Premise: Editorial: Painting involves a sequential application of layers, each of which adheres satisfactorily only if the underlying layer has been properly applied. Education is, in this respect, like the craft of painting. Since the most important steps in painting are preparation of the surface to be painted and application of the primer coat, it makes sense to suppose that__.

Hypothesis: Educators who are not achieving the goals they intended should revise their teaching methods most logically completes the editorial's argument.


Premise: The experiment found that when mice were suddenly exposed to loud sound (fear), specific cells in the brain amygdala of mice were more active, and a special fear protein in the brain would increase. The content of this fear protein lies in a substance called glual. Mice lacking glual would maintain the fear memory related to loud sound, while other mice would not. Therefore, the experiment concluded that glual was developed These drugs can help people delete bad memories such as pain or fear, leaving only happy times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is a big gap between mouse and human nervous system, so it is difficult to apply the results of mouse experiment to human' cannot challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: After the plant leaves are injured, green juice will emerge, and the fragrance of the leaves will become stronger. This green fragrance can lure the natural enemies of pests to eliminate pests. Researchers use transgenic methods to introduce the gene of green pepper aroma synthesis enzyme into Arabidopsis thaliana of Cruciferae. Once the larvae of Pieris rapae eat the leaves, the fragrance of Arabidopsis thaliana will be enhanced, The parasitoid lays its eggs on the larvae of Pieris rapae, which can eat all the larvae before they form pupae. Therefore, the researchers conclude that if this research result is applied to the formula of vegetables, the use of pesticides can be greatly reduced

Hypothesis: At present, China's current law allows the planting of genetically modified vegetables must be added in order to make the researcher's conclusion valid.


Premise: If a manager is an excellent expert and scholar in a certain field, he will surely manage the basic affairs of the company; a well-behaved manager can be respected by his subordinates; but a person who knows nothing about all fields will definitely not get subordinates. respect. Haohan Company of directors will only remove those who have not managed the company's basic affairs well.

Hypothesis: As a manager of outstanding experts and scholars in a certain field, it is impossible to be dismissed from the board of directors of Haohan Company can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Hendry: Most employee strikes should be legally permitted. But strikes by university faculty are an exception. Faculty strikes harm a university' s students, and I accept the principle that an employee strike shouldn' t be legally permitted if it would harm the employer' s customers. Menkin: If your principle is correct, then, contrary to what you claim, employee strikes should almost never be legally permitted.

Hypothesis: On the basis of their statements, Hendry and Menkin are committed to disagreeing over whether most employee strikes would harm the employer's customers.


Premise: Stem cells are all over the human body, which fascinates scientists because they have the ability to become any type of cells. This ability means that they may repair or replace damaged tissue. While stimulating the growth of stem cells by laser is likely to achieve tissue growth, researchers believe that laser technology may become a tool for change in the field of medicine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Laser treatment of molars with cavities can gradually restore the damaged tooth tissue' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Jupiter is a gas giant planet and the largest planet in the solar system. Its mass is 2.5 times the total mass of the other seven planets in the solar system. Observations have found that most of the more than 70 moons surrounding Jupiter are composed of water ice. Therefore, Jupiter's atmosphere should contain a considerable amount of water.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The satellite and the planets around it were formed from the same gas and dust at the same time' can best support the above statement.


Premise: Few politicians will support legislation that conflicts with their own self-interest. A case in point is August Frenson, who throughout his eight terms in office consistently opposed measures limiting the advantage incumbents enjoy over their challengers. Ttherefore, if such measures are to be enacted, they must result from direct popular vote rather than from legislative action.

Hypothesis: The case of August Frenson plays the role of an example illustrating the generalization that is invoked in the argument.


Premise: An experiment was done in which human subjects recognize a pattern within a matrix of abstract designs and then select another design that completes that pattern. The results of the experiment were surprising. The lowest expenditure of energy in neurons in the brain was found in those subjects who performed most successfully in the experiments.

Hypothesis: People who are better at abstract pattern recognition have more energy-efficient neural connections is the hypothesis that best accounts for the findings of the experiment.


Premise: Although Damon had ample time earlier in the month to complete the paper he is scheduled to present at a professional conference tomorrow morning, he repeatedly put off doing it. Damon could still get the paper ready in time, but only if he works on it all evening without interruption. However, his seven-year-old daughter' s tap-dance recital takes place this evening, and Damon had promised both to attend and to take his daughter and her friends out for ice cream afterward. Thus, because of his procrastination, Damon will be forced to choose between his professional and his family responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by making clear the extent to which someone's actions resulted in harm to others in order to support the claim that those actions were irresponsible.


Premise: From September to December 2018, the rent in a certain first-tier city skyrocketed. Some people believe that the root cause of the increase in rent is that some long-term apartment operators are looting housing and in vicious competition.

Hypothesis: The statement that the change in the supply and demand relationship caused by the new settlement policy is the only reason for the skyrocketing rent can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: The final approved projects are either of great significance or high attention, and all of the significant projects involve people's livelihood issues. However, some final approved projects do not involve people's livelihood issues.

Hypothesis: Some projects are not of great significance despite high attention can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: The reason music with a simple recurring rhythm exerts a strong primordial appeal is that it reminds us of the womb environment. After all, the first sound heard within the womb is the comforting sound of the mother' s regular heartbeat. So in taking away from us the warmth and security of the womb, birth also takes away a primal and constant source of comfort. Thus it is extremely natural that in seeking sensations of warmth and security throughout life, people would be strongly drawn toward simple recurring rhythmic sounds.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the reasoning above is that the strong primordial appeal of music with a simple recurring rhythm is due to its similarity to the womb environment.


Premise: Philosopher: Both the consequences and the motives of human actions have bearing on the moral worth of those actions. Nonetheless, to be a moral agent one must have free will, because one cannot be a moral agent without desiring to conform to a principle.

Hypothesis: Desiring to conform to a principle requires free will is an assumption required by the philosopher's argument.


Premise: On October 29, nearly 10,000 people from all over the United States held a massive rally against war and racism in Washington, calling on the U.S. government not to use violent means to respond to the September 11' terrorist incident.

Hypothesis: The slogan 'People don't need war and racism' is the least likely to appear at the rally.


Premise: 3D stereoscopic technology represents the cutting-edge level of the current film technology, because the film to achieve a highly credible sense of space, it may become the mainstream of future films. Although the screen characters in 3D movies are computer-generated, the performances of computer characters that include actions and expressions are based on the performances of real actors, just like makeup technology in the digital age. This has also aroused the concern of some actors: with the development of computer technology, computer-generated images and animations will replace live-action performances in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The film story can only be expressed by the heart and emotion of the actor, and its form of expression has nothing to do with the preferences of the director' can most reduce the actor's worries.


Premise: Xiao He is either a teacher or a civil servant.

Hypothesis: The above judgment is false.


Premise: The formal language used in scientific research is very different from the natural language used in daily life. Formal language looks like a book of heaven, far away from the public, and only some professionals can understand and use it. But in fact, this is a misunderstanding. The relationship between natural language and formal language is like the relationship between the naked eye and the microscope. The naked eye has a wide field of vision and can grasp the information of things as a whole: a microscope can help people see the details and subtleties of things, even though they can be seen in a small range. Therefore, both formal language and natural language are important tools for people to communicate and understand information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If scientific theory is expressed only in formal language, it is difficult to be understood by ordinary people; similarly, if expressed only in natural language, it may become lengthy and difficult to express accurately' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Bigamy refers to the act of having a spouse and marrying another person, or marrying someone knowing that he or she has a spouse.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Li Xiaoqing's marriage to a foreign man after tearing up the marriage contract with Wang Gang is an example of bigamy.


Premise: Political scientist: The concept of freedom is hopelessly vague. Any definition of freedom will either exclude some acts that intuitively qualify as free, or admit some acts that intuitively fall outside the concept. The notions of justice, fairness, and equality are equally indeterminate. This is why political organization should be disavowed as futile.

Hypothesis: The argument is questionable because it is mounted by someone who has a vested interest in the rejection of political organization.


Premise: There is no doubt that the use of multimedia courseware can improve the teaching effect. Even if the courseware is too simple, only the traditional blackboard writing move, can not really achieve the effect of multimedia, can also play a time-saving role.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that replacing the traditional blackboard writing with multimedia courseware can save the time of writing blackboard writing.


Premise: When ultraviolet rays pass through the atmosphere, the vibrating frequency of the ozone layer resonates with ultraviolet rays, thus causing the vibration to absorb most of the ultraviolet rays. Therefore, resonance can make the ozone layer in the atmosphere like sunscreen, ensuring that we will not be damaged by radiation.

Hypothesis: The central idea above is that resonance protects us from ultraviolet rays.


Premise: The change of reading scene has led to a great change in the field of knowledge: the traditional knowledge carrier, the pushpin on the book has been pried open by the network, and the knowledge information floats and becomes fragmented. The Internet magnifies these pieces of information, which in turn changes people's reading mentality. In other words, in the face of massive information, people's information anxiety is more serious, and people do not have enough time and attention. The information I have read is like sand in my hand, I can't remember it and can't keep it. Massive information lack of binding tools and binding methods, which is what many people call the reading crisis.

Hypothesis: A new way of binding can solve the reading crisis is understood accurately with regard to this passage.


Premise: The effects of technology on language and the effects of language on culture as a whole are profound and complex. The telegraph, the telephone, and the television have all changed the way people speak to one another. The best current example of such a change is the advent of electronic mail, which has effected a widespread loosening of language usage rules. This loosening has, in turn, made relationships between people more casual than ever before.

Hypothesis: The proposition that 'Changes in communication media can cause interpersonal relationships to change' is best illustrated by the statements above.


Premise: Although administrative decision-making in strict accordance with the scientific way of thinking can reduce mistakes and achieve accuracy, decision-making is human action after all. People do not operate according to the law and produce products on a scale as machines do.

Hypothesis: People's subjective factors cannot be ignored in the process of administrative decision-making is what this passage is intended to tell us.


Premise: The natural elimination breeding method refers to a breeding method that reduces the perceived intervention in the selection process of good seeds and tries to determine the required good breeds through the natural growth that is screened.

Hypothesis: Some of the plants that grow on the hillside are very vigorous, others are small and yellow. There is a clear distinction between them, which is the image of the natural selection is a natural elimination breeding method.


Premise: International multimodal transport refers to a kind of transport in which the multimodal transport operator transports the goods from the receiving point in one country to the designated delivery point in another country by at least two different modes of transport according to the multimodal transport contract.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Shipping companies transport seafood salvaged from the sea to coastal areas, and then distributed by buyers to various fresh markets is an international multimodal transport.


Premise: The level of triglycerides in the blood rises when triglycerides are inadequately metabolized. Research shows that patients with blood triglyceride levels above 1 milligram per milliliter are twice as prone to heart attacks as others. Thus, it is likely that consuming large amounts of fat, processed sugar, or alcohol, each known to increase triglyceride levels in the blood, is a factor causing heart disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Triglyceride levels above 2 milligrams per milliliter increase the risk of some serious illnesses not related to heart disease' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Only some people can be both virtuous and talented. Some people have Virtue but lack Talent, and some people have Talent but not Virtue. Although the former does not contribute much to the society, it does no harm to the society.The  talent is the greater ,  the harm to society is the greater.

Hypothesis: The Talent of some people is smaller, which is the better for society can be inferred.


Premise: Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __.

Hypothesis: RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Locophobia is mainly manifested by fear of certain environments, such as heights, squares, objective environments and crowded public places. It often starts with spontaneous panic attacks, and then produces expected anxiety and avoidance behavior, leading to the formation of conditionalization. Some clinical studies have shown that locophobia is often accompanied by panic attacks. However, some experts believe that the first panic attack is a necessary condition for the onset of place phobia, so they think that place phobia is the consequence of the development of panic attacks and should be classified as panic disorder.

Hypothesis: The statement that "about 23% of patients' Locophobia occurred before panic attacks" can best question the above expert opinion.


Premise: In the years before hosting the Olympic Games, the host country of the Olympic Games has to make a lot of infrastructure construction and investment, so as to promote economic growth. In the year of the Olympic Games, residents' consumption and tourism increased significantly, which will also boost economic growth. But these factors disappeared after the Olympic Games, causing the host country's economy to decline. South Korea, Spain, Greece and other countries all experienced economic downturn after the Olympic Games. As a result, China will also experience an economic recession after the 2008 Olympic Games.

Hypothesis: If it is true that the process of urbanization in China is in an accelerated stage, and urban construction will effectively promote China's economic development in the next few decades, it cannot challenge the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans and the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: Over time, natural selection can even turn different groups of the same species on two islands into distinct species, according to records from one archipelago would most strengthen the researcher's argument.


Premise: When students do not find their assignments challenging, they become bored and so achieve less than their abilities would allow. On the other hand, when students find their assignments too difficult, they give up and so again achieve less than what they are capable of achieving. It is, ttherefore, clear that no student' s full potential will ever be realized.

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning 'depending on the ambiguous use of a key term' is contained in the argument.


Premise: In a study of patients who enrolled at a sleep clinic because of insomnia, those who inhaled the scent of peppermint before going to bed were more likely to have difficulty falling asleep than were patients who inhaled the scent of bitter orange. Since it is known that inhaling bitter orange does not help people fall asleep more easily, this study shows that inhaling the scent of peppermint makes insomnia worse.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The patients who inhaled the scent of bitter orange were, on average, suffering from milder cases of insomnia than were the patients who inhaled the scent of peppermint' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: The crux of creativity resides in the ability to manufacture variation on a theme. If we look at the history of science, for instance, we see that every idea is built upon a thousand related ideas. Careful analysis leads us to understand that what we choose to call a new theme or a new discovery is itself always and without exception some sort of variation, on a deep level, of previous themes.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements in the passage are true, no scientific idea is entirely independent of all other ideas.


Hypothesis: Neither the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games nor the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games caused a downturn in the US economy cannot challenge the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: Studies have found that men on a low-fat diet are more likely to suffer from testosterone deficiency than other men.

Hypothesis: The trial found that men on the low-fat diet of the Mediterranean diet had lower testosterone levels than other men can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: If an artist receives a public subsidy to support work on a specific project -- e. g. , making a film -- and if this project then proves successful enough to allow the artist to repay the subsidy, is the artist morally obliged to do so? The answer is clearly yes, since the money returned to the agency distributing the subsidies will be welcome as a source of support for other artists deserving of public subsidies.

Hypothesis: The artist's obligation is established by arguing that acting a certain way would allow others to obtain a benefit such as the one that the artist has obtained in the past.


Premise: Throughout the Popoya Islands community pressure is exerted on people who win the national lottery to share their good fortune with their neighbors. When people living in rural areas win the lottery they invariably throw elaborate neighborhood feasts, often wiping out all of their lottery winnings. However, in the cities, lottery winners frequently use their winnings for their own personal investment rather than sharing their good fortune with their neighbors.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lottery winners in rural areas are notified of winning by public posting of lists of winners, but notification in the city is by private mail' contributes most to an explanation of the difference between the behavior of lottery winners in rural areas and those in cities.


Premise: Professor: Many introductory undergraduate science courses are intended to be proving grounds,  that is, they are designed to be so demanding that only those students most committed to being science majors will receive passing grades in these courses. However, studies show that some of the students in these very demanding introductory courses who are least enthusiastic about science receive passing grades in these courses. Hence, designing introductory science courses to serve as proving grounds has not served its intended purpose.

Hypothesis: Introductory science courses should not continue to be designed to serve as proving grounds if doing so has not served its intended purpose is an assumption that the professor's argument requires.


Premise: The arithmetic mean describes the average trend of a set of data, and is the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data. When using in statistics, you should pay attention to: when extreme values, ambiguous data or data of different quality appear , Can not calculate the arithmetic mean.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, calculating the arithmetic mean of the ages of 204 children under 10 and 26 elderly over 90 is suitable for calculating the arithmetic mean.


Premise: Garbage recycling refers to the way in which garbage is sorted and treated, and then becomes a non-polluting recycled raw material, and then processed and transformed into renewable resources.

Hypothesis: Garbage recycling includes separating organic matter such as kitchen waste into organic fertilizer and separating inorganic matter such as bricks and tiles and glass ceramics to make a new type of unfired brick.


Premise: In recent years, many e-commerce companies have been working on the digital reading market for a long time, creating a reading boom for all people. Government support, the rapid economic development of the digital publishing industry, the increase in the utilization rate of online literature services for mobile Internet users, and the advancement of technology for multimedia information. It provides good environmental support for mobile reading. According to the results of the twelfth national national reading survey, the contact rate of adult citizens in my country's digital reading method has increased year by year in the past three years, and the digital reading rate has exceeded the reading rate of traditional books for the first time.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that national digital reading has surpassed traditional reading.


Premise: On the grasslands of Africa, a fierce leopard can catch almost any antelope it decides to catch. And once the antelope is not targeted by the hungry leopard, its best chance of escape is that the leopard will soon find another animal as its target. Therefore, the antelope following the activities of the group can reduce the risk of being eaten by leopards.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument is based is that leopards can't eat an entire herd of antelopes at once.


Premise: The attitude towards intellectuals marks the degree of civilization of a nation, while the attitude towards workers and peasants tests the conscience and conscience of the nation. So _

Hypothesis: We should be kind to intellectuals, as well as workers and peasants can best complete the above argument.


Premise: The Fieldpark nuclear power plant, cited three years ago by a governmentally led safety commission for exceeding safe levels of radiation, has recently allowed the media access to its facilities. A spokesperson for the plant has claimed that the media has full access to the plant and is not prohibited from taking pictures on the premises. The spokesperson promises that, as a result, the citizens of Fieldpark can rest assured that, until next year's governmental inspection, the facility will not exceed the federal regulations on the amount of sieverts, or radiation, to which a person can be exposed.

Hypothesis: The media will publish all of the photos it deems incriminating is an assumption upon which the spokesperson's conclusion depends.


Premise: Relationship association refers to the relationship between whole and part because of the various relationships of things. Causality, association established by genus.

Hypothesis: The relationship association between banana and banana tree is that the banana is a product of the banana tree.


Premise: The lightest elements contained in the primitive universe are hydrogen and helium. The slightly heavier elements, such as carbon, are only formed in the nuclear reaction of the planet and will be dispersed when the planet explodes. Although the age of the universe is not more than two billion However, recently discovered gas clouds contained carbon element billions of years ago.

Hypothesis: Based on the above point of view, the carbon element in the gas cloud later formed parts of some planets is true.


Premise: The number of fat grams in a cup of butter is the same as in an equal amount of margarine. Ttherefore, any baked good made with a given amount of butter is no higher in fat than a baked good made with an equal amount of margarine.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it mistakenly believes that all baked goods contain the same amount of butter or margarine.


Premise: Credit card companies justify charging cardholders additional fees for late payments by asserting the principle that those who expose other individuals, companies, or institutions to financial risk should pay for that risk, and by pointing out that late-paying cardholders present a greater risk of default than other cardholders. Without late fees, the companies argue, they would have to spread the cost of the risk over all cardholders.

Hypothesis: The principle invoked by the credit card companies would, if established, be most usefully invoked in the argument that insurance companies should demand higher insurance rates of drivers of sports cars than of other drivers, since sports car divers are more likely to cause accidents and thus are more likely to require the companies to pay out money in claims.


Premise: Pecan growers get a high price for their crop when pecans are comparatively scarce, but the price drops sharply when pecans are abundant. Thus, in high-yield years, growers often hold back part of their crop in refrigerated warehouses for one or two years, hoping for higher prices in the future. This year' s pecan crop was the smallest in five years. It is nonetheless quite possible that a portion of this year' s crop will be held back, since __.

Hypothesis: For some pecan growers, this year's crop was no smaller than last year's most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Xiao He is either a teacher or a civil servant.

Hypothesis: The above judgment is either true or false.


Premise: For thousands of years, the Dragon Boat Festival has always been full of strong historical flavor, heavy humanistic feelings and profound ethical connotations, constantly permeating rich spiritual culture, nourishing us with a mellow and long soul, and giving the nation an endless driving force. As a result, the more modernization and urbanization scour the traditional culture, the more we should have the self-consciousness and self-confidence to continue our own culture. The inherent rituals that place emotional and cultural symbols may be simplified, and rich folk expressions may evolve, but the solemn value of Dragon Boat Festival cannot be erased, the awe of you and me can not fade, and the respect for history and culture can not be abandoned.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Attention should be paid to the intrinsic value of traditional festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival' tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: Some students attending a small university with a well-known choir live off campus. From the fact that all music majors are members of the choir, a professor in the music department concluded that none of the students who live off campus is a music major.

Hypothesis: The professor's conclusion is properly drawn if it is assumed that none of the students who live off campus is a member of the choir.


Premise: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding and Wu travel by high-speed rail, and they happen to be sitting in the same row of seats A, B, C, D and F. It is known that: (1) if one of Jia or Yi sits in Block C, Bing sits in block B; (2) if Wu sits in block C, Ding sits in block F.

Hypothesis: If Ding is sitting in block B, Wu is sitting in seat F is correct.


Premise: Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about 45 days. No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as 45 days. Synthetic herbicides, on the other hand, although not any longer-lasting, can be reapplied as the crop grows. Clearly, ttherefore, for major agricultural crops, plowing rye into the soil can play no part in effective weed control.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to allow for the possibility of combining the two weed-control methods it mentions.


Premise: Intuitive thinking refers to the thinking in which the behavior steps and thinking process are not clear and clear, and some guesses, assumptions or judgments are made directly and quickly about some phenomena or problems.

Hypothesis: Solve the problems in the exam based on the knowledge learned is typical intuitive thinking.


Premise: With the development of society and technological progress, linguistics and literature have gradually separated. The language teaching with many professional needs in the society was first independent, and it became a professional university with language teaching and language research as the main purpose, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing Language and Culture University. Universities, and now Confucius Institutes all over the world are also such schools. Secondly, with the invention and development of recording technology, sonogram analysis technology, and computer technology, linguistics has rapidly developed into a special laboratory that needs to be built, equipped with various voices. Instrumentation and a new engineering technology subject for professional engineering and technical personnel. Today, emerging linguistics are widely used in high-tech fields such as medicine, physiology, psychology, genetics and genes, criminal investigation, language recognition, automatic control, and intelligent manufacturing.

Hypothesis: According to this text, Linguistics and literature should be treated separately.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in modern physics and reports on new physics. Now many people know that there are hundreds of millions of galaxies, and each galaxy contains hundreds of millions of stars. We know that the world can be understood by subnuclear particles, most of which survive only a few 1/100000000 seconds. Yes, the world of modern physics is really strange. Particles with Greek alphabet names dance to quantum music and do not obey the determinism of classical physics. But eventually the reader will walk away with disappointment, and while these facts are novel, they are also boring and annoying.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to introduce a vivid work on popular science next.


Premise: Although personnel incentives are important to the company, a study shows that the personnel department is not so important because the personnel department does not participate in strategic decision-making meetings, and hiring senior managers has CEO decisions, and the personnel department often only plays a supporting and supporting role.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the compensation system designed by the personnel department can not create wealth, it can retain talented people for the company' weakens the above argument most strongly.


Premise: Operational activities refer to the process of investing a certain amount of resources. After a series of various forms of transformation, its value is increased, and finally a certain form of output is provided to the society.

Hypothesis: Housewife cleans up household hygiene is not an operational activity.


Premise: A TV advertisement said that grassland green chickens eat grass when they are hungry and grasshoppers when they are greedy, which seems to imply that the nutritional value of this kind of chicken and its eggs is related to the food that this kind of chicken eats.

Hypothesis: To prove the above conclusion, selecting different breeds of chickens and feeding them on the grassland, and then comparing their effective components is the most reliable experimental method.


Premise: Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, getting off lightly and making meritorious deeds is positive reinforcement.


Premise: Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz' s that discuss one of Newton' s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since <b> the book includes a presentation of Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques, </b>and since the notes were written before Leibniz' s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain <b> that the traditional view is false. </b> A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz' s notes are limited to early sections of Newton' s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

Hypothesis: The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion about which the historian expresses reservations; the second is that conclusion is the role that the two portions in <b> boldface </b> play in the historian's reasoning.


Premise: Linda says that, as a scientist, she knows that no scientist appreciates poetry. And, since most scientists are logical, at least some of the people who appreciate poetry are illogical.

Hypothesis: The statement "Betty says that, as a corporate executive, she knows that no corporate executives like to pay taxes. And, since most corporate executives are honest people, at least some people who like to pay taxes are honest people" is most parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning above.


Premise: Agricultural product subsidies usually refer to a country's government providing financial support to its agricultural product producers or operators, including cash subsidies, price support or other policy preferential policies, so that its agricultural products can obtain competitive advantages compared with similar products without subsidies in the international and domestic markets.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the agricultural product subsidy is the government buying corn from farmers at a higher price and then selling it at a low price to encourage corn planting, as well as an enterprise using corn as feed to cultivate broilers for export to Country B in large quantities.


Premise: A report by American scientists pointed out that the comprehensive value created by the coastal wetland ecosystem per hectare is 4025 dollars per year, which is equivalent to twice the tropical rain forest in the same area, or 13 times that of other forests, 17 times that of grassland, or 44 times that of farmland!

Hypothesis: Coastal wetlands have high biological productivity and important coastal protection functions is not the correct understanding of value in the sentence.


Premise: Polymorphism refers to the state of diversity that individuals of the same species show for certain shapes and qualities.

Hypothesis: One cannot step into the same river twice is a polymorphism.


Premise: It is highly likely that Claudette is a classical pianist. Like most classical pianists, Claudette recognizes many of Clara Schumann' s works. The vast majority of people who are not classical pianists do not. In fact, many people who are not classical pianists have not even heard of Clara Schumann.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is flawed in that it relies for its plausibility on the vagueness of the term classical.


Premise: Ecologist: The incidence of alligator attacks on humans in the vicinity of the Blue Lagoon has increased in recent years. Relocating at least half of the Blue Lagoon's alligator population would help decrease the incidence of alligator attacks on humans.

Hypothesis: The ecologist's claim relies on the assumption that there is a correlation between the size of the alligator population and the incidence of alligator attacks on humans.


Premise: If there is a strong electron or a field around the instrument, the instrument can detect all fields and buzz. The existence of strong electrons leads to the existence of at least one field. The instrument does not buzz when there are only strong electrons around it.

Hypothesis: The presence of strong electrons does not necessarily lead to the action of a field can be inferred now that the device is not buzzing.


Premise: After ten years of success and failure, we have a correct understanding of centering on economic construction and have found a development path to promote reform and opening up. Everyone knows that this understanding and this path have come from It is not easy, we must cherish it, and we must not be shaken at any time. However, since the first day of reform and opening up, we have attached great importance to economic construction while also attaching great importance to the construction of spiritual civilization. If there is only the former without the latter, It is not socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Hypothesis: The simultaneous development of economic construction and spiritual civilization construction is socialism with Chinese characteristics mainly supports the argument of this passage.


Premise: Gratuitous contract  is a contract in which one party only enjoys contractual rights without paying any price. In other words, one party to the contract gives a certain benefit to the other party, and the other party does not have to pay any price to obtain the benefit.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A lending his car to his colleague B for use, and signing an agreement with B, agreeing to lend it to him for one year without paying the use fee, but it must be returned as scheduled is not part of a gratuitous contract.


Premise: Inez: The book we are reading, The Nature of Matter, is mistitled. A title should summarize the content of the whole book, but nearly half of this book is devoted to discussing a different, albeit closely related subject: energy. Antonio: I do not think that the author erred; according to modern physics, matter and energy are two facets of the same phenomenon.

Hypothesis: Antonio believes that there are no differences between matter and energy is most strongly supported by the conversation above.


Premise: Online group buying is to gather scattered consumers with the same purchase intention with the help of the Internet and buy in large quantities from merchants to obtain the most favorable price. The characteristics of online group buying are: there are transaction volume and transaction time restrictions, high price discount and small payment, so as to realize the benefits of network organizers, consumers and producers.

Hypothesis: Online group buying includes a shopping website soliciting consumers who want to buy a brand of running shoes and placing an order for 3000 pairs with the manufacturer.


Premise: In the winter of 2008, more than 1/3 of commercial beehives in the United States developed colony collapse syndrome. All worker bees in some colonies suddenly disappear or die, leaving only lonely queens in the hives. The syndrome has spread to many European countries, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Without these bees, many crops related to human life would not exist, such as soybeans, cotton, apricots, sunflowers and so on. Almost 1/3 of the world's food is related to the behavior of bees. If they become extinct, it will be followed by serious social problems such as serious food shortages, hunger, violence and riots.

Hypothesis: Colony collapse syndrome cannot be inferred to lead to serious social problems from the original text.


Premise: Reduction to Absurdity refers to a method not directly denying an absurdity, but first assuming its truth, and then deriving the absurd result based on the absurdity, and deducing the absurdity of the problem from the absurdity of the result, thus directly denying the argumentation.

Hypothesis: Once, a British female reporter read the works of Qian Zhongshu, a master of literature, and admired Qian Zhongshu very much. She insisted on meeting him. On the phone, Qian Zhongshu said to the lady: If you eat an egg, think It tastes good, that's enough, why bother to know the hen who laid the egg cannot be included in reduction to absurdity.


Premise: In 2010, the Ministry of Health launched a new national standard for dairy industry, which reduced the protein content of raw milk from 2.95% to 2.8%. An industry insider explained: if our milk testing standard sets the protein content too high, dairy farmers will add something to improve the protein content of the milk, such as melamine in order to meet the standard. The melamine incident in 2008 showed that the original standards were too high.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that "if there are loopholes in the management of the railway department, there will be accidents in railway transport" contains the same logical error as the reasoning of the industry. This can be seen in the Wenzhou bullet train accident on 7.23 which shows that there are indeed loopholes in the management of the railway department.


Premise: Defects guarantee liability means that according to the law, when one party transfers property (or rights) to the other party in a transaction, it should guarantee that the property (or rights) is not flawless. If the transferred property (or rights) is flaw, it should be Take corresponding responsibilities to the opposing party.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, in the situation where Company A and Company B signed the Equity Transfer Agreement, stipulating that Company A would transfer all the equity under its name to Company B, and Company B had a capital problem and filed for bankruptcy, Company B does not need to bear the defects guarantee liability.


Premise: Politician: A major social problem is children hurting other children. The results of a recent experiment by psychologists establish that watching violent films is at least partly responsible for this aggressive behavior. The psychologists conducted an experiment in which one group of children watched a film of people punching Bobo the Clown dolls. A second group of children was not shown the film. Afterward, both groups of children played together in a room containing a Bobo doll. Most of the children who had seen the film punched the Bobo doll, while most of the other children did not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the children who did not punch the Bobo doll, including some who had been shown the film, chastised those who did punch the doll' most weakens the politician's argument.


Premise: Precise poverty alleviation can not only focus on individual facts and solve individual problems, but do not know how to link individual poverty or special poverty with the macro background of economic and social development. It should be clearly recognized that although all kinds of special poverty have special factors, special poverty also exists in the context of the current information society. Informatization and networking contain very rich resources and energy. we should vigorously support the poor or poor groups to understand and adapt to the new situation of informatization and networking as soon as possible, through technical training and typical demonstration, the poor who are far away from informationization and networking should be introduced into this historical process.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate keyword extracted from this passage is "poor groups, special poverty, technical training."


Premise: The words we follow today to talk about ancient Chinese painting are all written by Chinese literati, and because of this, Chinese literati have dominated the discussion space of painting for a long time, and they have become accustomed to starting from their own point of view. choose a point of view that is good for literati and artists, and now-- or should have been-- it's time for us to compete with them. And we should also question what they call a good painter or good work. Many excellent non-literati artists do not get due recognition because of the prejudice of literati. Here, we should give them objective evaluation and due status one by one.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The literati have been in a strong position in the field of Chinese painting theory for a long time' is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Building a space station, in which astronauts would live for a considerable time, is essential even if the space station project were to contribute no new knowledge about space or Earth that could not otherwise be obtained. For future missions to explore Mars, we will need the medical knowledge that the space station project will give us about the limits of human capacities to live in spacecraft for an extended time.

Hypothesis: The assumption made by the argument is that a mission to Mars will be the first of many missions that will explore the solar system.


Premise: Some new employees become government cadres as soon as they enter the factory. In the re-election of the factory, all Hunan workers supported Li Yang's election as factory director, and all government cadres opposed Li Yang's election as factory director.

Hypothesis: Assuming that all the above judgments are correct, the statement 'Some Hunan workers are new employees' must be wrong.


Premise: There has been a lot of talk about an earthquake recently. One evening, Xiao Fang asked her grandmother, who was enjoying the cool in the courtyard, Grandma, they all said that there will be an earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said, According to my observation, tomorrow is not necessarily an earthquake. Xiaofang said: Then you mean there will be no earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said no. Fang was lost in confusion.

Hypothesis: There may not be an earthquake tomorrow is closest to the meaning of Grandma.


Premise: Biologists often announce that a certain kind of animal has been found capable of using tools; this usually refers to something like using a stick to hunt for ants in a log, or a stone to crack nuts. But such announcements are completely unsurprising, since all animals use tools. Birds build nests, fish hide in the mud to escape predators, and squirrels use buildings as shortcuts between trees. If an animal executes its purpose by means of an external physical object, then that object can reasonably be regarded as a tool.

Hypothesis: The claim that the biologists' announcements that a certain animal has been found capable of using tools are unsurprising calls into question the basis of the biologists' conception of a tool.


Premise: Principle: If one does not criticize a form of behavior in oneself or vow to stop it, then one should not criticize that form of behavior in another. Application: If Shimada does not vow to stop being tardy himself, he should not criticize McFeney for tardiness.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Both McFeney and Shimada are regularly tardy, but Shimada criticizes McFeney's tardiness without criticizing his own' justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: On August 3, 2003, a 110000-year-old human tooth fossil about 3 cm in length was unearthed in Zhangkoudong Ancient Human site in Jiuxiang, Yiliang County.As soon as the excavation was announced, it immediately attracted wide attention from the media and experts. Many experts involved in the excavation believe that the appearance of this human tooth fossil shows that Zhangkoudong already had human activities as early as 110000 years ago, and it will rewrite the conclusion that human beings in Kunming area, as defined by the Longtan Mountain Ancient Human site in Chenggong County, have a history of only 30,000 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some experts have analyzed the long axis of the tooth, the shape of the crown, the protrusion of the lip and tongue of the crown and the enamel of the fossil, and think that the fossil is not a fossil of human incisor, but a fossil of deer tooth' can best question the views of the above experts.


Premise: The continents of South America and Africa were once joined together as one landmass. Evidence for this claim can be found in the fact that fossils of mesosaurs, extinct reptiles, have been unearthed in both western Africa and eastern South America.

Hypothesis: Mesosaurs in Africa migrated from Europe and mesosaurs in South America migrated from Asia most weakens the argument.


Premise: A public service advertisement suggest that drinkers should wait until they are safe to drive. However, a hospital survey found that people questioned immediately after drinking underestimated how long it would take them to regain their driving ability. The results show that many people who drink before driving have difficulty following the advice of the advertisement.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Respondents in the hospital were also asked how long it would take to restore abilities that had little impact on safe driving' most strongly supports the above argument if the following statements are true.


Premise: The business district is a business geographic area that can effectively attract customers to the store.It is divided into three levels: core business circle, sub - business circle and edge business circle.

Hypothesis: Wangfujing, Beijing fits the concept of the business district.


Premise: Diffusion of responsibility, also known as the bystander effect, means that for an event, if a single individual is required to complete the task alone, the individual's sense of responsibility will be enhanced. However, if the group is required to complete the task together, the sense of responsibility of each individual in the group will become weaker, and even more people will be irresponsible, This effect often occurs to many bystanders after the accident

Hypothesis: The situation where the neighbor's house caught fire and Xiao Wu and other neighbors escaped from the corridor does not belong to diffusion of responsibility according to the above definition.


Premise: Ecological housing refers to the application of ecological principles and follow the principles of ecological balance and sustainable development. Design, organization of various material factors in the internal and external space, so that material energy in the building system in an orderly cycle of transformation, so as to obtain an efficient, low consumption, pollution-free, ecological balance of the building environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a district to sort and store garbage, timely clean up, in order to improve the recycling of garbage is not an eco-home.


Premise: Logical thinking is the stage of human rational cognition and the cognitive process of human reflecting the essence and law of things. Logical thinking involves not only the form of logical thinking and the rules of logical methods, but also the basic laws of logical thinking. Logical thinking forms and logical method rules refer to the abstract generalization of natural language into formal language to form initial symbols or rules, which are used to study concepts, judgment and reasoning, and only work in a local scope. The basic law of logical thinking is the fundamental criterion and basis for correct logical thinking, which is generally applicable to people's thinking.

Hypothesis: The error of leapfrog division when dividing a concept violates the rules of logical thinking form and logical method.


Premise: Leslie: I' ll show you that your quest for the treasure is irrational. Suppose you found a tablet inscribed, Whoever touches this tablet will lose a hand, yet will possess the world.  Would you touch it? Erich: Certainly not. Leslie: Just as I expected! It is clear from your answer that your hands are more important to you than possessing the world. But your entire body is necessarily more important to you than your hands. Yet you are ruining your health and harming your body in your quest for a treasure that is much less valuable than the whole world. I rest my case.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Leslie's argument is that Erich is engaging in irrational behavior by pursuing his quest for the treasure.


Premise: University administrator: Any proposal for a new department will not be funded if there are fewer than 50 people per year available for hire in that field and the proposed department would duplicate more than 25 percent of the material covered in one of our existing departments. The proposed Area Studies Department will duplicate more than 25 percent of the material covered in our existing Anthropology Department. However, we will fund the new department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The field of Area Studies has fewer than 50 people per year available for hire' follows logically from the university administrator's statements.


Premise: Leibniz was a great philosopher in the 17th century. He published his calculus research results before Newton. But at that time Newton published his personal notes, indicating that he has used the principle of calculus at least 10 years before Leibniz published his results. Newton also said that shortly before Leibniz published his results, he talked about his thoughts on calculus in a letter to Leibniz. However, the research afterwards showed that in Newton's letter, the few lines about calculus hardly involve any important aspects of this theory. Therefore, it can be concluded that Leibniz and Newton independently published calculus.

Hypothesis: The statement "Neither Leibniz nor Newton got the key details about calculus from the third channel" must be assumed in the above argument.


Premise: Three people are going to climb the mountain. The weather forecast says it may rain today. The three men argued about the weather forecast. A said: it may rain today, which also means it may not rain today. Let's climb the mountain. B said: it may rain today, which means it will rain today, so we'd better not climb the mountain. C said: it may rain today, but it just means that it's not inevitable that it won't rain today. It's up to you to decide whether to climb the mountain or not.

Hypothesis: A and C are correct and B is incorrect regarding their understanding of the weather forecast.


Premise: Insurance risk refers to the uncertainty about the outcome of an event under certain circumstances. In probabilistic terms, uncertainty is defined as the probability of the outcome of an event being between zero and one, when the probability of the outcome of an event being zero or one. It means that the event is certain to occur or certain not to occur, and therefore, there is no risk.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when the probability of an event occurring as a result is zero, the event is determined not to occur.


Premise: Unlike newspapers in the old days, today' s newspapers and televised news programs are full of stories about murders and assaults in our city. One can only conclude from this change that violent crime is now out of control, and, to be safe from personal attack, one should not leave one' s home except for absolute necessities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Newspapers and televised news programs have more comprehensive coverage of violent crime than newspapers did in the old days' would cast the most serious doubt on the conclusion.


Premise: The initial causes of serious accidents at nuclear power plants have not so far been flaws in the advanced-technology portion of the plants. Rather, the initial causes have been attributed to human error, as when a worker at the Browns Mills reactor in the United States dropped a candle and started a fire, or to flaws in the plumbing, exemplified in a recent incident in Japan. Such everyday events cannot be thought unlikely to occur over the long run.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If nuclear power plants continue in operation, a serious accident at such a plant is not improbable' is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: The proactive fiscal policy is to make up for the fiscal deficit by issuing treasury bonds. When the old debt matures, the principal and interest should be repaid, and some of the new bonds issued should be used to repay the old debt. With the passage of time, there are more and more old debts, more and more new debts are used to pay off old debts, less and less are used for investment, and the economic benefits are getting worse and worse.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the method of issuing treasury bonds to cover the fiscal deficit cannot be used for a long time.


Premise: For a long time, many scientists believe that the main reason for global sea level rise is global warming and the melting increase of glaciers and ice caps. Recently, some researchers have found through statistics that the amount of snowfall in Antarctica has increased significantly in the past 100 years, thereby increasing the amount of frozen water stored in the Antarctic and other frozen areas. Based on this, some experts optimistically estitate that the trend of global sea level rise will be reversed.

Hypothesis: The statement "The increase in ice caused by snowfall is only one-third of the ice loss caused by melting glaciers" would most weaken the expert's opinion.


Premise: Since 2013, a group has launched the industry's first high-end talents tailored specifically for PhDs? Day-Future Leaders Program, which aims to cultivate industry leaders. According to the survey, some of the group's new employees have overseas study experience All employees of the group with overseas study experience have been individually received by the chairman of the group, and all employees of the group in Province A have not been individually received by the chairman.

Hypothesis: If the statement that some newly hired employees are from Province A is true, then it must also be true that some newly hired employees are not from Province A.


Premise: The faster the economy in the world, the more people look at the table. The slower the country, the less often people look at watches. Earlier, the pace of economic development was ranked in the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Italy, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan... But these arrangements always change with concurring.

Hypothesis: Earlier, the Dutch looked at their watches more than they did can be inferred.


Premise: Both A and B walk from the library to the classroom at the same time. A walks half the distance and runs half the distance; B walks half the time and runs half the time. If the two walks, they run at a same speed.

Hypothesis: A and B arrive at the classroom at the same time is the answer to the question "So?"


Premise: The proposal to extend clinical trials, which are routinely used as systematic tests of pharmaceutical innovations, to new surgical procedures should not be implemented. The point is that surgical procedures differ in one important respect from medicinal drugs: a correctly prescribed drug depends for its effectiveness only on the drug' s composition, whereas the effectiveness of even the most appropriate surgical procedure is transparently related to the skills of the surgeon who uses it.

Hypothesis: The statement "does not consider that new surgical procedures might be found to be intrinsically more harmful than the best treatment previously available" is the reason the argument is flawed.


Premise: Internet addiction refers to a mental behavior disorder caused by an individual's repeated excessive use of the Internet, which is manifested as a strong desire to use the Internet again, and withdrawal reactions when stopping or reducing Internet use, and may be accompanied by mental and physical symptoms.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's internet addiction can be characterized by his excessive use of online games, spending all day and night in Internet cafes, and feeling lost without the use of the Internet.


Premise: On the grasslands of Africa, a fierce leopard can catch almost any antelope it decides to catch. And once the antelope is not targeted by the hungry leopard, its best chance of escape is that the leopard will soon find another animal as its target. Therefore, the antelope following the activities of the group can reduce the risk of being eaten by leopards.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument is based is that leopards live mainly by preying on antelopes.


Premise: As a result of the recent continuous drought and high temperature, resulting in the city vegetable prices rising, causing the concern of the general public, in order to maintain the interests of the general people, protect the stability of the market, the market price department announced the maximum price of several main vegetables.

Hypothesis: Performance under planned economy system can be derived.


Premise: The dismissal of a civil servant: refers to the act or fact of the employment department or unit of the state agency, in accordance with the law, dismissing its job relationship with the staff under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Zhou must be dismissed because although he was diligent, it was still difficult to do his job. According to the interim regulations on National Civil servants, the relevant departments had to ask him to find another job.


Premise: Trying to make others view oneself positively is acquired impression management; and the defensive measure to minimize one's own deficiencies or avoid making others view oneself negatively is protective impression management.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang has his own cleverness and likes to rush to answer in class belongs to protective impression management according to the above definition.


Premise: A contract between two parties is valid only if one party accepts a legitimate offer from the other; an offer is not legitimate if someone in the position of the party to whom it was made would reasonably believe the offer to be made in jest.

Hypothesis: The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument that the only offer that Sal made to Veronica was not a legitimate one, and therefore, regardless of whether Sal made the offer in jest, there is no valid contract between them.


Premise: Of the various food containers made of recycled Styrofoam, egg cartons are among the easiest to make. Because egg shells keep the actual food to be consumed from touching the Styrofoam, used Styrofoam need not be as thoroughly cleaned when made into egg cartons as when made into other food containers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are some foods that cannot be packaged in recycled Styrofoam no matter how the Styrofoam is recycled' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: In the 400-meter race, Luo, Fang, Xu, Lu, Tian and Shi were divided into a group. They are standing on track 1 to 6 from the inside out. With regard to their location, it is known that: (1) the track of Tian and Shi is adjacent; (2) the number of Lu's track is smaller than that of Luo; (3) there are two tracks between Tian and Luo; (4) the track number of Fang is smaller than Lu, and there are two tracks in the middle.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, it can be inferred that there are two tracks between Xu and Shi.


Premise: Jianghai County organizes everyone to participate in patriotic health work in order to create a civilized health county. It is known that all the operators of the shops along the street have participated in the health work, and all the teachers and students of the No.1 Middle School in the county have also participated in the health work, and some of the salesmen working in the county government have participated in the health work, while some of the teachers and students of the county's rural middle schools have not taken part in the health work.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that some of those who take part in health work are students from county middle schools.


Premise: Senestopathia is a kind of sensory disorder. It refers to all kinds of discomfort and unbearable abnormal feelings inside the body, such as traction, extrusion, swimming, ant crawling, etc. different from visceral hallucinations, patients can not clearly point out the specific unsuitable parts, which are more common in schizophrenia, schizophrenia, depression and mental disorders after brain trauma.

Hypothesis: Senestopathia is a condition where a psychotic person feels as if there is air running around inside his body, but he cannot point out exactly where he feels uncomfortable.


Premise: Online group buying is to gather scattered consumers with the same purchase intention with the help of the Internet and buy in large quantities from merchants to obtain the most favorable price. The characteristics of online group buying are: there are transaction volume and transaction time restrictions, high price discount and small payment, so as to realize the benefits of network organizers, consumers and producers.

Hypothesis: An organization's online marketing store purchases a brand product for a long time, and members enjoy a 50% discount on the original price belongs to online group buying.


Premise: Obligatory norms require people to do or not to do certain acts in some way. Authorized norms show that people have the right to do or not to do certain acts. The relationship between the two is: when an act is established as an obligation, it is also established as a right; denying that an act is an obligation does not mean denying that it is a right; when an act is established as a right, it does not mean that this kind of behavior is an obligation; denying a certain act is a right, that is, denying that a certain act is an obligation.

Hypothesis: The statement "If it is stipulated that citizens have the right to vote, it means that citizens have the duty to elect" is wrong according to the above definition.


Premise: Solicitor: Loux named Zembaty executor of her will. Her only beneficiary was her grandson, of whom she was very fond. Prior to distributing the remainder to the beneficiary, Zembaty was legally required to choose which properties in the estate should be sold to clear the estate' s heavy debts. Loux never expressed any particular desire about the Stoke Farm, which includes the only farmland in her estate. Thus, it is unlikely that Loux would have had any objection to Zembaty' s having sold it rather than having transferred it to her grandson.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Loux's grandson had repeatedly expressed his desire to own a farm' most weakens the solicitor's argument.


Premise: Genuine happiness consists not in pleasurable feelings but instead in one' s sense of approval of one' s character and projects. Thus the happy life, in fact, tends to be the good life, where the good life is understood not -- as it usually is these days -- as a life of material well-being but rather as a morally virtuous life.

Hypothesis: The assumption that a morally virtuous life requires the rejection of material well-being is required by the argument.


Premise: The researchers gave the same food to a group of experimental mice, some of which had irreversible damage to the hypothalamus, while others did not. After a while, the researchers found that mice with damage to the hypothalamus showed signs of obesity. The researchers believe that damage to specific parts of the hypothalamus is the cause of obesity in mice.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The mice with no hypothalamus damage showed no symptoms of obesity' best supports the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: Agricultural production, mainly planting and aquaculture, is an important project for industrial poverty alleviation and a major source of income for farmers in deep poverty-stricken areas. Agricultural production is an open-air factory, which has the limitation of relying on heaven for a living. Most of the deep poverty-stricken areas have poor natural conditions, high frequency and wide range of disasters, coupled with the impact of diseases and insect pests, which bring great challenges to agricultural production. Therefore, the development of planting and aquaculture in deep poverty-stricken areas needs the help of agricultural insurance, which is the basic means of risk management under the condition of market economy.

Hypothesis: The option 'With the help of agricultural insurance, the risk of agricultural producers can be effectively dispersed' does not meet the meaning of the above.


Premise: At present, the use of electronic products has become a major trend. Many children and adolescents are used to learning and entertaining on the Internet, and it is more difficult to prevent and control myopia. To protect the eye health of children and adolescents, we should change the concept of emphasizing treatment and neglecting prevention. To achieve early detection and early intervention, we should adhere to the prevention and control strategy of coordinated medical treatment and prevention, and carry out visual health services covering the whole life cycle. Myopia of children and adolescents is a public health problem. We must start with health education, take public health services as the starting point, cultivate the independent health behavior of children, adolescents and parents, and actively promote popular science knowledge to prevent the visual health of myopia in children and adolescents.

Hypothesis: Limit the online learning time of students on campus is not covered in the article as a way to protect the eye health of children and adolescents.


Premise: Network synergy effect refers to the effect of two or more substances, such as the mutual cooperation of individual enterprises, individual Internet users, or a certain technology, etc., after the interaction between them on the Internet platform.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an e-commerce website launching a limited-edition product that attracted a large number of customers to snap up is not a network synergy effect.


Premise: The researchers completed two memory experiments. In the first experiment, the participants learned 40 sets of words. In the second experiment, the participants learned a series of finger signals. In the two experiments, only half of the participants were told to take the test after 10 hours. All participants on the above will be tested. Only some participants are arranged to take a nap between study and test. It turns out that participants in the sleeping group performed better than those who did not sleep, and participants who were told in advance to take the test also had higher test scores. Therefore, the researchers believe that sleep helps the brain store to be useful in the future Memory information.

Hypothesis: The statement "Participants in the first experiment are all young people with good memory and studying in a language major" can best refute the conclusion.


Premise: Anthropologist: It was formerly believed that prehistoric Homo sapiens ancestors of contemporary humans interbred with Neanderthals, but DNA testing of a Neanderthal' s remains indicates that this is not the case. The DNA of contemporary humans is significantly different from that of the Neanderthal.

Hypothesis: At least some Neanderthals lived at the same time and in the same places as prehistoric Homo sapiens ancestors of contemporary humans is an assumption required by the anthropologist's argument.


Premise: A smoker trying to quit is more likely to succeed if his or her doctor greatly exaggerates the dangers of smoking. Similar strategies can be used to break other habits. But since such strategies involve deception, individuals cannot easily adopt them unless a doctor or some other third party provides the warning.

Hypothesis: People generally do not find it easy to deceive themselves is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: In history, many people with lofty ideals have made extraordinary achievements in the struggle against setbacks. After being tortured in the palace, Sima Qian wrote a book angrily and wrote the masterpiece Historical Records, which was praised by Lu Xun as the last song of historians, no rhyme. Beethoven, a musician, suffered indescribable setbacks in his life. He lost his mother at 17, was deaf at 26, and then fell into the pain of being lovelorn. What a blow it is for a musician! But Beethoven, who was neither depressed nor discouraged, wrote in a letter: I will take fate by the throat, and it is delusional to bring me to my knees, this is absolutely impossible!  He always lived tenaciously, created hard, and became an immortal musician in the world.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that a large number of great people have persisted in fighting against hardships and achieved extraordinary achievements throughout history.


Premise: At an international conference, five representatives from four countries were arranged to sit at a round table. In order to enable them to talk freely, they learned the following in advance: A is Chinese and can speak English; B is German and can speak Chinese; C is English and speaks French; D is Japanese and speaks French; E is Japanese and speaks German

Hypothesis: ABCDE is the arrangement.


Premise: Because quitting smoking is very stressful and leads to weight gain, it is difficult to do. The key to quitting, however, may be as simple as replacing an unhealthy activity with a healthy one. In one study, half of those attempting to quit were assigned to a smoking-cessation program alone, and the other half were assigned to the same program plus fifteen weeks of aerobic exercise. At the one-month mark, none in the first group had quit, but 40 percent of those in the second group had not smoked.

Hypothesis: Nonsmokers accustomed to regular exercise do not gain weight when they stop exercising provides some support for the argument EXCEPT.


Premise: Macrophages are cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice and other mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria. Unlike other mice, mice that are genetically incapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels of nitrates when infected with bacteria.

Hypothesis: The statement "In mice, macrophages play a role in the production of nitrates or inhibit a process by which nitrates are broken down or otherwise eliminated" provides the most support for the conclusion based on the statements above.


Premise: A teaching and research section has 7 teachers including the chief. Regarding these 7 staff, only one of the following three conclusions is true: 1. No one in this teaching and research section is from Shanghai. 2. The members of this teaching and research section are not all from Shanghai. 3.. The chief of this teaching and research section is not from Shanghai.

Hypothesis: All 7 teachers are all from Shanghai is true.


Premise: Population density is the number of people living per unit area of land. It is an indicator of the density of people around the world. However, population density only reflects the general quantitative relationship between population and land area, but it can not reflect the relationship between population composition and population per unit area of land and the land area that actually supports it. In order to make up for these defects, some new complementary density indexes have appeared, such as physiological density, agricultural density and so on. The population density calculated by area is called the mathematical density of population.

Hypothesis: The reasons for the evolution of the meaning of population density is what this paragraph is intended to illustrate.


Premise: Raphaela: Forcing people to help others is morally wrong. Ttherefore, no government has the right to redistribute resources via taxation. Anyone who wants can help others voluntarily. Edward: Governments do have that right, insofar as they give people the freedom to leave and hence not to live under their authority.

Hypothesis: Raphaela and Edward disagree about the truth of the statement "Any government that permits emigration has the right to redistribute resources via taxation."


Premise: Stem cells are all over the human body, which fascinates scientists because they have the ability to become any type of cells. This ability means that they may repair or replace damaged tissue. While stimulating the growth of stem cells by laser is likely to achieve tissue growth, researchers believe that laser technology may become a tool for change in the field of medicine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Laser treatment of molars with cavities can gradually restore the damaged tooth tissue' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The mobile phone usage of the administrative department of a company is as follows: 1. Xiao Wang dialed the phone of everyone in the administrative department; 2. Xiao Li once called Xiao Zhao, but Xiao Zhao never called anyone else; 3. People who have never answered calls from others in the administration department have never called others.

Hypothesis: Someone in the administration department once called Xiao Wang can be inferred.


Premise: People may be divided into two classes: those who are a little ambitious and those who are not. For ordinary people, a little ambition is a firm motivation to pull them out of their ordinary lives. Without that ambition, can only be powerless and even ignorant, slowly submerged by the ordinary life. In times of change, that bit of ambition can lead to spectacular results.

Hypothesis: The statement "The chrysanthemum elder sister is neither talented nor beautiful, but she thinks highly of herself, constantly toss about, life also lead a prosperous life" constitutes a rebuttal to the above statement.


Premise: Dr. Zhong: usually, important achievements in medical research need to be reviewed anonymously before the journal is published, which takes a lot of time. If researchers can give up this waiting time and publish their results in advance, our public health level can be improved more quickly with medical discoveries. Because the timely release of new medical information will allow people to use this information to improve their health.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the improvement of social public health also depends on other factors and does not depend entirely on new medical discoveries" would weaken Dr. Zhong's argument the most.


Premise: Due to problems in chemical fertilizers, pesticide application and management techniques in recent years, the production of green onions in the main producing areas of northern China has dropped significantly, and domestic prices have risen rapidly. If we want to maintain domestic prices, we must strictly limit the export of green onions. Because the export contracts of companies engaged in the export trade of green onions are signed at low prices, if they continue to perform the contracts when the price of green onions rises sharply, these companies will suffer serious losses. However, if the export of green onions is strictly restricted, China's share of the international green onion market will be replaced by other countries or regions.

Hypothesis: If the export of green onions is strictly restricted, domestic prices of green onions will not continue to rise must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: In the past, when discussing the phenomenon of uncivilized travel, it was often attributed to the fact that the national quality did not keep up with the pace of economic development. As for countermeasures, in addition to strong public condemnation, heavy penalties are recommended. Although such cause analysis and countermeasures are not entirely unreasonable, we ignore the fact that few tourists really want to be uncivilized models, and no one wants to discredit the country and national image on purpose. Whether government departments or travel agencies, the publicity and reminders of civilized tourism are basically zero, and most tourists do it unintentionally.

Hypothesis: The next passage will explain that to cultivate Chinese people's awareness of civilized tourism, it is necessary to strengthen publicity, education and guidance.


Premise: Lea: Contemporary art has become big business. Nowadays art has less to do with self-expression than with making money. The work of contemporary artists is utterly bereft of spontaneity and creativity, as a visit to any art gallery demonstrates. Susan: I disagree. One can still find spontaneous, innovative new artwork in most of the smaller, independent galleries.

Hypothesis: Lea's and Susan's remarks provide the most support for holding that they disagree about whether large galleries contain creative artwork.


Premise: The cultural industry integrates intensive talent, technology, knowledge and capital, and has distinct cross-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, cross-time-space and cross-cultural characteristics. It will also play a central role in future personal behavior, social life and nation-building, as well as global development and human affairs. Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development of the United Nations Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization in 1995. It is pointed out that culture is the ultimate goal and destination of the overall prosperity and development of human existence. It can be said that the cross-border characteristics and importance of culture put forward fundamental requirements for the high quality and scale of cultural talents.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the cultural industry plays an important role in human social life.


Premise: Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness: the greater a comet' s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the material of which Halley' s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The total amount of light reflected from Halley's comet is less than scientists had previously thought' gives the most support to the statements above.


Premise: A, B, C and D predict the items in the four drawers. A: there are no books in some drawers. B: there are books in all drawers. C: there is no pen in the second drawer. D: there are letters in the third drawer.

Hypothesis: The statement "There is a pen in the second drawer" must be true if only one of the four people's conclusions is true.


Premise: A contract between two parties is valid only if one party accepts a legitimate offer from the other; an offer is not legitimate if someone in the position of the party to whom it was made would reasonably believe the offer to be made in jest.

Hypothesis: The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument that Joe made a legitimate offer to buy Sandy's car and Sandy has not rejected the offer. Thus, there was a valid contract.


Premise: Very little is known about prehistoric hominid cave dwellers. However, a recent study of skeletons of these hominids has revealed an important clue about their daily activities: skeletal fractures present are most like the type and distribution of fractures sustained by rodeo riders. Ttherefore, it is likely that these cave dwellers engaged in activities similar to rodeo riders -- chasing and tackling animals.

Hypothesis: If there is a similarity between two effects, then there is probably a similarity between their causes is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the argumentation above.


Premise: Advertising means that for commercial purposes, the commodity operator or service provider bears the cost, through a certain medium or certain form, such as newspapers, television, street signs, shop windows, etc., directly or indirectly promotes the goods or services provided by oneself,Public promotion activities carried out.

Hypothesis: Li Ning brand clothing sponsored the French sports delegation to go to the Olympic Games, and obtained good social and economic benefits is an example of advertising campaigns.


Premise: Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by elderly people who suffer from diseases that afflict the elderly. Premiums for the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Ttherefore, Company X is concerned that the income from the policies would not be sufficient to pay for the claims that would be made.

Hypothesis: Attracting middle-aged customers unlikely to submit claims for benefits for many years would be most likely to minimize Company X's losses on the policies.


Premise: The researchers completed two memory experiments. In the first experiment, the participants learned 40 sets of words. In the second experiment, the participants learned a series of finger signals. In the two experiments, only half of the participants were told to take the test after 10 hours. All participants on the above will be tested. Only some participants are arranged to take a nap between study and test. It turns out that participants in the sleeping group performed better than those who did not sleep, and participants who were told in advance to take the test also had higher test scores. Therefore, the researchers believe that sleep helps the brain store to be useful in the future Memory information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The participants who are arranged to take a nap are all younger teenagers, and it is well known that people have better memory in their teenage years' can best refute this conclusion.


Premise: Under the legal doctrine of jury nullification, a jury may legitimately acquit a defendant it believes violated a law if the jury believes that law to be unjust. Proponents argue that this practice is legitimate because it helps shield against injustice. But the doctrine relies excessively on jurors' objectivity. When juries are empowered to acquit on grounds of their perceptions of unfairness, they too often make serious mistakes.

Hypothesis: The argument uses attacking the motives of the proponents of the doctrine as a technique in its attempt to undermine the position that it attributes to the proponents of jury nullification.


Premise: Principle: When none of the fully qualified candidates for a new position at Arvue Corporation currently works for that company, it should hire the candidate who would be most productive in that position. Application: Arvue should not hire Krall for the new position, because Delacruz is a candidate and is fully qualified.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Of all the candidates who do not already work for Arvue, Delacruz would be the most productive in the new position' justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: High mountains and running water is classical music that everyone appreciates extremely, and everyone's attitude towards any kind of classical music is either fascinated or not appreciating.

Hypothesis: Everyone is fascinated by high mountains and running water can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Poor writers often express mundane ideas with elaborate syntax and esoteric vocabulary. Inattentive readers may be impressed but may well misunderstand the writing, while alert readers will easily see through the pretentiousness. Thus, a good principle for writers is: __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the simpler the style, the better the writing' completes the passage most logically.


Premise: A physically active lifestyle has been shown to help increase longevity. In the Wistar region of Bellaria, the average age at death is considerably higher than in any other part of the country. Wistar is the only mountainous part of Bellaria. A mountainous terrain makes even such basic activities as walking relatively strenuous; it essentially imposes a physically active lifestyle on people. Clearly, this circumstance explains the long lives of people in Wistar.

Hypothesis: Many people who live in the Wistar region have moved there in middle age or upon retirement most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: After receiving numerous complaints from residents about loud, highly amplified music played at local clubs, Middletown is considering a law that would prohibit clubs located in residential areas from employing musical groups that consist of more than three people.

Hypothesis: The likelihood that the law would be effective in reducing noise would be most seriously diminished if amplified music played by fewer than three musicians generally is as loud as amplified music played by more than three musicians.


Premise: One of the characteristics of spotted geese in flight is that they often fly in a certain formation, and the birds behind usually fly behind the side of the previous bird, so they have a common human formation. Some researchers believe that this formation can reduce air resistance and flight energy consumption, but opponents believe that if it is to reduce resistance, birds should choose a straight line formation, because one flight after another can minimize the air resistance that followers need to overcome.

Hypothesis: If which of the following is true, the statement "Spotted geese will have the need to determine the direction when flying, so they will not always fly in the shape of a human" most questions the opponent's conclusion.


Premise: A township office purchased a batch of ballpoint pens, which were equally divided among five staff members, each with three, and there were still three left.

Hypothesis: There are 18 ballpoint pens in this batch.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are brothers and sisters of a family. It is known that A is a boy with three sisters; B has a brother and a brother; C is a girl with a sister and a sister; D is the oldest of all; E is a girl, but she has no sister; He has neither brother nor sister.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that D is a woman can be drawn from the above description.


Premise: The reverse flow of talents refers to the phenomenon that professionals who used to work in well-known big cities actively choose to work in small and medium-sized cities.

Hypothesis: The option "The county town of Xiaozhao's hometown has developed rapidly in recent years, and is recruiting professionals with working background in big cities everywhere. After repeated consideration, Xiaozhao resigned from a research department in Beijing and went back to his hometown to apply for a job successfully" belongs to the reverse flow of talents.


Premise: The prevailing view among historians is that medieval European peasants were deeply dedicated to religion . But the record keepers in medieval Europe were members of the clergy. It should not surprise us that chroniclers who were professionally occupied with religion would exaggerate people' s religious devotion. Thus, there is reason to doubt the prevailing view of medieval peasants' piety.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Written records produced by clergy in medieval Europe very rarely portray merchants or nobles as being dedicated to religion' would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: There is a wonderful advertisement in a newspaper, but there are many falsehoods in the content of the advertisement. Therefore, consumers will not believe this advertisement.

Hypothesis: The option that weakens the above point of view most is it being impossible for consumers to find anything false in it.


Premise: After long-term observation of a parking lot in a shopping mall, psychologists found that when a car is quietly waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 39 seconds to get out of the parking space; when the owner waiting to enter the parking space honks impatiently, the driver takes an average of 51 seconds to get out of the parking space; when there is no car waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 32 seconds to get out of the parking space. This shows that the driver is still possessive of the parking space that is about to leave, and the possessiveness increases with the increase of other drivers' expectations of the parking space.

Hypothesis: When someone is waiting for the driver to drive out of the car skillfully, most drivers will have psychological pressure. The greater the pressure, the slower the driver will drive out of the parking space. This statement most powerfully weakens the above conjecture.


Premise: Underdeveloped countries still have to import food and are powerless in the face of natural disasters. Agriculture and animal husbandry, mining is the main sector of the economy, the labor force mainly works in this sector. The level of culture and education and people's standard of living are very low.

Hypothesis: The option 'Still in the extremely backward agricultural country or the stage of agriculture and animal husbandry' primarily supports the view of the above-mentioned underdeveloped countries.


Premise: In the management process of modern enterprises, it is found that although the Human Resource Management department is very important for the development of the company, because the Department does not participate in the decision-making of the company's development strategy in the whole process, and the senior managers hired by the company are determined by the CEO. So the Human Resource Management department often plays a supporting and auxiliary role

Hypothesis: Although the Human Resource Management does not have the right to decide to hire senior managers, it has the right to hire middle managers weakens the above argument most.


Premise: With the gradual implementation of macroeconomic control policies, my country's economic growth will moderately slow down, the demand for oil and natural gas resources will decrease, and the contradiction between supply and demand will be eased to a certain extent. According to the latest forecast of the International Energy Agency, my country's crude oil will be eased this year. Production will reach 175 million tons, an increase of 1% over last year; while crude oil consumption will likely exceed 300 million tons, an increase of about 12% over last year; imports will exceed 100 million tons, possibly close to 120 million tons, an increase over last year Around 30%.

Hypothesis: My country's crude oil consumption mainly depends on imports can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Peace in Asia and Africa is guaranteed, then world peace is guaranteed. Only when terrorism is completely eradicated can world peace be guaranteed. But in fact, terrorism continues to create trouble in the Middle East.

Hypothesis: Peace in Asia is not guaranteed can be inferred.


Premise: All the Wei gatherers were not the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and some of the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not the descendants of Guzhu.

Hypothesis: Some descendants of Guzhu were not subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty.


Premise: There is a scientific experiment conducted on 500 women aged 25 to 35. Two experimental groups were set up, with the first group of experimenters taking aspirin for a long time, and the second group not. The results showed that the corners of the eyes of those who took aspirin for a long time appeared wrinkles later than those who did not take aspirin, and their skin was smoother and softer. This experiment shows that aspirin may become a cheap and effective anti-wrinkle, rejuvenating drug.

Hypothesis: Aspirin is artificially synthesized best supports the above conclusion.