Premise: Definite thing is one that has its own characteristics and cannot be replaced by others

Hypothesis: An unearthed cultural relic of the Han Dynasty is a definite thing according to this definition.


Premise: Barnum effect: refers to people often think that a general, general personality description very accurately reveals their own characteristics.

Hypothesis: The barnum effect includes people thinking that a fortune teller is very accurate, even if the fortune teller said a lot of trivial things.


Premise: Studies have proved that the free calcium content in bone soup cooked by traditional methods is very low, and the calcium content in every 100 ml of bone soup is only about 2 mg. Therefore, the traditional concept of drinking bone soup to supplement calcium is wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only free calcium ions can be digested and absorbed by the body' if true, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has designated 2008 as the year of the Potato. The potato, also known as Tudou, is called a hidden treasure by United Nations experts. The United Nations named a year after a crop, which appeared only once in history, that is 2003, the International year of Rice. Why is it that this year's protagonist is not Corn, Apple, but the potato, which is buried deep in the ground and inconspicuous? Because potatoes are needed to solve the problem of global food security.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is that Tudou is raised to the strategic height of food security.


Premise: A recent study proves the relationship between learning and sleep. The researchers published their findings in Learning Science, a collaborative journal of Nature, pointing out the quality and time of sleep and the persistence of sleep habits are positively correlated with academic performance. Adequate sleep is more beneficial to students' study.

Hypothesis: The option "Students who get enough sleep, get up early and go to bed early and have regular work and rest generally have good grades" is not the logical inference of the above assertion.


Premise: Geneticist: Genes, like viruses, have a strong tendency to self-replicate; this has led some biologists to call genes selfish.  This term is, in this instance, intended to be defined behaviorally: it describes what genes do without ascribing intentions to them. But even given that genes are ascribed no intentions, the label selfish as applied to genes is a misnomer. Selfishness only concerns bringing about the best conditions for oneself; creating replicas of oneself is not selfish.

Hypothesis: If assumed, the statement 'Biologists have insufficient evidence about genetic behavior to determine whether it is best described as selfish' allows the geneticist's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: A Beijing newspaper, entitled 15% of fathers raise children for others, released statistics from a judicial material evidence appraisal center in Beijing: of the nearly 600 people who conducted paternity tests in Beijing within a year, 15% of the test results excluded paternity.

Hypothesis: Can modern science and technology really accurately identify paternity does not question the reliability of statistical inference.


Premise: Trade official: Country X deserves economic retribution for its protectionism. However, it is crucial that we recognize that there are overriding considerations in this case. We should still sell to X the agricultural equipment it ordered; there is high demand in our country for agricultural imports from X.

Hypothesis: The principle that the ability to keep popular products available domestically is less important than our being able to enter international markets is assumed by the argument.


Premise: Carter: Our hypothesis is that drivers in rural areas are guilty of more frequently texting while driving compared to urban drivers, so we need to make sure our demographics survey includes a question about the subject' s town of residence' s population size. Olga: It' s doubtful that most people know the exact population of their hometown, plus, we don' t need specific population figure s, so it makes more sense to ask subjects to identify the population range that their town of residence falls into.

Hypothesis: The principle that surveys that collect demographic information about participants should be as generalized as possible to achieve the necessary information for the hypothesis best justifies Olga's position.


Premise: Curator: Our museum displays only twentieth-century works, which are either on loan from private collectors or in the museum' s permanent collection. Prints of all of the latter works are available in the museum store. The museum store also sells prints of some works that are not part of the museum' s permanent collection, such as Hopper' s Nighthawks.

Hypothesis: There are prints in the museum store of every work that is displayed in the museum and not on loan from a private collector must be true if the curator's statements are true.


Premise: Archaeologists found that the adobe brick from the late Yangshao culture had neat edges and no signs of cutting, so they speculated that the adobe brick should have been pressed and molded with wood moulds, while the other five pieces of adobe were sintered and tested that the firing temperature was 850-900 degrees at that time. As a result, archaeologists further speculated that the bricks at that time were first made of clay into adobe using abrasives, and then fired at high temperature.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The five sintered bricks unearthed have been unearthed for 5000 years, and they really belong to the late Yangshao culture' best supports the above-mentioned archaeologist's speculation.


Premise: In addition to corporate purchases, the average price of buying a new car that has just left the factory has increased by 30% in the past five years. In the same period, the proportion of the average family budget for the purchase of cars has not changed. Therefore, the average family budget must have increased by 30% in the past five years.

Hypothesis: In the past 5 years, the average number of new cars purchased by each household has not changed is an assumption that can deduce the above discussion.


Premise: Enterprises in the booming period, often tense and busy, there is no time and energy to design and build qionglou Yuyu; When all the important work is done, time and energy are focused on building office buildings. So the more perfectly designed and lavishly decorated a company's office buildings, the closer it is to dissolution; When a company's building design and construction are perfected, its existence gradually becomes meaningless. This is known as the office Building Rule.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The office building of an enterprise is beautifully built, and the enterprise is thriving after moving in' most questions the above statement.


Premise: A supermarket often finds that there are customers stealing goods without paying, thus affecting the profit. Therefore, the management of the supermarket made up mind to install monitoring equipment inisde and hire more shopping guides, thereby increasing the profit.

Hypothesis: The number and consumption level of customers shopping at the supermarket each day is most important in evaluating the supermarket management's decision.


Premise: David is a senior CEO who has made up his mind to go to the company with the best treatment. Huizhong and Cantor are interested in hiring him, and the two companies are treated the same in other respects, except for a slight difference in salary. The terms offered by Huizhong Company are: a half-year salary of US $500000 and an increase of US $50, 000 per half-year. Kantuo's condition is an annual salary of US $1 million and an annual salary increase of US $200000.

Hypothesis: David will go to Huizhong because he will get an extra $50, 000 a year correctly describes David's choice.


Premise: Tourism commodities refer to physical commodities purchased by tourists for non-commercial purposes in tourism activities. It does not include daily necessities necessary to maintain tourism activities.

Hypothesis: Miss Zhang, who was on a business trip to Europe, used her spare time to buy a set of exquisite tea sets in an antique shop in Britain is a tourism commodity according to the above definition.


Premise: The government provides insurance for individuals' bank deposits, but requires the banks to pay the premiums for this insurance. Since it is depositors who primarily benefit from the security this insurance provides, the government should take steps to ensure that depositors who want this security bear the cost of it and thus should make depositors pay the premiums for insuring their own accounts.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the people who stand to benefit from an economic service should always be made to bear the costs of that service' would do most to justify drawing the conclusion of the argument on the basis of the reasons offered in its support.


Premise: The actual performance principle is to provide appropriate incentives based on the actual performance of the employees.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where a salesperson, Miss Li, is serious and responsible for her work, has average sales but a higher number of customer visits than other colleagues, and is subsequently promoted follows the actual performance principle.


Premise: People who are respected by everyone also respect everyone, and Zhang San does not respect Li Si.

Hypothesis: Some people don't respect Zhang San most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: When the market competition is very fierce, if an enterprise does not advance bravely and create competitive products, and also retreats in time, voluntarily abandons the favorite, and abandons the market that has no prospects, then the enterprise will eventually fall into crisis. .

Hypothesis: In the context of fierce competition, a company has developed a competitive product, and it will not fall into crisis in the end, can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States. The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline. However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.

Hypothesis: If true of the United States in the period 1978 to 1988, the statement that "Recycled aluminum cans were almost all beverage containers, but a significant fraction of the recycled glass bottles had contained products other than beverages" most helps to account for the finding.


Premise: When chimpanzees become angry at other chimpanzees, they often engage in what primatologists call threat gestures: grunting, spitting, or making abrupt, upsweeping arm movements. Chimpanzees also sometimes attack other chimpanzees out of anger. However, when they do attack, they almost never take time to make threat gestures first. And, conversely, threat gestures are rarely followed by physical attacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Threat gestures and physical attacks are not the only means by which chimpanzees display aggression' most helps to explain the information about how often threat gestures are accompanied by physical attacks.


Premise: Agricultural resources refer to the general term for all materials and energy that can be used in agriculture.

Hypothesis: Taking advantage of local resources, Liuzhou developed daily chemical, paper, sugar, cigarette, textile, pharmaceutical and other industries is not an agricultural resource.


Premise: U disk survival refers to the way of life that only depends on individual skills rather than on the identity of the organization, decides whether or not to participate in social cooperation, and its personal value is judged entirely by the market.

Hypothesis: Old Zhou, a carpenter, has been working in the city for more than ten years. He has done a good job and made a lot of money. Now he has his own decoration team, and people contact him about decoration every day from morning till night does not belong to U disk survival.


Premise: Humanistic care refers to a kind of universal human self-care, expressed as concern for personality, human value, human destiny and dignity, concern for people's living conditions and social status, people's needs for progress, and the guarantee of living conditions, and Affirmation and shaping of ideal personality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, deep care for people's mental state and human nature, respect for people's emotions, will and values does not belong to humanistic care.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: the process of processing orders quickly and accurately is helpful to our transaction. In order to increase profits, we should use electronic procedures instead of manual operation. With electronic procedures, customer orders will directly enter all relevant queues. Li Ming: if we use the electronic order process, our income will be reduced. Many people prefer to call when placing an order. If we switch to an electronic order process, our transactions will look cold and impersonal, and we will attract fewer passers-by.

Hypothesis: The difference of opinion between Zhang Qiang and Li Ming is whether switching to an electronic order process will benefit their financial benefits.


Premise: The attitude towards intellectuals marks the degree of civilization of a nation, while the attitude towards workers and peasants tests the conscience and conscience of the nation. So _

Hypothesis: Intellectuals can be treated twice as much as workers and peasants can best complete the above argument.


Premise: Some meteorological experts pointed out that global warming has become one of the most serious problems in human development. The melting of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic regions has accelerated due to global warming, which has caused sea levels to rise; if this trend remains unchanged, many will be flooded in the future. area. However, in recent years, people in many parts of the northern hemisphere have felt quite cold in winter, and some areas have even experienced super snowfall and ultra-low temperatures. People feel that the exact description of the recent climate seems to be global cooling.

Hypothesis: In recent years, the increase in sea temperature near the poles has interrupted or weakened the original ocean currents, and the areas in the northern hemisphere experiencing severe winters are the main areas affected by the original warm currents best explains the above phenomenon.


Premise: Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities. Most investment products require investors to have rich professional knowledge, but most of the elderly lack in this respect, so that they can only be fooled by some fraudsters. Compared with the stock market, funds and other securities investment, the elderly investment in art more easily fooled. If there is not enough identification ability, they will be deceived, cheated the in the mind also think met pick up the leak the good thing.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that some old people do not have enough identification ability, but also meet the beauty of picking up the leak.


Premise: Crisis management planning is a comprehensive process that enables people to grasp things and social public opinion more effectively by means of planning in order to prevent the outbreak of crisis or to reduce and eliminate the risks and losses caused by the crisis.

Hypothesis: Faced with a sudden earthquake, Xiao Zhang was knocked to the ground and fortunately escaped does not belong to crisis management planning according to the above definition.


Premise: Research suggests that compounds in meat may trigger wheezing in some children, which can lead to asthma or other respiratory problems. These compounds, known as advanced glycation end products, are released when meat is grilled at high temperatures. So eating a vegetarian diet or eating less meat can protect children from asthma risk.

Hypothesis: Meat roasting without high temperature does not produce advanced glycation end products, and its association with asthma is unknown most questions the above statement.


Premise: Lifelong education is an important part of community work. A community has set up some spare-time classes for the elderly. there are two types of spare-time classes, technical and interesting. Some elderly people have signed up for all the technical amateur classes, while others have signed up for all the interesting amateur classes.

Hypothesis: When the class begins, there are people in every part-time class must be true.


Premise: Division is a logical method of dividing the objects reflected by a concept into several small categories to confirm the extension of the concept, or it can be said to be a logical method of dividing an extended generic concept into several juxtaposed species concepts. Decomposition is to divide an object into several parts in thinking, and there is not a species relationship between the concept that reflects the part and the concept that reflects the whole.

Hypothesis: The penalty is divided into principal punishment, deprivation of political rights, confiscation of property, etc. is correctly divided according to the above definition.


Premise: Kim: The rapidly growing world population is increasing demands of food producers in ways that threaten our natural resources. With more land needed for both food production and urban areas, less land will be available for forests and wildlife habitats. Hampton: You are overlooking the promise of technology. I am confident that improvements in agriculture will allow us to feed the world population of ten billion predicted for 2050 without significantly increasing the percentage of the world' s land now devoted to agriculture.

Hypothesis: Kim's and Hampton's statements most strongly support the claim that both of them would agree with the statement that efforts should be taken to slow the rate of human population growth and to increase the amount of land committed to agriculture.


Premise: High Tower is a company that occupies several office buildings. It is considering installing energy-saving light bulbs in all of its buildings. This new light bulb emits as much light as the traditional light bulbs currently in use, and the electricity required is only half of the traditional bulb. The life of this new bulb is also greatly extended, so by replacing the old bulb with this new bulb when the old bulb is broken, High Tower can greatly reduce its overall lighting cost.

Hypothesis: If this kind of light bulb is widely adopted, it is very likely that the production of new light bulbs will be greatly increased, so that its price will be comparable to those of traditional light bulbs best supports the above statement.


Premise: Chiu: The belief that a person is always morally blameworthy for feeling certain emotions, such as unjustifiable anger, jealousy, or resentment, is misguided. Individuals are responsible for only what is under their control, and whether one feels such an emotion is not always under one' s control.

Hypothesis: Chiu's conclusion follows logically if the assumption that 'if a person is morally blameworthy for something, then that person is responsible for it' is made.


Premise: High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yields of the same crop year after year, pollute water supplies. Experts ttherefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their plantings yearly. To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for the past several years.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the rules for governmental support of farm prices work against efforts to reduce water pollution is supported by the statements above.


Premise: National pricing: refers to the commodity prices and charging standards set by the government price department and the competent business department in accordance with the authority of the state.

Hypothesis: A well-known shopping mall has newly imported a batch of high-end cashmere sweaters. For the credibility of the shopping mall, the boss decided to sell the new products at a 30% discount in the first three days of the market is not subject to national pricing.


Premise: Even though she thought the informant was untrustworthy, the journalist promised not to reveal his identity so long as the information he provided did not tum out to be false. However, she will publicly reveal the informant' s identity if she is ordered to do so by a judge or her editor. After all, the information concerns safety violations at the power plant. Thus, the journalist will surely reveal the informant' s identity even if the information is accurate.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if it is assumed that if the information concerns safety at the power plant, a judge will order the journalist to reveal her informant's identity.


Premise: Managers in a certain office have a doctoral degree, most of the Sichuan staff are under 30 years old, and a small number of Sichuan staff do not have a doctorate.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that some Sichuan employees are managers.


Premise: The purpose of advertising is to convince consumers that the goods they buy are good value for money, and no merchant will deliberately emphasize the high price of their products.

Hypothesis: Advertisements can persuade consumers to buy goods of good quality best reinforces the above assertion.


Premise: If an official from the government environmental protection department wants to speak at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar, he must be a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization. However, the meeting stipulated that as a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization, he is not allowed to be both an official of the government environmental protection department and a speaker at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar.

Hypothesis: Among the speakers at this seminar, there are no officials from the government's environmental protection department is also true if the above assertion is true.


Premise: The Reception Department of an office receives three visitors a day: Lao Zhao, Lao Qian and Lao Sun. After the meeting, three comrades found that the undergraduate section chief, Deputy Section Chief and staff three surnames just the same as the three visitors. In addition, there are the following situations: (1) the home of the old visitor Qian in Wuxi. (2)Visitor Lao Zhao is a veteran worker with 28 years of service. (3)The deputy section chief lives somewhere between Nanjing and Wuxi. (4) a fellow scientist and a colleague surnamed Sun turned out to be primary school classmates. (5)One of the visitors was a neighbor of the deputy section chief, who was also an old worker and had exactly three times the length of service of the section chief. (6) the same surname as the deputy section chief visited Hakka people and lived in Nanjing.

Hypothesis: Section chief surnames Qian, Deputy Section Chief Surnames Sun, and section member surnames Zhao can be concluded to be true in light of the above.


Premise: If he has the courage to take responsibility, then he will face the media directly rather than choose to escape; If he has no responsibility, he will hire a lawyer to defend his dignity. But in fact, he not only didn't hire a lawyer, but now he even disappeared.

Hypothesis: If he has responsibility, he should have the courage to take responsibility is correct according to the above statement.


Premise: Technological innovation refers to the first application of a new technology or invention in production and the establishment of a new production or supply function in the production system in the theory of economic development, introduce a new combination of production factors and production conditions. Economics emphasizes that technological innovation has the characteristics of non-exclusiveness, uncertainty, marketability and systemicity.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, launching a low alcohol wine on the market and achieving excellent market returns after a long period of formula testing belongs to technological innovation in the field of economics.


Premise: For the past several years, a certain technology has been widely used to transmit data among networked computers. Recently two data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech, have each developed separate systems that allow network data transmission at rates ten times faster than the current technology allows. Although the systems are similarly priced and are equally easy to use, Aptron' s product is likely to dominate the market, because __.

Hypothesis: It is easier for users of the current data transmission technology to switch to Aptron's product than to Gammatech's most logically completes the passage.


Premise: The crime of dereliction of duty refers to the behavior that the staff of state organs are seriously irresponsible, fail to perform or incorrectly perform their duties, resulting in heavy losses to public property, the interests of the state and the people.

Hypothesis: The crime of dereliction of duty is when the person in charge of the infrastructure of the municipal government was cheated out of 3 million yuan after listening to the introduction of a friend and signing a building contract with the other party without examination.


Premise: It is generally believed that honesty is a matter of personal morality and has nothing to do with others, but personal morality is not only a personal problem, but it will also produce social effects through externalities-the debt that individuals get, Eventually, it may repay to the whole society. From the perspective of institutional economics, a good economic system and governance mechanism should be able to restrain negative externalities, otherwise the economic order may collapse. It is necessary to make the initiators bear their due responsibility through the system and mechanism, rather than letting others or the whole market pay for it.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main point of this passage is that a system is needed to suppress the negative externalities of dishonesty.


Premise: Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.

Hypothesis: Under the attempting reward, there must be a brave man is positive reinforcement according to the above definition.


Premise: The decline of rural areas and the disappearance of hometown, which is the issue of the media and the human body in recent years, scholars' observation of video people's attention, so that the rural areas which are undergoing great changes have been moved into the focus of the platform of public opinion. Rural topic market and entertainment topics have become hot search words on social media together.However, for those who were absent from doing housework during this decade-long discussion on the rural topic, although there is a view that the best way for a writer to speak to society is through his works, there are also many people who think that writers cannot bear social responsibility only by writing fictional works.Foreign writers such as Balzac, Hugo Hugo and Tolstoy tend to act and speak in public.Express opinions on public affairs and social issues.

Hypothesis: Differences between Chinese and foreign writers in dealing with social affairs is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: Critic: Rock music is musically bankrupt and socially destructive, but at least the album covers of rock LPs from the 1960s and 1970s often featured innovative visual art. But now, since the success of digital music has almost ended the production of LPs, rock music has nothing going for it.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the LPs being produced today have innovative album cover art is relied upon by the critic's argument.


Premise: Science fiction master Arthur Clark said, if a respected old scientist says this thing is possible, he may be right; But if he says something is impossible, he may be very wrong.

Hypothesis: Arthur Clark wants to say that the future may be far beyond imagination.


Premise: In a study of commercial advertising, participants were divided into two groups and given the same snack. One group watched 10 minutes of a popular comedy video followed by five minutes of a commercial about food; the other group served as a control group, they have been watching 15 minutes of popular comedy shorts. The study found that the subjects who watched commercial food consumed significantly more snacks than the other group. Research suggests that food commercials can effectively increase people's consumption of snacks.

Hypothesis: When the researchers switched from a popular comedy clip to a tragic clip, snack consumption decreased in both groups most weakens the conclusions of the study.


Premise: Bigamy refers to the act of having a spouse and marrying another person, or marrying someone knowing that he or she has a spouse.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, bigamy is Sun married Zhou for a year and decided to divorce because of personality differences. Zhou's parents immediately took their daughter home. Half a year later, without going through the divorce formalities, Sun married another non-local woman, and Zhou also married a man from a neighboring village.


Premise: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.

Hypothesis: Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable resources is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: When the old types of art, such as novels and dramas, gradually deviate from the focus of the world's attention and give way to the upstart artists such as film and television, a kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism. In the face of strong industrial culture, cultural criticism has almost become a promotional advertisement.

Hypothesis: The taste of all kinds of cultural criticism is declining means that a kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism in this passage.


Premise: Lawmaker: Raising taxes is not the only means of reducing government debt. The government' s stockpile of helium is worth 25 percent more, at current market prices, than the debt accumulated in acquiring and storing it. Ttherefore, by selling the helium, the government can not only pay off that debt but reduce its overall debt as well.

Hypothesis: Attempts to sell the government's helium will not depress the market price of helium by more than 25 percent is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Although administrative decision-making in strict accordance with the scientific way of thinking can reduce mistakes and achieve accuracy, decision-making is human action after all. People do not operate according to the law and produce products on a scale as machines do.

Hypothesis: People's subjective factors can not be ignored in the process of administrative decision-making is what this passage is intended to tell us.


Premise: U disk survival refers to the way of life that only depends on individual skills rather than on the identity of the organization, decides whether or not to participate in social cooperation, and its personal value is judged entirely by the market.

Hypothesis: Old Zhou, a carpenter, has been working in the city for more than ten years. He has done a good job and made a lot of money. Now he has his own decoration team, and people contact him about decoration every day from morning till night does not belong to U disk survival.


Premise: Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fund-raisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives' most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, the possible order of the five sites from west to east is Hao Yun Station, Yin Ling Station, Jiu Shang Station, Fu Yi Station, and Hu Yao Station.


Premise: Professional socialization refers to the process in which individuals choose occupations according to social needs, master the knowledge and skills to engage in a certain occupation, and update and retrain their knowledge and skills after engaging in a certain occupation

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang, the canteen administrator, saw that translation talents were urgently needed in many fields. He studied in his spare time and worked in a company after obtaining the translation qualification certificate belongs to professional socialization.


Premise: Seemingly inconsequential changes in sea temperature due to global warming eventually result in declines in fish and seabird populations. A rise of just two degrees prevents the vertical mixing of seawater from different strata. This restricts the availability of upwelling nutrients to phytoplankton. Since zooplankton, which feed upon phytoplankton, feed the rest of the food chain, the declines are inevitable.

Hypothesis: The statement that zooplankton feed upon phytoplankton helps show how global temperature changes affect larger sea animals indirectly.


Premise: Avoidance conditioning refers to when a situation of disgust or unhappiness arises, the individual reacts in a way that escapes the situation of disgust or unhappiness. Then the probability of this reaction occurring in similar scenarios later increases.

Hypothesis: Avoidance conditioning is not when you hit something hot and quickly withdraw your hand.


Premise: The scene of the times has changed so much that in order for the younger generation to really remember history, we should not stop at conceptual preaching. A truly complete and effective history education should be integrated into life. It should not only be seen in memorials and in books, It should also infiltrate into the neighborhoods and scenes of our lives in a rich and appropriate form. Only in this way can it be transformed into the collective memory of the whole nation.

Hypothesis: The significance of history education is an accurate summary of this passage.


Hypothesis: Arthur Clark wants to say that superstitious authority will hinder the pace of progress.


Premise: Genuine happiness consists not in pleasurable feelings but instead in one' s sense of approval of one' s character and projects. Thus the happy life, in fact, tends to be the good life, where the good life is understood not -- as it usually is these days -- as a life of material well-being but rather as a morally virtuous life.

Hypothesis: People who approve of their own character and projects tend to lead morally virtuous lives is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A report on acid rain concluded that Most forests are not damaged by acid rain. The opponents insist that they should be summarized asMost forests do not show obvious symptoms of acid rain damage, such as abnormal leaf fall and growth rate slower or higher mortality rate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The degree of damage caused by acid rain varies between different forests' would best support the opponent's point of view.


Premise: Conformity behavior means that individuals give up their own opinions, change their original attitudes, and adopt behaviors consistent with the majority under the pressure of the group.

Hypothesis: In a working meeting, although Zhang did not agree with a proposal, he also raised his hand to agree because everyone else here agreed is a conformity behavior.


Premise: A recent study found that snoring, though not common in either group, is more common among smokers than among nonsmokers. On the basis of this evidence, the author hypothesized that smoking by itself can induce snoring.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Stress induces both snoring and smoking in certain individuals' casts the most doubt on the author's hypothesis.


Premise: People who listen to certain recordings of music are in danger of being unduly influenced by spoken messages that have been recorded backwards on the records or tapes.

Hypothesis: A consequence of the view above is that if such messages must be comprehended to exert influence, then people must be able to comprehend spoken messages recorded backwards.


Premise: there may be 7000 Messi hidden among the Chinese people, some foreign media said of the talent potential inspired by the football reform plan. But only to find stars and train professional players as the yardstick, on the contrary, it deviates from the true meaning of campus football. Let football really take root, depends on the children's sense of achievement, happy football is more vitality than elite football.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of this passage is that only by stripping off the utilitarianism of football and imperceptibly implanting interest can campus football have the potential for development.


Premise: On average, cats fed canned cat food eat fewer ounces of food per day than do cats fed dry cat food; the canned food contains more calories per ounce than does the dry food. Nonetheless, feeding a cat canned cat food typically costs more per day than does feeding it dry cat food.

Hypothesis: Typically, cats are fed either canned cat food or dry cat food, or both is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Recently, researchers have discovered that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the site of infection. They explained that this is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, this protein binds to integrins , T lymphocytes adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate their migration to the site of infection.

Hypothesis: Not only fever, other pressure can also induce the expression of Hsp90 in T lymphocytes can best support the above discussion.


Premise: The latest results of the survey on the dietary structure of residents in Province S show that in the past three years, residents in the province have consumed an average of 335.7 grams of cereals and potatoes and miscellaneous beans per day, which is within the range of 250 grams to 400 grams of recommended balanced diet; and 296 grams and 132 grams of vegetables and fruits. Vegetables have only reached the lower limit of the recommended amount of 300 grams to 500 grams per day for a balanced diet. Compared with 10 years ago, the intake has dropped significantly, while fruits only reached the recommended amount. About 16.4 grams of edible fish and shrimp aquatic products, which is much lower than the recommended amount of 50 to 100 grams for a balanced diet; the intake of soy products and dairy products were 16.9 grams and 73.6 grams, respectively, which is lower than the recommended amount and about.

Hypothesis: The average daily consumption of vegetables, cereals, potatoes and beans in province S basically meets the recommended amount of balanced diet can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Language intelligence refers to the use of computer programs to realize language communication between people and machines or to allow machines to do language-related work on their own.

Hypothesis: In a poetry competition, according to the key words spoken by the judges, the robot Xiaowei wrote several works with gorgeous words and fresh artistic conception on the spot belongs to language intelligence.


Premise: Foreign exchange refers to a variety of payment vouchers expressed in foreign currencies and used for international settlement. It includes foreign currencies (banknotes, coins), foreign currency securities (government bonds, treasury bills, corporate bonds, stocks, coupons, etc.), foreign currency payment vouchers (bills, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.) and other vouchers that can be cashed abroad.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, cash deposit certificate after converting 10 million Russian rubles into euros does not belong to foreign exchange in France.


Premise: Livestock is a major contributor to climate change, accounting for 18 percent of the greenhouse gas released every year. In addition, livestock accounts for eight percent of global water use, and as much as 70 percent of deforestation is driven by the need for more pastures and feed crops. Dietary changes can dramatically decrease humanity' s environmental footprint, such as adopting a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle.

Hypothesis: The author's conclusion is that deforestation contributes to climate change.


Premise: Experiential advertising: refers to the advertising method that allows consumers to participate in product trials, feel the product quality, unknowingly accept and trust the product.

Hypothesis: At the entrance of a subway, passers-by will get paper towels for free, and the paper towel packaging bag has the advertising information of a new development is not experiential ads.


Premise: A new study suggests that moderate drinking relaxes the brain's control instincts and stimulates creativity and inspiration. The researchers compared 70 people who were given real beer to those who were given non-alcoholic beer, and the two drinks were indistinguishable. In tests, the experimental group scored higher. The results showed that even after drinking just a small glass of beer or wine and having a blood alcohol concentration of just 0.03 per cent, creativity improved significantly.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'When people are focused on trying to solve a problem, alcohol prevents them from thinking it through' can most weaken the above view.


Premise: No matter what kind of discipline or what kind of human exploration, non-empirical hypotheses and theories are of some degree of value. This value is the wing of imagination, which can not only guide people to broaden their thinking, but also help people find ways and means to solve problems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Extensive knowledge makes bold assumptions more reasonable' is intended to be emphasized in the above paragraph.


Premise: If the diversity of tree species in a forest is very rich, then the loss of one species at this time will not have much impact on the productivity of the entire forest; but when the species diversity is scarcer, the number of tree species will continue to decrease, which will affect the productivity of the entire forest. The hit to the productivity of the entire forest will be bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: If forest productivity declines, forest tree species diversity is already compromised can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Direct selling refers to the business mode in which direct selling enterprises recruit sellers to sell products directly to final consumers outside the fixed business place.

Hypothesis: Some salesmen recruited by a cosmetics brand set up stalls along the road to distribute product descriptions and sell them to customers at lower prices is direct selling.


Premise: The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes.

Hypothesis: Tourun chooses peach and ham can be derived if the narcissus uses potatoes.


Premise: The information age seems to provide people with an unprecedented variety of choices. But in fact, with the rise of social media and the application of intelligent algorithms, people gradually become only selective access to the information they are interested in, just like the silk spinning of spring silkworms, gradually forming an information cocoon house. Obviously, it is not comprehensive to have access to only the information you are interested in. Therefore, the arrival of the information age does not mean that people can look at social problems in a more comprehensive way.

Hypothesis: The process of the above argument is most similar to the statement 'Economy and society is a process of dynamic cycle. Only by ending the shutdown and allowing the flow of people, logistics and funds to rotate in an orderly manner, can the whole cycle be smooth and the economic and social order be restored as soon as possible.'


Premise: In the recruitment examination for the open selection of deputy section chiefs in a certain department, a total of 7 people signed up, including A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. According to statistics, the highest academic qualifications of the seven people are bachelor's degree and doctor's degree respectively. Among them, there are 3 PhD graduates and 3 women. It is known that the educational levels of A, B and C are the same, while those of F and G are different; the genders of E, F and G are the same, and the genders of A and D are different. In the end, a female doctor was hired.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, D is a female doctor can be inferred.


Premise: Scale is one of the important methods of industrial modernization. Whether China's agricultural development adapts to the large-scale agricultural production model is still debatable. Years of large farm production methods in the United States have proven that intensive agricultural production will cause the degradation of the agricultural ecological environment and biodiversity. It is destroyed, which in turn affects food security. At present, my country's per capita arable land area is only 1.52 acres, which is only the world average and far lower than the U.S. per capita level. Therefore, the U.S. large farm model is not necessarily suitable for China's development. At the same time, my country's agricultural modernization started relatively late. Compared with developed countries such as the United States, there is still a certain gap in agricultural technology and management methods. The steps of modernization are suddenly too large, which is likely to cause disconnection between the upper and lower levels.

Hypothesis: The disconnection of production links is the bottleneck of the large-scale development of agriculture is the most likely to be described in this passage.


Premise: Teaching includes two aspects: teaching and learning. The science that studies the general of teaching theory is called pedagogy, which is also into professorship theory, which is a relatively independent branch of educational science. Teaching theory should solve the theoretical problems related to teaching.

Hypothesis: The argument that teaching theory is a relatively independent branch of educational science mainly supports this passage.


Premise: Plant scientists have been able to genetically engineer vegetable seeds to produce crops that are highly resistant to insect damage. Although these seeds currently cost more than conventional seeds, their cost is likely to decline. Moreover, farmers planting them can use far less pesticide, and most consumers prefer vegetables grown with less pesticide, ttherefore, for crops for which these seeds can be developed, their use is likely to become the norm.

Hypothesis: Whether seeds genetically engineered to produce insect-resistant crops generate significantly lower per acre crop yields than do currently used seeds would be most useful to know in evaluating the argument above.


Premise: Obligatory alternative action refers to a situation in which the actor has committed an illegal act and caused the result, but the result cannot be avoided even if he abides by the law.

Hypothesis: B drunk driving is an optional act of obligation according to the above definition.


Premise: Differentiated ownership of buildings means that according to the use function, a building is structurally divided into a special part used by each owner alone and a common part used by multiple owners. Each owner has the combination of the exclusive right to its exclusive part and the common right to the common part. Among them, the proprietary part refers to the independence of structure and use, and can become the object of separate ownership. The common part refers to the distinction between the other parts of the building other than the separate part owned by the owner and used by multiple owners.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a property management room is a proprietary part of a building.


Premise: The ancient Romans understood the principles of water power very well, and in some outlying parts of their empire they made extensive and excellent use of water as an energy source. This makes it all the more striking that the Romans made do without water power in regions dominated by large cities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In heavily populated areas the introduction of water power would have been certain to cause social unrest by depriving large numbers of people of their livelihood' contributes most to an explanation of the difference described above in the Romans' use of water power.


Premise: Siphon refers to filling an inverted U-shaped tubular structure with liquid by using the force phenomenon of liquid level height difference, placing the high end of the opening in the container filled with liquid, and the liquid in the container will continue to flow out of the opening at a lower position through the siphon.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the siphon phenomenon 'When Xiao Wang changed the water for his fish tank at home, he squeezed out the air in the pipe, then inserted the pipe into the water, and the water source kept flowing out' is not a siphon phenomenon.


Premise: In addition to corporate purchases, the average price of buying a new car that has just left the factory has increased by 30% in the past five years. In the same period, the proportion of the average family budget for the purchase of cars has not changed. Therefore, the average family budget must have increased by 30% in the past five years.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the average number of new cars purchased by each household has not changed in the past 5 years can deduce the above discussion.


Premise: A report by American scientists pointed out that the comprehensive value created by the coastal wetland ecosystem per hectare is 4025 dollars per year, which is equivalent to twice the tropical rain forest in the same area, or 13 times that of other forests, 17 times that of grassland, or 44 times that of farmland!

Hypothesis: Coastal wetlands can create high national economic value for coastal areas is not the correct understanding of value in the sentence.


Premise: In the process of urbanization in some areas, due to the excessive development of labor-intensive enterprises and private enterprises, urban economic construction is strongly dependent on the floating population. Although the floating population has brought vigor and vitality to the city and increased fiscal and tax income, because their cultural level is generally low and their comprehensive quality is not high, they have created an amazing number of small merchants and hawkers and a large team of migrant workers. With the continuous upgrading of industries in these areas, the demand for simple labor is bound to be less and less, and the floating population will face the danger of unemployment, which is bound to cause more serious problems, thus hindering the process of urbanization in these areas.

Hypothesis: The main point of the above is that the unemployment problem of a large number of migrants is a potential crisis in urbanized areas.


Premise: If the history of the earth is condensed into one hour, in the last 15 minutes, life will appear. When there are 6 minutes left, the figures of animals will start to flash on the land, and when the 58th minute arrives, the overall situation is settled.

Hypothesis: The intention of this passage is to state that the time of the emergence of life on earth is quite late.


Premise: Synesthesia: refers to the mutual communication between various sensory organs in literary and artistic creation and appreciation.

Hypothesis: The statement "The time is dark, sticky and thick, can't flow, can't turn, cold and cold soaking in the Sanxing Village under the warm sun" is not synaesthesia.


Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The airliner broke down and no missile shot down the airliner' needs to be added if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet table are served, there are a total of 7 hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan dishes: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese dishes: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions: (1) Sichuan cuisine and Cantonese cuisine cannot be served continuously. (2) P cannot go before Q unless the second goes on Q. (3) P must go before X. (4) M must go before K, and K must go before N.

Hypothesis: If the fourth goes to X, then the third to go to M must be true.


Premise: When it comes to the destruction of values in real society by Gongdou Opera, it is somewhat exaggerated. Film and television works already have the function of realism. Why can't the shadow that exists in reality be put into the film and television works? Moreover, in the cultivation and guidance of values, the preaching and edification of film and television works is not omnipotent.

Hypothesis: Film and television works should not have the preaching and edification of values is the most accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: The epidemic raged in 2020, but e-commerce live streaming rose against the trend. There were more than 4 million live e-commerce broadcasts nationwide in the first quarter. everything can be broadcast and all people can broadcast has become a resounding slogan. A survey of consumers and businesses shows that in live streaming of e-commerce, many consumers can buy the goods they want at favorable prices, and merchants can also increase their sales. According to this, some experts infer that the commercial model of e-commerce live broadcast will still be sought after by merchants and consumers after the epidemic.

Hypothesis: Individual broadcasters often exaggerate their sales data for the sake of profit, but consumers do not know about it, if true, does not undermine the views of the above experts.


Premise: Animals with a certain behavioral disorder have unusually high levels of aluminum in their brain tissue. Since a silicon-based compound binds to aluminum and prevents it from affecting the brain tissue, animals can be cured of the disorder by being treated with the compound.

Hypothesis: The argument is based on the assumption that aluminum is the cause of the disorder rather than merely an effect of it.


Premise: At present, China is facing not only serious water pollution, but also a serious shortage of water resources. China is still in the stage of industrialization, and there is great pressure to reduce the demand for water resources and the discharge of pollutants, and it is obviously very difficult to control. But no matter how difficult it is, there is no turning back, because letting the people drink clean water is the government's commitment to the people. In fact, the goal of water control is not only to make people drink clean water, but also to make the whole ecosystem drink clean water.

Hypothesis: The vision of water control is intended to be explained by this passage.


Premise: An advertising firm creates campaigns for both television and Internet platforms, and both campaigns are comparable in size. The audience for television advertisements is one thousand times the size of the Internet audiences, but the firm generates two-thirds of its revenue from Internet advertisements.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Internet and television advertisements are identical' would resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: Loss of the Gocha mangrove forests has caused coastal erosion, reducing fish populations and requiring the Gocha Fishing Cooperative (GFC) to partially fund dredging and new shore facilities. However, as part of its subsidiary businesses, the GFC has now invested in a program to replant significant parts of the coast with mangrove trees. Given income from a controlled harvest of wood with continuing replanting, the mangrove regeneration effort makes it more likely that the cooperative will increase its net income.

Hypothesis: The statement "Mangrove forests tend to increase the commercial fish populations in coastal fishing grounds" would most strengthen the argument that mangrove replanting will increase the Gocha cooperative's net income.


Premise: In previous foreign communication and exchanges, our diplomats often encountered such a situation: foreigners were deterred by China's broad and profound and complex cultural history. Even we cannot describe this profound change of ancient civilization precisely. Our strategic frameworks and slogans such as peaceful rise and harmonious World focus more on foreign strategic decision-makers. Instead of aiming at those ordinary foreign people who do not know much about China, by the standards of modern image management, our advertising words and symbols are not very close to the masses, and in terms of visual touch and emotional imagination, it always makes people feel a little flawed.

Hypothesis: The core issue discussed in this passage is Misunderstandings in China's foreign communication.


Premise: Unlike newspapers in the old days, today' s newspapers and televised news programs are full of stories about murders and assaults in our city. One can only conclude from this change that violent crime is now out of control, and, to be safe from personal attack, one should not leave one' s home except for absolute necessities.

Hypothesis: News magazines play a more important role today in informing the public about crime than they did in the old days would cast the most serious doubt on the conclusion.


Premise: People with vigorous vitality are those who have the ability to laugh at themselves. Self-deprecating can fight cancer. How much rubbish must be thrown out of the room in one's life! However, people often cannot remove trash from their hearts. If people never throw trash out of their rooms, what would it be like?However, people often cannot be horrified by the blockage in their hearts.

Hypothesis: Self-deprecating cannot prevent, cure cancer, and make people vitality.


Premise: Bunty: The primary job of police officers is keeping the peace. Since their subsidiary jobs, such as controlling traffic, hinder their performance of the primary one, people other than police officers should be hired to perform the subsidiary jobs. Naina: To perform their primary job well, police officers must have the trust of citizens. They gain that trust by performing their subsidiary jobs, which are the only functions most citizens see them fulfill.

Hypothesis: Bunty and Naina disagree with each other about whether the subsidiary jobs police officers perform enable them to perform their primary job effectively.


Premise: Historian: A democracy' s citizens must know some history if the democracy is to meet its challenges. However, popular historical awareness is inevitably distorted, for most people learn history through popular narratives that sustain readers' interest by implying that a few famous heroes and notorious villains have shaped all of history.

Hypothesis: The implication that a few famous heroes and notorious villains have shaped all of history distorts history is an assumption required by the historian's argument.


Premise: Wittgenstein was a student of Moore, a famous philosopher at Cambridge University. One day, philosopher Russell asked Moore, who is your best student? Moore said without hesitation: Wittgenstein. why? because among all the students, only he always showed a blank look when listening to the class, and there were always endless questions. later, Wittgenstein is more famous than Russell. Someone asked, why did Russell fall behind? Wittgenstein said: he has no problem.

Hypothesis: Finding problems is the premise of continuous progress is intended to be illustrated by the paragraph.


Premise: The test flight of the new aircraft is only a routine test, which is neither successful nor unsuccessful.

Hypothesis: The statement that there is a loophole in the dry statement, which also appears in the following statement, "this pre-exam tutoring can be said to be neither a complete success nor a complete failure" is the most appropriate evaluation of the stem of the question.


Premise: Journalist: Although a recent poll found that more than half of all eligible voters support the idea of a political party whose primary concern is education, only 26 percent would like to join it, and only 16 percent would be prepared to donate money to it. Furthermore, there is overwhelming historical evidence that only a party that has at least 30 percent of eligible voters prepared to support it by either joining it or donating money to it is viable in the long run. Ttherefore, it is unlikely that an education party is viable in the long run.

Hypothesis: Some of those who said they were willing to donate money to an education party might not actually do so if such a party were formed, which is a reason the reasoning in the journalist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: The use of irises to identify airline passengers is actually not new. Why is iris scanning better than other biologically-based ways of identifying fakes, such as fingerprints and face recognition? To put it this way, iris scanning, like all recognition technology, must strike a balance between allowing the wrong person through and stopping the right one. Therefore, the system needs to find as much as possible point of comparison in order to reduce the probability of the first kind of circumstance happening - will imposter wrong considered legitimate users and made him pass smoothly, but also ensure these comparisons are as unique as possible, in order to reduce the chances of getting the latter - misinterpreted as a legitimate user imposter.

Hypothesis: The uniqueness of individual iris makes the iris recognition intelligent card function of passenger identification does not belong to the passage.


Premise: In recent years, spaghetti has been crowned with the bad reputation of obesity, so many people have a tangled mood of hate and love when facing this Mediterranean diet. However, through the study of 23,000 people by the Italian Mediterranean Institute of Neurology, it is found that spaghetti does not lead to weight gain as many people think. Moreover, spaghetti not only does not lead to obesity, it can also have the opposite effect - reducing the body fat rate. The results show that spaghetti is of great benefit to people's health if people can eat in an appropriate amount and ensure dietary diversity.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "olive oil used in the Mediterranean diet is good for health" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Seven athletes took part in the men's 5km final: S, T, U, W, X, Y and Z. The clothes worn by athletes are either red or green, and no athletes reach the finish line at the same time. The known information is as follows: for athletes who arrive at the finish line one after another, their clothes are not all red. Y reached the finish line some time before T and W. Two of the athletes who reached the finish line before Y happened to be dressed in red. S is the sixth athlete to reach the finish line. Z arrives at the finish line at some time before U.

Hypothesis: X,Z,U,Y,W,S,T may be the ranking of athletes from the first to the seventh to reach the finish line one after another.


Premise: Antagonism is a common sensory change phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon that the presence of one odorous substance weakens the taste characteristics of another odorant.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, drinking water after taking sodium chloride and quinine at the same time will have a slightly sweet feeling does not exhibit antagonism.


Premise: A mechanized factory with over 3000 separate conveyor belts wants to minimize the cost associated with maintenance, repair, and replacement of these belts. The conveyer belts currently are composed vulcanized rubber around a cotton web base, but the factory owners are investigating new plastic polymer design. For any given size belt, the costs for belts of the two compositions are comparable. Compared to the current rubber/cotton belts, the plastic polymer belts are lighter and easier to move, so operating the conveyor belts made of plastic polymer would consume less electric energy. A change from rubber/cotton belts to plastic polymer belts would require minor modification to some of the drive cylinders of the conveyor belts, but the costs of these changes are negligible.

Hypothesis: Whether other mechanized factories with comparable number of conveyor belts in their systems have switched from rubber/cotton to plastic polymer conveyor belts would be most useful to know in determining whether switching to the plastic polymer conveyor belts would be likely to help minimize the factory's cost related to its conveyor belt system.


Premise: The survey shows that the biggest difficulty in the process of youth entrepreneurship is funding. 64.2% of people believe that lack of sufficient funds is the main difficulty. Many people are unwilling to borrow or raise funds despite the lack of funds. This reflects that many entrepreneurs are starting their own businesses. There is a conservative mentality in the process. Another prominent difficulty is excessive competition among peers, accounting for 26.9%. During the survey process, it was found that the field of youth entrepreneurship is relatively concentrated, such as college students who are more inclined to entrepreneurship in e-commerce, computer technology support, etc. Young farmers are more willing to engage in planting and breeding industries that they are more familiar with.This kind of homogenized entrepreneurship will inevitably bring excessive competition while forming a scale effect.

Hypothesis: Homogeneous entrepreneurship reflects the conservative mentality of entrepreneurs is consistent with the original text.


Premise: National pricing: refers to the commodity prices and charging standards set by the government price department and the competent business department in accordance with the authority of the state.

Hypothesis: A well-known shopping mall has newly imported a batch of high-end cashmere sweaters. For the credibility of the shopping mall, the boss decided to sell the new products at a 30% discount in the first three days of the market is not subject to national pricing.


Premise: The new party and government leaders of a county had just been formed and wanted to do something practical for the masses. Faced with limited financial resources, the new leadership has made it clear that only two big things can be accomplished this year. They argue that if you build a country road, you can't build a sewage treatment plant; If a sewage treatment plant is to be built, sewage pipes should be built; If you build a sewer line, you can't build a waste treatment plant.

Hypothesis: According to the leadership's thinking, Sewage treatment plant and waste treatment plant could not be built at the same time this year.


Premise: The crime of producing and selling toxic or harmful food refers to the act of mixing toxic or harmful non-food raw materials in the food produced or selling food that is known to be mixed with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Liu used industrial high-purity alcohol and tap water to make a large number of fake wines in an underground factory, and sold them to shops, making a profit of more than 80,000 yuan constitutes the crime of producing and selling toxic or harmful food.


Premise: The city of Carina is considering implementing an Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for taxpayers earning more than 90% of the population, those individuals who earn more than $350, 000 annually. Under this tax plan, Carina citizens in the AMT bracket would be exempt from paying taxes on the first $80, 000 of their income and be taxed at a flat rate on the income thereafter. People paying the AMT would not be given allowances regular taxpayers are, such as deductions for children, healthcare expenses, or college tuition.

Hypothesis: The dollar value of the tax exemptions the top 10% of wage earners in Carina currently take would be most important to determine in order to evaluate whether implementing the AMT plan would be profitable for the city of Carina.


Premise: From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States. The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline. However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Manufacturers replaced many glass bottles, but few aluminum cans, with plastic containers' most helps to account for the finding if it is true of the United States in the period 1978 to 1988.


Premise: Targeted sales refers to a marketing method in which merchants sell products to specific customers at prices lower than similar products in the market for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: In order to gain popularity and attract car buyers, a certain auto city decided to give doctors and teachers a discount of 20,000 yuan on the day of opening, which is much cheaper than many 4S stores is an example of targeted sales.


Premise: In recent years, many students have chosen to study abroad. They believe that gold plating can increase their competitiveness in future employment. However, the data in the '2017 Returnee Employment Ability Survey Report' shows that it is not easy for returnees to find a job after returning to China, and some returnees believe that they have certain disadvantages in employment.

Hypothesis: Graduates of famous overseas universities such as Oxford are still favored by employers, if true, can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: The proposal to extend clinical trials, which are routinely used as systematic tests of pharmaceutical innovations, to new surgical procedures should not be implemented. The point is that surgical procedures differ in one important respect from medicinal drugs: a correctly prescribed drug depends for its effectiveness only on the drug' s composition, whereas the effectiveness of even the most appropriate surgical procedure is transparently related to the skills of the surgeon who uses it.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that a surgeon's skills remain unchanged throughout the surgeon's professional life is flawed because the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Just as Darwin discovered the law of the development of the organic world, Marx discovered the law of the development of human history, that is a simple fact always hidden by numerous and complicated ideologies: people must first eat, drink, live, and clothe. Then they can engage in politics, science, art, religion, etc., so that the direct production of material means of livelihood, thus a nation or an era of a certain stage of economic development. It forms the foundation on which people's national system, legal point of view, art and even religious ideas are developed. Therefore, it must be explained on this basis, not the opposite as in the past.

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is the law of the development of human history discovered by Marx and its significance.


Premise: Some new employees become government cadres as soon as they enter the factory. In the re-election of the factory, all Hunan workers supported Li Yang's election as factory director, and all government cadres opposed Li Yang's election as factory director.

Hypothesis: Assuming that all the above judgments are correct, it must be wrong that all the new employees are against the election of Li Yang.


Premise: For example, X X Group held an anniversary celebration, your mobile phone number won a grand prize of 100000 yuan. this kind of unwise fraudulent text messages on mobile phones still appear again and again even after they have been exposed by the media. Professional swindlers prefer to use shoddy fraudulent text messages rather than design more deceptive and gullible text messages, which only shows that the swindlers are too stupid and unprofessional.

Hypothesis: If a swindler must be smart, otherwise it is impossible to deceive others, then this strongly refutes the above conclusion.


Premise: Whether the electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phones is a threat to human health has long been a controversial topic. A 10 years of research shows that use mobile phone for 30 minutes every day more than the risk of having a glioma is 40%, higher than never users due to some experts suggest, before further evidence, people should take more security measures, such as use fixed phone calls or use SMS to communicate as far as possible.

Hypothesis: The intensity of electromagnetic radiation in human living space already exceeds that generated by mobile phone calls best shows that the expert's advice is unrealistic.


Premise: The ancients had a tradition of living as if they were dead, so the necessities of life must be provided one by one. Natural money is indispensable.

Hypothesis: The option that can be inferred from the passage is that there may be money left in the tombs of the ancients.


Premise: To reduce the frequency of ground collisions, Innovair will begin giving its ground crews additional training, at an annual cost of $500, 000. Although this will cut the number of ground collisions by about half at best, the drop in repair costs can be expected to be much greater, since __ .

Hypothesis: The additional training will focus on helping ground crews avoid those kinds of ground collisions that cause the most costly damage most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Smithtown University' s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Hypothesis: The statement 'This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university's fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors' provides more support for the argument.


Premise: Despite the best efforts of astronomers, no one has yet succeeded in exchanging messages with intelligent life on other planets or in other solar systems. In fact, no one has even managed to prove that any kind of extraterrestrial life exists. Thus, there is clearly no intelligent life anywhere but on Earth.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument confuses an absence of evidence for a hypothesis with the existence of evidence against the hypothesis.


Premise: In response to the drug resistance problem of artemisinin in some parts of the world in recent years, Tu Youyou and her team have made new breakthroughs in antimalarial mechanism research, causes of drug resistance, adjustment of treatment and other aspects. Recently, a feasible treatment plan to deal with the problem of drug resistance of artemisinin was put forward. New progress has been made in indications such as artemisinin in the treatment of lupus erythematosus and going out of scientific research works in traditional Chinese medicine hospitals, which has been highly recognized by the World Health Organization and domestic authoritative experts.

Hypothesis: The least likely topic to be introduced in the next part of the article is a new breakthrough in the research field of drug resistance of artemisinin.


Premise: Richard: Because it fails to meet the fundamental requirement of art -- that it represent -- abstract art will eventually be seen as an aberration. Jung-Su: Although artists, like musicians, may reject literal representation, makers of abstract art choose to represent the purely formal features of objects, which are discovered only when everyday perspectives are rejected. Thus, whatever others might come to say, abstract art is part of the artistic mainstream.

Hypothesis: Richard and Jung-Su disagree over whether abstract art will be seen as an aberration.


Premise: Situation: For five years the Souper restaurant chain has maintained rapid sales growth in Danport, primarily by opening new restaurants that draw patrons away from other restaurants in their vicinity. Goal: Souper wishes to achieve continued rapid sales growth in Danport over the next two years. Proposal for consideration: Continue to open new restaurants in Danport during the next two years at the same rate as in the last two years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Souper chain has generally opened new restaurants in locations that are in the vicinity of a large number of other restaurants' most strongly argues that adopting the proposal would be an ineffective way of achieving the goal.


Premise: Publisher: The new year is approaching, and with it the seasonal demand for books on exercise and fitness. We must do whatever it takes to ship books in that category on time; our competitors have demonstrated a high level of organization, and we cannot afford to be outsold.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the publisher's argument is that it is imperative that the company ship fitness and exercise books on time.


Premise: Xiao Li destroyed the green space beside his fence and planted cucumbers. After the community property manager found it, he reminded Xiao Li that the green space beside the guardrail is a public green space, belonging to the owner of the community. To this end, the property issued a rectification notice requiring Xiao Li to restore the green space within a time limit. Xiao Li argued: am I not from the community? Since the green space beside the fence belongs to the owner of the community, it certainly belongs to me. Therefore, I have the right to plant cucumbers on my own land.

Hypothesis: The statement "The army composed of all Mobi Knights was invincible in Europe at that time, and the king Yiya was one of the Mobi knights, so the king Yiya was invincible in Europe at that time" is most similar to Xiao Wang's mistake.


Premise: Spiritual support: It means that in family life, children understand, respect, care, consider their parents, and try their best to meet their spiritual needs.

Hypothesis: As the Spring Festival is approaching, Dean Li of the Sunset Red nursing home invited the Little Red Flower Orchestra of Chaoyang Primary School. The children's laughter and wonderful performances brought endless happiness to the elderly does not belong to spiritual support.


Premise: Sociologist: The more technologically advanced a society is, the more marked its members' resistance to technological innovations. This is not surprising, because the more technologically advanced a society is, the more aware its members are of technology' s drawbacks. Specifically, people realize that sophisticated technologies deeply affect the quality of human relations.

Hypothesis: The claim that the more technologically advanced a society is, the more aware its members are of technology's drawbacks plays the role of a generalization based on the claim that the more people resist technological innovations, the more difficult it is for them to adjust to those innovations in the sociologist's argument.


Premise: The role of the Uplandian supreme court is to protect all human rights against abuses of government power. Since the constitution of Uplandia is not explicit about all human rights, the supreme court must sometimes resort to principles outside the explicit provisions of the constitution in justifying its decisions. However, human rights will be subject to the whim of whoever holds judicial power unless the supreme court is bound to adhere to a single objective standard, namely, the constitution. Ttherefore, nothing but the explicit provisions of the constitution can be used to justify the court' s decisions. Since these conclusions are inconsistent with each other, it cannot be true that the role of the Uplandian supreme court is to protect all human rights against abuses of government power.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that leads to the conclusion that the first sentence in the passage is false is flawed because the argument concludes that a particular premise is false when it is equally possible for that premise to be true and some other premise false.


Premise: Wu Guanzhong put forward the artistic concept of Kite without stop in the 1980s, which has exerted an important influence on the history of Chinese contemporary art. It seems that this is an exposition of the inner connection between formal beauty and abstract beauty. In fact, it emphasizes that no matter how innovative and how self-flying art creation is, it cannot be far away from real life. In Wu Guanzhong's opinion, abstract painting is like flying a kite. The kite is a work, which is a certain art form abstracted into materials and feelings from life by the author with subtraction, division or other methods, and the audience is the sky. For the kite to fly, there must be a link between the work and the source of life in the artist's hand. Only when the kite is constantly on the line can art have a foundation and maintain communication with the audience.

Hypothesis: Art comes from life and is higher than life is consistent with the idea of the kite being constantly on the line.


Premise: Chemist: The molecules of a certain weed-killer are always present in two forms, one the mirror image of the other. One form of the molecule kills weeds, while the other has no effect on them. As a result, the effectiveness of the weed-killer in a given situation is heavily influenced by which of the two forms is more concentrated in the soil, which in turn varies widely because local soil conditions will usually favor the breakdown of one form or the other. Thus, much of the data on the effects of this weed-killer are probably misleading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Of the two forms of the weed-killer's molecules, the one that kills weeds is found in most local soil conditions to be the more concentrated form' most strengthens the chemist's argument.


Premise: The fundamental reason for the development of things is not outside of things but inside things, and lies in the contradictions within things. There are contradictions within everything.

Hypothesis: Things in motion and development move forward at the same speed is the answer to the question 'So?'


Premise: Economist: Although obviously cuts in personal income tax rates for the upper income brackets disproportionately benefit the wealthy, across-the-board cuts for all brackets tend to have a similar effect. Personal income tax rates are progressive (i. e. , graduated), and if total revenue remains constant, then across-the-board cuts in these taxes require increasing the amount of revenue generated through nonprogressive taxes, thereby favoring the wealthy. Yet if nonprogressive taxes are not increased to compensate for the cuts, then the budget deficit will increase, requiring more government borrowing and driving up interest rates. This favors those who have money to lend, once again benefiting primarily the wealthy.

Hypothesis: Across-the-board personal income tax rate cuts generally benefit the wealthy more than they benefit others is the main conclusion of the economist's argument.


Premise: The so-called homogeneous competition refers to the phenomenon that products of different brands in the same product category imitate each other in performance, appearance and even marketing methods, and even gradually converge. Homogeneous competition is not good for consumers to identify the characteristics of products, if it is a well-known brand, it s still competitive, if it is a general brand, it is inevitable to have a cruel price war, then the market prospects are not optimistic.

Hypothesis: Publishers follow the trend to publish traversing novels belongs to homogeneous competition according to the above definition.


Premise: The amount of time it takes for most of a worker's occupational knowledge and skills to become obsolete has been declining because of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). Given the rate at which AMT is currently being introduced in manufacturing, the average worker's old skills become obsolete and new skills are required within as little as five years.

Hypothesis: The plan that allows a company to offer its employees any training necessary for meeting their job requirements, if feasible, would allow the company to prepare most effectively for the rapid obsolescence of skills described above.


Premise: Studies have shown that teenagers in the United States and Germany regard their parents' restrictive discipline as disgusting themselves, while in South Korea and Japan, the same restrictive discipline by the parents makes their children feel acceptance and warmth.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion that can be drawn from the above is that the United States and Germany pay more attention to humanized education methods.


Premise: A telescopic adaptive control system can perform different control functions according to the model, quantity and sequence of system components. The control system can only be composed of several of the five components A, B, C, D and E in order from left to right, and the combination of components into the control system must comply with the following laws: (1) two or more components can form the control system, and the components of the system can be the same or different; (2) Component A cannot appear on the leftmost side of the control system; (3) If component B exists in the system, it appears more than once; (4) In the control system, C can neither be the last component nor the penultimate component; (5) As long as component a appears, component B must appear; (6) If e is the last component, component B must appear.

Hypothesis: The control system consisting of three identical components can perform 2 functions.


Premise: Scientist: Any theory that is to be taken seriously must affect our perception of the world. Of course, this is not, in itself, enough for a theory to be taken seriously. To see this, one need only consider astrology.

Hypothesis: The point of the scientist's mentioning astrology in the argument is to present an example of a theory that should be taken seriously, even though it does not affect our perception of the world.


Premise: The blue ocean strategy means that across the existing competitive boundaries, a buyer's demand will be realized, the buyer's value elements in different markets will be screened and reordered, and the positioning choice under the given structure will be changed to change the market structure itself.

Hypothesis: A circus that has shifted from the children's audience of the traditional circus to adults and businessmen to express the plot of the drama in the form of a circus, attracting people to enjoy this unprecedented entertainment with tickets several times higher than those of the traditional circus belongs to the Blue Ocean Strategy.


Premise: In order to understand the degree of college students' mastery of the basic knowledge of intellectual property Law, an education consulting company selected two groups of students of the same grade in a university for a prize test. Through the analysis of marking papers, it is found that the excellence rate of the first group is 60%, while that of the second group is only 20%. Based on this, the consulting company concludes that there are great differences in the degree of understanding and mastery of the intellectual property Law among the college students.

Hypothesis: The statement that the students who participated in the survey accounted for only a small proportion of the students in the university weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Even the most diligent people in the world cannot finish reading all the books in the world.

Hypothesis: The most diligent person in the world cannot read all the books in the world is a logical inference from the above statement.


Premise: In country A, more complicated civil trials often exceed the comprehension of the jury. As a result, the jury's decision on this is often wrong. Therefore, some people suggest that the more complicated civil trials should be decided by the judge rather than the jury, which will improve the service quality of the judicial department.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when judges decide on complex civil trials, they have a better understanding of the complexity of those trials than the jury is correct.


Premise: Consumers are not as susceptible as manufacturers think. They know what they need, and what they want may be far from what others think they want.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people buy the same brand of goods year after year' is true and therefore the above view cannot be right.


Premise: Can any research be found to validate the contention that those who spend time plucking out their gray hairs have more negative attitudes toward the elderly than those who shrug their shoulders about their gray hairs? Unless a person' s psychopathology leads him or her to overgeneralize, there is no necessary connection. Certainly it is reasonable to like the elderly yet dislike the idea of impaired eyesight and hearing. Furthermore, holding negative attitudes toward older people merely because they are old is immoral, according to nearly universally accepted ethical standards. But there is nothing immoral about disliking some concomitants of the aging process.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that it cannot be assumed that people who dislike some of the physical concomitants of growing old necessarily have negative feelings toward the elderly.


Premise: In recent years, community banks in some big cities have been closed frequently. At the same time, a series of new banks, such as unmanned banks, 5G banks and smart banks, keep emerging. Bank branches are bidding farewell to cold glass counters and metal benches. The traditional transaction processing functions of bank branches are weakened, and customized services, product experience, social interaction and other functions are increasingly prominent. As a result, some experts predict that traditional bank branches will disappear within 20 years.

Hypothesis: The statement "Complex business must be signed face to face at the bank branch, such as account opening, account cancellation, etc., must be handled by myself and manual audit" best supports the expert's view.


Premise: Ethicist: Both ASA and TPA are clot-dissolving agents. Recent studies show that the more expensive agent, TPA, would save at most two more lives than would ASA out of every 50 cardiac patients to whom they are postoperatively administered. However, since the relatives of the patients who die simply because they were given the less expensive medicine would be particularly grieved, the financial saving involved in using ASA over TPA must also be weighed against such considerations.

Hypothesis: The extra expense of TPA cannot be weighed simply against the few additional lives saved is the conclusion of the ethicist's argument.


Premise: A country's demographic agency predicts that by 2031, the country's population will fall below 127 million, and the population will decrease by 24 million in the next 40 years. To this end, the country's government has introduced a series of policies to encourage childbirth. In recent years, the total population of the country has stabilized. As of June 1, 2014, the population was 146.1 milli. The population growth from January to May 2014 was 59,100, with a growth rate of 0.04%. Therefore, some experts believe that the country's policy of encouraging childbirth has achieved the desired effect.

Hypothesis: If the country's government does not introduce policies to encourage childbirth, the total child population will continue to decline would best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: Community correction refers to placing qualified criminals in the community. Special state agencies, with the assistance of relevant social groups, non-governmental organizations and social volunteers, correct their criminal psychology and behavioral vices within the time limit determined by the ruling. , And promote its smooth return to society in non-custodial penalty enforcement activities. Simply put, it is to allow criminals who meet the legal conditions to execute their sentences in the community.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, conducive to shaping the conviction that criminals conform to the normal life of society does not belong to the role of community correction.


Premise: Sociologist: Traditional norms in our society prevent sincerity by requiring one to ignore unpleasant realities and tell small lies. But a community whose members do not trust one another cannot succeed. So, if a community is to succeed, its members must be willing to face unpleasant realities and speak about them honestly.

Hypothesis: The sociologist's conclusion follows logically if it is assumed that a community's failure is often caused by its members' unwillingness to face unpleasant realities and to discuss them honestly.


Premise: Jordan: If a business invests the money necessary to implement ecologically sound practices, its market share will decrease. But if it doesn' t implement these practices, it pollutes the environment and wastes resources. Terry: But if consumers demand environmental responsibility of all businesses, no particular business will be especially hurt.

Hypothesis: In the exchange between Jordan and Terry, the logical relationship between their statements is most similar to the logical relationship between their statements in the question when Jordan says that remodeling the kitchen will make the house more valuable but there is no guarantee they will get more for the house when they sell it, and Terry says that if they don't remodel the kitchen, they might get even less for the house than they paid for it.


Premise: Taste buds were the primary tool early humans used for testing foods. Sour taste warns of possible spoilage of food while bitterness is a warning of many poisons. Early humans also recognized sweet foods and salty foods as meeting nutritional needs. So the fact that people can now clearly distinguish these four tastes-sour, bitter, sweet, and salty-is completely explained by people' s use of taste to test for the healthfulness of foods.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it takes a necessary condition for the truth of its conclusion to be sufficient to justify that conclusion.


Premise: Direct selling refers to the business mode in which direct selling enterprises recruit sellers to sell products directly to final consumers outside the fixed business place.

Hypothesis: Some salesmen recruited by a cosmetics brand set up stalls along the road to distribute product descriptions and sell them to customers at lower prices is direct selling.