Premise: The older a tree is, the more its rings are. The locust trees in Lao Zhang's yard are older than those in Lao Li's house. Therefore, the locust trees in Lao Zhang's house have more rings than those in Lao Li's house,

Hypothesis: The reasoning that "In the highly competitive market, the higher the product quality and the more advertising investment, the greater the product demand. Company A invests more advertising expenses than company B. therefore, the demand for company A's products is greater than that of company B" is most similar to the problem stem.


Premise: Direct selling refers to the business mode in which direct selling enterprises recruit sellers to sell products directly to final consumers outside the fixed business place.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At the beginning of school, the new student Xiao He bought five table lamps in the wholesale market, one for his own use, and the other four were sold to his classmates' is direct selling.


Premise: Almost all microbe species live together in dense, interdependent communities, supporting the environment for each other, and regulating the population balances for their different species through a complex system of chemical signals. For this reason, it is currently impossible to cultivate any one such species in isolation. Thus, microbiologists lack complete knowledge of most microbe species.

Hypothesis: If the assumption that no microbe species that normally lives together with other microbe species in dense, interdependent communities can survive outside such a community is made, the argument's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: A, B, and C have three balls, one is red, one is blue, and the other is yellow. C is bigger than the yellow ball, A and the blue ball are not the same size, and the blue ball is smaller than C.

Hypothesis: A is yellow, B is blue, and C is red can be inferred.


Premise: The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in hog farming can weaken their effectiveness in treating humans because such use can spread resistance to those antibiotics among microorganisms. But now the Smee Company, one of the largest pork marketers, may stop buying pork raised on feed containing these antibiotics. Smee has 60 percent of the pork market, and farmers who sell to Smee would certainly stop using antibiotics in order to avoid jeopardizing their sales. So if Smee makes this change, it will probably significantly slow the decline in antibiotics' effectiveness for humans.

Hypothesis: Other major pork marketers will probably stop buying pork raised on feed containing growth-promoting antibiotics if Smee no longer buys such pork would most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Mayor: Four years ago, when we reorganized the city police department in order to save money, critics claimed that the reorganization would make the police less responsive to citizens and would thus lead to more crime. The police have compiled theft statistics from the years following the reorganization that show that the critics were wrong. There was an overall decrease in reports of thefts of all kinds, including small thefts.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'when city police are perceived as unresponsive, victims of theft are less likely to report thefts to the police' most seriously challenges the mayor's argument.


Premise: Although China's disaster relief capacity has been greatly improved after many large-scale natural disasters, disaster prevention education is still backward. China Poverty Alleviation Foundation conducted a survey on the disaster prevention awareness of the Chinese public in 2015. The results show that only 24.3% of urban residents expressed concern about the relevant knowledge of disaster response, which is only 11% in rural areas. In addition, less than 4% of urban residents have made basic disaster prevention preparations in their daily life, and more than half of rural residents have never participated in any disaster prevention training. The nominal disaster prevention education cannot improve people's self-help ability. They start to organize learning after the disaster, and the lost lives are irreparable.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to indicate that China's disaster prevention education needs to be strengthened.


Premise: The transfer of the right to use assets refers to the behavior of the owner of the asset temporarily transferring the right to use the asset to others in order to obtain relevant benefits, but not to transfer the ownership of the asset.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the contract for the cleaning of an office building at a price of 30 yuan per square meter per month does not belong to the transfer of the right to use assets.


Premise: In the Hartshorn Building, most but not all of the third-floor offices are larger than any office on the second floor. The fourth-floor offices are all larger than any office on the second floor. However, all the second-floor offices are larger than any office on the first floor.

Hypothesis: Some third-floor offices are not as large as the smallest fourth-floor offices must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Evidence refers to all the facts that can prove the facts of the case.

Hypothesis: When the public security officers investigated A's neighbor, A's neighbor said that A has the habit of petty theft, and he is domineering, often beats and scolds pedestrians, and said that on the night of the crime, he did not see A near his home is not evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: All international students from Australia live in the east side international student apartment. All students living in the east side international student apartment must participate in this year's international exchange meeting. Some overseas students from Australia have joined the Chinese Club. Some students majoring in civil engineering have also joined the Chinese Club. All civil engineering students did not attend this year's international exchange meeting.

Hypothesis: Some Australian students majored in civil engineering cannot be deduced from the above information.


Premise: On the issue of war, the Japanese government has always adopted a muddle through attitude, not to face up to history, and claimed that Japan has no war maniacs like Hitler, trying to exterminate a nation like Jews. In the face of the disasters caused by World War II, it often blindly emphasizes the harm suffered by Japan, and seems to regard itself as the victims of World War 2. Especially some right-wing politicians, disregarding the strong opposition of the people of neighboring countries, they repeatedly visited the Yasukuni shrine. On the contrary, they played down the trauma suffered by the people of the aggrieved countries and did not mention the issue of apology for war crimes at all.

Hypothesis: Some politicians of the Japanese government have lost their conscience and lack sincerity to be friendly with neighboring countries is true.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: The order of the five sites from west to east is Hao Yun Station, Yin Ling Station, Jiu Shang Station, Fu Yi Station, and Hu Yao Station based on the above information.


Premise: We cannot simply think that the editors of the lexicon are wrong. They will not make changes to the usage of the vocabulary randomly, and must have been carefully researched. However, the lexicographers cannot ignore a basic fact and the basic requirements derived from it : Spoken and written languages are commonly used by the broad masses of the people and have a very broad social nature. Therefore, the standardization of spoken and written languages cannot be carried out in the ivory tower, but must follow the mass line.

Hypothesis: The basic requirement in this passage is that the standardization of spoken and written language should be decided by the broad masses of people.


Premise: At Happywell, Inc. , last year the average annual salary for dieticians was $50, 000, while the average annual salary for physical therapists was $42, 000. The average annual salary for all Happywell employees last year was $40, 000.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that there were more physical therapists than dieticians at Happywell last year can properly be drawn on the basis of the information above.


Premise: Scott: The Hippocratic oath demands, specifically, that doctors never divulge information about patients. Hence the psychiatrist who released tapes of a poet' s therapy sessions after the poet' s death violated his oath by his actions, even though the tapes were released after the poet' s death and to the poet' s official biographer. It makes no difference that the poet' s published works were written in a confessional manner or that she had assured the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit. Bonara: 1 agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet' s psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.

Hypothesis: The principle that any psychiatrist's divulging to the public information about a patient could undermine the trust of other patients in their psychiatrists, no patient can release a psychiatrist from the obligation to keep patient information confidential helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions.


Premise: The phenomenon that ordinary civil disputes evolved into violent crimes, and finally had to introduce national coercive force to finally resolve disputes, became the funnel effect of disputes.

Hypothesis: Tian's son driving into Liu's house and being sentenced does not belong to the funnel effect of disputes according to the above definition.


Premise: In some ill-considered popularizations of interesting current research, it is argued that higher apes have the capacity for language but have never put it to use -- a remarkable biological miracle, given the enormous selectional advantage of even minimal linguistic skills. It is rather like claiming that some animal has wings adequate for flight but has never thought to fly.

Hypothesis: Arguing that the human brain has telekinetic powers that no humans have ever exercised is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: Part of the work of quantitative historical research is to find appropriate quantities to reflect the past. For example, height data can play such a role in the study of history, especially in the study of economic history. There are many factors that affect height at the individual level. At the social level, the average height is closely related to the living standard of an individual's adolescence. Height will be fixed at a certain age and will not change much until old age. Height is equivalent to freezing the socio-economic conditions of the past, although it is not as accurate as amber to hold bugs, but it is precious.

Hypothesis: The author mainly wants to explain how to select appropriate parameters in quantitative historical research through this passage.


Premise: Because of the lucrative but illegal trade in rhinoceros horns, a certain rhinoceros species has been hunted nearly to extinction. Ttherefore an effective way to ensure the survival of that species would be to periodically trim off the horns of all rhinoceroses, thereby eliminating the motivation for poaching.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the argument is that rhinoceroses whose horns have been trimmed off are unable to defend themselves against predators.


Premise: Anyone who went to elementary school in Huangtu Village, as long as they are under 25 years old, is a student of teacher Xin. No one in the village does not know teacher Xin. Zhao Da knows teacher Xin. Li Lan from Huangtu Village is Zhao Da's wife, she is 24 years old and graduated from elementary school when he was 14.

Hypothesis: Li Lan is a student of teacher Xin can be inferred.


Premise: Income distribution is the result of a series of social, political and economic policies and related systems. Therefore, the essence of reforming income distribution is to reform the social, political and economic policies and related systems that cause unfair income distribution. Strictly speaking, income distribution reform is not a reform of equalizing the rich and the poor, but a reform that makes the social, political and economic system closer to fairness, justice and justice, It is a reform of the social, political and economic environment that provides more equal development opportunities for all members of society. Only with a minimum of social fairness, justice and justice and a political and economic system that can provide equal development opportunities for social members can a reasonable income distribution system be formed.

Hypothesis: The background of income distribution reform is explained in this passage.


Hypothesis: At least some rhinoceroses whose horns are periodically trimmed off will be able to attract mates is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Astronomer: Proponents of the hypothesis that life evolved extraterrestrially and drifted here in spores point out that, 3. 8 billion years ago, Earth was bombarded by meteorites that would have destroyed any life already here. Yet 3. 5 billion years ago, Earth had life forms complex enough to leave fossil remains. Such life could not have evolved here in the 0. 3 billion years following the meteorite bombardments, they claim. There is good reason to regard their hypothesis as false, however, for they merely offer empirical arguments against the view that life evolved on Earth; neither they nor anyone else has provided positive support for the extraterrestrial-spore theory of the origin of terrestrial life.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because the argument reasons that a hypothesis is false simply because there is another hypothesis that is equally likely to be true.


Premise: Agricultural product subsidies usually refer to a country's government providing financial support to its agricultural product producers or operators, including cash subsidies, price support or other policy preferential policies, so that its agricultural products can obtain competitive advantages compared with similar products without subsidies in the international and domestic markets.

Hypothesis: The government of a certain country made a bridge between the farmers and the rice research institute, so that the farmers of this country planted a new variety of rice. The quality and yield of this kind of rice have been greatly improved, making the export price of rice in this country almost the same as that in the international market is an agricultural product subsidy according to the above definition.


Premise: The miscarriage of justice in the Barker case was due to the mistaken views held by some of the forensic scientists involved in the case, who believed that they owed allegiance only to the prosecuting lawyers. Justice was thwarted because these forensic scientists failed to provide evidence impartially to both the defense and the prosecution. Hence it is not forensic evidence in general that should be condemned for this injustice.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most prosecuting lawyers believe that forensic scientists owe a special allegiance to the prosecution' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Directional movement refers to the directional motion caused by the external stimulation of plants in a single direction, including positive motion, gravity movement, tactile motion and directional motion. Most of the directional movement is growth movement, which is an irreversible process of motion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The roots of rice always grow in the direction of more fertilizer in the soil' is an example of a directional movement.


Premise: I don't agree with you, but I will defend to the death your right to speak. this sentence is said to have been said by Voltaire, a French enlightenment thinker and known as French conscience, as a symbolic symbol of defending freedom of expression. this sentence has been spared no effort to promote it to the world by the European and American media and politicians. surprisingly, after textual research that Voltaire has not said this sentence. This seems to poke a hole in the Western argument of freedom of speech. According to a Chinese scholar who has lived in Europe and the United States for many years, there are 18 kinds of freedom of speech in the United States that are not protected, and the content of the European Convention on Human Rights restricting freedom of speech is twice as long as the content of freedom of speech.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this text is that freedom of speech does not exist in the West.


Premise: Population density is the number of people living per unit area of land. It is an indicator of the density of people around the world. However, population density only reflects the general quantitative relationship between population and land area, but it can not reflect the relationship between population composition and population per unit area of land and the land area that actually supports it. In order to make up for these defects, some new complementary density indexes have appeared, such as physiological density, agricultural density and so on. The population density calculated by area is called the mathematical density of population.

Hypothesis: The relationship between land area and population composition is what this paragraph is intended to illustrate.


Premise: Self depletion phenomenon is a phenomenon in which individuals' ability or willingness to conduct voluntary activities decline in the process of long-term work, including the decline in ability or willingness to control the environment, control themselves, make choices and initiate behaviors, and at the same time, job burnout, self depletion but no progress.

Hypothesis: Wang has been working as an archive administrator for 15 years. He feels numb to his work and has no desire to change the status quo and get promoted is self depletion phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: At present, British scientists have put forward a view that sponges have no brains or even any nerve cells.Animals that have lived on the earth for hundreds of millions of years also had nerve cells in ancient times, but they gave up in subsequent evolution.

Hypothesis: Sponge has the genes needed to build the nervous system, and for the sponge, whether it is the brain or the simple nervous system, it may be a cumbersome and a waste of energy can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Raisins are made by drying grapes in the sun. Although some of the sugar in the grapes is caramelized in the process, nothing is added. Moreover, the only thing removed from the grapes is the water that evaporates during the drying, and water contains no calories or nutrients. The fact that raisins contain more iron per calorie than grapes do is thus puzzling.

Hypothesis: The statement "Since grapes are bigger than raisins, it takes several bunches of grapes to provide the same amount of iron as a handful of raisins does" most helps to explain why raisins contain more iron per calorie than do grapes.


Premise: Those who have the ability to fully concentrate are always of above-average intelligence. Also, being successfully trained in speed-reading will usually be accompanied by an increased ability to concentrate.

Hypothesis: Some people can speed-read, and are able to fully concentrate, but are of below-average intelligence is a statement that could be false if the statements above are true.


Premise: <b> In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. </b> Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators, that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, <b> in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered </b>.

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument, and the second boldfaced portion is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.


Premise: Marketing consultant: Last year I predicted that LRG' s latest advertising campaign would be unpopular with customers and ineffective in promoting new products. But LRG ignored my predictions and took the advice of a competing consultant. This season' s sales figures show that sales are down and LRG' s new products are selling especially poorly. Thus, the advertising campaign was ill conceived.

Hypothesis: The marketing consultant's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider that economic factors unrelated to the advertising campaign may have caused LRG's low sales figures.


Premise: Animals generally avoid foods that are harmful to them and favor those that benefit them. Thus it is surprising that gypsy moth caterpillars prefer to eat leaves that contain high concentrations of certain naturally occurring toxins called alkaloids, even though caterpillars grow faster on alkaloid-free diets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the alkaloid-containing plants on which gypsy moth caterpillars feed, the toxins are found only in the leaves' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: According to the ancient Chinese literature, the word rice has appeared in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, and millet and rice have been mentioned in the Book of songs. Before the Spring and Autumn period, because of the small amount of rice planted in the north of China, rice was classified as five Grains: he, Yu, Gu, wheat, rice. However, in the Song Dynasty, it was upgraded because of the large amount of planting, and the saying that SuZhou and HuZhou ripe and the world is sufficient spread among the people. In the Ming Dynasty, rice became the main food in China.

Hypothesis: Rice was the main food in the Song Dynasty is correct.


Premise: It is repeatedly claimed that the dumping of nuclear waste poses no threat to people living nearby. If this claim could be made with certainty, there would be no reason for not locating sites in areas of dense population. But the policy of dumping nuclear waste only in the more sparsely populated regions indicates, at the very least, some misgiving about safety on the part of those responsible for policy.

Hypothesis: The statement that there are dangers associated with chemical waste, and it, too, is dumped away from areas of dense population would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: Recent medical and anthropological data show that prohibitions on the use of certain foods served important social, economic, and medical functions in ancient cultures. But these data cannot explain the origin of the prohibitions involved, since those who originally adopted and enforced them did not have access to the same data as modern researchers.

Hypothesis: The origin of a food prohibition must be explained with reference to the understanding that the people who adopted and enforced the prohibition had is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A concurrent sentence is a sentence in which a facultative phrase acts as a predicate or an independent sentence. The concurrent sentence has the following characteristics: first, the predicate of the concurrent sentence is composed of verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases, and the object of verb-object phrases is also the subject of subject-predicate phrases. Second, most of the concurrent sentences have the meaning of causative, so the former predicate in the sentence is mostly served by the causative verb. Third, the predicate in the sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, there is a certain semantic connection between the two verbs before and after the sentence. I asked him to give a report is a concurrent sentence.

Hypothesis: The students chose Xiaoming as their monitor does not belong to a concurrent sentence according to the above definition.


Premise: Geologist: A geological fault in the mountain under which the proposed nuclear waste storage facility would be buried could, after a few thousand years, cause the contents to seep out or water to seep in. Since nuclear waste remains dangerous for up to 25, 000 years, such seepage would be disastrous. So we should not place a nuclear waste storage facility under this mountain until scientists investigate whether this mountain has any geological faults.

Hypothesis: The argument that the scientists' investigation would increase dramatically the cost of storing nuclear waste under the mountain most strengthens the geologist's argumentation.


Premise: This is the best intercity arena. Every bid is an ingenious urban public relations. For the new dignitaries, this is indeed an once-in-a-lifetime step into the house. IOC members do not simply cross each ballot, they are also mapping the rising and falling trends between cities on the list of the world's winds and clouds.

Hypothesis: Bidding and hosting the Olympic Games is an excellent opportunity for emerging cities to enter the international arena can be concluded from the information provided.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release authoritative information and openly and transparently respond to the concerns of the masses, which can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain the stability of the overall social situation. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization techniques to launch products such as real-time epidemic dynamics, epidemic map, co-ride patient inquiry system and fever clinic map, which simultaneously popularize the knowledge of scientific protection and effectively meet the information needs of the public. Guide the masses to treat the epidemic rationally and enhance their awareness and ability of self-protection.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this passage is that the openness and transparency of information meets the needs of the people for information.


Premise: It is generally believed that the sports level and endurance of a professional athlete at the age of 45 are significantly lower than those at the age of 30. but the result of a marathon between retired and serving professional footballers was that there was no difference between 45-year-old retired footballers and 30-year-old serving players. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the sports level and endurance of a professional player will be significantly reduced by the age of 45.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are many professional players in active service who are suffering from deep injuries' is true and most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Social paradox refers to a situation in which everyone has a strategy that can get the optimal result and is disadvantageous to others in at least some cases, but if everyone chooses this strategy, the result will be worse for everyone.

Hypothesis: The statement "The villagers think that the river in the village has self-purification ability, and they all discharge domestic sewage into the river, but every family does so, the river will be seriously polluted" is an example of social paradox according to the above definition.


Premise: A convenience store has newly introduced a batch of personalized products, such as sour beer, mustard-flavored biscuits, etc. These personalized products are placed in a separate area for sale. After three months, the store manager found that: and before the introduction of personality Compared with the merchandise, the total sales in the store have increased significantly, so the store manager believes that the main reason for the increase in sales is the introduction of these personalized products.

Hypothesis: It is mainly young people who come to the store to consume, and young people like to try new things best supports the store manager's point of view.


Premise: If the reed flowers float, Lin Xi will go to see the reed; If the temperature is very low, Lin Xi will not go to see the reed; Only when the sky was clear did Lin Xi go to see the reeds

Hypothesis: The sky is clear can be inferred now that Lin Xi has gone to view the reed.


Premise: In fact, there is no absolutely correct standard answer to the interpretation of life, morality, aesthetics and society. Every era, every nation, has the impulse to ask questions and the ability to solve problems. What meets this historical need is the so-called appropriate scholarship. You can laugh at Hu Shi's shallowness, saying that his experimentalism is rather shallow, even less elaborate than Babbitt's new humanism promoted by the Xueheng School, but useless, the latter is not as good as the former to suit the taste of the Chinese people of that era.

Hypothesis: The gist of the statement above is the relationship between the times and academics.


Premise: At home, the concept of privatization seems to be the division of state-owned assets. In essence, it is a matter of protecting the ownership of private property. If there is no legal basis for the protection of this right, the state-owned assets can be divided and the divided property can be confiscated at any time.

Hypothesis: Privatization and market liberalization are issues that should be paid attention to in the socialist market economy is most strongly supported if the above is true.


Premise: Alsophila spinulosa, a plant of the same age as dinosaurs, was found in the primeval forest at the bottom of Dashiwei, the largest Tiankeng in Leye Tiankeng. Some people speculated that Dashiwei should have been formed in the dinosaur era, that is, 65 million years ago.

Hypothesis: Alsophila spinulosa still exists today refutes the above speculation.


Premise: Medical research has shown that chronic fatigue syndrome is definitely not the product of mental or emotional disorders, but is instead completely caused either by immunologic or genetic factors. Yet, other medical research has found that a large percentage of patients treated for chronic fatigue syndrome are also treated for depression and anxiety.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People with depression are often unaware that they have other medical problems that require professional treatment' helps explain the information presented above.


Premise: Owners of deeply indebted and chronically unprofitable small businesses sometimes try to convince others to invest money in their companies. Since the money thus acquired will inevitably be used to pay off debts, rather than to expand operations, this money will not stimulate sales growth in such companies. Thus, most people are reluctant to make these investments. Surprisingly, however, such investments often earn handsome returns in the very first year they are made.

Hypothesis: Paying off debts, by saving a company the money it would otherwise owe in interest, decreases the company's overall expenses and thereby increases its profits most helps to explain the surprising results of such investments.


Premise: Smartwatch has developed rapidly in recent years, it has many functions that traditional watches do not have, such as real-time sending and receiving text messages and emails, real-time monitoring of exercise status, obtaining the data of the blood pressure and pulse and so on.Because of these advantages of smartwatch, more and more people buy smartwatch. On this basis, Zhang Nan predicts that in a few years, factories that make traditional watches will eventually close down.

Hypothesis: Most manufacturers of traditional watches make not only traditional watches but also smartwatches can most weaken Zhang Nan's conclusion if true.


Premise: Forbidden fruit psychology: refers to the strong desire to explore based on the rebellious psychology of a certain prohibition.

Hypothesis: A shopping mall launched 20 special tablet computers on the day of Double Eleven on a first-come, first-served basis is not a forbidden fruit psychology.


Premise: Although wood-burning stoves are more efficient than open fireplaces, they are also more dangerous. The smoke that wood-burning stoves release up the chimney is cooler than the smoke from an open flame. Thus it travels more slowly and deposits more creosote, a flammable substance that can clog a chimney -- or worse ignite inside it.

Hypothesis: The most efficient wood-burning stoves produce less creosote than do many open fireplaces most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Aviation Analyst: To combat human error involved in air traffic control, Miro Jets Inc. has recently installed each of its DC-10 passenger planes with a special anti-collision device. The device alerts the DC-10, via a red light, when another plane is slightly more than three minutes away from a potential collision. The red light comes on and stays on until the approaching plane is safely out of range. Aviation experts at Miro Jet Inc. have determined that three minutes is ample time for a plane to divert its respective flight path to avoid a collision. Ttherefore, if the red light on the anti-collision device is off, the DC-10 is more than three minutes flying time from any plane.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Recently, a near collision in which both planes were less than 90 seconds flying distance from each other was averted only by the prompt actions of air traffic controllers' most fundamentally calls into question the aviation analyst's argument.


Premise: Artists have different ways of producing contours and hatching, and analysis of these stylistic features can help to distinguish works by a famous artist both from forgeries and from works genuinely by other artists. Indeed, this analysis has shown that many of the drawings formerly attributed to Michelangelo are actually by the artist Giulio Clovio, Michelangelo' s contemporary.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then the contour and hatching styles used to identify the drawings of Clovio cited can be shown to be features of all Clovio's works.


Premise: The number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased, but the number of leopards increased significantly almost at the same time. Some people say that seals are responsible for the decline of crocodiles, which is not true because seals rarely feed on crocodiles.

Hypothesis: Before the increase in the number of seals, the number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased, if correct, will most weaken the above argument.


Premise: Even among the knowledgeable scholars, there are some people who study hard and read a lot, but their ability is not very high, lack of independent opinions, and have no creative ability.

Hypothesis: The argument supported above is that people who are creative may not have profound knowledge.


Premise: Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%?

Hypothesis: If Europe and the United States did not plunder resources of Africa, the official can conclude that China has not plundered the resources of Africa.


Premise: According to American nutritionists, cauliflower contains a chloride. A week after researchers injected a special substance similar to a cauliflower into a group of volunteer experimenters, blood tests revealed that the victims had breast cancer effects in their bodies.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some people who eat cauliflower often also have breast cancer' best challenges the above speculation.


Premise: United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United' s factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.

Hypothesis: Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory is supported by the information given if it is accurate.


Premise: The dramatic rise in the number of homeless people in the 1980' s cannot be attributed to the discharge of mentally ill persons from hospitals into community care,  even though it is true that provisions for such community care are for the most part nonexistent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The policy of discharging significant numbers of mentally ill persons from hospitals took effect in the 1960's' best supports the claim above.


Premise: Credit consumption is very popular in some economically developed countries. Many consumers advance their unearned income to meet their demand for durable consumer goods such as housing, cars, and household appliances. In countries with developed consumer credit, people's general concept is that you can't be in debt because you have a bad reputation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The society has established a complete and rigorous credit network, and banks can inquire and supervise the economic conditions of creditors' is the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Regarding the question raised by netizens about whether to test a driver's license directly without training in a driving school, the Traffic Administration of the Ministry of Public Security responded that my country's laws and regulations do not require driving school training to apply for a driver's license, but driving skills must be learned on the road. According to the relevant provisions of Article 20 of the Regulations for the Implementation of the Road Traffic Safety Law, learning to drive on the road should follow the route and time specified by the traffic management department of the public security organ. Learning motor vehicle driving skills on the road should use a coach car. The coach is guided by the coach, and those who are not related to teaching are not allowed to ride the Coach car.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, if there is a coach car with on-board guidance, you cannot learn to drive on the road.


Premise: Opponents of peat harvesting in this country argue that it would alter the ecological balance of our peatrich wetlands and that, as a direct consequence of this, much of the country' s water supply would be threatened with contamination. But this cannot be true, for in Ireland, where peat has been harvested for centuries, the water supply is not contaminated. We can safely proceed with the harvesting of peat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The activities of other industries in coming years are likely to have adverse effects on the water supply of this country' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to take care of their children and the next generation. In a recent urban survey,52.2 percent of the young people surveyed admitted that their parents are old drifters. They and their partners have just started their careers, and work pressure is high, so they have no time to take care of their children and do housework. According to experts, the group of old drifters in China's cities will further expand.

Hypothesis: The statement "After the implementation of the two-child policy, the two-child birth rate in urban areas is lower than that in rural areas" best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: Some researchers believe that there is no difference between women and men in terms of knowledge background and intelligence, but they have natural advantages in communication skills and affinity.In the information age, female managers are more likely to be recognized by team members and are more suitable for building the cohesion of enterprises and giving full play to the enthusiasm of employees.

Hypothesis: The information age is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: Only when all countries in the world recognize the need to respect the sovereignty of any country and truly implement this treaty can the world be truly peaceful. However, because some countries hold a hegemonic attitude and adopt dual principles towards their own countries and other countries, they do not respect the sovereignty of some countries.

Hypothesis: At present, there is no real peace in the world can be seen.


Premise: Japanese electrical appliances were very popular in my country in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, the exchange rate of the RMB against major western currencies (including the yen) has been continuously lowered, which will increase the RMB price of Japanese electrical appliances entering the Chinese market. However, the sales volume of the Japanese electrical appliances did not decline as a result.

Hypothesis: Although sales of Japanese appliances are not falling, they are likely to do so in the next two to three years best explains the high sales of Japanese electrical appliances.


Hypothesis: The statement 'It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured' most strongly supports the information given, if accurate.


Hypothesis: The argument supported above is that people with profound knowledge may not have the ability to create.


Premise: A, B, C and D predict the items in the four drawers. A: there are no books in some drawers. B: there are books in all drawers. C: there is no pen in the second drawer. D: there are letters in the third drawer.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four people's conclusions is true, then there must be a pen in the second drawer.


Premise: The etiquette system, which was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, first adopted the way of standardizing people's daily code of conduct and carried out this tradition to the upper society and household life. Although the etiquette was not inferior to the common people in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the original purpose of establishing the etiquette system was to safeguard the interests of the slave owners and aristocrats and strengthen the hierarchical system of the slave society so as to coordinate the internal relations among the slave owners. However, after entering the Spring and Autumn period, with the emergence of slavery, such as the collapse of etiquette and music, the downward movement of knowledge, and the lack of distinction between people, this tradition and etiquette system has thus penetrated into a wider range of social life, which has become a code of conduct and norms widely observed by the society.

Hypothesis: The main description of the etiquette system is that it is a tradition of social life.


Premise: Advertisement: Auto accidents are the most common cause of whiplash injury, a kind of injury that is caused by a sudden sharp motion of the neck. However, many other types of accidents can produce a sudden sharp motion of the neck and thereby result in whiplash injury. A sudden sharp motion of the neck can be caused by a fall, a bump on the head, or even by being shoved from behind. That is why you should insist on receiving Lakeside Injury Clinic' s complete course of treatment for whiplash after any accident that involves a fall or a bump on the head.

Hypothesis: The appropriate treatment for whiplash caused by a fall or a bump on the head is no different from that for whiplash caused by an auto accident provides the strongest basis for criticizing the reasoning in the advertisement.


Premise: Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent and control infectious diseases. Everyone will be vaccinated with a variety of vaccines after birth. Vaccination can enhance the body's resistance, improve its own immunity and resist the invasion of bacteria. Vaccine is a kind of pathogen with low toxicity, and people will produce corresponding antibodies against it after vaccination. When the immune response of the vaccine subsides, the corresponding antibody of the vaccine stays in the body for a long time, while another type of immune cells with memory function will record information about the pathogen. When the human body encounters the same pathogen again, memory immune cells will quickly mobilize the corresponding antibodies that already exist to form an effective defense response.

Hypothesis: It has the function of memory and can replicate immune cells is uncontextual about vaccines.


Premise: Technical Barriers means that when commodity importing countries implement trade import control, they improve the technical requirements of imported products and increase the difficulty of import by issuing laws, decrees, regulations and regulations, establishing technical standards, certification system, health inspection and quarantine system, inspection procedures, packaging, specifications, labels and standards, so as to limit import and ensure national security, The purpose of protecting consumers' interests and maintaining balance of payments is non - tariff barriers

Hypothesis: Japan officially implementing the positive list system on May 29, 2006, increasing the detection items of imported tea residues from 71 to 276 belongs to Technical Barriers.


Premise: In the past, when discussing the phenomenon of uncivilized travel, it was often attributed to the fact that the national quality did not keep up with the pace of economic development. As for countermeasures, in addition to strong public condemnation, heavy penalties are recommended. Although such cause analysis and countermeasures are not entirely unreasonable, we ignore the fact that few tourists really want to be uncivilized models, and no one wants to discredit the country and national image on purpose. Whether government departments or travel agencies, the publicity and reminders of civilized tourism are basically zero, and most tourists do it unintentionally.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the topic of the next section will be whether Chinese people can develop the habit of civilized travel and its relation to the overall national quality.


Premise: Major emergencies are serious crisis events that occur in a state of emergency. It includes sudden natural disasters, major sudden industrial accidents and catastrophic accidents, major sudden social disruption accidents and major sudden political crises.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, terrorism, ethnic conflict, and sudden disturbance in public are not classified as major sudden social disruption accidents.


Premise: Alia: Hawthorne admits that he has influence with high government officials. He further admits that he sold that influence to an environmental interest group. There can be no justification for this kind of unethical behavior. Martha: I disagree that he was unethical. The group that retained Hawthorne' s services is dedicated to the cause of preventing water pollution. So, in using his influence to benefit this group, Hawthorne also benefited the public.

Hypothesis: Alia and Martha disagree on whether the consequences of Hawthorne's behavior can ethically justify that behavior.


Premise: When reconsidering natural resources, circular economy and ecological economy regard them not only as available resources, but also as ecosystems that need to maintain a virtuous circle. When considering science and technology, we should not only consider its ability to develop nature, but also fully consider its ability to maintain and repair the ecosystem, so as to make it a technology beneficial to the environment. When considering man's own development, we should not only consider man's ability to transform nature, but also pay more attention to the ability to live in harmony with nature, so as to promote man's all-round development.

Hypothesis: The idea of circular economy and ecological economy is expressed by the term 'systematicness'.


Premise: Box office receipts at movie theaters increased 40 percent last year over the previous year. Thus, the film industry overall evidently is prospering. Yet twice as many movie theaters went bankrupt last year as in the preceding two years combined.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of money spent on film advertising increased greatly last year over the year before, and the majority of this expense was absorbed by the producers and the distributors of films, not by the theater owners' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A research team found that the development of ALS is closely related to the number of AM bacteria in the gut. The researchers observed and compared gut microbiota and blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 37 ALS patients and 29 healthy relatives. They found differences in gut bacterial strains, one of which was linked to nicotinamide production. In addition, nicotinamide levels decreased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these ALS patients.

Hypothesis: Nicotinamide being a metabolite of gut microbial AM bacteria is a prerequisite for the above research findings to hold.


Premise: Consumer: I would like to have the features contained in the latest upgrade to your computer software package, but I am leery of installing the upgrade because a friend has told me he had a problem with it. Company representative: We have distributed nearly 3, 000 copies of the upgrade and we have received fewer than 100 calls saying that it has caused problems. So it is very unlikely that you will experience any problems with the upgrade.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the company representative's argument is most vulnerable to criticism because it fails to consider the possibility that a significant number of people have experienced problems with the upgrade but have not reported them.


Premise: Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

Hypothesis: One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: University president: Our pool of applicants has been shrinking over the past few years. One possible explanation of this unwelcome phenomenon is that we charge too little for tuition and fees. Prospective students and their parents conclude that the quality of education they would receive at this institution is not as high as that offered by institutions with higher tuition. So, if we want to increase the size of our applicant pool, we need to raise our tuition and fees.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the proposed explanation for the decline in applications applies in this case is required by the university president's argument.


Premise: In a learning experiment a researcher ran rats through a maze. Some of the rats were blind, others deaf, others lacked a sense of smell, and others had no sensory deficiencies; yet all the rats learned the task in much the same amount of time. Of the senses other than sight, hearing, and smell, only kinesthesia had not previously been shown to be irrelevant to maze-learning. The researcher concluded on the basis of these facts that kinesthesia, the sensation of bodily movement, is sufficient for maze-learning.

Hypothesis: The possibility that the interaction of kinesthesia with at least one other sense is required for maze-learning cannot be ruled out on the basis of the data above is a criticism of the researcher's reasoning.


Premise: Few politicians will support legislation that conflicts with their own self-interest. A case in point is August Frenson, who throughout his eight terms in office consistently opposed measures limiting the advantage incumbents enjoy over their challengers. Ttherefore, if such measures are to be enacted, they must result from direct popular vote rather than from legislative action.

Hypothesis: The case of August Frenson gives essential background information concerning a measure being advocated.


Premise: Experts in the United Kingdom who study various types of mental catatonia have found that more and more people will experience varying degrees of discomfort after using the Internet. According to a sample survey of 10,000 people who frequently go online, they admit that they feel irritable and annoyed after going online. The number has reached one-third; and 44% of Internet fans under the age of 20 admit to feeling irritable and nervous after surfing the Internet. Psychologists believe that there indeed exist some kind of Internet mania.

Hypothesis: The least likely cause of Internet Mania is the use of the Internet payment system that restricts the online time of Internet users.


Premise: Psychologists have found that, in general, students' attention varies with the time the teacher gives.At the beginning of the lecture, the student's attention will be greatly enhanced, and for a period of time in the middle to maintain a more ideal state. Then, the students' attention will begin to be distracted.

Hypothesis: The statement "The teacher is well-arranged to get enough attention" weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, which was built in 1968, has a clearance height of 24 meters in the high water area and can theoretically carry ships of up to 3,000 tons. In today's rapid economic development, it has become a building that cuts the Yangtze River in half and obstructs the smooth passage of large ships. The Nanjing Yangtze Bridge must be demolished and rebuilt if the Yangtze's golden waterway is to be fully dredged, a bridge expert has asserted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The shipbuilding technology is highly developed, and the 8000-ton class ships designed for the Yangtze River have already sailed directly to Wuhan through Nanjing' casts the greatest doubt on the expert's claim.


Premise: Genetic testing of the fetus is morally wrong. People have no right to kill a potential life form simply because it does not accept the sex of a potential life form, or because it has some kind of physical defect.

Hypothesis: The statement that if the sex of the baby is allowed to be selected in advance, it will cause an imbalance in the sex ratio of the next generation and cause serious social problems provides the strongest support for the above assertion.


Premise: Xiao Ming forgot what day it was today, so he asked O, P, and Q. O replied I also forgot what day it is today, but you can ask P and Q both. P replied Yesterday It's the day when I lied. Q's answer is the same as P. It is known that 1.O never lied; 2.P lied on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and told the truth the rest of the time; 3.Q on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday Lie for three days and tell the truth the rest of the time.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conditions, today is Thursday.


Premise: Zhang Hong, Li Cong and Wang Min are from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong. Zhejiang people are younger than Li Cong. Zhang Hong is different from Zhejiang people. Wang Min is older than Guangdong People's Congress.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, Zhang Hong is from Guangdong, Li Cong is from Jiangsu and Wang Min is from Zhejiang can be inferred.


Premise: Some students attending a small university with a well-known choir live off campus. From the fact that all music majors are members of the choir, a professor in the music department concluded that none of the students who live off campus is a music major.

Hypothesis: The professor's conclusion is properly drawn if the assumption that all students who are members of the choir are music majors is true.


Premise: As the only South American team to stay in the World Cup, Brazil will face the England team that eliminated Denmark in the next game. Brazil coach Scolari is reluctant to talk about how to compete with England, and his players have also maintained Clear mind. After defeating the tenacious Belgian team, Scolari was relieved: The first thing I think about now is to relax.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, Brazil will never play against South American teams in this World Cup cannot be inferred.


Premise: When encountering high temperatures, the building materials will make unique sounds. The sound sensor alarm will detect these sounds and provide an early warning of a house fire, so that the occupants can escape before being fainted by the smoke. Because the smoke is The most common factor causing casualties, so the installation of sound sensor alarm will effectively reduce the casualties of house fires.

Hypothesis: In some larger houses, multiple sound sensor alarms are required for adequate protection can best refute the above statement.


Premise: A hotel announced that although the newly developed oil fume emission system has not completed the test and inspection for six months, it has not failed so far, so the company decided to install it in the hotel back kitchen. After all, this system can solve the oil fume problem more effectively. the chef of the hotel said: we can't use the oil fume emission system that hasn't completed the test. Let's talk about it in six months.

Hypothesis: Many safety accidents are caused by oil fume emission system best supports the chef's objection.


Premise: Although wood-burning stoves are more efficient than open fireplaces, they are also more dangerous. The smoke that wood-burning stoves release up the chimney is cooler than the smoke from an open flame. Thus it travels more slowly and deposits more creosote, a flammable substance that can clog a chimney -- or worse ignite inside it.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Open fireplaces pose more risk of severe accidents inside the home than do woodburning stoves' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: If X is not assigned as an engineer, it may be true that F and Y are assigned as engineers.


Premise: It has been said that authors who write in order to give pleasure cannot impart to their readers the truth of their subject matter. That claim cannot be true. If it were, one could determine the truthfulness of a book simply by looking at its sales figures. If the book were very popular, one could reasonably conclude that it gave people pleasure and ttherefore that at least some of what is written in the book is not true.

Hypothesis: A book will not give its readers pleasure unless it was intended by its author to have that effect is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: In 1964, the famous Genovese case occurred in New York, the United States. A girl named Genovese was killed by a ruffian with a knife on her way home. Within 30 minutes of the crime, 38 neighbors heard the victim's call for help. Many people even walked to the window and watched for a long time, but no one went to help her. And no one called the police in time. As a result, a tragedy that shouldn't have happened became a reality.

Hypothesis: In the face of danger, everyone tended to protect themselves gives the most appropriate explanation for the above phenomenon.


Premise: On the issue of war, the Japanese government has always adopted a muddle through attitude, not to face up to history, and claimed that Japan has no war maniacs like Hitler, trying to exterminate a nation like Jews. In the face of the disasters caused by World War II, it often blindly emphasizes the harm suffered by Japan, and seems to regard itself as the victims of World War 2. Especially some right-wing politicians, disregarding the strong opposition of the people of neighboring countries, they repeatedly visited the Yasukuni shrine. On the contrary, they played down the trauma suffered by the people of the aggrieved countries and did not mention the issue of apology for war crimes at all.

Hypothesis: The statement "Japan has completely turned right, denied and distorted history, and is making excuses for new expansion" is true.


Premise: When the old types of art, such as novels and dramas, gradually deviate from the focus of the world's attention and give way to the upstart artists such as film and television, a kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism. In the face of strong industrial culture, cultural criticism has almost become a promotional advertisement.

Hypothesis: A kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism in this passage means that Critics are threatened by poverty.


Premise: If home appliances going to the countryside gives home appliance enterprises the opportunity to open up the rural consumer market, then going to the city can better create better sales performance for enterprises. Because in cities, residents are more likely to accept new ways of life and consumption. If home appliances into the city also get the relevant policy support and subsidies of the government. Enterprises should have reason to explore new consumption potential in the urban market, so that urban low-income and unemployed residents can also benefit from the consumption of home appliances.

Hypothesis: The option 'Home appliances go to the countryside, which may bring good sales performance to enterprises' is conforming to the author's point of view.


Premise: China is one of the countries with the richest biological species in the world, and higher plants and wildlife species account for about 10% of the world. However, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have led to the destruction of the living environment of animals and plants, the number of species has decreased sharply, and some species have become extinct. According to statistics, about 200 species of higher plants have become extinct in the past 50 years, with an average of 4 species per year, and about 400 species of wild animals are endangered or threatened.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that environmental degradation leads to extinction or endangerment of animals and plants.


Premise: According to a commercial survey, sales of skiing equipment in city A are higher than those in city B, indicating that residents in city A prefer skiing to those in city B.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All the skiing equipment in city A is produced in city B' would most weaken the conclusions of this investigation.


Premise: No matter how rich and wonderful the original works are, the adaptation of literary classics into TV dramas is a re-creation. TV dramas should not only present the complex and heavy themes of the original as much as possible, but also integrate the stories into the fate of characters through adaptation. The historical changes of the ancient land, the life reflection of national survival, the glory and decline of Confucian culture, the suppression and publicity of human desire. The motif of literary classics must be reinterpreted through adaptation. Moreover, no matter how to change, the advance of the plot, the shaping of the characters and the development of the plot should conform to the inherent behavior logic of the characters.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Use necessary exaggeration' is not covered in the principle of adapting literary classics into TV series.


Premise: In the ancient Roman Empire, when the ancient Romans were no longer the supreme ethnic group, the control of the empire was transferred to a group of multi-ethnic elites, and the Illyrians, Gauls and Carthaginians continued to inherit and carry forward the ancient Roman culture; in the Islamic Empire, when the Arabs lost control of the Islamic world, the Egyptians, Iranians and Berbers continued to carry forward Muslim culture. For European imperialism, when Europeans lose control of the world, the infiltration of Western culture into Indians and Africans is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that after the founders of the empire lose their dominant position, the culture they created will still be passed on.


Premise: Carter: Our hypothesis is that drivers in rural areas are guilty of more frequently texting while driving compared to urban drivers, so we need to make sure our demographics survey includes a question about the subject' s town of residence' s population size. Olga: It' s doubtful that most people know the exact population of their hometown, plus, we don' t need specific population figure s, so it makes more sense to ask subjects to identify the population range that their town of residence falls into.

Hypothesis: Surveys that collect demographic information about participants should be as detailed as possible to achieve the necessary information for the hypothesis best justifies Olga's position.


Premise: Nucleic acids and other genetic foods that appear in the name of health care products are not very helpful to human health. From a scientific point of view, the so-called human body needs to be supplemented with exogenous nucleic acids cannot be established. What the human body lacks is nutrition, and nucleic acid cannot be lacking. Some advertisements say that when people are old or sick, their ability to make genes will be weakened, which is even more nonsense.

Hypothesis: All advertisements about health products lack scientific basis can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: With the development of society and technological progress, linguistics and literature have gradually separated. The language teaching with many professional needs in the society was first independent, and it became a professional university with language teaching and language research as the main purpose, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing Language and Culture University. Universities, and now Confucius Institutes all over the world are also such schools. Secondly, with the invention and development of recording technology, sonogram analysis technology, and computer technology, linguistics has rapidly developed into a special laboratory that needs to be built, equipped with various voices. Instrumentation and a new engineering technology subject for professional engineering and technical personnel. Today, emerging linguistics are widely used in high-tech fields such as medicine, physiology, psychology, genetics and genes, criminal investigation, language recognition, automatic control, and intelligent manufacturing.

Hypothesis: The development of society and the progress of science and technology are inseparable from the development of linguistics is correct according to this text.


Premise: A person from the human resources management department of a company pointed out: due to the limited recruitment positions in our company, it is impossible for all candidates to be hired in this recruitment examination.

Hypothesis: In this recruitment examination, there must be candidates to be hired leads to the above conclusion of the person.


Premise: Editorial: Our society has a vested interest in maintaining a political system in which candidates are free to adhere to their principles. Yet campaigning for elected office is extremely costly, and because only the wealthiest individuals are able to finance their own political campaigns, most candidates must seek funding from private sources. In so doing, the candidates are almost invariably obliged to compromise their principles. Thus, government itself should assume the cost of candidates' campaigns.

Hypothesis: The principle that candidates wealthy enough to finance their own political campaigns should not be permitted to raise additional funds from private sources, if valid, most helps to justify the conclusion as it is drawn in the argument.


Premise: Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.

Hypothesis: The option "The fallacy of ambiguity: there are two different meanings of knowing: knowing what the answer to the question being explored is and knowing what the question is to explore" most accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument.


Premise: There is some irrationality in our legal system. In criminal law, although the motive for committing the crime is the same, the punishment for those who succeed in committing the crime is much heavier than the punishment for those who attempt to commit the crime and do not succeed. In civil law, however, a person who deliberately defrauds and does not succeed does not have to pay a fine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The goal of criminal law is to punish criminals, while the goal of civil law is to compensate victims' seriously undermines the argument in the above argument.


Premise: Before the Dragon Boat Race, people made three estimates of the results of the four teams: (1) the blue team won the championship and the yellow team won the runner-up; (2) the blue team won the runner-up and the Green team won the third place; (3) the red team won the runner-up, the Green team finished fourth. However, actual results show that each of the three estimates is half right and half wrong.

Hypothesis: The correct order of the results is Blue team, Red Team, Green team, Yellow team.


Premise: Displacement is different from translocation. As long as the component that should have appeared in a certain position in the prototype structure leaves the original position and runs to other positions in the structure, it is displacement, and the displaced component must act as the syntactic component of this mechanism. While translocation is caused by temporary addition or supplement in the discourse, and the translocation component can no longer be analyzed as the syntactic component of this structure

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, 'He's probably home' and 'Home, he's probably' belong to Displacement.


Premise: Recently, researchers have discovered that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the site of infection. They explained that this is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, this protein binds to integrins , T lymphocytes adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate their migration to the site of infection.

Hypothesis: After Hsp90 binds to integrin, it can activate the signaling pathway that promotes the migration of T lymphocytes can best support the above discussion.


Premise: The world we live in is full of hope and challenges. The Chinese people have always been full of a sense of justice and compassion. They have always closely linked their own future and destiny with the future and destiny of the people of all countries. They have always paid close attention to and selflessly helped the people of relevant countries still in war, turmoil, hunger and poverty. They are always willing to do their best to contribute to human peace and development, This wish of the Chinese people is sincere. China will never develop itself at the expense of the interests of other countries. China's development poses no threat to any country. China will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion. Only those who are used to threatening others will see it as a threat. For the sincere desire and practical actions of the Chinese people to contribute to human peace and development, No one should misread, let alone misinterpret, there is justice in the world!

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is that the sincere wishes and practical actions of the Chinese people cannot be misunderstood and misinterpreted.


Premise: Common risk behaviors refers to an act jointly carried out by two or more actors that endangers the safety of others and results in damage consequences, but the actual perpetrator of the harm cannot be determined.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ming, Xiao Jun and Xiao Gang were playing the game of throwing stones together to see who could throw farther. One of the stones thrown hit Xiao Hong, who was playing in the distance, causing her head broken and bleeding is a common risk behavior.


Premise: When chimpanzees become angry at other chimpanzees, they often engage in what primatologists call threat gestures: grunting, spitting, or making abrupt, upsweeping arm movements. Chimpanzees also sometimes attack other chimpanzees out of anger. However, when they do attack, they almost never take time to make threat gestures first. And, conversely, threat gestures are rarely followed by physical attacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Making threat gestures helps chimpanzees vent aggressive feelings and thereby avoid physical aggression' most helps to explain the information about how often threat gestures are accompanied by physical attacks.


Premise: The retail price of decaffeinated coffee is considerably higher than that of regular coffee. However, the process by which coffee beans are decaffeinated is fairly simple and not very costly. Ttherefore, the price difference cannot be accounted for by the greater cost of providing decaffeinated coffee to the consumer.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on assuming that the beans used for producing decaffeinated coffee do not cost much more before processing than the beans used for producing regular coffee.


Premise: Manifestation: It is the image of things that people appear in people's minds when they are not in front of them. It has the characteristics of intuitiveness, generalization, and maneuverability, and plays an important role in image thinking.

Hypothesis: When people read the vivid description of Wang Xifeng in A Dream of Red Mansions, they seem to see Wang Xifeng standing in front of them is a manifestation according to the above definition.


Premise: Retailers that excel in neither convenience nor variety of merchandise tend not to be very successful. Yet many successful retailers excel in just one of the areas and meet competitors' standards for the other. Hence, a retailer' s success need not depend on excellence in both areas.

Hypothesis: The structure of the reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to that in the statement 'Runners who have only average speed and endurance are unlikely to win long-distance races. Some long-distance champions, however, win by being above average in speed or endurance only; therefore, being above average in both speed and endurance is not necessary.'


Premise: Good hunter and bad hunter are standard terms in the study of cats. Good hunters can kill prey that weigh up to half their body weight. All good hunters have a high muscle-to-fat ratio. Most wild cats are good hunters, but some domestic cats are good hunters as well.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then a smaller number of domestic cats than wild cats must have a high muscle-to-fat ratio.


Premise: Those who silently read TV news and advertising program manuscripts can remember and recall more information than those who watch the TV program itself; If you despise the value principle of a magazine, you can still read it with interest. If this happens to the TV program, you can't watch it and change the channel quickly. In this case, we don't want to spend time on disagreeing views, so it's impossible to reflect. In fact, there will be fewer doubts about everything. If we put the two written records together, it's easy to find inconsistencies, It can even distinguish the difference of authority between information; Comparing two video reports is troublesome. When asked to choose from two conflicting TV reports, the audience either depends on intuition or what they believe before watching.

Hypothesis: Reading text is more helpful for thinking than watching TV is intended to be illustrated in this paragraph.


Premise: The dramatic rise in the number of homeless people in the 1980' s cannot be attributed to the discharge of mentally ill persons from hospitals into community care,  even though it is true that provisions for such community care are for the most part nonexistent.

Hypothesis: Without supervision in a hospital setting those people whose mental illness can be controlled by medication might not actually take prescribed medication best supports the claim above.


Premise: Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Nutritionists recommend that adults consume as little saturated fat as possible and no more than 250 milligrams of cholesterol a day' contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: University president: We will be forced to reduce spending next year if we do not increase our enrollment. So, if we are to maintain the quality of the education we provide, we must market our programs more aggressively. Without such marketing we will be unable to increase our enrollment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The university will not maintain the quality of the education it provides if it increases its enrollment' is an assumption required by the university president's argument in order to draw the conclusion.


Premise: Language, like culture, is rarely self-sufficient, so the borrowing of words has been a common language phenomenon since ancient times. However, when foreign words enter a country, the local people will unconsciously mutate and transform their original appearance while adapting and absorbing new elements. With the passage of time, foreign words will gradually localize, grow for a long time, the origin is vague, the aspect is separated, and the variation is repeated. Once the exotic features of loanwords (such as phonemes, syllable composition, etc.) are diluted or disappeared in the user's consciousness, they will be regarded by the locals as part of their mother tongue.

Hypothesis: The reason for the desalination and disappearance of foreign words in their mother tongue focuses on the description of this passage.


Premise: Game theory seems to the layman to be just a bunch of mathematical formulas, but fortunately, game theory is concerned with the problems of daily economic life. In fact, this theory is a term borrowed from chess, poker and war, which brings the nature of competition, confrontation and decision-making. it sounds a bit esoteric, but it actually has important practical significance.

Hypothesis: Game theory seems esoteric, but in fact, it comes from daily games and has important practical significance is the most appropriate summary of the above text.


Premise: In the weather forecast of the Central Meteorological Station, the computer is used to solve the equations describing the evolution of the weather and calculate the future weather. Weather forecasters analyze weather charts, meteorological satellites and other data, and then make specific weather forecasts for the next 3-5 days according to the accumulation of experience. At 8 o'clock every morning, the Central Meteorological Observatory connects local meteorological stations for weather consultation. After summarizing everyone's forecast opinions, the chief forecaster makes a forecast conclusion on the development and changes of the weather in the future.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is how to make the Future Weather forecast in China.


Premise: A new treatment for muscle pain that looked very promising was tested in three separate studies. Although the results were positive, it turned out that all three studies had critical methodological flaws. So the treatment is probably not actually effective.

Hypothesis: The statement "since the judges in a baking contest did not have uniform criteria for selecting a winner, the cake that won is probably a bad one" demonstrates the flawed nature of the argument above by using parallel reasoning.


Premise: Precise poverty alleviation can not only focus on individual facts and solve individual problems, but do not know how to link individual poverty or special poverty with the macro background of economic and social development. It should be clearly recognized that although all kinds of special poverty have special factors, special poverty also exists in the context of the current information society. Informatization and networking contain very rich resources and energy. we should vigorously support the poor or poor groups to understand and adapt to the new situation of informatization and networking as soon as possible, through technical training and typical demonstration, the poor who are far away from informationization and networking should be introduced into this historical process.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate keyword extracted from the passage is "precise poverty alleviation, information society, technical training."


Premise: The phenomenon that ordinary civil disputes evolved into violent crimes, and finally had to introduce national coercive force to finally resolve disputes, became the funnel effect of disputes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhao has always suspected that his wife has an affair after marriage. Recently, his wife joined a new company. Xiao Zhao began to suspect that his wife had an affair with his boss. After an argument with his wife, he rushed to his wife's company and injured his boss does not belong to the funnel effect of disputes.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E went to Shanghai to participate in the World Expo together. One day, five people had a dispute over the choice of visitors.D is a fan of the United States and must go to the U.S. Pavilion. C is D's daughter. There was a quarrel, and A was determined not to go with D. In the case of B and E, where there is B, there must be E. In the end, three of the five people visited the U.S. Pavilion.

Hypothesis: C, D, and E visited the U.S. Pavilion.


Premise: A school recruitment full-time teachers are Zhang Qiang, Li Ying, Wang Dan, Zhao Lei, Qian Ping 5 doctoral candidates. Three graduated from American universities, two from British universities, two published SSCI papers, three did not published SSCI papers. Zhang Qiang and Wang Dan are known to graduate from the same universities in the same countries, but Zhao Lei and Qian Ping are from different countries; Li Ying and Qian Ping publish the same papers, but Wang Dan and Zhao Lei publish different papers. In the end, British universities to train a published SSCI doctoral dissertation was admitted.

Hypothesis: Wang Dan graduated from a British college can be derived from this.


Premise: The following three judgments are known to be true: (1) either A is on a business trip, or B is on a business trip, or C is on a business trip; (2) if A is on a business trip, then C is on a business trip; (3) C can't leave because of his busy work.

Hypothesis: B is on business while A is not can be derived.


Premise: When chimpanzees become angry at other chimpanzees, they often engage in what primatologists call threat gestures: grunting, spitting, or making abrupt, upsweeping arm movements. Chimpanzees also sometimes attack other chimpanzees out of anger. However, when they do attack, they almost never take time to make threat gestures first. And, conversely, threat gestures are rarely followed by physical attacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Making threat gestures helps chimpanzees vent aggressive feelings and thereby avoid physical aggression' most helps to explain the information about how often threat gestures are accompanied by physical attacks.


Premise: Knowing that he wants to go to bed early, he can't help but stay up late to watch TV dramas; he knows that smoking and drinking are harmful to his health, but he can't resist the temptation to smoke and drink; he knows that exercise is good, but he doesn't bother to walk a step. In life, many people are not lack of health knowledge, they are more lack of self-discipline. People with self-discipline will go to bed early, avoid certain foods and keep exercising. If a person adheres to the spirit of self-discipline, he will not indulge himself, he will be able to maintain his circadian rhythm and live a healthy and happy life.

Hypothesis: Some people who lack self-discipline do not lack health knowledge can be obtained from the above statement.


Premise: An examinee is filling in the application form, and there are 6 majors including law, management, economics, finance, auditing and accounting. However, considering all factors, there are the following considerations: If you fill in the application form of law, you should not fill in the application form of management, but you should fill in the application form of accounting; Only fill in the major of finance or economics if the major of audit is not included; If you do not fill in the major of economics, then do not fill in the major of accounting; Legal major is the major that oneself want to read all the time, must fill.

Hypothesis: The option "I filled in the major of law, and I also filled in the major of finance" can be derived from an examinee.


Premise: If Juan went to the party, it is highly unlikely that Maria would have enjoyed the party. But in fact it turned out that Maria did enjoy the party; ttherefore, it is highly unlikely that Juan was at the party.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following: If Clarissa missed the bus today, it is quite unlikely that she would have gotten to work on time. So, it is quite unlikely that Clarissa missed the bus, since she actually was at work on time today.


Premise: There is a wonderful advertisement in a newspaper, but there are many falsehoods in the content of the advertisement. Therefore, consumers will not believe this advertisement.

Hypothesis: The option that weakens the above point of view most is it being impossible for consumers to find anything false in it.


Premise: It has been argued that the immense size of Tyrannosaurus rex would have made it so slow that it could only have been a scavenger, not a hunter, since it would not have been able to chase down its prey. This, however, is an overly hasty inference. T. rex' s prey, if it was even larger than T rex, would probably have been slower than T. rex. The claim that T.

Hypothesis: It is a hypothesis that the argument attempts to undermine by calling into question the sufficiency of the evidence plays which one of the following roles in the argument that rex could only have been a scavenger, not a hunter.


Premise: The results showed that when cooking with tap water, the loss of vitamin B.1 was directly proportional to the cooking time and temperature, generally 30%. If you cook with boiled water or distilled water, it will not cause the loss of vitamin B.1. The number of rice washing is directly proportional to the loss of vitamin B.1. However, the loss of vitamin B.1 is 40% whether you use boiled water, tap water or distilled water to wash rice.

Hypothesis: We should use boiling water to wash rice and cook can be obtained from the above experimental results.


Premise: Predictive intervention means that people are influenced by predicted information to take a certain behavior, resulting in a multi-possible outcome that actually develops in the direction indicated by the prediction.

Hypothesis: In a financial interview column, an expert predicted that H stock would rise sharply. As a result, many viewers who watched the program rushed to buy the stock, which led to the stock's daily limit is a predictive intervention according to the above definition.


Premise: Some people say that no matter how bad your current situation, such as a poor salary, facing unemployment, as long as there is a savings in the bank is not enough to worry about, and if you earn a pen, then you really want to be in a desperate situation, so only savings can make a person truly financially independent.

Hypothesis: The point of view of the objector may not be that saving is a measure of a person's financial independence.


Premise: A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea. Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti-seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear, then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti-seasickness medications.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti-seasickness medication would have been more severe had they not taken the medication' would most weaken the conclusion above.


Premise: The so-called homogeneous competition refers to the phenomenon that products of different brands in the same product category imitate each other in performance, appearance and even marketing methods, and even gradually converge. Homogeneous competition is not good for consumers to identify the characteristics of products, if it is a well-known brand, it s still competitive, if it is a general brand, it is inevitable to have a cruel price war, then the market prospects are not optimistic.

Hypothesis: False advertising becomes common in the health care industry belongs to homogeneous competition according to the above definition.


Premise: Pseudodementia refers to a partially short, reversible intellectual disorder that occurs in a particular psychological context without evidence of obvious brain damage

Hypothesis: After being struck by the spirit, I forgot my name and didn't know my relatives belongs to pseudodementia.


Premise: A Beijing newspaper, entitled 15% of fathers raise children for others, released statistics from a judicial material evidence appraisal center in Beijing: of the nearly 600 people who conducted paternity tests in Beijing within a year, 15% of the test results excluded paternity.

Hypothesis: The cost of paternity testing is too high does not question the reliability of statistical inference.


Premise: A research institution took 9 years to track 63 thousand healthy people's eating habits, including meat consumption, meat cooking and meat cooking. The research group was divided into 5 groups according to the amount of meat consumed. By the end of the study, a total of 208 people had pancreatic cancer, most of which were concentrated in two groups with the highest usage of barbecue meat. Therefore, researchers have found that eating lots of roast meat is more susceptible to pancreatic cancer.

Hypothesis: The proportion of people who preferred half cooked barbecue meat to pancreatic cancer was about 60% higher than those who preferred cooked meat weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Product positioning refers to the determination of product (or service) functions, quality, price, packaging, sales channels, service methods, etc., in order to meet the target market.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, our service will let you have beautiful enjoyment is not product positioning.


Premise: In a medical study of all of the residents of Groverhill, 35 people reported consulting their physician last year seeking relief from severe headaches. Those same physicians' records, however, indicate that 105 consultations occurred last year with Groverhill patients seeking relief from severe headaches. Obviously, then, many residents who consulted physicians for this condition did not remember doing so.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that residents of Groverhill visited their physicians more than once during the year for the same condition.


Premise: The only difference between genetically modified crops and ordinary plants is that there are more genes that make them produce extra traits. As early as 1983, biologists already knew how to transplant foreign genes into the deoxyribonucleic acid of a plant through biotechnology in order to produce some new properties that could not be obtained by hybridization: herbicide resistance, resistance to plant viruses, resistance to certain pests, etc. The genes used for transplantation can come from any living organism: bacteria, viruses, insects, etc.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the concept of genetically modified crops is that they are new hybrid crops formed by transplanting genes of other living organisms.


Premise: Economist: Real wages in this country will increase significantly only if productivity increases notably. Thus, it is unlikely that real wages will increase significantly in the near future, since this country' s businesses are currently investing very little in new technology and this pattern is likely to continue for at least several more years.

Hypothesis: If the assumption that 'sooner or later real wages will increase significantly' is made about the economist's country, then the economist's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: For many centuries it was believed that only classical Euclidean geometry could provide a correct way of mathematically representing the universe. Nevertheless, scientists have come to believe that a representation of the universe employing non-Euclidean geometry is much more useful in developing certain areas of scientific theory. In fact, such a representation underlies the cosmological theory that is now most widely accepted by scientists as accurate.

Hypothesis: Scientists generally do not now believe that classical Euclidean geometry is uniquely capable of giving a correct mathematical representation of the universe is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Philosopher: The eighteenth-century thesis that motion is absolute asserts that the change in an object' s position over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. A well-respected physicist, however, claims that this thesis is incoherent. Since a thesis that is incoherent cannot be accepted as a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.

Hypothesis: The argument uses the technique of relying on the authority of an expert to support a premise.


Premise: The counter-trend expansion refers to the business behavior that enterprises further consolidate and expand the market and take the lead in the competition under the situation of great pressure and difficulty.

Hypothesis: The recent performance of the domestic retail industry has been poor. Various sales companies have shrunk their physical positions. Today, a private company has added a shopping mall in the provincial capital and the other two will open soon are not the counter-trend expansion.


Premise: Manager Xing of Fengshou Company needs to conduct market demand research in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces next month. His itinerary needs to meet the following conditions: (1) the first or last survey of Jiangxi Province; (2) the time of the survey of Anhui Province is earlier than that of Zhejiang Province, and only the other two provinces except Fujian Province are surveyed between the two provinces. (3) the timing of the survey of Fujian Province is before or just after the survey of Zhejiang Province; (4) the third survey of Jiangsu Province.

Hypothesis: The fifth survey of Zhejiang Province can be determined if Anhui Province is the second province for Manager Xing to investigate.


Premise: A publisher believes that processing costs have increased by 10% to 12% in the past five years; raw material costs have increased by 10% to 13%; sales and advertising costs have increased by more than 10%. Adding all these together, the total cost has risen by at least 30%. This is only for large publishing houses. If it is a small publishing house, the total cost has risen by at least 40%. It can be seen that the increase in book prices is mainly caused by the increase in costs. So I am opposed to increasing the copyright income of writers.

Hypothesis: Other reasons that led to the increase in book prices are ignored is the most appropriate evaluation for the above argument.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: The company with assets that are mortgaged with all the personal property of the shareholders is a Personal company according to the above definition.