cancer of the gland could be detected by other means. Some doctors recommend that aggressive anticancer treatment should be begun as early as possible for anyone who is tested and is found to have high levels of the protein.

Hypothesis: Enlargement of the gland, a common condition infrequently associated with cancer, results in high levels of the protein most seriously weakens the doctors' recommendation.


Premise: In recent years, stressed urban residents have been looking for safe havens in green spaces. Because it turns out that green space has a positive effect on physical and mental health, which is often used as an argument for building more urban parks and opening up more woodland. The benefits of blue space-oceans, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and even fountains-are less well known. For at least 10 years, however, scientists have always believed that proximity to water is good for both body and mind.

Hypothesis: Studies have shown that staying in an urban environment makes people more likely to feel tired and depressed does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, ttherefore, building with bamboo makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Buildings constructed of bamboo are less likely to suffer earthquake damage than are steel and concrete buildings' most helps to explain the exception noted above.


Premise: Consumer: I would like to have the features contained in the latest upgrade to your computer software package, but I am leery of installing the upgrade because a friend has told me he had a problem with it. Company representative: We have distributed nearly 3, 000 copies of the upgrade and we have received fewer than 100 calls saying that it has caused problems. So it is very unlikely that you will experience any problems with the upgrade.

Hypothesis: The possibility that some of the problems people have experienced with the upgrade have been quite serious is what makes the reasoning in the company representative's argument most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: AI assistant has obvious advantages in medical application: radiologists read and analyze a large number of images every day, doctors will be inefficient due to fatigue, AI assistant will not, it can even faster than the human eye to find suspicious lesions in the image to help doctors make a preliminary diagnosis.

Hypothesis: The statement "The radiology department of C Hospital can use AI technology to complete the imaging diagnosis of more than 200 patients in half a day" can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: After the Revolution of 1911, there was a massive loss of old collections and palace relics in the Forbidden City. At this time, these used to be almost unknown outside China, even ordinary Chinese themselves do not know much about the official kiln porcelain continue to show in the world. Therefore, when some tourists visit several foreign museums and see some official kiln porcelain in the collection, they take it for granted that the lofty evaluation of Chinese porcelain in western history is aimed at the official kiln. This is really a historical misunderstanding.

Hypothesis: The most likely content to be discussed in this passage is the history of Chinese porcelain exported to the West.


Premise: Although the cold winter is the high incidence of cardiovascular disease, but in the hot and sultry Indian summer season, the humidity in the air is increased, oxygen content is reduced, usually suffering from hypertension, coronary heart disease often feel uncomfortable, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms. In addition, high temperature weather will make the human body sweat too much, blood concentration, if not timely supplement water, easy to form plaques; Acute myocardial infarction occurs when plaque breaks off and clots form, blocking blood vessels. In addition, people often do not get a good sleep on hot summer nights, which is also an important cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Sultry weather can also make people mood swings, mood irritability, which is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease. In this period of time, because of work overworked and lack of rest, especially to guard against sudden attack of myocardial infarction.

Hypothesis: The best heading for this paragraph is 'Prevent myocardial infarction at the turn of summer and autumn.'


Premise: To become an expert on a musical instrument, a person must practice. If people practice a musical instrument for three hours each day, they will eventually become experts on that instrument. Ttherefore, if a person is an expert on a musical instrument, that person must have practiced for at least three hours each day.

Hypothesis: The conclusion fails to take into account that people who practice for three hours every day might not yet have reached a degree of proficiency that everyone would consider expert most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: Community activist: If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville. Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?' would be most useful for evaluating the community activist's reasoning.


Premise: The lag of express packaging standards, the difficulty of recycling and the lack of environmental awareness are the three bottlenecks hindering the greening of express packaging. To break these bottlenecks, there is still a lot of work to be done. For example, we must solve the problems that most of the current standards are recommended indicators, the binding force is not strong and the implementation is difficult, and introduce national mandatory standards. In order to solve the problem of excessive packaging, we must first solve the problems of rough loading and unloading and sorting. To improve the recycling rate of packaging materials, a very important link is that for consumers, reusable packaging materials such as cartons, plastics and other garbage should be disposed of in a place.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for the above text is 'Green Express packaging needs comprehensive social treatment.'


Premise: The interstitial nucleus, a subregion of the brain' s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than . 05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.

Hypothesis: No female cats have been known to contract disease X, which is a subtype of disease Y most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: I don't agree with you, but I will defend to the death your right to speak. this sentence is said to have been said by Voltaire, a French enlightenment thinker and known as French conscience, as a symbolic symbol of defending freedom of expression. this sentence has been spared no effort to promote it to the world by the European and American media and politicians. surprisingly, after textual research that Voltaire has not said this sentence. This seems to poke a hole in the Western argument of freedom of speech. According to a Chinese scholar who has lived in Europe and the United States for many years, there are 18 kinds of freedom of speech in the United States that are not protected, and the content of the European Convention on Human Rights restricting freedom of speech is twice as long as the content of freedom of speech.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this text is that there is no absolute freedom of speech in the West.


Premise: Xiao He is either a teacher or a civil servant.

Hypothesis: The above judgment is either true or false.


Premise: Zhang, Wang and Zhao work in the same department. One of them is the director, one is the secretary and one is an engineer. It is known that Wang, Zhao is taller than the engineer, Secretary is shorter than Wang, Zhang and secretary are not the same height.

Hypothesis: Zhang is the engineer, Wang is the director and Zhao is the secretary can be inferred.


Premise: A deposit is a certain amount paid in advance by one party to the contract to the other party in accordance with legal provisions or agreements in order to prove the establishment of the contract and guarantee the performance of the contract.

Hypothesis: The good faith payment of 1 million yuan by the printing and dyeing factory to Aetna Trading Company according to the contract is a deposit.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: The order of the five sites from west to east is possible to be Yin Ling Station, Hao Yun Station, Jiu Shang Station, Fu Yi Station, and Hu Yao Station.


Premise: Columbus voyaged to discover the New American Continent, which promoted the process of modern history. Some 50,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers from northern Asia crossed the ice age frozen Bering Strait into America. Recently, scholars claimed to have evidence that Ming dynasty navigator Zheng He discovered the Americas 72 years before Columbus.

Hypothesis: If Zheng He's trip to America is confirmed, Zheng He's achievement may be above Columbus's can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that <b> of scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty, a disproportionately large number entered their field at an older age than is usual </b>. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have aged but rather that <b> scientists over forty have generally spent too long in their field </b>.

Hypothesis: The first is evidence that has been used to support an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a competing explanation that the argument favors is the role that the two portions in boldface play in the argument given.


Premise: Chemical deposition refers to the process of precipitation and accumulation of substances transported in the form of colloid solution and true solution in water medium after they reach the appropriate place when chemical conditions change. Among them, colloid solution refers to the solution containing a certain size of solid particles or polymer compounds, real solution refers to a higher transparency of aqueous solution.

Hypothesis: The bones of creatures in the lake, they absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form calcium carbonate, and when the concentration of calcium carbonate reaches a certain level, it accumulates on the sea floor, forming limestone is not chemical deposition according to the above definition.


Premise: An elementary school applied to the local administrative department of education to purchase an additional school bus to strengthen the ability to transport teachers and students. The administrative department of education rejected this application on the grounds that the number of school buses must match the size of the school and the number of teachers and students .According to the current number and scale of the school's teachers and students, the existing school buses are enough.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the number of primary school-age children in this area will not increase much in the future can best support the decision of the education administrative department.


Premise: Since the 1950s, the average number of large tornadoes that erupt each year in the world has risen from about 10 to 15. At the same time, human activities have surged, and the global climate has become significantly warmer. According to this, some people believe that climate warming leads to tornado outbreaks increasing in frequency.

Hypothesis: If strong air convection occurs under thunderstorms, tornadoes are prone to occur and this would not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Zhao Ming, Qian Hong and Sun Jie were admitted to Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beijing normal University. About which school they were admitted to, the students made the following guesses: classmate A guessed: Zhao Ming was admitted by Tsinghua University and Sun Jie was admitted by Beijing normal University. Classmate B guess: Zhao Ming was admitted by Beijing normal University and Qian Hong was admitted by Tsinghua University. Classmate C guess: Zhao Ming was admitted to Peking University and Sun Jie was admitted to Tsinghua University. As a result, the students' guesses were half right.

Hypothesis: Zhao Ming, Qian Hong, and Sun Jie were admitted to Tsinghua University, Beijing normal University, and Peking University respectively is their correct admission.


Premise: Division is a logical method of dividing the objects reflected by a concept into several small categories to confirm the extension of the concept, or it can be said to be a logical method of dividing an extended generic concept into several juxtaposed species concepts. Decomposition is to divide an object into several parts in thinking, and there is not a species relationship between the concept that reflects the part and the concept that reflects the whole.

Hypothesis: Celestial


Premise: When politicians resort to personal attacks, many editorialists criticize these attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. Everyone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. Political commentators, however, cannot be. Political commentators should be engaged in sustained and serious debate about ideas and policies. In such a context, personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that political commentators should not resort to personal attacks on their opponents.


Premise: Medicine believes that people who are overweight have an increased risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, which are also risk factors for kidney disease. The researchers tested the urine of 1830 Japanese children between the ages of 6 and 14. The results showed that 27 children developed persistent proteinuria, red blood cells in the urine and other nephrotic symptoms. After comparison, it was found that the body height body mass index (B.MI) and systolic blood pressure (hypertension) of these children with abnormal urine test were significantly higher than those of children with normal urine test.

Hypothesis: Overweight is the cause of kidney disease can be seen from this passage.


Premise: Food additives are an important part of the modern food industry. The use of food additives in accordance with regulations is harmless to the human body, and can improve the quality of food, and play the role of antiseptic and fresh-keeping. It is precisely because of the development of food additives that a large number of convenience foods have brought great convenience to people's lives. Without food additives, most foods are either unsightly, unpalatable or difficult to keep fresh, or are expensive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If no additives are used, food can cause food poisoning due to the action of microorganisms' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Embryonic tissue has an underdeveloped immune system and is slow to respond to external stimuli. If injected into a traumatized adult, it can effectively prevent scar formation. A growth factor in adult platelets can speed up wound healing. To develop a drug that inhibits this growth factor, apply the drug to the wound site within 12 hours of the appearance of the wound, and there is no scar after wound healing.

Hypothesis: The most accurate statement of the two medical procedures described above is that the combined effect is to make the wound less responsive to external stimuli.


Premise: The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in hog farming can weaken their effectiveness in treating humans because such use can spread resistance to those antibiotics among microorganisms. But now the Smee Company, one of the largest pork marketers, may stop buying pork raised on feed containing these antibiotics. Smee has 60 percent of the pork market, and farmers who sell to Smee would certainly stop using antibiotics in order to avoid jeopardizing their sales. So if Smee makes this change, it will probably significantly slow the decline in antibiotics' effectiveness for humans.

Hypothesis: If Smee stops buying pork raised with antibiotics, the firm's costs will probably increase would most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Newspaper editorial: Many pharmaceutical companies develop me too drugs, drugs designed to duplicate, more or less, the effect of another company' s product that is already on the market. Some critics object that such development constitutes an unnecessary, redundant use of resources that provides no new benefits to consumers. However, the entry of me too drugs into the market can result in a price reduction for the drugs they resemble. Ttherefore, me too drugs can indeed benefit consumers.

Hypothesis: If all pharmaceutical companies developed me too drugs, fewer innovative drugs would be developed, which most strengthens the editorial's argument.


Premise: Because quitting smoking is very stressful and leads to weight gain, it is difficult to do. The key to quitting, however, may be as simple as replacing an unhealthy activity with a healthy one. In one study, half of those attempting to quit were assigned to a smoking-cessation program alone, and the other half were assigned to the same program plus fifteen weeks of aerobic exercise. At the one-month mark, none in the first group had quit, but 40 percent of those in the second group had not smoked.

Hypothesis: Nonsmokers accustomed to regular exercise do not gain weight when they stop exercising provides some support for the argument EXCEPT.


Premise: Hospital R has ranked first in the My Most Satisfied Hospital survey held in City C for 5 consecutive years. The person in charge of the hospital said that this is because the hospital provides better quality guidance services than other hospitals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The medical level is equivalent to that of R hospitals, but the rankings of poor guidance services are not as good as R hospitals' would best support the opinion of the person in charge of the hospital.


Premise: Letter to the editor: I have never seen such flawed reasoning and distorted evidence as that which you tried to pass off as a balanced study in the article Speed Limits, Fatalities, and Public Policy.  The article states that areas with lower speed limits had lower vehicle-related fatality rates than other areas. However, that will not be true for long, since vehicle-related fatality rates are rising in the areas with lower speed limits. So the evidence actually supports the view that speed limits should be increased.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the letter writer's argument is flawed because the argument fails to consider the possibility that the vehicle-related fatality rates in other areas are also rising.


Premise: For the ancient Greeks, competitions of various forms and contents were everywhere, and where there was competition, there were rules. Sports competitions have strict and strict competition rules, and referees decide according to the rules on the field. Only in this way can there be winners without any disputes. Behind these activities, how to use good rules to guide competition, regulate competition, make people good, and make society more just is a topic that ancient Greek thinkers are keen to discuss.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is 'Only strict rules can achieve social justice'.


Premise: At present, Tamil, a specific drug for bird flu, has not been registered by the Ministry of Health in Vietnam, so it is difficult to circulate widely in Vietnam.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the sentence is that there is a shortage of drugs to treat bird flu in Vietnam.


Premise: Zhang Wei got A's in all her extracurricular homework, and if she got An in her term paper, she could pass the exam even if she didn't give a class report. Unfortunately, she didn't get an excellent grade in her term paper, so she had to give a class report if she wanted to pass the exam.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the above argument is flawed because it ignores the possibility that Zhang Wei must get an excellent grade in his term paper, otherwise he will give a class report.


Premise: Last year, Mayor Stephens established a special law-enforcement task force with the avowed mission of eradicating corruption in city government. The mayor' s handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting a dozen city officials. Since all of these officials were appointed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens' predecessor and longtime political foe, it is clear that those being prosecuted have been targeted because of their political affiliations.

Hypothesis: Almost all of the officials who have served in city government for any length of time are appointees of Mayor Bixby, if true, most weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: An ingredient in marijuana known as THC has been found to inactivate herpes viruses in experiments. In previous experiments researchers found that inactivated herpes viruses can convert healthy cells into cancer cells. It can be concluded that the use of marijuana can cause cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The carcinogenic effect of THC could be neutralized by the other ingredients found in marijuana' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Meteorologist: The number of tornadoes reported annually has more than doubled since the 1950s. But their actual number has probably not increased. Our ability to find tornadoes has improved, so we' re probably just finding a higher percentage of them than we used to.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The geographic range in which tornadoes are most prevalent has remained roughly constant since the 1950s' provides the most support for the meteorologist's argument.


Premise: The researchers gave the same food to a group of experimental mice, some of which had irreversible damage to the hypothalamus, while others did not. After a while, the researchers found that mice with damage to the hypothalamus showed signs of obesity. The researchers believe that damage to specific parts of the hypothalamus is the cause of obesity in mice.

Hypothesis: Mice with hypothalamic injury are obese to the same extent as those obese mice fed a high-fat diet, if true, best supports the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: When encountering high temperatures, the building materials will make unique sounds. The sound sensor alarm will detect these sounds and provide an early warning of a house fire, so that the occupants can escape before being fainted by the smoke. Because the smoke is The most common factor causing casualties, so the installation of sound sensor alarm will effectively reduce the casualties of house fires.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis 'Many fires start in indoor sofa cushions or mattresses, which produce a lot of smoke but no sound' can best refute the above statement if it is correct.


Premise: Leslie: I' ll show you that your quest for the treasure is irrational. Suppose you found a tablet inscribed, Whoever touches this tablet will lose a hand, yet will possess the world.  Would you touch it? Erich: Certainly not. Leslie: Just as I expected! It is clear from your answer that your hands are more important to you than possessing the world. But your entire body is necessarily more important to you than your hands. Yet you are ruining your health and harming your body in your quest for a treasure that is much less valuable than the whole world. I rest my case.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Leslie's argument is that Erich should not risk his physical well-being regardless of the possible gains that such risks might bring.


Premise: Millions of homes are now using low-energy lighting, but millions more have still to make the switch, a fact that the government and the home lighting industry are eager to change. Although low-wattage bulbs cost more per bulb than normal bulbs, their advantages to the homeowner are enormous, and ttherefore everyone should use low-wattage bulbs.

Hypothesis: Information about the profits the home lighting industry expects to make from sales of low-wattage bulbs would be LEAST useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Stem cells are all over the human body, which fascinates scientists because they have the ability to become any type of cells. This ability means that they may repair or replace damaged tissue. While stimulating the growth of stem cells by laser is likely to achieve tissue growth, researchers believe that laser technology may become a tool for change in the field of medicine.

Hypothesis: At present, laser stimulated growth has not been tested on human body, and the risk remains to be evaluated best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: For many centuries it was believed that only classical Euclidean geometry could provide a correct way of mathematically representing the universe. Nevertheless, scientists have come to believe that a representation of the universe employing non-Euclidean geometry is much more useful in developing certain areas of scientific theory. In fact, such a representation underlies the cosmological theory that is now most widely accepted by scientists as accurate.

Hypothesis: Scientists generally do not now believe that classical Euclidean geometry is uniquely capable of giving a correct mathematical representation of the universe is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Consumer advocate: In some countries, certain produce is routinely irradiated with gamma rays in order to extend shelf life. There are, however, good reasons to avoid irradiated foods. First, they are exposed to the radioactive substances that produce the gamma rays. Second, irradiation can reduce the vitamin content of fresh foods, leaving behind harmful chemical residues. Third, irradiation spawns unique radiolytic products that cause serious health problems, including cancer.

Hypothesis: Cancer and other serious health problems have many causes that are unrelated to radioactive substances and gamma rays weakens the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: Although personnel incentives are important to the company, a study shows that the personnel department is not so important because the personnel department does not participate in strategic decision-making meetings, and hiring senior managers has CEO decisions, and the personnel department often only plays a supporting and supporting role.

Hypothesis: Although the compensation system designed by the personnel department can not create wealth, it can retain talented people for the company weakens the above argument most strongly.


Premise: If the city council maintains spending at the same level as this year' s, it can be expected to levy a sales tax of 2 percent next year. Thus, if the council levies a higher tax, it will be because the council is increasing its expenditures.

Hypothesis: If the companies in the state do not increase their workers' wages this year, the prices they charge for their goods can be expected to be much the same as they were last year. Thus, if the companies do increase prices, it will be because they have increased wages exhibits a pattern of reasoning most closely similar to that of the argument above.


Premise: Department manager: I'd like to replace the M-type computers in my department with V-type computers. General manager: Why? Department manager: The cost of training new employees to operate V-shaped computers can be reduced by 20%. General manager: But that's not a good enough reason. We can simply hire only those who already know how to use M-type computers.

Hypothesis: The statement "Once employees have learned how to use computers, they are more likely to change jobs than before" will most seriously weaken the general manager's opposition to replacing M-type computers with V-computers.


Premise: A district conducted a sampling survey on the four streets of Zhongshan, Yangtze River, Meiyuan and Xinghai and ranked them according to per capita income. According to past experience, some people predict the per capita income of the four streets as follows: (1) if Zhongshan Street ranks third, then Meiyuan Street ranks first; (2) if the Yangtze River Street ranks neither first nor second, then Zhongshan Street ranks third; (3) Zhongshan Street is adjacent to Meiyuan Street, but not to the Yangtze River Street. It was learned afterwards that the above forecasts were in line with the survey results.

Hypothesis: The street of Xinghai Street is either the first or the third can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: Bunty: The primary job of police officers is keeping the peace. Since their subsidiary jobs, such as controlling traffic, hinder their performance of the primary one, people other than police officers should be hired to perform the subsidiary jobs. Naina: To perform their primary job well, police officers must have the trust of citizens. They gain that trust by performing their subsidiary jobs, which are the only functions most citizens see them fulfill.

Hypothesis: Bunty and Naina disagree with each other about whether police officers need to win the trust of law-abiding citizens in order to keep the peace effectively.


Premise: The fact that people who run marathons are ill less often than other people does not prove that running marathons prevents illness, for whether one runs marathons or not depends in part on one' s preexisting state of health.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument that having strong verbal skills encourages people to read more, so the fact that habitual readers tend to be verbally skilled does not prove that reading produces verbal skill, is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: The change of reading scene has led to a great change in the field of knowledge: the traditional knowledge carrier, the pushpin on the book has been pried open by the network, and the knowledge information floats and becomes fragmented. The Internet magnifies these pieces of information, which in turn changes people's reading mentality. In other words, in the face of massive information, people's information anxiety is more serious, and people do not have enough time and attention. The information I have read is like sand in my hand, I can't remember it and can't keep it. Massive information lack of binding tools and binding methods, which is what many people call the reading crisis.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Readers' reading mentality changes with the change of reading scene' is understood accurately with regard to this passage.


Premise: Radial keratotomy (RK), a surgery that is designed to reshape the cornea so that light focuses correctly on the retina, is supposed to make eyeglasses or contact lenses that correct for nearsightedness unnecessary. Yet a study of patients who have undergone RK shows that some of them still need to wear glasses or contact lenses.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above EXCEPT: As the eye heals from an operation to correct nearsightedness, it may in fact overcorrect, causing the person to be farsighted.


Premise: The researchers newly recruited by a scientific research institution in 2013 are either introduced talents with the title of vice high or above, or newly graduated doctoral students with household registration in Beijing. All the recent doctoral graduates live in postdoctoral apartments, and the introduced talents live in the Peony Garden community.

Hypothesis: Doctoral students who are not fresh graduates all live in the Peony Garden community is a true judgment about the researchers newly recruited by the unit in 2013.


Premise: The cafeteria of a certain elementary school provides a free lunch every day to the entire student body - a significant expense in the school' s annual budget. A vice principal was exploring cost-reducing measures that would not compromise nourishment. A local Italian restaurant offered the school a large number of pizzas at a vastly reduced bulk rate. The pizzas were served one day, and afterward, the vice principal calculated that the cost of the pizza and delivery was slightly more than the average cost of typical cafeteria lunch day. Ttherefore, he concluded that the school could not save money by replacing a day of cafeteria lunch with a day of pizza from this restaurant.

Hypothesis: How many pizzas were uneaten at the end of that day's lunch would be most useful for evaluating the conclusion drawn by the vice principal.


Premise: In chemistry class, Mr. Zhang demonstrated two simultaneous teaching experiments: one is that O2 is produced slowly after KCIO3 heating; the other is that KCIO3 is heated and a small amount of MnO2 is quickly sprinkled into it, and a large amount of O2 is produced immediately. Teacher Zhang pointed out that MnO2 is the reason for the rapid production of O2.

Hypothesis: Statistical analysis shows that between 30 and 60 years old, the older the age, the less daring. There is reason to believe that time is a brave corrosive is similar to Mr. Zhang's conclusion.


Premise: The role of the microbiome in the Earth's ecosystem and human health is beyond imagination. It will not only greatly help human beings to overcome the survival challenges they face today, but also provide the way for human beings to survive in the future. One reason is that microbes can work together to make themselves more stable and effective in ecosystems and endows the microbiome with more powerful function than single microorganism.

Hypothesis: The stability and adaptability of the biological system are greatly improved and the degradation efficiency of some harmful compounds is also improved best supports this view.


Premise: Gratuitous contract  is a contract in which one party only enjoys contractual rights without paying any price. In other words, one party to the contract gives a certain benefit to the other party, and the other party does not have to pay any price to obtain the benefit.

Hypothesis: A lent his car to his colleague B for use, and signed an agreement with B, agreeing to lend it to him for one year, without paying the use fee, but it must be returned as scheduled is not part of a gratuitous contract according to the above definition.


Premise: Many economists claim that financial rewards provide the strongest incentive for people to choose one job over another. But in many surveys, most people do not name high salary as the most desirable feature of a job. This shows that these economists overestimate the degree to which people are motivated by money in their job choices.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In many surveys, people say that they would prefer a high-wage job to an otherwise identical job with lower wages' most weakens the argument.


Premise: It is generally believed that the sports level and endurance of a professional athlete at the age of 45 are significantly lower than those at the age of 30. but the result of a marathon between retired and serving professional footballers was that there was no difference between 45-year-old retired footballers and 30-year-old serving players. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the sports level and endurance of a professional player will be significantly reduced by the age of 45.

Hypothesis: Retired players do not hesitate to risk exceeding their physical strength in the game in order to prove their strength is true and most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Like a number of other articles, Ian Raghnall' s article relied on a recent survey in which over half the couples applying for divorces listed moneyas a major problem in their marriages. Raghnall' s conclusion from the survey data is that financial problems are the major problem in marriages and an important factor contributing to the high divorce rate. Yet couples often express other types of marital frustrations in financial terms. Despite appearances, the survey data do not establish that financial problems are the major problem in contemporary marriages.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in Raghnall's article is inadequately justified is the sentence that best expresses the main point of the passage.


Premise: Situation: In the island nation of Bezun, the government taxes gasoline heavily in order to induce people not to drive. It uses the revenue from the gasoline tax to subsidize electricity in order to reduce prices charged for electricity. Analysis: The greater the success achieved in meeting the first of these objectives, the less will be the success achieved in meeting the second.

Hypothesis: The analysis provided for the situation above would be most appropriate in a situation where the park management charges an admission fee so that a park's users will contribute to the park's upkeep and does not finance any new projects from them.


Premise: The fish tank law refers to the need for free space for growth. To make a person grow faster, he must be given the freedom to move, instead of confining him to a small fish tank.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the organization department of a municipal party committee selecting a group of outstanding young cadres born in 1985 to serve as executive deputy county heads and letting them take on heavy responsibilities meets the fish tank law.


Premise: People without cognitive impairments tend to read with ease. People with cognitive impairments tend to have great difficulty reading. Ttherefore, if people with cognitive impairments are taught to read with ease, the proportion of people with cognitive impairments will decrease.

Hypothesis: The reasoning error in the argument is that it confuses the relationship between the cause of something and the resulting effect.


Premise: Psychologists have found that, in general, students' attention varies with the time the teacher gives.At the beginning of the lecture, the student's attention will be greatly enhanced, and for a period of time in the middle to maintain a more ideal state. Then, the students' attention will begin to be distracted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The teacher is well-arranged to get enough attention' best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: Ripple effect refers to the different psychological states of people in different areas in an emergency. The closer they are to the center of the crisis, the higher their risk perception and negative emotions will be.

Hypothesis: The less time it takes for a pandemic to break out, the greater the level of anxiety and panic qualifies as a ripple effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Consumer magazine: Because front-loading washers use less water than top-loading washers, ordinary powder detergent does not dissolve readily in front-loading washers. So, to get clothes really clean in a front-loading machine you need to use a detergent formulated especially for front-loading washers, instead of ordinary powder detergent.

Hypothesis: An assumption required by the argument in the consumer magazine is that washers that use more water get clothes cleaner than those that use less.


Premise: Defensive listening refers to the self-protective response, such as denial, defense, attack, etc., when the recipient of the message is aware of the accusation in the other party's discourse in the process of communication.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "I'm sorry to have caused you trouble because I wasn't serious" does not belong to defensive listening when A is accused by B of not taking things seriously.


Premise: The phenomenon that ordinary civil disputes evolved into violent crimes, and finally had to introduce national coercive force to finally resolve disputes, became the funnel effect of disputes.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao's actions of suspecting his wife of having an affair and rushing to his wife's company to injure his boss do not belong to the funnel effect of disputes according to the definition given above.


Premise: Leibniz was a great philosopher in the 17th century. He published his calculus research results before Newton. But at that time Newton published his personal notes, indicating that he has used the principle of calculus at least 10 years before Leibniz published his results. Newton also said that shortly before Leibniz published his results, he talked about his thoughts on calculus in a letter to Leibniz. However, the research afterwards showed that in Newton's letter, the few lines about calculus hardly involve any important aspects of this theory. Therefore, it can be concluded that Leibniz and Newton independently published calculus.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there is no third person independently invented calculus no later than Leibniz and Newton must be made in the above argument.


Premise: Paleontologist: About 2. 8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines. These declines coincided with the onset of an ice age. The notion that cold killed those bottom-dwelling creatures outright is misguided, however; temperatures near the ocean floor would have changed very little. <b> Nevertheless, the cold probably did cause the population declines, though indirectly. </b> Many bottom-dwellers depended for food on plankton, small organisms that lived close to the surface and sank to the bottom when they died. <b> Most probably, the plankton suffered a severe population decline as a result of sharply lower temperatures at the surface, depriving many bottom-dwellers of food. </b>

Hypothesis: In the paleontologist's reasoning, the first portion in boldface introduces the hypothesis proposed by the paleontologist, while the second portion is a judgment offered in spelling out that hypothesis.


Premise: A report pointed out that in the first half of this year, the cumulative sales of  mobile phones exceeded 60 million in China, of which 28 million domestic mobile phones were sold. Therefore, some media have judged that domestic mobile phones have recovered.

Hypothesis: The statement "In the second half of this year, sales of domestic mobile phones far outpaced those of other brands, and this trend continues" strongly supports the above judgment.


Premise: The reason why a large number of spitters spit at will and without scruples is that the previous punishment measures are far from being a warning and it is more difficult to touch the heart of the spitters. They had no sense of shame when they spited and no shame after being punished.

Hypothesis: The author does not specify which option they think is the best way to punish people who spit everywhere.


Premise: AI assistant has obvious advantages in medical application: radiologists read and analyze a large number of images every day, doctors will be inefficient due to fatigue, AI assistant will not, it can even faster than the human eye to find suspicious lesions in the image to help doctors make a preliminary diagnosis.

Hypothesis: With the help of AI assistant, Ding Hospital detected the abnormal signs of chest cavity of patients with remote consultation, and determined the treatment plan for them can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: We cannot simply think that the editors of the lexicon are wrong. They will not make changes to the usage of the vocabulary randomly, and must have been carefully researched. However, the lexicographers cannot ignore a basic fact and the basic requirements derived from it : Spoken and written languages are commonly used by the broad masses of the people and have a very broad social nature. Therefore, the standardization of spoken and written languages cannot be carried out in the ivory tower, but must follow the mass line.

Hypothesis: The basic requirement in this passage is that standardization of spoken and written languages must serve the broad masses of people.


Premise: Fresh fish tastes delicious and nutritious, but the fish has less fat and more water, which is not easy to preserve and easy to decay. Once dehydrated and dead, it is very easy to be affected by bacteria and decompose rapidly to produce trimethylamine and piperidine. Trimethylamine is a gas and is easily soluble in water; Piperidine is liquid and stinks of ammonia. So many people think of fishy smell when they mention fish. There is a kind of oily fish in Italian food, which has a strong smell after fermentation, but many people like it. It is used to mix salad sauce and make pasta sauce. It is often seen that it should be a distant relative of fish sauce, the seasoning of ancient Greece and Rome.

Hypothesis: The correct option according to the above materials is 'How does fish smell'.


Premise: Since 1995, hundreds of poor children in India have suffered from an acute brain disease every year. Children often have epilepsy symptoms in the early morning, and many children die quickly. This situation usually occurs from May to July every year. Litchi is abundant in this area, and may to July happens to be the time for litchi to mature. Therefore, some people suspect that this disease may be related to litchi. The study found that, All litchi contain methylenecycloalanine and hypoglycine, and the contents of these two substances are higher in immature litchi. The researchers believe that these patients belong to hypoglycine and methylenecycloalanine poisoning, and the disease outbreak is indeed related to a large number of litchi consumption.

Hypothesis: Residents limited the number of children eating litchi every day according to official recommendations, and the number of patients decreased significantly two years later best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Ttherefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Katrovians in households that already have computers are unlikely to purchase the new Infotek model as an additional computer for home use is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Car accidents that happen at excessive speeds are more likely than other car accidents to result in fatalities. However, the majority of accidents that happen at excessive speeds do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address car accidents at excessive speeds as being distinct from other kinds of car accidents.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in the statement 'Overweight people are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than other people. However, more than half of all overweight people never develop heart disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients.'


Hypothesis: If correct, the statement that 'The time a person can fully concentrate is only 7 seconds' best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: The Canadian elk has traditionally been limited in its geographic range by the presence of elderberries, its primary source of food, which only grow up until a certain point in the tundra. A recent rise in temperatures, however, has seen a spread in the growth of elderberries northwards into the tundra. Ttherefore, the overall range of the Canadian elk can be expected to increase.

Hypothesis: If true, increasing temperatures have created conditions too warm for elderberry growth in the southern half of the Canadian elk's traditional territory best casts doubt on the argument.


Premise: Flash effect is a term in psychology, also known as flash memory. It refers to the phenomenon that individuals are easy to leave a deep and accurate memory of shocking events, and the accuracy of memory does not weaken with the passage of time. Most of the events recorded by flash memory are important events related to individuals.

Hypothesis: The flash effect is Gao Yang's journey to school as a child is still accurately identified when he returns home after 40 years.


Premise: If logic comes from a priori, that is, logic transcends experience and exists before experience, then whether there is abstract logic that transcends concrete things if there is, how can we infer that many logicians often prove the transcendental nature of logic with propositions such as the sum of interior angles of triangles equal to 180 degrees-nature, especially as a symbolic system of mathematical logic.It seems that logical forms can have the self-consistency and eternal correctness of reasoning without relying on people's experience, and things in the objective world must be arranged through logical arrangement in order to make people have a clear and systematic understanding. If this is the case, we cannot help but ask how human beings, as empirical beings, know that there is no doubt that there is a logic that transcends experience, and that acknowledging the existence of transcendental logic is bound to fall into the quagmire of dogmatism or the rut of mysticism.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is questioning the existence of transcendental logic.


Premise: An elementary school applied to the local administrative department of education to purchase an additional school bus to strengthen the ability to transport teachers and students. The administrative department of education rejected this application on the grounds that the number of school buses must match the size of the school and the number of teachers and students .According to the current number and scale of the school's teachers and students, the existing school buses are enough.

Hypothesis: The education administrative department's decision can best be supported by the assumption that it has no plan to expand the scale of teachers and students of the school.


Premise: The results showed that when cooking with tap water, the loss of vitamin B.1 was directly proportional to the cooking time and temperature, generally 30%. If you cook with boiled water or distilled water, it will not cause the loss of vitamin B.1. The number of rice washing is directly proportional to the loss of vitamin B.1. However, the loss of vitamin B.1 is 40% whether you use boiled water, tap water or distilled water to wash rice.

Hypothesis: We should reduce the number of rice washing and cook with boiling water can be obtained from the above experimental results.


Premise: Recently, some cities have launched taking random photos of traffic violations on Mini Program, where citizens can upload and report photos or videos of illegal parking and other illegal activities of motor vehicles running a red light through the Mini Program.Once the reported traffic violations are verified, the relevant departments will reward the whistleblowers. Some experts conclude from this that taking pictures of traffic violations can effectively expand the scope of traffic supervision and create a situation of co-governance between the police and the people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In some places, there have been cases in which the informant's information has been leaked, so it is urgent to protect the informant's personal privacy' can best support the above expert's conclusion.


Premise: In July 2018, the State Sports General Administration issued the Notice on Holding the 2018 National E-sports Open, listing some well-known online games as official competitions, and the champions and runners-up of the finals will be eligible for national training. The country is calling on students to boycott Internet addiction and issued the notice at the same time, and it seems to be contradictory.

Hypothesis: The explanation that 'Professional e-sports training is essentially different from entertaining online games' can best explain this seemingly contradictory phenomenon.


Premise: The ancients had a tradition of living as if they were dead, so the necessities of life must be provided one by one. Natural money is indispensable.

Hypothesis: The ancients would give some money to the dead can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: A car factory claims that its new car has passed various crash tests. When a car accident occurs, the safety of the passengers can be fully protected. But there are also questions about whether crash tests alone will not prove the car is safe.

Hypothesis: Tests are usually conducted in the laboratory rather than on crash prone roads, if true, cannot support this challenge.


Premise: Substantial economic growth must be preceded by technological innovations that expanding industries incorporate into their production or distribution procedures. Since a worldwide ban on the use of fossil fuels would surely produce many technological innovations, it is obvious that such a ban would be followed by an economic boom rather than by the economic depression forecast by the critics of such a ban.

Hypothesis: The argument confuses a necessary condition for a phenomenon with a sufficient condition for that phenomenon most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning.


Premise: Novice bird-watcher: I don' t know much about animal tracks, but I do know that birds typically have four toes, and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward. Since this track was made by an animal with four toes, of which three point forward and one points backward, we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed because it does not define birds as animals with four toes.


Premise: The results of the survey show that a considerable number of ethnic minority cadres have high-level technical titles, and some young people have a tendency to chase stars. Among those with high-level technical titles, there are star chasers, and women account for a considerable proportion of star chasers.

Hypothesis: There are minority cadres among the star chasers can be inferred.


Premise: cientists found that shutting down two genes in the muscle tissue of lab rat severely limited their ability to run, two genes control the synthesis of a protein called AMPK in lab rat  skeletal muscle, the muscle that controls movement. These genes allow muscles to make energy from sugar, and if this process is disrupted, the mitochondria, which make energy in muscles, are at lower levels and the muscles do not function properly. So scientists think the differences between couch potatoes and Olympians may all be genetic.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some Olympians have genes that make the protein AMPK that no one else has' can best support the scientist's opinion.


Premise: A psychological study found that people from the lowest economic brackets had the highest rates of metabolic syndrome in middle age, regardless of how successful they were. The study also found that although metabolic syndrome was associated with childhood living conditions, those in this group with a loving mother were less likely to develop the syndrome. The reason is that loving mothers are compassionate, tell their children how to deal with stress and encourage them to eat healthy and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we can actually design a program that guides mothers in teaching their children how to cope with stress, live healthy lives, and take control of their destiny.

Hypothesis: Designing a mother-specific coaching program can help reduce the rate of metabolic syndrome in specific groups can be inferred.


Premise: Undifferentiated marketing refers to that enterprises do not consider the characteristics of each sub-market, but only pay attention to the commonness of the market, decide to launch a single product, use a single marketing mix, and strive to meet the needs of as many customers as possible to a certain extent.

Hypothesis: A multinational company, although very large, produces only one beverage and uses the same packaging and advertising in all regions of the world is undifferentiated marketing according to the above definition.


Premise: Technical Barriers means that when commodity importing countries implement trade import control, they improve the technical requirements of imported products and increase the difficulty of import by issuing laws, decrees, regulations and regulations, establishing technical standards, certification system, health inspection and quarantine system, inspection procedures, packaging, specifications, labels and standards, so as to limit import and ensure national security, The purpose of protecting consumers' interests and maintaining balance of payments is non - tariff barriers

Hypothesis: The government of country B believes that the textile price of country A in country B is too low, which has caused material damage to the domestic textile industry. Therefore, an anti-dumping investigation is carried out on the textiles of country A, which restricts the export of textiles of country A belongs to Technical Barriers.


Premise: The pay gap between senior managers reflects the way different parts of a company work. If the gap is large, it encourages competition between sectors and individual performance; If the gap is small, it encourages inter-departmental cooperation and collective performance. The various departments of 3M work in a cooperative way, so ______________

Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion to the argument is that the gap in compensation for senior managers at 3M is smaller.


Premise: Integrity is the foundation of a person. However, when plagiarism, college entrance examination fraud, national fraud, official corruption and bribery are repeatedly exposed, once the moral system collapses, the society will not continue to operate normally. By querying the credit status in the credit record, the problem of social information asymmetry can be alleviated to a great extent and the dishonest can be psychologically deterred.

Hypothesis: Credit ID card is a beneficial attempt to maintain and rebuild social integrity can be inferred.


Premise: Administrative sanctions refer to the authority granted by state agencies, enterprises and institutions in accordance with laws or regulations, in accordance with laws or relevant rules and regulations, and in accordance with administrative affiliation, to impose sanctions on those who violate the rules and regulations or commit minor dereliction of duty that are not enough for criminal sanctions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Was fined by the public security agency for hooliganism' is not an administrative sanction.


Premise: The odds of winning any major lottery jackpot are extremely slight. However, the very few people who do win major jackpots receive a great deal of attention from the media. Thus, since most people come to have at least some awareness of events that receive extensive media coverage, it is likely that many people greatly overestimate the odds of their winning a major jackpot.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people who overestimate the likelihood of winning a major jackpot do so at least in part because media coverage of other people who have won major jackpots downplays the odds against winning such a jackpot' is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Little John sat quietly at midnight. He hopes very much that it is morning so that he can go out and play football. He calmed down and prayed that the sun would rise earlier. As he prayed, the sky slowly changed. He continued to pray. The sun gradually rose above the horizon and rose into the sky. Little John thought about what had happened and came to the conclusion that if he prayed, he could turn a cold and lonely night into a warm and clear day. He is proud of himself.Little John sat quietly at midnight. He hopes very much that it is morning so that he can go out and play football. He calmed down and prayed that the sun would rise earlier. As he prayed, the sky slowly changed. He continued to pray. The sun gradually rose above the horizon and rose into the sky. Little John thought about what had happened and came to the conclusion that if he prayed, he could turn a cold and lonely night into a warm and clear day. He is proud of himself.

Hypothesis: Just because something happens after little John prays doesn't mean it happens because he prays points to a flaw in little John's reasoning.


Premise: When politicians describe their opponents' positions, they typically make those positions seem implausible and unattractive. In contrast, scholars try to make opposing positions seem as plausible and attractive as possible. Doing so makes their arguments against those positions more persuasive to their professional colleagues. Politicians should take note: they could persuade more voters with their arguments if they simply followed the scholars in charitably formulating their opponents' positions.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to address the possibility that an approach that works with one kind of audience will not work with another.


Premise: One of the direct consequences of inflation is the reduced purchasing power of cash. A retired Russian female scientist complains that the money she and her family have accumulated in the bank for decades, but inflation has left them with only enough money to buy a kilogram of sausages. An honest worker who suffers such an unfair loss will naturally feel angry and even break the law. When there are many people who think so in the society, the moral level of the society will be greatly reduced and the stability of the society will be destroyed.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that inflation will do great harm to the interests of honest workers.


Premise: Only 1, 000 to 2, 000 species of fruit flies exist worldwide. Nowhere in the world are fruit flies more taxonomically diverse than in the Hawaiian islands, which host some 500 species. A subset of fruit flies called the picture-winged drosophilids is represented in Hawaii by 106 species. All of the fruit fly species now present in the Hawaiian archipelago are thought to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral females.

Hypothesis: All of the picture-winged drosophilids in Hawaii are believed to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral female fruit flies can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Some of the charged particles in the solar wind can reach the surface of M star and transfer enough energy to the surface particles of M star so that the latter can escape from the surface of M star and escape into the atmosphere of M star. In order to determine these escaped particles, the scientists obtained the following information through three experiments: experiment 1: either X particle or Y particle; experiment 2: either Y particle or Z particle; experiment 3: if it is not Z particle, it is not Y particle.

Hypothesis: According to the above three experiments, this particle is not an X particle.


Premise: Information system outsourcing refers to the information system construction mode of information system development and construction with the help of external forces, that is, on the basis of the specified service level, an enterprise entrusts all or part of the information system operations supporting production and operation to a professional company in the form of contract, which will stably manage and provide the information technology services required by the enterprise within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a software company developing a set of financial management system software for an enterprise and improving the work efficiency of the enterprise does not belong to information system outsourcing.


Premise: A recent study found that snoring, though not common in either group, is more common among smokers than among nonsmokers. On the basis of this evidence, the author hypothesized that smoking by itself can induce snoring.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Both smoking and snoring cause throat problems' casts the most doubt on the author's hypothesis if true.


Premise: The researchers divided the subjects into two groups: group A did its own thing for ten minutes, but did not do anything that would lead to lying; group B was asked to steal the test paper and lie during the test. The researchers then asked the subjects to wear special electrodes to record the frequency of blinking when asked. The results showed that the blinking frequency of group A increased slightly, but the blinking frequency of group B decreased at first, and then increased significantly to 8 times of the general frequency. Thus it can be seen that by observing the blinking frequency of a person, we can judge whether he is lying or not.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question "Will telling lies lead to a faster heartbeat and higher blood pressure?" hardly questions the conclusions of this study.


Premise: Researchers have found that Bird's egg color is strongly correlated with temperature. The results of the study showed that darker Bird's egg were more common in areas with lower sunlight intensity, while Bird's egg were generally lighter in areas with higher and warmer sunlight. The team believes that a darker shell means more heat can be absorbed, giving it a survival advantage in colder environments. Because the embryo in the egg needs a stable ambient temperature, but it does not have the ability to regulate temperature itself.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Different breeds of eggs were exposed to sunlight. Darker eggs heated up faster than lighter eggs, and their shell surfaces remained warmer for longer" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: A company has a six-story office building. The company's finance department, planning department, administration department, sales department, human resources department, R & D department and other six departments work here, each department occupies one floor. It is known that: (1) the floors of the human resources department and the sales department are not adjacent; (2) the finance department is on the lower floor of the planning department; (3) the floor of the administration department is above the planning department, but below the human resources department.

Hypothesis: If the human resources department is not one level above the administration department, the sales department may be on the upper floor of the administration department.


Premise: In the troposphere, the lowest level of the earth' s atmosphere, the temperature decreases as one progresses straight upward. At the top, the air temperature ranges from -50 degrees Celsius over the poles to -85 degrees Celsius over the equator. At that point the stratosphere begins, and the temperature stops decreasing and instead increases as one progresses straight upward through the stratosphere. The stratosphere is warmed by ozone. When an ozone particle absorbs a dose of ultraviolet sunlight, heat is generated.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, the temperature at any point at the top of the stratosphere is at least as great as the temperature at the top of the troposphere directly beneath that point must also be true.


Premise: Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __.

Hypothesis: RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Based on data collected from policyholders, life insurance companies have developed tables that list standard weight ranges for various heights. Policyholders whose weight fell within the range given for their height lived longer than those whose weight fell outside their given range. Ttherefore, if people whose weight falls outside their given range modified their weight to fall within that range, their overall life expectancies would improve.

Hypothesis: People's efforts to modify their weight to conform to a given range would not damage their health enough to decrease their overall life expectancies is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Income distribution is the result of a series of social, political and economic policies and related systems. Therefore, the essence of reforming income distribution is to reform the social, political and economic policies and related systems that cause unfair income distribution. Strictly speaking, income distribution reform is not a reform of equalizing the rich and the poor, but a reform that makes the social, political and economic system closer to fairness, justice and justice, It is a reform of the social, political and economic environment that provides more equal development opportunities for all members of society. Only with a minimum of social fairness, justice and justice and a political and economic system that can provide equal development opportunities for social members can a reasonable income distribution system be formed.

Hypothesis: The essence of income distribution reform is explained in this passage.


Premise: Tourism commodities refer to physical commodities purchased by tourists for non-commercial purposes in tourism activities. It does not include daily necessities necessary to maintain tourism activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Ms. Li's information about local food and entertainment from small vendors in Thailand is a tourism commodity.


Premise: Achievement motivation is an individual's motivation to pursue important and valuable work, to set high standards for themselves, to achieve success as the goal, and try to make the work to achieve the perfect state.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang is an enterprise leader. He often tells his employees to finish their work consciously and with high quality is not show achievement motivation according to the above definition.


Premise: Impression management is the process by which people try to control the impressions others form about themselves. The impression a person leaves on others indicates how others perceive, evaluate, and even shape other people's specific ways of coping with them. Therefore, in order to leave a good impression on others and get good evaluation and treatment from others, people will express themselves in a way that creates a specific impression on others. The use of impression management, especially to avoid certain performance collapses, including unintentional movements, untimely intrusions, farce, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xu Heng saw people picking pears on the roadside to quench their thirst, and he was unmoved, saying, Although there is no owner of a pear, my heart has a owner reflects the use of impression management.


Premise: Logistics is the physical movement of material materials from suppliers to demanders. It is an economic activity to create time and place value, including packaging, loading and unloading, storage, inventory management, circulation, processing, transportation, distribution and so on.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao helping the company's customer Qian move this Sunday belongs to logistics activities.


Premise: Solicitor: Loux named Zembaty executor of her will. Her only beneficiary was her grandson, of whom she was very fond. Prior to distributing the remainder to the beneficiary, Zembaty was legally required to choose which properties in the estate should be sold to clear the estate' s heavy debts. Loux never expressed any particular desire about the Stoke Farm, which includes the only farmland in her estate. Thus, it is unlikely that Loux would have had any objection to Zembaty' s having sold it rather than having transferred it to her grandson.

Hypothesis: The statement "Loux's grandson had repeatedly expressed his desire to own a farm" most weakens the solicitor's argument.


Premise: Large and small planets are suspended at the edge of the solar system and are easily affected by the gravity of nearby stars. Researchers calculate that these forces sometimes pull comets out of the Oort Nebula. In this way, they are more likely to be close to the sun. Based on this, the two researchers made two different conclusions: first, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits or expelled them from the solar system; second, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits. or drive them out of the solar system.

Hypothesis: If only one of the above two assertions is true, Jupiter's gravity pushes them into smaller orbits and drives them out of the solar system can be inferred.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Carriers need support and escort, and the more they are built, the fewer resources there are to build other ships and aircraft to support them' best explains the expert's seemingly contradictory attitude if it is true.


Premise: An advertising firm creates campaigns for both television and Internet platforms, and both campaigns are comparable in size. The audience for television advertisements is one thousand times the size of the Internet audiences, but the firm generates two-thirds of its revenue from Internet advertisements.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Internet advertisements allow the firm to more accurately target audiences' would resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: Many newspapers have cut back on book reviews, replacing them with other features that, according to focus group research, are of greater interest to potential readers. Such a move is ill-advised. Though meant to increase readership, it actually decreases readership by alienating loyal readers while catering to casual readers who are more likely to watch television than pick up a newspaper.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument is that the move to replace book reviews with other features alienates loyal readers and caters to casual readers.


Premise: The miscarriage of justice in the Barker case was due to the mistaken views held by some of the forensic scientists involved in the case, who believed that they owed allegiance only to the prosecuting lawyers. Justice was thwarted because these forensic scientists failed to provide evidence impartially to both the defense and the prosecution. Hence it is not forensic evidence in general that should be condemned for this injustice.

Hypothesis: Most forensic scientists acknowledge a professional obligation to provide evidence impartially to both the defense and the prosecution if true, most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The makers of Activite, a natural dietary supplement, claim that it promotes energy and mental alertness. To back up their claim, they offer a month' s supply of Activite free to new customers. Clearly, Activite must be effective, since otherwise it would not be in the company' s interest to make such an offer.

Hypothesis: There are less expensive dietary supplements on the market that are just as effective as Activite most weakens the argument.


Premise: Before the Chinese Super League Football League, four members of Guoan team A, B, C and D were together to discuss the transfer application of the club's players. A said: all the players of our club have submitted transfer applications. B said: if Da Liu submitted the transfer application, then Xiao Wang did not submit the application. C said: Da Liu has submitted a transfer application. D said: some players in our club have not submitted a transfer application.

Hypothesis: A lied, and Xiao Wang did not submit the application can be concluded knowing that only one of the four people is telling lies.


Premise: All of Professor Zhang's junior high school classmates are not doctorates; those who know his colleagues in the Institute of philosophy through Professor Zhang are doctorates; one of Professor Zhang's junior high school classmates met researcher Wang through Professor Zhang.

Hypothesis: Researcher Wang is a colleague of Professor Zhang's Institute of philosophy can be inferred from the above assertion as a conclusion.


Premise: Dual-trend conflict: refers to the conflict of motivations in which two kinds of needs and goals that are attractive to the individual appear at the same time, but due to conditional constraints, the individual cannot take two at the same time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'You cannot have your cake and eat it' belongs to dual-trend conflict according to the above definition.


Premise: Generally speaking, the increase in the price of a product will lead to a decrease in sales, unless the increase in price is accompanied by an improvement in the quality of the product. In China, foreign brands of wine are an exception. Seven increases in the price of wine from many foreign brands often lead to an increase in sales, although the quality of those brands has not changed.

Hypothesis: Retailers and producers of wine can temporarily increase the sales of certain wines through discounts on the price best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: As a result of modern medicine, more people have been able to enjoy long and pain-free lives. But the resulting increase in life expectancy has contributed to a steady increase in the proportion of the population that is of advanced age. This population shift is creating potentially devastating financial problems for some social welfare programs.

Hypothesis: Technical or scientific innovation cannot be the solution to all problems is most precisely exemplified by the situation presented above.