Premise: Since the beginning of winter, haze, which contains a large number of toxic particles, has frequently attacked some areas of our country. Surveys show that continuous exposure to high concentrations of pollutants can cause 10% to 15% of people to suffer from chronic eye inflammation and xerophthalmia. Some experts believe that if urgent measures are not taken to improve air quality, the incidence of these diseases and related complications will increase.

Hypothesis: 65% of the above surveyed patients with eye diseases are men between the ages of 20 and 40 best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Public opinion: it refers to the opinions expressed by a considerable number of individuals, groups or organizations on public affairs

Hypothesis: The statement 'All the leading members of a company attended the meeting to introduce the development prospect of the company to the new employees' belongs to public opinion.


Premise: Most people who drink too much will have a headache. If Xiao Wang doesn't drink too much, he probably won't have a headache.

Hypothesis: Most famous actors perform very well, because Lao Gao is not a famous actor, so he may not act well is similar to the above reasoning.


Premise: People often face choices in social life, either choose opportunities with low risk and low reward, or choose the opportunity with high risk and high reward. Is it risky in the case of individual decision-making or risky in the case of group decision-making? Studies have shown that groups are more adventurous than individuals, and groups tend to have high profits but low success rate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Group decision-making is conducive to make full use of their members' different education, experience and background, and their extensive participation is conducive to the science of the highest decision-making' best supports the above research conclusion.


Premise: People should avoid taking the antacid calcium carbonate in doses larger than half a gram, for despite its capacity to neutralize stomach acids, calcium carbonate can increase the calcium level in the blood and thus impair kidney function. Moreover, just half a gram of it can stimulate the production of gastrin, a stomach hormone that triggers acid secretion.

Hypothesis: Half a gram of calcium carbonate can causally contribute to both the secretion and the neutralization of stomach acids is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: After the Revolution of 1911, there was a massive loss of old collections and palace relics in the Forbidden City. At this time, these used to be almost unknown outside China, even ordinary Chinese themselves do not know much about the official kiln porcelain continue to show in the world. Therefore, when some tourists visit several foreign museums and see some official kiln porcelain in the collection, they take it for granted that the lofty evaluation of Chinese porcelain in western history is aimed at the official kiln. This is really a historical misunderstanding.

Hypothesis: The most likely content to be discussed in this passage is the cause of this historical misunderstanding.


Premise: Three new young teachers, Cai, Zhu and Sun, came to a school. Each of them taught two of the six subjects of biology, physics, English, politics, history and mathematics. Among them, three had the following relationships: (1) the physics teacher and the politics teacher were neighbors; (2) Cai is the youngest of the three; (3) Miss sun, biology teacher and political teacher often go home from school together; (4) Biology teachers are older than math teachers; (5) On weekends, English teacher, math teacher and Cai often play volleyball together.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, teacher Zhu teaches Politics and Mathematics.


Premise: Myrna: People should follow diets in which fat represents no more than 30 percent of total calories, not the 37 percent the average diet in this country contains. Roland: If everyone in the country followed your recommendation during his or her entire life, just 0. 2 percent would lengthen their lives at all, and then only by an average of 3 months. Modifying our diet is not worthwhile. A lifetime of sacrifice spent eating an unappealing low-fat diet is too high a price to pay for the chance of extending that sacrifice for 3 months. Myrna: But for everyone who dies early from a high-fat diet, many more people suffer from serious chronic diseases because they followed such diets.

Hypothesis: Myrna demonstrates that the statistics used by Roland to dispute her recommendation are inaccurate.


Premise: An ocean-going sailboat carries five Chinese and several foreigners from China to Europe. On the way, all but five Chinese suffered from septicemia. Being in the same boat, sleeping in the open air and crossing the sea, why are Chinese people so different from foreigners? It turns out that all five Chinese people have the habit of drinking tea, but foreigners do not. So it is concluded that drinking tea is the reason why the five Chinese do not have septicemia.

Hypothesis: The method of drawing conclusions in the stem of the question is most similar to the method used by the task force in the statement, where they conclude that there must be an unknown factor lurking behind the suspect based on the lack of sufficient evidence to prove that he committed the crime.


Premise: Lofgren' s disease has been observed frequently in commercially raised cattle but very rarely in chickens. Both cattle and chickens raised for meat are often fed the type of feed that transmits the virus that causes the disease. Animals infected with the virus take more than a year to develop symptoms of Lofgren' s disease, however, and chickens commercially raised for meat, unlike cattle, are generally brought to market during their first year of life.

Hypothesis: A failure to observe Lofgren's disease in commercial chicken populations is not good evidence that chickens are immune to the virus that causes this disease is most strongly supported by the information provided.


Premise: Some people think that watching violence in TV programs will lead to the actual aggressive behavior of the audience, can it be said that just watching other people eat can feed their own stomach?

Hypothesis: Some people think that economists can control inflation, but can meteorologists control the weather is an inference similar to the one used above.


Premise: The quality inspection department tested ABCDE's five different brands of 32-inch flat-screen TVs and found that: A's power consumption is lower than B, B's power consumption is not higher than C, D's power consumption is not as low as E, and E's power consumption is not as low as B, and the power consumption of the two brands of TV is the same.

Hypothesis: A and C have the same power consumption must be inconsistent with the above facts.


Premise: In recent years, stressed urban residents have been looking for safe havens in green spaces. Because it turns out that green space has a positive effect on physical and mental health, which is often used as an argument for building more urban parks and opening up more woodland. The benefits of blue space-oceans, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and even fountains-are less well known. For at least 10 years, however, scientists have always believed that proximity to water is good for both body and mind.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Studies have shown that staying in or near an aquatic environment can stimulate positive emotions and reduce negative emotions and stress compared with green spaces' does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: Parents who consistently laud their children for every attempt to accomplish something, whether successful or not, actually erode the youngsters' sense of self-esteem. Children require commendation for their achievements, but if uniformly praised for both what they have accomplished and what they have merely attempted, they will eventually discount all words of commendation. In effect, such children never hear any praise at all.

Hypothesis: Children's self-esteem will suffer if their parents uniformly praise their attempts to accomplish things regardless of their success or failure most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the argument.


Premise: People who consume a lot of honey tend to have fewer cavities than others have. Yet, honey is high in sugar, and sugar is one of the leading causes of tooth decay.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Refined sugars have been linked to more health problems than have unrefined sugars' most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: In recent years, with the rise of large wildlife parks, it has been proposed that traditional urban zoos are no longer necessary. However, the traditional urban zoo has the advantages of low ticket price and convenient transportation, so it is very convenient for primary and secondary schools to organize visits, so it has a very strong educational function, so traditional urban mobilization is indispensable.

Hypothesis: It ignores the possibility of the coexistence of wildlife parks and traditional urban zoos is not a flaw in the above argument.


Premise: In recent years, the house price of our country has been soaring. In August 2007, the State Council decided to solve the housing problem of 10 million urban low-income families by expanding the low-rent housing system. To achieve this goal, the government needs to subsidize leases or provide low-rent housing, while to build housing, land and funds are needed. A reporter reports on low-income families stepping into the era of low-rent housing, which shows that he is confident of achieving this goal.

Hypothesis: Even in developed countries, most low-income families solve their housing problems by renting rather than buying houses will not boost the confidence of the reporter.


Premise: All Anxi people are vegetarians, while all Zhenyuan people are ascetics. Ascetics and vegetarians are like fire and water, and there is no conflict. Guo Shu is an ascetic.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that Guo Shu is from Anxi.


Premise: The Ixazyiquo tribe are believed to be one of the few remaining tribes in the country of Malugiato to have never had any contact with the Lamandians, settlers who arrived in Malugiain during the last hundred years. Using satellite imagery, a team of anthropologists determined that the Ixazyiquo land is covered with thriving banana plantations. The anthropologists conclude that the Ixazyiquo tribe has in fact had direct contact with the Lamandians.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is no standard shape to the Ixazyiquobanana plantations, which have taken on a form that best fits the soil conditions' would best support the anthropologists' conclusion.


Premise: The network not only discovers problems, but sometimes acts as a clue provider and supervisor to solve problems. Compared with various supervision and management mechanisms, the supervision ability of the network has shown an advanced trend. It'seems that the clues of many problems are always exposed on the network before they are investigated and then solved. In this regard, we should be soberly aware that although network supervision has played a significant role at present, it is by no means a normal way of supervision and accountability in a society under the rule of law, nor should it become a mainstream way of supervision. How to give full play to the due role of the original supervision mechanism is an urgent problem in front of us.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that the society ruled by law cannot mainly rely on the network for effective supervision.


Hypothesis: The statement 'The aquatic environment has unique and favorable environmental factors, such as less air pollution and more sunshine. People living near the water tend to participate more actively in physical exercise, such as water sports and walking, and it also has the role of psychological rehabilitation' does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: The main purpose of professional education is to help college students master the basic knowledge of their respective professional fields as comprehensively as possible, while the purpose of general education is to help college students gain the meaning and value of life. Therefore, some experts pointed out that compared with professional education, general education has a greater impact on personal future life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Without professional knowledge, it is difficult for people to cope with the challenges of future life. And incorrect value pursuits will mislead people's lives' best supports the expert's assertion.


Premise: Babies learn by touching objects, playing around and observing the behavior of adults, but robots usually learn only according to programmed procedures. As a result, some scientists try to develop robots that learn more like babies. They think that since babies are the most efficient learners on earth, why not design robots that can learn as effortlessly as babies?

Hypothesis: Learning by touching, playing, and observing is most likely to be the hypothesis of the above-mentioned scientist's point of view.


Premise: Trying to make others view oneself positively is acquired impression management; and the defensive measure to minimize one's own deficiencies or avoid making others view oneself negatively is protective impression management.

Hypothesis: Xiao Chen's reluctance to talk because he sometimes stutters belongs to protective impression management according to the above definition.


Premise: The peaceful coexistence of mankind is an unattainable ideal.Statistics show that since 1945, there have been 12 battles going on every day, including large and small international wars and armed battles in civil wars.

Hypothesis: A total of 30


Premise: As regards memory, the brain responds best to repeated patterns, such as the melodic and rhythmic patterns of music. This is why we can remember long strings of information or text, which would normally be impossible to memorize, when they are put to music. Given that music aids memory, it might seem that funny jokes would be easy to remember, since, like music, they normally elicit an emotional response in us. However, jokes are usually very difficult to remember, since . __.

Hypothesis: Jokes, unlike music, always have content that is verbal or at least clearly symbolic most logically completes the passage.


Premise: The interstitial nucleus, a subregion of the brain' s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than . 05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Technological innovation refers to the first application of a new technology or invention in production and the establishment of a new production or supply function in the production system in the theory of economic development, introduce a new combination of production factors and production conditions. Economics emphasizes that technological innovation has the characteristics of non-exclusiveness, uncertainty, marketability and systemicity.

Hypothesis: The behavior of Iridium's technology allowing people to send and receive messages from anywhere on Earth belongs to technological innovation in the field of economics according to the above definition.


Premise: Currently, the U. S. Highway Transportation Division is liable for any car accident that occurs because of a highway in need of physical upkeep or repairs. However, the U. S. highway system is so vast that it is impossible to hire a large enough road crew to locate and eliminate every potential danger in its highways. It is proposed that the Transportation Division should be liable for accidents on the highway only if they knew about the hazard beforehand and carelessly failed to manage it. Which one of the following describes any accidents for which the U. S.

Hypothesis: According to the proposed change cited above, Highway Transportation Department is now liable for a truck skidding into the ditch after hitting a patch of black ice on a snowy winter day, but should not be.


Premise: Aisha: Vadim is going to be laid off. Vadim' s work as a programmer has been exemplary since joining the firm. But management has already made the decision to lay off a programmer. And this firm strictly follows a policy of laying off the most recently hired programmer in such cases.

Hypothesis: Aisha's conclusion follows logically if the firm values experience in its programmers more highly than any other quality is assumed.


Premise: According to the latest research results, one of the major factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is hyperlipidemia. There is indeed an inextricable relationship between the greasy degree of diet and blood lipids, but it is not inevitable. Blood lipids have a metabolic process in the human body, and various nutrients can be transformed into each other in the body. If a person has a strong ability to synthesize blood lipids, even a vegetarian diet will have hyperlipidemia. Vegetarian diet is only helpful to patients with hyperlipidemia. In order to reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, increasing physical exercise on the basis of a reasonable diet is the best way. If not combined with individual characteristics of a blind vegetarian diet, especially long-term excessive vegetarian diet, it may also do harm to health.

Hypothesis: There is no inevitable relationship between eating a vegetarian diet and avoiding cardio-cerebrovascular diseases conforms to the context.


Premise: A contract between two parties is valid only if one party accepts a legitimate offer from the other; an offer is not legitimate if someone in the position of the party to whom it was made would reasonably believe the offer to be made in jest.

Hypothesis: The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument that the only offer that Sal made to Veronica was not a legitimate one, thus there is no valid contract between them.


Premise: The rise in the prosperity of England subsequent to 1840 can be attributed to the adoption of the policy of free trade, since economic conditions improved only when that policy had been implemented.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the above argument most closely parallels that in the statement 'An exhaustive search of the marshes last year revealed no sign of marsh hawks, so it can be assumed that a similar search this year would reveal equally little sign of that kind of bird.'


Premise: People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because__.

Hypothesis: The statement "continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity" best completes the passage below.


Premise: The decline of rural areas and the disappearance of hometown, which is the issue of the media and the human body in recent years, scholars' observation of video people's attention, so that the rural areas which are undergoing great changes have been moved into the focus of the platform of public opinion. Rural topic market and entertainment topics have become hot search words on social media together.However, for those who were absent from doing housework during this decade-long discussion on the rural topic, although there is a view that the best way for a writer to speak to society is through his works, there are also many people who think that writers cannot bear social responsibility only by writing fictional works.Foreign writers such as Balzac, Hugo Hugo and Tolstoy tend to act and speak in public.Express opinions on public affairs and social issues.

Hypothesis: The option "Differences between Chinese and foreign writers in dealing with social affairs" is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: Human skin gives off an array of gaseous substances, including carbon dioxide and lactic acid, both of which attract mosquitoes. However, neither of these two substances, whether alone or combined with one another, will attract mosquitoes as much as a bare human arm will, even in complete darkness, where a mosquito has no visual cues. Ttherefore, some other gaseous substance given off by human skin also attracts mosquitoes.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument requires the assumption that mosquitoes are not attracted to humans by body heat.


Premise: The application of the law refers to the specialized activities of the state judiciary organs to deal with cases by applying the law in accordance with the statutory powers and procedures.

Hypothesis: The application of the law according to the above definition is the procuratorial organ carrying on the investigation to Wang Mou's act of accepting bribes according to the populace report.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: One of H or I is a member of three sub-committees must be true.


Premise: Directional movement refers to the directional motion caused by the external stimulation of plants in a single direction, including positive motion, gravity movement, tactile motion and directional motion. Most of the directional movement is growth movement, which is an irreversible process of motion.

Hypothesis: Plants that prefer shade grow better in the shade than in direct sunlight is a directional movement, as defined above.


Premise: Chinese research institutions recently announced that the world's first fully superconducting tokamak Eastern Hyperloop (EAST) achieved stable 12-second steady-state long-pulse high-confinement plasma operation, setting a new world record. This marks that EAST has become the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world that can achieve steady-state high-confinement mode operation with a duration of hundreds of seconds. EAST is 11 meters high, 8 meters in diameter, and weighs 400 tons. It is the fourth-generation nuclear fusion experimental device in my country. Humans provide a steady stream of clean energy, so it is also called artificial sun.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate a revolutionary breakthrough in 'artificial sun' device.


Premise: In recent years, the house price of our country has been soaring. In August 2007, the State Council decided to solve the housing problem of 10 million urban low-income families by expanding the low-rent housing system. To achieve this goal, the government needs to subsidize leases or provide low-rent housing, while to build housing, land and funds are needed. A reporter reports on low-income families stepping into the era of low-rent housing, which shows that he is confident of achieving this goal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The State Council requires local governments to spend at least 10% of the net income from land sales on the security of low-rent housing' will not boost the confidence of the reporter.


Premise: Political advocate: Campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. One reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising, thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. A second reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions, thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the public but of individual large contributors. Critic: This argument is problematic: the more the caps constrain contributions, the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors.

Hypothesis: The critic objects that the advocate's argument is flawed because it overlooks the possibility that large contributors will stop contributing if they cannot contribute at will.


Premise: Human intelligence is not possible without human emotions. A computer is something that can never have emotions, so for that reason alone a computer will never be able to display intelligence.

Hypothesis: Being intelligent requires the capacity to have emotions is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: With the development of science and technology, man-machine communication has become a reality. The key is brain computer interface (BCI) technology. The so-called BCI is to connect the information system between the brain and the computer, so that the brain can communicate directly with the computer. Brain computer interface can transfer information from the brain to the computer, and from the computer to the brain.

Hypothesis: A game player wearing a set of prosthetic equipment and realizing walking with strong willpower does not belong to BCI technology according to the above definition.


Premise: In a party game, one person leaves the room with the understanding that someone else will relate a recent dream to the remaining group. The person then returns and tries to reconstruct the dream by asking only yes-or-no questions. In fact, no dream has been related: the group simply answers the questions according to some arbitrary rule. Surprisingly, the person usually constructs a dream narrative that is both coherent and ingenious.

Hypothesis: Interpreting another person's dream requires that one understand the dream as a coherent narrative most closely conforms to the example presented above.


Premise: The quality inspection department tested ABCDE's five different brands of 32-inch flat-screen TVs and found that: A's power consumption is lower than B, B's power consumption is not higher than C, D's power consumption is not as low as E, and E's power consumption is not as low as B, and the power consumption of the two brands of TV is the same.

Hypothesis: The statement 'B and C have the same power consumption' must be inconsistent with the above facts.


Premise: Facing the localization of psychological counseling and therapy, we need to have an enlightened attitude towards Western theories and urgent problems? How can we use empirical methods such as result research to test the effectiveness of relevant theories among Chinese people, and then remove impurities, keep the essence. At the same time, by absorbing and learning from foreign theories and methods, we can develop or create a psychological counseling and treatment system suitable for Chinese culture and Chinese characteristics.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the main meaning of this passage is that we urgently need to use empirical methods to verify the scientific nature of Western psychological counseling and treatment theories.


Premise: Kim: In northern Europe during the eighteenth century a change of attitude occurred that found expression both in the adoption of less solemn and elaborate death rites by the population at large and in a more optimistic view of the human condition as articulated by philosophers. This change can be explained as the result of a dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred in northern Europe early in the eighteenth century. Lee: Your explanation seems unlikely, because it could not be correct unless the people of the time were aware that their life expectancy had increased.

Hypothesis: The statement "An increase in life expectancy in a population often gives rise to economic changes that, in turn, directly influence people's attitudes" provides the strongest defense of Kim's explanation against Lee's criticism.


Premise: The fish tank law refers to the need for free space for growth. To make a person grow faster, he must be given the freedom to move, instead of confining him to a small fish tank.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Ou returning to the county to work in the name of needing to accompany him meets the fish tank law.


Premise: It has been a staple of drama to feature an innocent young protagonist, eager to make a mark on the world, who is stymied by an indifferent or hostile society. Since the playwrights of such works wished the audience to empathize with the protagonist, historians do not regard these plays as serious revelations of what the societies presented in the plays were really like.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The historians believe that playwrights tend to exaggerate the weaknesses of a society for the sake of dramatic effect' most helps to explain the viewpoint of the historians described above.


Premise: Xiao Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xiao Zheng three, one is a worker, one is a farmer, a person is an intellectual. Xiao Zheng is known to be older than intellectuals. Zhou is of different age than farmers. The farmer is younger than Wu Xiao.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhou is an intellectual, Xiao Wu is a worker, and Xiao Zheng is a farmer is the correct option based on the above.


Premise: The public opinion image of entrepreneurs will have a direct impact on the companies they represent, and in corporate public opinion incidents, the words and actions of entrepreneurs will receive the most concentrated attention from the media and netizens. In response to corporate public opinion, a positive attitude is most helpful to alleviate negative public opinion. Entrepreneurs have generally performed well in response to public opinion, but there are also those who have responded improperly, resulting in an increase in negative public sentiment and damaging personal and corporate reputation.

Hypothesis: The focus of the above sentence is corporates' response to public opinion.


Premise: Investigators have not proved that the forest fire was started by campers. Nor have they proved that lightning triggered the fire. So the investigators have not proved that the blaze was caused by campers or lightning.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in which the argument 'The evidence shows that the car could have been driven by Jones at the time of the accident; however, it also shows that it could have been driven by Katsarakis at the time of the accident. Therefore, the evidence shows that the car could have been driven by both Jones and Katsarakis at the time of the accident' most closely resembles the flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Global ecological problems reduce to the problem of balancing supply and demand. Supply is strictly confined by the earth' s limitations. Demand, however, is essentially unlimited, as there are no limits on the potential demands made by humans. The natural tendency for there to be an imbalance between demand and sustainable supply is the source of these global problems. Ttherefore, any solutions require reducing current human demand.

Hypothesis: It is possible to determine the limitations of the earth's sustainable supply is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: One-year-olds ordinarily prefer the taste of sweet food to that of salty food. Yet if one feeds a one-year-old salty food rather than sweet food, then over a period of about a year he or she will develop a taste for the salty flavor and choose to eat salty food rather than sweet food. Thus, a young child' s taste preferences can be affected by the type of food he or she has been exposed to.

Hypothesis: Two-year-olds do not naturally prefer salty food to sweet food is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Studies have shown that teenagers in the United States and Germany regard their parents' restrictive discipline as disgusting themselves, while in South Korea and Japan, the same restrictive discipline by the parents makes their children feel acceptance and warmth.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion that can be drawn from above is that Eastern and Western cultural backgrounds affect children's education.


Premise: Seventeen copper coins have been unearthed in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, north of China's Silk Road. They have been identified as Kushan Dynasty coins left over from the ancient Silk Road. With central Asia into the han Chinese contemporary your frost dynasty, is a rise in Asia of slavery in the country, the development from 105 to 250 to its peak, is considered to be at that time, Europe and Asia, one of the four great powers, and the han dynasty, Rome, rest in peace. your frost coin is the ancient silk road has important historical value of a coin, Greece on method is used to manufacture, the quality of a material with gold, silver and copper Such as material. On the front side of the coin, characters and patterns are often designed with equal emphasis, and the shape is almost round or oval. Previously in loulan site and Hetian area have unearthed dozens of expensive frost coins.

Hypothesis: The Kushan dynasty once participated in the ancient Silk Road trade is consistent with the text.


Premise: Some people say that no matter how bad your current situation, such as a poor salary, facing unemployment, as long as there is a savings in the bank is not enough to worry about, and if you earn a pen, then you really want to be in a desperate situation, so only savings can make a person truly financially independent.

Hypothesis: The point of view of the objector may not be that people without savings can also be truly financially independent.


Premise: Public products refer to products provided by the public sector to meet the public needs of society. Among them, pure public products refer to the consumption of a certain item by any one person without reducing the consumption of other people.

Hypothesis: National defense of a country is a pure public product.


Premise: The so-called religious complex of scientists means that scientists believe in religion or have religious feelings, are full of respect and awe for religious belief itself, and hold a positive attitude towards the significance and value of religious belief. It should be noted that although some scientists also respect and understand religious belief, an important phenomenon and thing in human life. They affirm its significance and value to a certain extent, but hold a thorough rationalist or empirical attitude towards the universe and do not recognize the existence of transcendence. Obviously, such scientists cannot be regarded as having religious complex.

Hypothesis: A scientist who holds a positive attitude towards the significance and value of religious belief cannot be regarded as a scientist with religious complex according to this passage.


Premise: If this year's drought continues and people are not able to fight the drought, this year's crops will be reduced and farmers' incomes will decrease. However, many evidences show that farmers' incomes this year will not decrease, but will increase instead.

Hypothesis: This year's drought is still going on, and people are not able to fight the drought can be inferred based on the information given.


Premise: Aunt Zhang and Li sell melon seeds in the same market. Aunt Zhang always fried melon seeds with flavor, but Li never fried melon seeds with flavor. The fact proves, the melon seed that fries with essence does not sell well.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that Li's melon seeds may not sell well.


Premise: United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United' s factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.

Hypothesis: The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports the idea that transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory.


Premise: Aversion therapy is to help people combine the behavior or symptoms they want to quit with some disgusting behavior or punitive stimulation, and achieve the purpose of quitting or reducing the occurrence of behavior through aversive conditioned reflex.

Hypothesis: Aversion therapy is when Xiao Wang is fat and still likes chocolate, and his friends suggest that he get tired of eating chocolate at one time, and he will lose interest in chocolate in the future.


Premise: Lydia: Red squirrels are known to make holes in the bark of sugar maple trees and to consume the trees' sap. Since sugar maple sap is essentially water with a small concentration of sugar, the squirrels almost certainly are after either water or sugar. Water is easily available from other sources in places where maple trees grow, so the squirrels would not go to the trouble of chewing holes in trees just to get water. Ttherefore, they are probably after the sugar. Galina: It must be something other than sugar, because the concentration of sugar in the maple sap is so low that a squirrel would need to drink an enormous amount of sap to get any significant amount of sugar.

Hypothesis: Lydia's argument proceeds by presenting an observed action as part of a larger pattern of behavior.


Premise: When politicians resort to personal attacks, many editorialists criticize these attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. Everyone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. Political commentators, however, cannot be. Political commentators should be engaged in sustained and serious debate about ideas and policies. In such a context, personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that political commentators should not resort to personal attacks on their opponents.


Premise: Health officials claim that because the foods and beverages mentioned or consumed on many television programs are extremely low in nutritional value, watching television has a bad influence on the dietary habits of television viewers.

Hypothesis: The claim by health officials depends on the presupposition that seeing some foods and beverages being consumed on, or hearing them mentioned on, television programs increases the likelihood that viewers will consume similar kinds of foods and beverages.


Premise: The orchid in spring is beautiful, even if no one appreciates it.

Hypothesis: The refutation of the above words is 'Beauty exists only in everyone's eyes'.


Premise: The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon that patients unknowingly take fake drugs that have no effect at all, but can get the same or even better effect as the real drug. The placebo effect is supported by many clinical studies. One explanation for this phenomenon is that people's expectations for the future will change the physiological state of the brain, which in turn causes physiological changes in the whole body.

Hypothesis: Some patients do not believe that the treatment will be effective, although the normal treatment, but their condition further worsened does not support the above explanation.


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans and the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: If the deep sea is basically like a refrigerator relative to the shallow, sunny coastal areas, and the door has been closed for a long time, and the species is far less abundant than the shallow sea, this would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: The harder the car's damping system is, the more stable the car body will be when running at high speed and crossing corners. Accordingly, the salesperson of Lutong automobile sales company suggested to the manufacturer that the damping system of cars sold by Lutong company should be designed harder in order to improve sales.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many people think that the hard damping system will make the car bumpy, so it's better to be soft' best supports the above proposal.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The personnel department is in the Gui building may be true if the R & D department is in the Wu building.


Premise: The world we live in is full of hope and challenges. The Chinese people have always been full of a sense of justice and compassion. They have always closely linked their own future and destiny with the future and destiny of the people of all countries. They have always paid close attention to and selflessly helped the people of relevant countries still in war, turmoil, hunger and poverty. They are always willing to do their best to contribute to human peace and development, This wish of the Chinese people is sincere. China will never develop itself at the expense of the interests of other countries. China's development poses no threat to any country. China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. Only those who are used to threatening others will see it as a threat. For the sincere desire and practical actions of the Chinese people to contribute to human peace and development, No one should misread, let alone misinterpret, there is justice in the world!

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is that the Chinese people have a sense of justice and compassion.


Premise: Historian: A democracy' s citizens must know some history if the democracy is to meet its challenges. However, popular historical awareness is inevitably distorted, for most people learn history through popular narratives that sustain readers' interest by implying that a few famous heroes and notorious villains have shaped all of history.

Hypothesis: The implication that a few famous heroes and notorious villains have shaped all of history distorts history is an assumption required by the historian's argument.


Premise: One of the advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t. ) toxins over chemical insecticides results from their specificity for pest insects. The toxins have no known detrimental effects on mammals or birds. In addition, the limited range of activity of the toxins toward insects means that often a particular toxin will kill pest species but not affect insects that prey upon the species. This advantage makes B. t. toxins preferable to chemical insecticides for use as components of insect pest management programs.

Hypothesis: The statement "Chemical insecticides cause harm to a greater number of insect species than do B. t. toxins" most weakens the argument.


Premise: The essence of knowledge is discovery, and it is only in a free environment that people have more possibilities of discovery. Therefore, intellectuals are not people who are familiar with ready-made conclusions in nature. Intellectuals should explore the unknown and reveal the truth behind the illusion. The purpose of education is to cultivate students' ability to discover and create knowledge. If education stays on instilling standard answers and truth into students, it is fundamentally anti-educational.

Hypothesis: The essence of intellectuals is the subject of this passage.


Premise: The actual performance principle is to provide appropriate incentives based on the actual performance of the employees.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where a certain chain laundry has a higher charge but achieves the best profit among its peers due to its first-class quality and considerate service, and has been rewarded by the head office follows the actual performance principle.


Premise: Certainly, <b> pesticides can adversely affect the environment in localities distant from where the pesticide has actually been used. </b> Nevertheless, regulation of pesticide use should not take place at the national level but at the local level. <b> It is in the areas where pesticides are actually applied that they have their most serious effects. </b> Just how serious these effects are depends on local conditions such as climate, soil type, and water supply. And local officials are much more likely than national legislators to be truly knowledgeable about such local conditions.

Hypothesis: The two boldface portions in the argument play the role of identifying grounds for a potential objection to the conclusion of the argument and providing support for that conclusion.


Premise: All etching tools are either pin-tipped or bladed. While some bladed etching tools are used for engraving, some are not. On the other hand, all pin-tipped etching tools are used for engraving. Thus, there are more etching tools that are used for engraving than there are etching tools that are not used for engraving.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'There are as many pin-tipped etching tools as there are bladed etching tools' is necessary for the logical conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Archaeologists have studied human skeletons unearthed in the Andes from 900 to 2800 years ago. Some chemical isotopic compositions extracted from them reflect that people there ate corn at that time. The corn culture led to the population growth in the Andes. Several large-scale wars at that time were also related to the competition for scarce soil suitable for planting corn, The war led to the continuous change and development of the social system. Therefore, they concluded that agriculture promoted the development of ancient Andean society.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Inca civilization in the Andes experienced several major social changes as early as 2800 years ago' questions the above conclusion most.


Premise: The reason music with a simple recurring rhythm exerts a strong primordial appeal is that it reminds us of the womb environment. After all, the first sound heard within the womb is the comforting sound of the mother' s regular heartbeat. So in taking away from us the warmth and security of the womb, birth also takes away a primal and constant source of comfort. Thus it is extremely natural that in seeking sensations of warmth and security throughout life, people would be strongly drawn toward simple recurring rhythmic sounds.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the reasoning above is that people seek sensations of warmth and security throughout life because birth takes away the warmth and security of the womb.


Premise: The airport' s runways are too close to each other to allow simultaneous use of adjacent runways when visibility is poor, so the airport allows only 30 planes an hour to land in poor weather; in good weather 60 planes an hour are allowed to land. Because airline schedules assume good weather, bad weather creates serious delays.

Hypothesis: Airlines using the airport base their schedules on the assumption that more than 30 planes an hour will be allowed to land at the airport is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: A new study in the United States has found that the rhythm of human physiological response is consistent with the alternation of day and night. Once this rhythm is destroyed, the disease resistance of people's immune system will be reduced.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Flying to different time zones is easy to produce jet lag syndrome such as headache and nausea' weakens the above view most.


Premise: Biologists often announce that a certain kind of animal has been found capable of using tools; this usually refers to something like using a stick to hunt for ants in a log, or a stone to crack nuts. But such announcements are completely unsurprising, since all animals use tools. Birds build nests, fish hide in the mud to escape predators, and squirrels use buildings as shortcuts between trees. If an animal executes its purpose by means of an external physical object, then that object can reasonably be regarded as a tool.

Hypothesis: The statement that the biologists' announcements that a certain animal has been found capable of using tools are unsurprising is the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles' prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers' cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to know whether the automaker's competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products in assessing the plan's chances of achieving its aim.


Premise: A psychological study found that people from the lowest economic brackets had the highest rates of metabolic syndrome in middle age, regardless of how successful they were. The study also found that although metabolic syndrome was associated with childhood living conditions, those in this group with a loving mother were less likely to develop the syndrome. The reason is that loving mothers are compassionate, tell their children how to deal with stress and encourage them to eat healthy and live a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we can actually design a program that guides mothers in teaching their children how to cope with stress, live healthy lives, and take control of their destiny.

Hypothesis: Designing a mother-specific coaching program can help reduce the rate of metabolic syndrome in specific groups can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: When a spacecraft returns to earth through the atmosphere, friction with the atmosphere causes a sharp rise in temperature. In order to overcome the thermal barrier and return to Earth safely, a foreign research institute has made a new attempt on recovering the micro-satellite EGG. During the descent, EGG opened its hemispherical heat-insulating decelerating parachute, which was expanded by carbon dioxide gas. Then the atmospheric resistance increased significantly and it began to enter the atmosphere slowly and fall smoothly.

Hypothesis: Spacecraft entering Earth at a slower speed can reduce the heat generated by friction is based on the premise.


Premise: Globally, the cost of living is relatively high in all major cities, Shanghai is a big city, so the cost of living in Shanghai is relatively high.

Hypothesis: To enter the court work, one must pass the national judicial examination, and Xiao Wang works in the court, so Xiao Wang has passed the national judicial examination is different from the above argument.


Premise: The Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights stipulates that patents for certain inventions shall not be granted simply because their national laws prohibit the commercial implementation of certain inventions.

Hypothesis: In country A, the commercial implementation of an eavesdropping device is prohibited by law, so it is not allowed to grant a patent is inconsistent with the above provisions of the Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights (trips).


Premise: In some ill-considered popularizations of interesting current research, it is argued that higher apes have the capacity for language but have never put it to use -- a remarkable biological miracle, given the enormous selectional advantage of even minimal linguistic skills. It is rather like claiming that some animal has wings adequate for flight but has never thought to fly.

Hypothesis: Arguing that there are some humans who never sleep is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: In recent years, some young people from other cities who work and live in these cities have set off a Flight from Beishangguang craze, go back to his hometown of small and medium-sized cities for development. However, the latest survey data shows that a large proportion of those who originally chose to Flee from Beishangguang chose to Return to Beishangguang and other big cities to seek work and life opportunities again.

Hypothesis: It is often more difficult to overcome difficulties in big cities than in small and medium-sized cities does not account for the above phenomenon.


Premise: Publishers, like all private businesses, have always been concerned about profitability. But, while it used to be at least possible to get a book published that was unlikely to be popular, and hence unlikely to be a moneymaker, profitability is now the sole criterion. Thus, no matter how much literary merit a book possesses, it will not be published in today' s market if it looks like it will not be popular.

Hypothesis: It is harder to get a book published today than it once was most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: The makers of Activite, a natural dietary supplement, claim that it promotes energy and mental alertness. To back up their claim, they offer a month' s supply of Activite free to new customers. Clearly, Activite must be effective, since otherwise it would not be in the company' s interest to make such an offer.

Hypothesis: The statement "The makers of Activite charge a handling fee that is considerably more than what it costs them to pack and ship their product" most weakens the argument.


Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: We need to add the information that there were no reports of missiles shooting down the airliner, nor did it break down if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: Undifferentiated marketing refers to that enterprises do not consider the characteristics of each sub-market, but only pay attention to the commonness of the market, decide to launch a single product, use a single marketing mix, and strive to meet the needs of as many customers as possible to a certain extent.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "After market analysis, an enterprise found that People in A also prefer to drink instant coffee, so it sold A large amount of instant coffee originally planned to be sold in China to Country A. The packaging and price of coffee were exactly the same as those sold in China" is an example of undifferentiated marketing.


Premise: Why lose weight and rebound? Scientists first fed the mice with a high-fat diet. After the mice became obese, they fed some of them to a normal diet, and then they returned to their original body shape. After repeated cycles of the above-mentioned feeding method. Researcher It was found that every time when mice on a high-fat-normal diet returned to their original weight, their oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and other obesity indicators returned to normal values, but their net gain in each diet cycle was more than the mice maintained a high-fat diet. What causes excess weight gain? Scientists have found that the cycle of high-fat and low-fat diets will change the balance of the intestinal flora of mice, destroying beneficial flavonoids, resulting mice more likely to gain weight.

Hypothesis: The microbial communities in the human and mouse gut have similar patterns in weight loss, if true, the above conclusion cannot be supported.


Premise: The principle of utmost good faith in insurance means that both parties to the insurance must be honest and trustworthy during the entire process of signing and performing the insurance contract, abide by the trust with the utmost sincerity, truthfully inform important information, do not deceive or conceal, and ensure the correct performance of their respective rights And obligations.

Hypothesis: Liu has not fulfilled the principle of utmost good faith by stating that he took a leave of liver cancer when applying for group life insurance.


Premise: As a whole, China plays an important role in the world; but as individuals, many Chinese still feel that they have nothing. The strength of the country and the weakness of individuals make some people psychologically unbalanced, and they feel that they are still living like victims of bullying in the semi-colonial era. Because of this, we need to have a rational understanding of our own state of existence and overcome the narrow victim complex. Otherwise, the rising China will find it difficult to shoulder the responsibilities commensurate with its international status.

Hypothesis: The core meaning of this passage is that China urgently needs to improve the personal status of its citizens.


Premise: Aisha: Vadim is going to be laid off. Vadim' s work as a programmer has been exemplary since joining the firm. But management has already made the decision to lay off a programmer. And this firm strictly follows a policy of laying off the most recently hired programmer in such cases.

Hypothesis: Aisha's conclusion follows logically if the assumption that Vadim is the most recently hired programmer at the firm is true.


Premise: A person with a type B lipid profile is at much greater risk of heart disease than a person with a type A lipid profile. In an experiment, both type A volunteers and type B volunteers were put on a low-fat diet. The cholesterol levels of the type B volunteers soon dropped substantially, although their lipid profiles were unchanged. The type A volunteers, however, showed no benefit from the diet, and 40 percent of them actually shifted to type B profiles.

Hypothesis: In the experiment, most of the volunteers had their risk of heart disease reduced at least marginally as a result of having been put on the diet. This must be true if the information above is true.


Premise: Manifestation: It is the image of things that people appear in people's minds when they are not in front of them. It has the characteristics of intuitiveness, generalization, and maneuverability, and plays an important role in image thinking.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a child stares at a painting for a few minutes and closes his eyes, he can still remember every detail of the painting clearly is a manifestation.


Premise: There are five sprinters A, B, C, D, and E in the men's 100-meter final. In the stands, Zhao Ming and Qian Liang are predicting their place. Zhao Ming said that the ranking is E, D, C, A, B; Qian Liang said that the ranking is A, E, B, C, D. The results of the final show: Zhao Ming neither guessed the correct ranking of any athlete, nor did he guess the order of any pair of adjacent athletes; Qian Liang Guessed the correct position of the two athletes, and guessed the order of the two pairs of adjacent athletes.

Hypothesis: The ranking of the five sprinters based on this is B, A, E, C, D.


Premise: The airport' s runways are too close to each other to allow simultaneous use of adjacent runways when visibility is poor, so the airport allows only 30 planes an hour to land in poor weather; in good weather 60 planes an hour are allowed to land. Because airline schedules assume good weather, bad weather creates serious delays.

Hypothesis: In poor weather, only half as many planes are allowed to land each hour on any one runway at the airport as are allowed to land on it in good weather is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Underdeveloped countries still have to import food and are powerless in the face of natural disasters. Agriculture and animal husbandry, mining is the main sector of the economy, the labor force mainly works in this sector. The level of culture and education and people's standard of living are very low.

Hypothesis: The option 'Helpless in the face of natural disasters' primarily supports the view of the above-mentioned underdeveloped countries.


Premise: Pundit: For many high school graduates, attending a university would be of no help in getting a corporate job. The attributes corporations value most in potential employees are initiative, flexibility, and the ability to solve practical problems. Many new high school graduates have these attributes already.

Hypothesis: The pundit's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that corporations may require an attribute that potential employees can obtain only by attending a university.


Premise: Opponents of peat harvesting in this country argue that it would alter the ecological balance of our peatrich wetlands and that, as a direct consequence of this, much of the country' s water supply would be threatened with contamination. But this cannot be true, for in Ireland, where peat has been harvested for centuries, the water supply is not contaminated. We can safely proceed with the harvesting of peat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The activities of other industries in coming years are likely to have adverse effects on the water supply of this country' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Looking back at the Chinese nation, because of those gleaming colorful poems, the long change of dynasties is no longer monotonous and the Chinese civilization is more and more brilliant. Today, when we are talking about protecting the environment and building ecological civilization, we might as well first feel beauty from ancient poetry and cultivate and improve aesthetic ability. Needless to say, poetry is becoming smaller and smaller and those who can have a deep understanding from it are not in the majority, which cannot be forced. However, through popular packaging, it is undoubtedly a positive energy thing for more people to get close to nature, feel changes and experience the rhythm of life through poetry, so as to appreciate the beauty of nature and give rise to a sense of responsibility to love and protect nature.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Poetry is becoming smaller and smaller and it needs to be packaged in popular form' is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Once people habitually engaged in conversation; now the television competes for their attention. When the television is on, communication between family members stops. Where there is no communication, family ties become frayed and eventually snap. Ttherefore, the only solution is to get rid of the television.

Hypothesis: The statement "Once sports enthusiasts regularly engaged in sports, but now they watch spectator sports when they could be getting physical exercise. Without physical exercise, health deteriorates. Therefore, the only remedy is to eliminate spectator sports" is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If D and G are in the same formation, E in the first formation can be derived.


Premise: There are circumstances in which it is not immoral to make certain threats, and there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or some other favor. Ttherefore, there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or a favor while making a threat.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the argument above is "It is healthful to take drug A for a headache, and it is healthful to take drug B for a headache; therefore, it is healthful to take drug A together with drug B for a headache."


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Hypothesis: The applicant has not fulfilled the principle of utmost good faith if Li was hospitalized with gastric cancer, was discharged after the operation, and went to work normally, but when filling out an insurance form, Li did not declare the fact that he was suffering from cancer.


Premise: There are four assertions about a criminal case: (1) there is evidence that Chen Hu did not commit the crime; (2) the perpetrator is either Wang Guang, Chen Hu, or Zhu Tong; (3) there is also evidence that Wang Guang didn't commit to crime; (4) The TV screen showed that at the time of the crime, Zhu Tong was in the audience of a football game far away from the crime scene.

Hypothesis: At least one of the above assertions is false is a correct description of the four assertions in the above.


Premise: In Europe, many large animal species, such as mammoths, became extinct soon after humans first migrated to the animals' areas of habitation. The spread of such extinctions closely followed the pattern of human migration. However, since humans tended to migrate to areas as the climate in those areas began to warm, the extinctions might have been precipitated by the climatic warming rather than by human migration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Several periods of marked climatic warming have occurred in Europe, during which many large animal species that lived there became extinct' provides the best evidence that it was human migration and not climatic change that precipitated the extinctions.


Premise: Not all tenured faculty are full professors. Ttherefore, although every faculty member in the linguistics department has tenure, it must be the case that not all of the faculty members in the linguistics department are full professors.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by the statement 'Not all public buildings are well designed, but some poorly designed public buildings were originally intended for private use. Ttherefore, the poorly designed public buildings were all originally designed for private use.'


Premise: Confirmation bias refers to the fact that once a belief is established, people try to find examples that are consistent with it and ignore those that are not.

Hypothesis: Xiaogang's belief that the lottery would be a windfall one day and his continued obsession with it despite never winning, even going as far as to take out a loan to buy a ticket, is an example of confirmation bias.


Premise: The household registration of students in a primary school in S City is quite complicated. All the third-grade students are registered in this city, some second-grade students are also registered in this city, and some first-grade students are the children of migrant workers, while the household registration of the children of migrant workers is not in this city.

Hypothesis: Some students with household registration in this city are third-grade students, based on this information.


Premise: After long-term observation of a parking lot in a shopping mall, psychologists found that when a car is quietly waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 39 seconds to get out of the parking space; when the owner waiting to enter the parking space honks impatiently, the driver takes an average of 51 seconds to get out of the parking space; when there is no car waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 32 seconds to get out of the parking space. This shows that the driver is still possessive of the parking space that is about to leave, and the possessiveness increases with the increase of other drivers' expectations of the parking space.

Hypothesis: When someone honks impatiently, almost all drivers who are driving out of the parking space will feel unhappy, which affects the time they drive out of the parking space, most powerfully weakens the above conjecture.


Premise: All Anxi people are vegetarians, while all Zhenyuan people are ascetics. Ascetics and vegetarians are irreconcilable. And Guo Zhi is an asceticist.

Hypothesis: Guo Zhu is from Anxi is correct.


Premise: According to the general principle of a person's character, the behavior of a person in social life always changes with the environment, no matter how high the other status is and how long the education is.There are both good and evil sides in human nature. Everyone actually has a self-interested plot or tendency, and they are called rational economic men.

Hypothesis: The management of government officials should mainly rely on improving their awareness of self-discipline is not an implied meaning or a conclusion that can be drawn.


Premise: Most of the oceans on the surface of the Earth. Only with more sophisticated instruments can extensive study of the sea floor be carried out. So scientists must know less about the undersea environment than any other on Earth.

Hypothesis: The statement "Powerful currents circulate on the ocean floor, but the overall pattern of their movement is not as easily understood as that of air currents on land" can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Legislator: We should not waste any more of the taxpayers' money on the government' s job-creation program. The unemployment rate in this country has actually risen since the program was begun, so the program has clearly been a failure.

Hypothesis: The unemployment rate would not have risen even more than it has if the job- creation program had not been in existence is an assumption on which the legislator's argument depends.


Premise: Increased levels of fatty protein in the blood increase the amount of energy that human tissue absorbs from excess cholesterol, which in turn lowers cholesterol in the blood. Some people through regular physical exercise and weight loss, can significantly increase the blood concentration of high levels of fatty protein.

Hypothesis: People of standard weight can lower cholesterol in their blood simply by exercising regularly can be concluded based on the above material.


Premise: Integrity is the foundation of a person. However, when plagiarism, college entrance examination fraud, national fraud, official corruption and bribery are repeatedly exposed, once the moral system collapses, the society will not continue to operate normally. By querying the credit status in the credit record, the problem of social information asymmetry can be alleviated to a great extent and the dishonest can be psychologically deterred.

Hypothesis: Credit ID card is a beneficial attempt to maintain and rebuild social integrity can be inferred.


Premise: Although Damon had ample time earlier in the month to complete the paper he is scheduled to present at a professional conference tomorrow morning, he repeatedly put off doing it. Damon could still get the paper ready in time, but only if he works on it all evening without interruption. However, his seven-year-old daughter' s tap-dance recital takes place this evening, and Damon had promised both to attend and to take his daughter and her friends out for ice cream afterward. Thus, because of his procrastination, Damon will be forced to choose between his professional and his family responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by demonstrating that two situations cannot both occur by showing that something necessary for one of those situations is incompatible with something necessary for the other situation.


Hypothesis: The option 'When someone is waiting for the driver to drive out of the car skillfully, most drivers will have psychological pressure. The greater the pressure, the slower the driver will drive out of the parking space' most powerfully weakens the above conjecture.


Premise: The genuine creative genius is someone who is dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs; thus these rare innovators tend to anger the majority. Those who are dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs tend to seek out controversy, and controversy seekers enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if it is assumed that people who anger the majority enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints.


Premise: Crisis public relation refers to a series of self-rescue actions taken by an enterprise in response to a crisis caused by mismanagement, peer competition or even malicious sabotage or the influence of special external events, including eliminating the influence and restoring the image.

Hypothesis: A company has lost its leading position in the industry competition, and its profits have fallen sharply. The senior leaders of the company decided to move to a new field is a crisis public relation according to the above definition.


Premise: Invisible curriculum refers to the informal and unconscious learning experience that is not clearly specified in the school's planned curriculum.

Hypothesis: When children learn teaching courses, they cultivate their interest in learning and teaching is not an invisible curriculum according to the above definition.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, the possible order of the five sites from west to east is Hao Yun Station,Hu Yao Station,Fu Yi Station,Yin Ling Station,Jiu Shang Station.


Premise: Sarah: When commercial fishing boats with permits to fish for certain species accidentally catch a type of fish for which they have no permit, the latter must be thrown back. This is a very wasteful practice because many, if not most, of the rejected fish do not survive. Fishing permits should ttherefore be altered so that fishers can keep fish caught accidentally. Amar: Making it legal to keep those fish would probably lead to a lot more accidents.

Hypothesis: The technique Amar uses in responding to Sarah's argument is to point out that Sarah used a crucial term in two distinct senses.


Premise: Social work values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is altruistic and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: The statement "Views on helping others" is not a social work value.


Premise: There are more girls than boys in law school. More than half of the law school students failed in the math final exam in the second semester of 2004.

Hypothesis: Girls pass more than boys can be inferred.


Premise: Faraday, a famous French scientist in modern times, discovered the law of electromagnetic induction. However, because he could not express it in the most scientific and rigorous language, he has not been recognized by the scientific community until Maxwell completely expressed this law.

Hypothesis: As long as a person has strong expression ability, he can win people's recognition can be inferred.


Premise: Palestine is preparing to apply for membership in the United Nations in September 2011, and has won the support of 40 countries. If the United States uses its veto power in the Security Council to prevent Palestine from entering the United Nations, it will ignite anti-American sentiment in the entire Arab world. If the United States does not use its veto power, it will offend Israel and make Obama lose some voters who support Israel.

Hypothesis: The United States will fuel anti-American sentiment in the Arab world, or Obama will lose some of his voters who support Israel must be true if the above statements are true.


Premise: In the past, we have always stressed that rural public utilities are run by farmers and rural collective organizations themselves, and the state's public services are not tilted to rural areas. Therefore, the gap in the development of public utilities between urban and rural areas is very large, and the outstanding problems are the lack of infrastructure and the obvious lag in the development of education, culture, health and other social undertakings. In recent years, the state has implemented the six small projects in rural areas, with an investment of more than 28 billion yuan in 2004, including part of the funds for road construction, and the appearance of rural infrastructure has indeed been improved to a certain extent. National investment in rural education and health is increasing, but the gap is still very large.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis in this passage is that public utilities in rural areas still need more input from the state.


Premise: Recycling is the best possible way for people to preserve the environment. Recycling conserves finite natural resources, protects forests, and reduces fossil fuel. If recycling achieves a 75% conversion rate, it would be the equivalent of removing 55 million cars from the road per year.

Hypothesis: Recycling reduces carbon emissions more than green energy programs most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Insurance risk refers to the uncertainty about the outcome of an event under certain circumstances. In probabilistic terms, uncertainty is defined as the probability of the outcome of an event being between zero and one, when the probability of the outcome of an event being zero or one. It means that the event is certain to occur or certain not to occur, and therefore, there is no risk.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when the probability of an event occurring as a result is zero, the event must occur.


Premise: Liability insurance refers to the form of insurance in which the insured takes his legal liability, mainly civil tort liability for damages, as the subject matter of insurance and insures with an insurance company.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, taking the liability for compensation for personal injury or property loss of employees caused by production and business activities as the subject matter and carrying out insurance is inconsistent with the definition of liability insurance.


Premise: As long as every judicial link can adhere to procedural justice and earnestly perform the function of the supervision system, the closure rate will be greatly increased. Last year, the closure rate of a country increased by 70% compared with the previous year. Therefore, every judicial link of the country was able to adhere to procedural justice last year and effectively perform the function of supervision system.

Hypothesis: The argument that Li Ming must be excellent in both moral and academic performance during his time at school in order to be able to get a scholarship is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Typhoon is one of the most destructive disasters in nature. Some studies have shown that by spraying seawater droplets into the air to increase the reflection of clouds over the typhoon formation area to sunlight, the typhoon will not gather enough energy. This practice will effectively prevent the typhoon from moving forward and avoid greater damage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When typhoon passes by, it is often accompanied by strong convective weather such as strong wind and rainstorm' should be added as a prerequisite for the establishment of the above conclusion.


Premise: Seven athletes took part in the men's 5km final: S, T, U, W, X, Y and Z. The clothes worn by athletes are either red or green, and no athletes reach the finish line at the same time. The known information is as follows: for athletes who arrive at the finish line one after another, their clothes are not all red. Y reached the finish line some time before T and W. Two of the athletes who reached the finish line before Y happened to be dressed in red. S is the sixth athlete to reach the finish line. Z arrives at the finish line at some time before U.

Hypothesis: The ranking of athletes from the first to the seventh to reach the finish line one after another is X, Y, Z, U, W, S, T.


Premise: Obligatory norms require people to do or not to do certain acts in some way. Authorized norms show that people have the right to do or not to do certain acts. The relationship between the two is: when an act is established as an obligation, it is also established as a right; denying that an act is an obligation does not mean denying that it is a right; when an act is established as a right, it does not mean that this kind of behavior is an obligation; denying a certain act is a right, that is, denying that a certain act is an obligation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'If it is stipulated that citizens have the right to vote, it means that citizens have the duty to elect' is wrong.


Premise: In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefined the large planets in the solar system, resulting in Pluto being excluded from the nine planets in the solar system. Recently, astronomers have pointed out that Pluto is the ninth planet in the solar system because it operates in a special area of the solar system, the Kuiper Belt, and has proved to be the second most complex, most interesting and more dynamic object in the solar system than Mars.

Hypothesis: One of the necessary features of large planets in the solar system is to clean up other celestial bodies around their orbits would most question the above astronomers' conclusions if true.


Premise: If an official from the government environmental protection department wants to speak at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar, he must be a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization. However, the meeting stipulated that as a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization, he is not allowed to be both an official of the government environmental protection department and a speaker at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, among the speakers at this seminar, there are no members of non-governmental environmental protection organizations.


Premise: Critic: Emily Dickinson' s poetry demonstrates that meaning cannot reside entirely within a poem itself, but is always the unique result of an interaction between a reader' s system of beliefs and the poem; and, of course, any two readers from different cultures or eras have radically different systems of beliefs.

Hypothesis: A reader's interpretation of a poem evolves over time is a statement that could be true if the critic's statements are true.


Premise: Which is the important role of congenital genetic factors or acquired environmental effects on human development? The study of twins plays an important role in answering this question. Only environmental impact determinists predict that when a pair of twins are raised completely separately and a pair of unrelated babies are raised together, then, when they grow up, in terms of personality and other characteristics, there will never be more similarities between the first two than between the latter two. The actual statistics do not support this extreme view, but nor does it support the other extreme view, that is, genetic determinism.

Hypothesis: Environmental impact and genetic factors play an important role in human development can be extrapolated from the above point of view.


Premise: Since 1991, Somalia has actually been in a state of anarchy under the separatist regime of armed forces. The per capita GDP in Somalia rose from $210 in 1991 to $600 in 2011. In the same year, per capita GDP was US $548 in Tanzania, US $436 in Central Africa and US $350 in Ethiopia.In view of this, compared with many African countries ruled by a strong central government, Somalia, which is in a state of anarchy, its people's living standards are not poor at all.

Hypothesis: The most serious flaw in the above argument is that it is unreliable to judge the overall living standard of the people of a country on the basis of a single index.


Premise: Pecan growers get a high price for their crop when pecans are comparatively scarce, but the price drops sharply when pecans are abundant. Thus, in high-yield years, growers often hold back part of their crop in refrigerated warehouses for one or two years, hoping for higher prices in the future. This year' s pecan crop was the smallest in five years. It is nonetheless quite possible that a portion of this year' s crop will be held back, since __.

Hypothesis: The passage most logically completes with the statement "each of the last two years produced record-breaking pecan yields."


Premise: Location advantage refers to the objectively existing favorable conditions or superior status of a certain area in terms of economic development, scientific research, etc., mainly determined by natural resources, labor, industrial concentration, geographical location, transportation, etc,It is a comprehensive concept.

Hypothesis: Guangxi is located at the confluence of east, middle and west in mainland China. It is the joint of South China Economic Circle, Southwest Economic Circle and ASEAN Economic Circle. It is the most convenient passage to sea in the southwest and even the northwest, and it is also an important channel connecting Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and the western region is not a location advantage.


Premise: By examining fossilized beetles, a research team has produced the most detailed description yet of temperatures in Britain over the past 22, 000 years. Fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. When individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period, the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determine the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period.

Hypothesis: The procedure of the researchers assumes that fossils of different species found in the same place belonged to different period.


Premise: There are four assertions about a criminal case: (1) there is evidence that Chen Hu did not commit the crime; (2) the perpetrator is either Wang Guang, Chen Hu, or Zhu Tong; (3) there is also evidence that Wang Guang didn't commit to crime; (4) The TV screen showed that at the time of the crime, Zhu Tong was in the audience of a football game far away from the crime scene.

Hypothesis: At least one of the above assertions is false is a correct description of the four assertions in the above.


Premise: With the further increase of global meat production, the impact of animal husbandry on Greenhouse Effect of the world will also increase. At present, animal husbandry land has accounted for 30% of the earth's land area. As one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry also takes up more land for feed and grazing. In Latin America, 70% of forests have been cut down to make room for pastures. At present, animal husbandry threatens 306 of the world's 825 terrestrial ecosystems and threatens 1699 endangered species.

Hypothesis: Serious pollution caused by animal husbandry is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Peace in Asia and Africa is guaranteed, then world peace is guaranteed. Only when terrorism is completely eradicated can world peace be guaranteed. But in fact, terrorism continues to create trouble in the Middle East.

Hypothesis: Peace in Asia is not guaranteed can be inferred as an option.


Premise: After the plant leaves are injured, green juice will emerge, and the fragrance of the leaves will become stronger. This green fragrance can lure the natural enemies of pests to eliminate pests. Researchers use transgenic methods to introduce the gene of green pepper aroma synthesis enzyme into Arabidopsis thaliana of Cruciferae. Once the larvae of Pieris rapae eat the leaves, the fragrance of Arabidopsis thaliana will be enhanced, The parasitoid lays its eggs on the larvae of Pieris rapae, which can eat all the larvae before they form pupae. Therefore, the researchers conclude that if this research result is applied to the formula of vegetables, the use of pesticides can be greatly reduced

Hypothesis: The premise 'At present, pesticides used in vegetable cultivation are mainly used to eliminate pests' must be added in order to make the researcher's conclusion valid.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet table are served, there are a total of 7 hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan dishes: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese dishes: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions: (1) Sichuan cuisine and Cantonese cuisine cannot be served continuously. (2) P cannot go before Q unless the second goes on Q. (3) P must go before X. (4) M must go before K, and K must go before N.

Hypothesis: If the fourth goes to X, the second to go to M must be true.


Premise: Avoidance conditioning refers to when a situation of disgust or unhappiness arises, the individual reacts in a way that escapes the situation of disgust or unhappiness. Then the probability of this reaction occurring in similar scenarios later increases.

Hypothesis: Avoidance conditioning is not leaving temporarily when you feel noisy in the house.


Premise: The ancient Romans understood the principles of water power very well, and in some outlying parts of their empire they made extensive and excellent use of water as an energy source. This makes it all the more striking that the Romans made do without water power in regions dominated by large cities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In heavily populated areas the introduction of water power would have been certain to cause social unrest by depriving large numbers of people of their livelihood' contributes most to an explanation of the difference described above in the Romans' use of water power.


Premise: The whole society should form a firewall to resist the bad information on the network. Network cultural products directly face the public, whether operators operate illegally, the audience is the first to know, the most have the right to speak. To supervise the network culture industry, we should rely on the masses and mobilize the masses. We should improve the reporting system of the masses, build a strict social supervision network, so that there is no hiding place for illegal acts in the development of the network culture industry, guide and educate the broad masses of netizens to enhance their identification ability and keep a clear head in the face of all kinds of network cultural products. do not be deceived, do not go astray; help netizens improve their moral cultivation, build iron walls ideologically, and consciously resist bad information spread through the network.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the statement that "The operators of the network culture industry should take the initiative to accept the supervision of the masses."


Premise: According to research by authoritative national scientific research institutions, a certain brand of health food currently on the market does not contain ingredients that improve human body functions and enhance individual immunity. However, the survey results show that many people with weak health are buying and taking the brand. After a period of health food, physical fitness has improved significantly.

Hypothesis: People who take health care products also start to pay attention to health in other aspects of life is most helpful to explain the above contradiction.


Premise: Administration according to law means that the administrative agency shall, in accordance with the provisions of the law, within the statutory authority, and in accordance with the legal procedures, perform actions with conclusive and sufficient evidence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the city's Industry and Commerce Bureau's actions of breaking the door and seizing a large amount of counterfeit cigarettes and accounting information meet the requirements of the administration according to law.


Premise: The most brilliant cheat may cheat all people at a certain moment, or cheat some people at all times, but it is impossible to cheat all people at all times.

Hypothesis: There is no moment when one can not be cheated is false if the above assertion is true.


Premise: In the past, American manufacturers exported a lot of small, high-value-added goods and outsourced low-value-added products and assembly to other countries. Some of that has now been reversed, with individual companies relocating assembly of some heavy, low-value products at home for logistical reasons, while manufacturing high-value components remains overseas. However, from a global perspective, the comparative advantage of emerging countries is still obvious, and the development potential of manufacturing industry remains. Modern intra-industry trade theory shows that once a country has an advantage in a certain industry or product, due to factors such as increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition, this advantage will be strengthened. Therefore, after decades of manufacturing transfer, emerging countries such as China have formed advantages in manufacturing, which is a great challenge to the return of manufacturing in the United States.

Hypothesis: The main content is that the change of international division of labor system provides an opportunity for the return of American manufacturing industry.


Premise: One-year-olds ordinarily prefer the taste of sweet food to that of salty food. Yet if one feeds a one-year-old salty food rather than sweet food, then over a period of about a year he or she will develop a taste for the salty flavor and choose to eat salty food rather than sweet food. Thus, a young child' s taste preferences can be affected by the type of food he or she has been exposed to.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sweet food is better for infant development than is salty food' is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Obligatory norms require people to do or not to do certain acts in some way. Authorized norms show that people have the right to do or not to do certain acts. The relationship between the two is: when an act is established as an obligation, it is also established as a right; denying that an act is an obligation does not mean denying that it is a right; when an act is established as a right, it does not mean that this kind of behavior is an obligation; denying a certain act is a right, that is, denying that a certain act is an obligation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If it is stipulated that citizens do not have the right to interfere with other people's freedom of marriage, it means that citizens have no obligation to interfere with other people's freedom of marriage' is wrong according to the above definition.


Premise: A researcher fed honeybee larvae separately with fresh royal jelly and royal jelly that had been stored for 30 days. The results showed that the larvae fed with fresh royal jelly grew into queens. Further research found that a protein called royalactin in fresh royal jelly can promote the secretion of growth hormone, making the larvae have the characteristics of queen bee, such as larger body size and well-developed ovaries. The researchers fed fruit flies with this protein, and the fruit flies also showed an increase in body length, number of eggs and lifespan, indicating that the effect of this protein on biological characteristics is cross-species.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is little genetic difference between bees and fruit flies, and they share many of the same biological characteristics' can support the above researchers' findings.


Premise: The development of digital economy and the protection of personal information should not be an either-or choice. However, whether it is the rise and fall of traditional industries or the change of economic new business type in recent years, many lessons remind us that development and norms are very easy to take care of one at the expense of the other. Data is the food of the digital economy, and the digital economy is seen as a good opportunity for China's economy to overtake at the corner. However, the conflict between the digital economy and the protection of information data has become increasingly prominent. The absence of basic norms for the protection of personal information, weak and slow implementation of supervision, and frequent platform infringement, if many problems can not be solved as soon as possible, it is bound to drag down the digital economy itself.

Hypothesis: The contradiction between the collection of data and the protection of personal rights and interests is difficult to reconcile is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Mother tongue transfer is in the second language acquisition process, the learner's first language, the mother tongue, will directly affect the second language acquisition, and play a positive role in promoting or negatively interfering with it.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, C grows up in a bilingual environment and can express proficiently in two languages in life and study is a Mother tongue transfer.