Premise: All the apartments on 20th Avenue are in old houses. However, there are twice as many apartments on 20th Avenue as there are old houses. Ttherefore, most old houses on 20th Avenue contain more than one apartment.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument draws a conclusion that simply restates one of the premises offered in support of the conclusion.


Premise: If I argue with you, can we tell the truth from the false? You and I don't know, and all the others are prejudiced, who shall we ask to judge? Ask people who share your opinion to judge. Since he has the same opinion as you, how can you judge? Please judge with people who have the same views as me. Since he has the same views as me, how can he judge? Please judge people who have different views from you and me. Since they have different views from you and me, how can they judge? So, no winning or losing.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the above argument is that it ignores that there are standards of implementation and logic beyond debaters and commentators.


Premise: Last year, the composite El-Hi education (CEHE) ranking for Silver County was its lowest score on record, since composite were first calculated in 1964. The CEHE ranking is a sophisticated weighed average of standardized testing results from Grade 1 to Grade 12. This year, the testing result for grades 1-6 in Silver County are about the same as they were last year, and the testing results for high school (grades 9-12) in Silver County are lower than last year' s high school results in Silver County. <b> Surely the middle school testing results (grades 7-9) in Silver County will also be as low as, or lower than, last year' s results. </b> Ttherefore, <b> Silver County will undoubtedly establish a new low in its CEHE ranking. </b>

Hypothesis: The statement 'The first is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion' describes the roles played by the two portions in boldface in the argument.


Premise: Charlene: Environmental cleanup increasingly relies on microorganisms to metabolize pollutants. This has its limitations, though, since microbes become less active when a region' s temperature drops below normal. Olaf: I don' t think that' s right. Researchers studying oil spills in the Arctic and subtropical regions measured the carbon dioxide output of organisms that digest petroleum pollutants and found that Arctic and subtropical microbes ate oil at nearly the same rate.

Hypothesis: Olaf's reply suggests that he misinterprets Charlene's use of the term "normal."


Premise: Lance: If experience teaches us nothing else, it teaches us that every general rule has at least one exception. Frank: What you conclude is itself a general rule. If we assume that it is true, then there is at least one general rule that has no exceptions. Ttherefore, you must withdraw your conclusion.

Hypothesis: Frank's argument is an attempt to counter Lance's conclusion by showing that Lance's conclusion involves him in a contradiction.


Premise: Feedforward control is future-oriented and its goal is to prevent deviations before they occur.

Hypothesis: Banks are required to sign a series of documents, memos, and to be approved by their supervisors before making loans is feedforward control.


Premise: Hendry: Most employee strikes should be legally permitted. But strikes by university faculty are an exception. Faculty strikes harm a university' s students, and I accept the principle that an employee strike shouldn' t be legally permitted if it would harm the employer' s customers. Menkin: If your principle is correct, then, contrary to what you claim, employee strikes should almost never be legally permitted.

Hypothesis: Hendry and Menkin are committed to disagreeing over whether most employee strikes would harm the employer's customers.


Premise: The number of applications for teaching positions in Newtown' s public schools was 5. 7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985 and 5. 9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985. Despite a steadily growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, Newtown does not face a teacher shortage in the late 1990' s.

Hypothesis: In 1993 Newtown's public schools received 40 percent more applications for teaching positions than there were positions available would contribute most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy above.


Premise: Among the employees of a software company, three Cantonese, one Beijinger, three northerners, four are only responsible for software development, and two are only responsible for product sales.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It could be at least 6 people, and it could be 13 people at most' is correct if the introduction above involves all the employees of the company.


Premise: The immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is the first deep-water immersed tunnel in the world in the history of the World Island Tunnel Project, which is of epoch-making significance. The design life of the bridge's main structure is as long as 120 years, which means that for more than a century, the core structure of the bridge body, especially the 6.7-kilometer-long immersed tunnel, cannot have the slightest quality problem. The tunnels of the bridge are connected by 33 sections of immersed tubes, each of which is equivalent to a fully loaded Liaoning aircraft carrier. Such a huge immersed tube also has to ensure the strict error limit of less than 0.5 mm, which makes it impossible to have the slightest error in the transportation process. Therefore, engineers specially built a prefabrication factory for immersed pipe sections in Niutou Island, Guishan, not far from the bridge, and used the most advanced assembly line for production.

Hypothesis: The main statement of the article regarding the Zhuhai-Hong Kong-Macao Bridge is its significance in the history of bridges in the world.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: One member happens to be a member of the two sub-committees must be true.


Premise: Since the beginning of the summer of 2012, the United States has suffered the worst drought in more than 50 years, with 2/3 of the 48 states suffering from more than moderate drought, and corn and soybean production is expected to be greatly reduced. However, a report released by the United States Department of Agriculture on August 28 th predicts. Us agricultural net income is expected to reach a record $122.2 billion in 2012, an increase of 3.7 per cent over last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At present, the international prices of corn and soybeans and the domestic prices of the United States have skyrocketed' best explains the two seemingly contradictory predictions mentioned above.


Premise: Advertisement: In today' s world, you make a statement about the person you are by the car you own. The message of the SKX Mach-5 is unambiguous: Its owner is Dynamic, Aggressive, and Successful.

Hypothesis: On the basis of the claims made in the advertisement, anyone who is not both dynamic and successful would misrepresent themselves by being the owner of an SKX Mach-5.


Premise: Child-rearing Expert: Parents should never discipline their children in public. Some children who are disciplined in public suffer from attention deficit disorder. This shows that these children do not need discipline, but rather need assistance from their parents or firm instructions to help the children pay attention to their surroundings.

Hypothesis: Each of the following describes a flaw in the child-rearing expert's reasoning EXCEPT: It presumes, with justification, that children who are disciplined in private also suffer from attention deficit disorder.


Premise: Hydrological rhythm refers to the periodic and rhythmic changes of lake water regime. The generalized hydrological rhythm includes diurnal, monthly, seasonal and interannual rhythms. Under normal circumstances, due to the stable climate and underlying surface of the basin, the multi-year average water level of the lake tends to be stable, that is, the normal annual average water level of the lake. Therefore, the interannual rhythm of the lake is characterized by the abrupt change driven by interference factors and the stage stability after adapting to the disturbance, and there is no gradual trend, while the circadian rhythm has a weak effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, narrow hydrologic rhythm especially refers to monthly rhythm and seasonal rhythm.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option involving the narrow hydrological rhythm is 'Under the dual influence of continuous decrease of rainfall and decrease of incoming water, the surface area of Poyang Lake continues to shrink.'


Premise: Crisis public relation refers to a series of self-rescue actions taken by an enterprise in response to a crisis caused by mismanagement, peer competition or even malicious sabotage or the influence of special external events, including eliminating the influence and restoring the image.

Hypothesis: After a chain store of a large catering group was exposed due to poor sanitation, the leader of the group apologized to the public through the media and took this opportunity to issue new corporate sanitation management standards is a crisis public relation according to the above definition.


Premise: Unlike newspapers in the old days, today' s newspapers and televised news programs are full of stories about murders and assaults in our city. One can only conclude from this change that violent crime is now out of control, and, to be safe from personal attack, one should not leave one' s home except for absolute necessities.

Hypothesis: Newspapers and televised news programs having more comprehensive coverage of violent crime than newspapers did in the old days would cast the most serious doubt on the conclusion.


Premise: As an ancient revived Oriental power, China is very mysterious to the west. It is just like Marco Polo's description after coming to China which shows that gold and silver are everywhere in China. Westerners read his travel notes and just think that China is very rich, but how rich it is only depends on imagination. The West's view of China now includes both real evaluation and imagination.

Hypothesis: The Western understanding of China has seriously lagged behind the rapid development of China is mainly explained in the above paragraph.


Premise: Car accidents that happen at excessive speeds are more likely than other car accidents to result in fatalities. However, the majority of accidents that happen at excessive speeds do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address car accidents at excessive speeds as being distinct from other kinds of car accidents.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in which the statement 'Many serious health problems are the result of dietary disorders. Yet these disorders are often brought about by psychological factors. Hence people suffering from serious health problems should undergo psychological evaluation.'


Premise: Made in China is the pride of the Chinese people, and made in China has opened a new page to the world. However, when the title of factory of the world settled in China, people began to reflect on made in China. Is it synonymous with made in China?

Hypothesis: Inaccurate interpretation: Although made in China drives up our GDP, it is other people's pockets that make money.


Premise: The level of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is slightly higher than it was ten years ago. This increase is troubling because ten years ago the Interior Ministry imposed new, stricter regulations on emissions from coal-burning power plants. If these regulations had been followed, then the level of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere would have decreased.

Hypothesis: If current regulations on emissions from coal-burning power plants are not followed from now on, then the level of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere will continue to increase can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: There is speculation that the mayor will hire a new staff member this week. But before every prior hiring of a new staff member, the mayor has met with the city' s budget director and finance advisor. No meetings between the mayor and the city' s budget director and finance advisor have occurred or are planned. Ttherefore, the speculation is more than likely baseless.

Hypothesis: Even if history suggests that an event was caused by a certain set of circumstances, it would be a mistake to assume that the event will only reoccur under the same set of circumstance as it occurred under before most accurately expresses a principle of reasoning employed by the argument in the paragraph above.


Premise: When people apply the general rule to the special cases to which it does not apply, it will produce the fallacy of accident.

Hypothesis: The statement "Life lies in exercise. When Xiao Sun is growing up, he can't always stay at home to study. He should go out for running and exercise" does not produce the fallacy of accident.


Premise: Although bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye, they do play a key role in breaking down dead branches and leaves. They can break down tree trunks and branches that absorb carbon dioxide and other nutrients and release them into the atmosphere. Without bacteria, the earth's carbon dioxide can only be used by plants for 40 years, because carbon will be locked in plants and will not be involved in the material cycle. Because of this effect of bacteria, it maintains the green color of the whole forest and even the whole earth.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the process of decomposing tree trunks and branches and leaves, bacteria release the carbon dioxide it absorbs into the atmosphere' is incorrect in interpreting key role in the text.


Premise: Evaporative cooling refers to that the liquid absorbs heat in the process of evaporating into gas, so as to reduce the surrounding temperature and play a cooling effect. Evaporative cooling effect refers to that in the social group composed of people with the same purpose or interest, the value of the group is similar to the overall temperature of the liquid. When the members with higher value leave the community, the average value of the community itself will decrease.

Hypothesis: The evaporative cooling effect, according to the above definition, is the reduction in the overall quality of film reviews on a social networking site due to an increase in the number of people uploading film reviews.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The first one goes to M is likely to be true if the fourth goes on K.


Premise: A report on acid rain concluded that Most forests are not damaged by acid rain. The opponents insist that they should be summarized asMost forests do not show obvious symptoms of acid rain damage, such as abnormal leaf fall and growth rate slower or higher mortality rate.

Hypothesis: Acid rain may be causing damage where symptoms are not yet noticeable would best support the opponent's point of view.


Premise: Administrative reconsideration: Administrative reconsideration is when citizens, legal persons or other organizations believe that a specific administrative act or administrative omission of an administrative agency infringes their lawful rights and interests, and the act or omission is filed for administrative reconsideration.

Hypothesis: Liu was detained for 15 days in criminal detention for fighting and fighting. After his release, he filed an application for reconsideration with the higher authority due to dissatisfaction is an act that is not subject to administrative reconsideration.


Premise: The network not only discovers problems, but sometimes acts as a clue provider and supervisor to solve problems. Compared with various supervision and management mechanisms, the supervision ability of the network has shown an advanced trend. It'seems that the clues of many problems are always exposed on the network before they are investigated and then solved. In this regard, we should be soberly aware that although network supervision has played a significant role at present, it is by no means a normal way of supervision and accountability in a society under the rule of law, nor should it become a mainstream way of supervision. How to give full play to the due role of the original supervision mechanism is an urgent problem in front of us.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that an important way of supervision in today's society is network supervision.


Premise: A recent study proves the relationship between learning and sleep. The researchers published their findings in Learning Science, a collaborative journal of Nature, pointing out the quality and time of sleep and the persistence of sleep habits are positively correlated with academic performance. Adequate sleep is more beneficial to students' study.

Hypothesis: Go to bed at a fixed time, get up, and form a fixed schedule, which can make up for the impact of short sleep time to a large extent is not the logical inference of the above assertion.


Premise: Most successful enterprises are related to being good at management. Enterprise management generally includes two aspects, namely, managing things and people, of which managing people is more important. To do a good job of management, we need all kinds of management talents and leaders to give full play to their role.

Hypothesis: Enterprises with good management will succeed can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: In the process of China's move towards a market economy, we found that the number of policies that need to be changed and adjusted is huge. It can be said that the transformation of the economic system has led to a comprehensive transformation of production policies, distribution policies, and consumption policies, and its impact has even gone far beyond. In terms of economic policy, the influence of the market economy system on public policy has become an important topic of academic discussion.

Hypothesis: The most accurate repetition of the above paragraph of text is that "With the improvement of the market economy system, my country's public policies are becoming mature in the constant change and reorganization, but the task is still arduous."


Premise: Principle: When none of the fully qualified candidates for a new position at Arvue Corporation currently works for that company, it should hire the candidate who would be most productive in that position. Application: Arvue should not hire Krall for the new position, because Delacruz is a candidate and is fully qualified.

Hypothesis: The statement 'None of the candidates already works for Arvue, and Delacruz is the candidate who would be most productive in the new position' justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: Directed thinking refers to the process of thinking activities based on past knowledge and experience, forming direction, method or procedure, as compared with divergent thinking.

Hypothesis: When the cup is used up, drink water with a bowl instead of a cup does not belong to directed thinking, according to the above definition.


Premise: The arithmetic mean describes the average trend of a set of data, and is the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of all data by the number of data. When using in statistics, you should pay attention to: when extreme values, ambiguous data or data of different quality appear , Can not calculate the arithmetic mean.

Hypothesis: A city counts the average number of left-behind children in all districts and counties of the city, including those with a large number of migrant workers that cannot provide accurate statistics, is suitable for calculating the arithmetic mean according to the above definition.


Premise: The state is a political entity surrounded by boundaries, the area where the state power exercises power, and can be regarded as a kind of political division. However, this kind of political division surrounded by the boundary is only the form of the state, not the essence of the state. The real state means that the citizens within the boundary have formed a kind of cohesion, which can be called national consciousness. It is that everyone thinks that I am a certain countryman at the bottom of their hearts. A country that does not form such a consciousness, which cannot be called a country in nature, is very unstable. The real great power lies not only in its large territory and large population, but also in whether its citizens have formed national consciousness and national identity.

Hypothesis: The essential nature of the state tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: In recent years, China has implemented a series of reforms to create an institutional environment for mass entrepreneurship and innovation. The rise of the New Fourth Army of college students, overseas returnees, large enterprise executives and continuous entrepreneurs, and scientific and technological personnel can be seen as a strong signal for entrepreneurial subjects to move from the elite to the public. However, due to the imperfect mechanism and system, there are contradictions in some laws, regulations and policies. There are still many obstacles to the final realization of human value. If human value is not fully guaranteed for a long time, the release of innovation and entrepreneurship talents is bound to be affected, many scientific and technological achievements may rot in the drawer, and many scientific and technological enterprises may die for lack of innovation.

Hypothesis: Protecting people's value is the premise of mass entrepreneurship and innovation is intended to be emphasized.


Premise: A study of 86 patients, all of whom suffered from disease T and received the same standard medical treatment, divided the patients into 2 equal groups. One group' s members all attended weekly support group meetings, but no one from the other group attended support group meetings. After 10 years, 41 patients from each group had died. Clearly, support group meetings do not help patients with disease T live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the group that attended weekly support group meetings lived 2 years longer, on average, than the members of the other group' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: During an investment promotion activity in a certain county, the investor made it difficult for the inviting party to say: I have three projects: environmental projects, tourism projects and chemical projects. If you are correct, I will invest one of these projects in your county. But if what you say is wrong, I will not invest in a project.

Hypothesis: The saying of the inviting party is "You will not invest in tourism or chemical projects in our county."


Premise: Researchers followed up a study of 500 children in a country and found that the fastest period of human brain growth is within three months after birth, and the size of the brain can reach more than half of adults.

Hypothesis: The statement "Are there any follow-up studies on children in other countries?" can best prove the above conclusion.


Premise: A county held a comparison of civilized townships. Four judges predicted the possibility of Qinglian Township, Xiahe Township and Furong Town winning the title of civilized Township. Judge A said: if Qinglian Township can win the title of 'civilized Township', then Xiahe Township and Furong Town can also get this title. Judge B said: if Qinglian Township and Xiahe Township can get the title of 'civilized Township'. Then Furong Town will definitely not get this title. Judge C said, No matter whether Qinglian Township gets the title of 'civilized Township' or not, it is impossible for both Xiahe Township and Furong Town to get this title. Judge Ding said: I think Qinglian Township can get the title of 'civilized Township', but if Xiahe Township can get this title. Furong Town can't get this title. After the announcement of the results, it was found that only one of the four judges' prediction was valid.

Hypothesis: All three towns can be awarded the title of civilized townships can be inferred based on the information provided.


Premise: Experiential advertising: refers to the advertising method that allows consumers to participate in product trials, feel the product quality, unknowingly accept and trust the product.

Hypothesis: Just add a cosmetics company's WeChat account and send I want to try, and you can get a free trial pack of its new face mask is not experiential ads.


Premise: Karl Polanyi said that if the market mechanism is allowed to become the sole guide of the destiny of mankind, its natural environment, and the amount and use of purchasing power, it will lead to the destruction of society. As far as commodities are concerned, labor cannot be arbitrarily driven and used. Even abandon without affecting the individual who happens to be the bearer of this special commodity. That is to say, when disposing of a person's labor, the system always faces the unity of body, psychology and morality under the title of person.

Hypothesis: The unregulated market lacks moral attributes is the gist of the statement above.


Premise: German discount supermarket chains such as Ardi, Riedel and others have taken advantage of the global food price boom. The German model of discount chain stores is different from ordinary supermarkets, family-owned stores or French farmers' markets. Its stores are usually just 200-300 square meters, narrow aisles, simple packaging, more than 80 percent of the goods are food and beverages, and the price are typically 30 to 50 percent lower than the average supermarket.Analysts say there are several reasons for the German discount chain's dominance in rising food prices. In addition to its Low price advantage. The discount store variety is few, the large-scale purchase pattern causes the new store cost to be very low.

Hypothesis: Over the years, Carrefour and other large supermarkets have their own business model, business philosophy and formed its unique corporate culture weakens the above-mentioned analyst's explanation.


Premise: The faculty of Grey County Public Schools will shortly go on strike unless the school board increases their salary. As the school board president is well aware, however, in order to increase the faculty' s salary, Grey County Public Schools would have to cut some of its after-school programs. So, some of Grey County Public Schools' after-school programs will be cut.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the faculty of Grey County Public Schools will not be going on strike is required for the proper drawing of the conclusion above.


Premise: Put 6 boxes of tea into eight boxes of A, B, C, D, E, F, G and E, four of which have tea. It is known that: (1) there are five boxes of tea in the four boxes A, B, C and D; (2) there are three boxes of tea in the three boxes D,E,F; (3) there are two boxes of tea in the two boxes B,D.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it can be inferred that there are at least 2 boxes in box F.


Premise: In recent years, there has been more and more public discussion about the harm of sugar to health. The data show that the sales of white sugar have dropped significantly. This shows that the public's vigilance against the harmfulness of sugar has led to a decline in the sale of white sugar.

Hypothesis: The option 'In recent years, the price of white sugar has soared due to a sharp reduction in the area of sugarcane planting' most weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: Livestock is a major contributor to climate change, accounting for 18 percent of the greenhouse gas released every year. In addition, livestock accounts for eight percent of global water use, and as much as 70 percent of deforestation is driven by the need for more pastures and feed crops. Dietary changes can dramatically decrease humanity' s environmental footprint, such as adopting a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Deforestation contributes to climate change' most accurately represents the author's conclusion.


Premise: Intuitive thinking refers to the thinking in which the behavior steps and thinking process are not clear and clear, and some guesses, assumptions or judgments are made directly and quickly about some phenomena or problems.

Hypothesis: The doctor quickly made a diagnosis of the disease based on the patient's oral materials is typical intuitive thinking.


Premise: According to the latest research results, one of the major factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is hyperlipidemia. There is indeed an inextricable relationship between the greasy degree of diet and blood lipids, but it is not inevitable. Blood lipids have a metabolic process in the human body, and various nutrients can be transformed into each other in the body. If a person has a strong ability to synthesize blood lipids, even a vegetarian diet will have hyperlipidemia. Vegetarian diet is only helpful to patients with hyperlipidemia. In order to reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, increasing physical exercise on the basis of a reasonable diet is the best way. If not combined with individual characteristics of a blind vegetarian diet, especially long-term excessive vegetarian diet, it may also do harm to health.

Hypothesis: Only eating a vegetarian diet combined with exercise can reduce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases conforms to the context.


Premise: Large and small planets are suspended at the edge of the solar system and are easily affected by the gravity of nearby stars. Researchers calculate that these forces sometimes pull comets out of the Oort Nebula. In this way, they are more likely to be close to the sun. Based on this, the two researchers made two different conclusions: first, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits or expelled them from the solar system; second, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits. or drive them out of the solar system.

Hypothesis: If only one of the above two assertions is true, the conclusion that can be inferred is that Jupiter's gravity pushes them into smaller orbits and drives them out of the solar system.


Premise: A person with a type B lipid profile is at much greater risk of heart disease than a person with a type A lipid profile. In an experiment, both type A volunteers and type B volunteers were put on a low-fat diet. The cholesterol levels of the type B volunteers soon dropped substantially, although their lipid profiles were unchanged. The type A volunteers, however, showed no benefit from the diet, and 40 percent of them actually shifted to type B profiles.

Hypothesis: For at least some of the volunteers in the experiment, the risk of heart disease increased after having been put on the low-fat diet must also be true if the information above is true.


Premise: In the past, the import and export of domestic enterprises could only be settled in US dollars or a third-party currency. During the period from the signing of the contract to the completion of the contract, the change of exchange rate will fluctuate the actual earnings of enterprises. Now the bank has launched RMB settlement business. Since RMB is the local currency of domestic enterprises, the contract pricing is consistent with the main currency of enterprise operation, Before signing the contract, domestic enterprises can effectively understand the transaction cost and income, so as to prevent the exchange rate risk.

Hypothesis: When developing trade with domestic enterprises, overseas enterprises are willing to use RMB as the settlement currency because the value of RMB remains stable is true and is the best prerequisite for the above argument.


Premise: In a party game, one person leaves the room with the understanding that someone else will relate a recent dream to the remaining group. The person then returns and tries to reconstruct the dream by asking only yes-or-no questions. In fact, no dream has been related: the group simply answers the questions according to some arbitrary rule. Surprisingly, the person usually constructs a dream narrative that is both coherent and ingenious.

Hypothesis: The example presented above most closely conforms to the proposition that the presumption that something has order and coherence can lead one to imbue it with order and coherence.


Premise: When he was a child, Jin Yuelin, a late famous logician in China, after hearing that money is like dirt and friends are worth thousands of gold, found that there were logical problems, because they could draw the absurd conclusion that friends are like dirt.

Hypothesis: Money is like dirt and friends are worth thousands of gold are either true or false is one of the options that can be logically inferred if the conclusion that friends are like dirt is not valid.


Premise: The basic ingredients from which cement is made are both cheap and plentiful. Materials as common as limestone and clay will do. Nevertheless, the price of cement is influenced by the price of oil, because turning the basic ingredients into cement in high-temperature kilns uses large amounts of energy.

Hypothesis: Oil is a source of energy for some of the kilns used in the making of cement can be logically inferred from the passage.


Premise: In the process of China's move towards a market economy, we found that the number of policies that need to be changed and adjusted is huge. It can be said that the transformation of the economic system has led to a comprehensive transformation of production policies, distribution policies, and consumption policies, and its impact has even gone far beyond. In terms of economic policy, the influence of the market economy system on public policy has become an important topic of academic discussion.

Hypothesis: The most accurate repetition of the above paragraph of text is: The market economy has had a huge impact on my country's public policy system, and at the same time it has triggered a wide range of social thinking.


Premise: Manager Xing of Fengshou Company needs to conduct market demand research in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces next month. His itinerary needs to meet the following conditions: (1) the first or last survey of Jiangxi Province; (2) the time of the survey of Anhui Province is earlier than that of Zhejiang Province, and only the other two provinces except Fujian Province are surveyed between the two provinces. (3) the timing of the survey of Fujian Province is before or just after the survey of Zhejiang Province; (4) the third survey of Jiangsu Province.

Hypothesis: The fifth survey of Hunan Province can be determined if Anhui Province is the second province for Manager Xing to investigate.


Premise: According to a small-scale study, thin people don't necessarily eat better or exercise more than others. They just get up early and get more sun for a while. The effect of dawn on body mass index is about 20%. The earlier they get up and get in the sun, the lower their body mass index. On the contrary, researchers suggest that if they want to lose weight, they just need to get up early and get in the sun for a while.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Compared with those who adhere to indoor fitness, joggers in the dawn have relatively small weight changes' best illustrates that the above research results are not tenable.


Premise: A bank was stolen and four people, A, B, C and Ding, were detained for trial. The detection results show that the criminal is one of them. A said, C stole it. B said, I didn't steal it. C said, I didn't steal it either. D said,'if B didn't steal it, then I stole it. it has been found out that only one of them is telling lies.

Hypothesis: It was D who stole the bank is true from the above conditions.


Premise: Both A and B walk from the library to the classroom at the same time. A walks half the distance and runs half the distance; B walks half the time and runs half the time. If the two walks, they run at a same speed.

Hypothesis: B arrives at the classroom first.


Premise: In ancient times, four long-term workers speculated on the wealth of a rich man. A said that his money would not exceed 250000 Guan. B said that his money would not exceed 300000 Guan. C said that his money was definitely more than 400000 Guan. D said that his money must not be 500000 Guan. In fact, only one long-term worker was right.

Hypothesis: The rich man's money is between 400000 Guan and 500000 Guan is true to support the above view.


Premise: Critic: Rock music is musically bankrupt and socially destructive, but at least the album covers of rock LPs from the 1960s and 1970s often featured innovative visual art. But now, since the success of digital music has almost ended the production of LPs, rock music has nothing going for it.

Hypothesis: Digital music is not distributed with accompanying innovative visual art is an assumption on which the critic's argument relies.


Premise: Modern science and technology began in the 19th century, when there was an organized, large-scale scientific and technological research units. There are internal and external reasons for this. The internal reason is that science and technology to this period more complex professional. The external cause was a technological revolution.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, the external cause of modern science and technology is greater than the internal cause is correct.


Premise: The modernization of organ administration refers to the democratization of organ administrative concepts, the humanization of rules and regulations and the scientization of management means. Organ administration is the objective need of the development of modern society and the progress of science and technology. It is an important part of economic and social development. Now, the administrative environment has undergone fundamental and epoch-making changes,

Hypothesis: Administrative organs should not be conservative and stagnant. They must develop with the development of the times and change with the changes of the times complements the above best.


Premise: Scientists in the United States have studied the causes of animal hibernation by injecting blood from hibernating ground squirrels into the leg veins of two ground squirrels that had already left hibernation and placing them in a 7  degree cold room. For several days, the two ground squirrels, out of hibernation, went back into hibernation. In June of the same year, blood was taken from the two animals and injected into the leg veins of three active ground squirrels. Although it was summer, the three active ground squirrels went into hibernation again. In July of the same year, five active leg veins were injected from the three animals. When they took blood from hibernating marmots and injected it into active leg veins of ground squirrels, the ground squirrels went into hibernation.

Hypothesis: The blood of marmots and ground squirrels does not cause rejection can be inferred from the above.


Premise: In addition to corporate purchases, the average price of buying a new car that has just left the factory has increased by 30% in the past five years. In the same period, the proportion of the average family budget for the purchase of cars has not changed. Therefore, the average family budget must have increased by 30% in the past five years.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the cost of new cars that have just left the factory has increased by 30% across the country can deduce the above discussion.


Premise: Since Professor Smythe has been head of the department, the most distinguished member of the faculty has resigned, fewer new courses have been developed, student enrollment has dropped, and the reputation of the department has gone down. These facts provide conclusive evidence that Professor Smythe was appointed to undermine the department.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument assumes that because an action was followed by a change, the action was undertaken to bring about that change.


Premise: All the landscape rooms can see the landscape, but it can not see the landscape from the Li Wenbing's house, so the Li Wenbing's house is not a landscape house.

Hypothesis: Sun Wen did not meet the basic conditions because they did not apply for micro-loans, which is similar to the above argument.


Premise: During the month of May, crabs arrive on Delaware' s beaches to lay eggs. Certain shorebirds depend on these eggs for food during their annual spring migration to their northern breeding grounds. Delaware' s crab population has declined recently. This decline, however, poses no serious threat to the migrating shorebird populations: by remaining longer in Delaware, the birds will be able to eat enough crab eggs to allow them to complete their migration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The earlier in the season the shorebirds complete their migration, the more likely they are to breed successfully' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Intrusive thinking refers to some involuntary, recurrent and irregular disturbing thoughts that enter the individual's brain, which can cause a series of adaptive problems and induce negative emotions, including anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypothesis: When Xiaoqiang is in class, there is always a picture of online games in his mind, which makes it difficult for him to calm down and study belongs to intrusive thinking according to the above definition.


Premise: Over the past 12 months, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a thrilling decline, and the average price of the property market has plummeted by 36%. If you take into account the crazy rise of 18 months earlier, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a roller coaster-like dizziness for 30 months. No one knows where the express train ends, and of course no one knows how to get off.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, the statement 'Some people know where the express train ends, but none of them know how to get off' must be false.


Premise: In public speeches, some people talk long and talk endlessly; some people condense their meaning into one sentence, and this sentence is like a heavy stone, stirring up waves in the calm mind of the audience It is commendable and memorable. On October 19, 1936, at the meeting of people from all walks of life in Shanghai to sacrifice Lu Xun, my country's famous journalist, politician, and social activist Mr. Zou Taofen delivered a speech of only 33 words: Not too soon, I would like to commemorate Mr. with one sentence: Many people have fallen without a fight, and Mr. Lu Xun has fallen without a fight.

Hypothesis: The main expression of this text is that the word war contains how much people admire and praise Mr. Lu Xun.


Premise: Letter to the editor: According to last Thursday' s editorial, someone who commits a burglary runs almost no risk of being caught. This is clearly false. Police reports show that at least 70 percent of people who commit crimes are caught. All burglars are criminals, so although some burglars will undoubtedly escape, a large percentage of them will eventually be caught.

Hypothesis: The argument 'Since a large percentage of professional persons have changed their careers, and since career changes require new training, all professional persons who have changed their careers required new training' exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning parallel to that exhibited in the argument that a large percentage of burglars will be caught.


Premise: Jeneta: Increasingly, I' ve noticed that when a salesperson thanks a customer for making a purchase, the customer also says Thank you instead of saying You' re welcome.  I' ve even started doing that myself. But when a friend thanks a friend for a favor, the response is always You' re welcome.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Salespeople do not regard customers who buy from them as doing them a favor' most helps to explain the discrepancy that Jeneta observes in people's responses.


Premise: A survey shows that all parts of our country have provided very favorable conditions for the introduction of foreign capital. However, when acquiring Chinese enterprises, foreign companies require absolute control, refuse to accept non-performing assets, and require to own and limit the original Chinese brands. For example, the largest construction machinery manufacturing enterprise in China has been acquired 85% by an American investment group, and a German company has acquired the leading enterprise of oil pump in China. After a joint venture with a German company for two years, a bearing co., Ltd., the first listed company in China, has become a German exclusive company. therefore

Hypothesis: The most logical way to complete the above discussion is that the introduction of foreign capital on preferential terms is due to the current lack of funds in our country.


Premise: While the number of cod in the North Atlantic has greatly decreased, the number of seals has increased from 1.5 million to about 2.5 million. Some people think that seals are responsible for the reduction of cod, but seals rarely feed on cod, so it is impossible that a large increase in the number of seals has led to a significant decline in the number of cod.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that a large number of seals cause great inconvenience to fishing vessels in the traditional fishing belt of the cod would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Those who have the ability to fully concentrate are always of above-average intelligence. Also, being successfully trained in speed-reading will usually be accompanied by an increased ability to concentrate.

Hypothesis: Many people of above-average intelligence are unable to fully concentrate is a statement that could be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: People should avoid taking the antacid calcium carbonate in doses larger than half a gram, for despite its capacity to neutralize stomach acids, calcium carbonate can increase the calcium level in the blood and thus impair kidney function. Moreover, just half a gram of it can stimulate the production of gastrin, a stomach hormone that triggers acid secretion.

Hypothesis: Doses of calcium carbonate smaller than half a gram can reduce stomach acid more effectively than much larger doses do is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: The introduction of the new drugs into the market is frequently prevented by a shortage of human subjects for the clinical trials needed to show that the drugs are safe and effective. Since the lives and health of people in future generations may depend on treatments that are currently experimental, practicing physicians are morally in the wrong when, in the absence of any treatment proven to be effective, they fail to encourage suitable patients to volunteer for clinical trials.

Hypothesis: The statement "Physicians have an overriding moral and legal duty to care for the health and safety of their current patients" casts most doubt on the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Scientists hypothesized that the end of a certain geological period came about when a cataclysmic meteor impact near the equator caused debris to fly up into the atmosphere, where it was scattered by winds, blocking out the sunlight and abruptly killing off many species. In European rock layers, the fossil record of the boundary layer that marks the end of the period supports this picture of rapid, mass extinction of life. But the boundary layer in the Antarctic is much thicker, so that it appears that the extinction process there lasted a much longer time, contrary to what the hypothesis would have predicted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rock layers in the Antarctic were examined many years after the rock layers in Europe' resolves the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: weeds originally means useless or unbeautiful herbs, while the so-called useful and beautiful actually depend on people's perspective. The word weed is a convenient label with a strong subjective color, so it is not a scientific classification term.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms' is the hypothesis that makes the above conclusion valid.


Premise: Self depletion phenomenon is a phenomenon in which individuals' ability or willingness to conduct voluntary activities decline in the process of long-term work, including the decline in ability or willingness to control the environment, control themselves, make choices and initiate behaviors, and at the same time, job burnout, self depletion but no progress.

Hypothesis: Chen has worked as a deputy director of the magazine for 20 years, and although he has published some personal works, he has not been promoted is self depletion phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: To discover what percentage of teenagers believe in telekinesis -- the psychic ability to move objects without physically touching them -- a recent survey asked a representative sample of teenagers whether they agreed with the following statement: A person' s thoughts can influence the movement of physical objects.  But because this statement is particularly ambiguous and is amenable to a naturalistic, uncontroversial interpretation, the survey' s responses are also ambiguous.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above conforms most closely to the general proposition that responses to surveys are always unambiguous if the survey's questions are well phrased.


Premise: Sediment benchmark refers to the actual allowable concentration of a specific chemical substance in the sediment that does not cause harm to benthic organisms or the quality of the overlying water body. The basic elements of ecological environment quality evaluation. Foreign research on sediment benchmarks began in the 1980s, but a complete and unified sediment benchmark system has not yet been formed. Due to the complexity of the migration, transformation, bioaccumulation process and interface process of pollutants in sediments, there is still a lack of key research methods. Many domestic scientists have done a lot of useful exploration, but the research is still relatively fragmented, and no national competent authority has issued a lake sediment benchmark specification.

Hypothesis: The urgent need to make up for the inadequacy of the existing sediment benchmark system is meant to be illustrated by this text.


Premise: Desire projection: refers to projecting one's own subjective desires on others, believing that other people also regard hope as reality as one's expectations. As a result, they often make wrong evaluations of other people's emotions and intentions, distort others, and cause communication barriers .

Hypothesis: The statement 'The secular people laughed at the madness, but in fact, my heart has been epiphany, but the lay people don't understand it' belongs to desire projection according to the above definition.


Premise: The level of triglycerides in the blood rises when triglycerides are inadequately metabolized. Research shows that patients with blood triglyceride levels above 1 milligram per milliliter are twice as prone to heart attacks as others. Thus, it is likely that consuming large amounts of fat, processed sugar, or alcohol, each known to increase triglyceride levels in the blood, is a factor causing heart disease.

Hypothesis: The statement "Heart disease interferes with the body's ability to metabolize triglycerides" most weakens the argument.


Premise: The scene of mountains is beautiful after the rain, even if no one appreciates it.

Hypothesis: The statement "Beauty is only skin deep" is refuted by the above text.


Premise: Feedforward control is future-oriented and its goal is to prevent deviations before they occur.

Hypothesis: The monitoring system that can track the running index of each machine in real time, allowing the manager to correct errors in time, is feedforward control.


Premise: Scientists in the United States have studied the causes of animal hibernation by injecting blood from hibernating ground squirrels into the leg veins of two ground squirrels that had already left hibernation and placing them in a 7  degree cold room. For several days, the two ground squirrels, out of hibernation, went back into hibernation. In June of the same year, blood was taken from the two animals and injected into the leg veins of three active ground squirrels. Although it was summer, the three active ground squirrels went into hibernation again. In July of the same year, five active leg veins were injected from the three animals. When they took blood from hibernating marmots and injected it into active leg veins of ground squirrels, the ground squirrels went into hibernation.

Hypothesis: If active animals are injected with hibernating animal blood, they can go into a hibernation state is a statement that can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: All etching tools are either pin-tipped or bladed. While some bladed etching tools are used for engraving, some are not. On the other hand, all pin-tipped etching tools are used for engraving. Thus, there are more etching tools that are used for engraving than there are etching tools that are not used for engraving.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'All tools used for engraving are etching tools as well' is necessary for the logical conclusion of the argument.


Premise: It is generally believed that honesty is a matter of personal morality and has nothing to do with others, but personal morality is not only a personal problem, but it will also produce social effects through externalities-the debt that individuals get, Eventually, it may repay to the whole society. From the perspective of institutional economics, a good economic system and governance mechanism should be able to restrain negative externalities, otherwise the economic order may collapse. It is necessary to make the initiators bear their due responsibility through the system and mechanism, rather than letting others or the whole market pay for it.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main point of the passage is that a system is needed to suppress the negative externalities of dishonesty.


Premise: Until recently, the sole electric company in country Y was owned and operated by the government with notoriously poor customer service. Finally, increased pressure by the international community forced country Y to allow private electric companies to operate in country Y. However, because government taxes on outside electric companies have made these companies largely uncompetitive in country Y, the government-owned electric company still has notoriously poor customer service.

Hypothesis: Excellent customer service is not always a prerequisite for a company to survive in country Y must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Evaporative cooling refers to that the liquid absorbs heat in the process of evaporating into gas, so as to reduce the surrounding temperature and play a cooling effect. Evaporative cooling effect refers to that in the social group composed of people with the same purpose or interest, the value of the group is similar to the overall temperature of the liquid. When the members with higher value leave the community, the average value of the community itself will decrease.

Hypothesis: The club never winning a good ranking in the Hip-Hop competition after the head of the club graduated is the evaporative cooling effect according to the definition above.


Premise: American scientist Taylor almost every day ten new ideas, nine and a half of which are wrong, but he did not care, still tireless scientific research, the accumulation of everyday ideas, taylor achieved great success, become the world-famous father of hydrogen bombs.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, it is correct to say that Americans don't care about mistakes.


Premise: The complex modern nation-state system suggests that every backward country trying to rise from weak to strong: the strengthening of national hard and soft power is not a problem of external competition, but a problem of internal straightening out. As long as a country has many internal problems, ignoring the construction of the basic economic mechanism, ignoring the serious choice of the political regime, and obliterating the social and cultural value identity, then such a country will always be in a weak position of nation-state competition, even if it occasionally gets the opportunity to become a great power or even a powerful country, its long-term maintenance capacity is seriously insufficient.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that economy, politics and culture jointly determine national strength.


Premise: Archaeologists found that the adobe brick from the late Yangshao culture had neat edges and no signs of cutting, so they speculated that the adobe brick should have been pressed and molded with wood moulds, while the other five pieces of adobe were sintered and tested that the firing temperature was 850-900 degrees at that time. As a result, archaeologists further speculated that the bricks at that time were first made of clay into adobe using abrasives, and then fired at high temperature.

Hypothesis: The statement "For adobe bricks formed without moulds, their edges are either irregular or have cutting marks" best supports the archaeologist's speculation.


Premise: In the micro world, neutrinos have always been an omnipresent and unpredictable passer-by. Neutrinos are produced in many ways, such as nuclear reaction in stars, supernova explosion, cosmic ray impact with the earth's atmosphere, and even the decay of rocks and other substances on the earth. Although they may be one of the most common particles in our universe. But because of its strong penetration and almost no interaction with other substances, it is the least known of the basic particles.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Humans know very little about neutrinos' is not an accurate understanding of neutrinos.


Premise: Zhang Hong, Li Cong and Wang Min are from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong. Zhejiang people are younger than Li Cong. Zhang Hong is different from Zhejiang people. Wang Min is older than Guangdong People's Congress.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, Zhang Hong is from Jiangsu, Li Cong is from Zhejiang and Wang Min is from Guangdong can be inferred.


Premise: According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems government needs to address, in order of importance, air pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the poll was inaccurate, however, since __ .

Hypothesis: The statement 'Every candidate who was defeated had a strong antipollution record' most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Collective behavior in the form of institutional arrangements and policy guidance. It is just a comprehensive expression of many personal wishes and personal choices. Unless each and every one of us cares about the environment and takes concrete actions, no government will have the incentive (or pressure) to implement environmental policies. Even if the government has formulated sound environmental laws and regulations, if every citizen does not take the initiative to abide by them, then no matter how good the environmental laws and regulations are, they will not achieve the desired results.

Hypothesis: The main point supported by this passage is that every citizen should raise his own environmental awareness.


Premise: Based on the statistics of the number of gas stations owned by a city, it is found that there is not a simple linear relationship between the growth of the total number of gas stations and the growth of the total population of the city, the increase multiple of the former is 0.77 times that of the latter for example, if the total population of a city increases by 10 times, the total number of gas stations will increase to 0.77 times of 10, that is 5.9 times If the population increases 100-fold, the total number of gas stations will increase to 0.77 times the 100-fold, or 34.7 times.

Hypothesis: The inference that the larger the city, the smaller the increase in the number of gas stations can be made from this text.


Premise: Objectively speaking, in order to realize self-driving, it is far from enough to rely on the upgrading of the car itself, and it is also necessary to upgrade the urban road to intelligent management so as to achieve the linkage between the car and the urban transportation system. Cars can have more eyes to observe the surrounding road conditions and discover potential dangers. However, in the current technology and environment is not perfect, driverless cars can not be as accurate as the human brain, can not rush on the road. This is also what self-driving developers should pay attention to. Research and development should be thoughtful rather than radical. After all, whether self-driving can cope with a complex road environment must be tested by a road test.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is whether or not to pass the road test test is the key to autopilot technology.


Premise: Those who silently read TV news and advertising program manuscripts can remember and recall more information than those who watch the TV program itself; If you despise the value principle of a magazine, you can still read it with interest. If this happens to the TV program, you can't watch it and change the channel quickly. In this case, we don't want to spend time on disagreeing views, so it's impossible to reflect. In fact, there will be fewer doubts about everything. If we put the two written records together, it's easy to find inconsistencies, It can even distinguish the difference of authority between information; Comparing two video reports is troublesome. When asked to choose from two conflicting TV reports, the audience either depends on intuition or what they believe before watching.

Hypothesis: Reading text is more helpful for thinking than watching TV is intended to be illustrated by the paragraph.


Premise: Recycling is the best possible way for people to preserve the environment. Recycling conserves finite natural resources, protects forests, and reduces fossil fuel. If recycling achieves a 75% conversion rate, it would be the equivalent of removing 55 million cars from the road per year.

Hypothesis: The statement "Recycling one aluminum can saves the equivalent amount of energy needed to power a television for three hours" most strengthens the argument.


Premise: When a stone is trimmed by a mason and exposed to the elements, a coating of clay and other minerals, called rock varnish, gradually accumulates on the freshly trimmed surface. Organic matter trapped beneath the varnish on stones of an Andean monument was found to be over 1, 000 years old. Since the organic matter must have grown on the stone shortly after it was trimmed, it follows that the monument was built long before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas in 1492.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Andean monument bears a striking resemblance to monuments found in ancient sites in western Asia' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Mayor: Four years ago, when we reorganized the city police department in order to save money, critics claimed that the reorganization would make the police less responsive to citizens and would thus lead to more crime. The police have compiled theft statistics from the years following the reorganization that show that the critics were wrong. There was an overall decrease in reports of thefts of all kinds, including small thefts.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'the mayor's critics generally agree that police statistics concerning crime reports provide the most reliable available data on crime rates' most seriously challenges the mayor's argument.


Premise: Xiao Quesang is a popular word on the Internet, which refers to small and definite depression, a small worry that continues to occur in daily life but cannot get rid of. Some experts have proposed that in the face of Xiao Quesang, people should not accept or endure it helplessly, but should make efforts to turn it into Xiao Quexing. Xiao Quexing is the tiny and real sense of luck and happiness that happens to happen in one's own life that people vaguely expect in their hearts.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang was determined to buy a 5G mobile phone that he had loved for a long time. When he placed an order, he found that the price of the phone was exactly reduced by 500 yuan belongs to Xiaoquexing according to the above definition.


Premise: The sandwich layer refers to groups who are unable to buy houses outside of government guarantees and the market.Some of them do not meet the conditions of low-rent housing but have no money to buy affordable houses, and some are not eligible to buy affordable houses but cannot afford commercial houses.

Hypothesis: Lao Liu used his life savings to buy a second-hand house with three bedrooms and one living room is most likely to be a sandwich layer.


Premise: The WWF report shows that biological species are dying out faster than ever. There are currently 13,000 rhinos in Africa, and the number of such behemoths once reached 1 million on this continent. In Africa, The number of hippos has dropped by 95%, and there are only 1,300 hippos now, and 30 years ago, the number of this pachyderm reached 29,000. At least 800 hippos' teeth and meat are traded in Africa every year.

Hypothesis: The main function of WWF is to pay attention to and protect the earth's biological species is the correct understanding of this paragraph.


Premise: For the ancient Greeks, competitions of various forms and contents were everywhere, and where there was competition, there were rules. Sports competitions have strict and strict competition rules, and referees decide according to the rules on the field. Only in this way can there be winners without any disputes. Behind these activities, how to use good rules to guide competition, regulate competition, make people good, and make society more just is a topic that ancient Greek thinkers are keen to discuss.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the ancient Greeks emphasized the importance of rules in competition.


Premise: If an official from the government environmental protection department wants to speak at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar, he must be a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization. However, the meeting stipulated that as a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization, he is not allowed to be both an official of the government environmental protection department and a speaker at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, then it is also true that among the speakers at this seminar, there are no officials from the government's environmental protection department.


Premise: Some space experts point out that space stations and spacecraft are likely to bring back space microbes, which may have mutated in isolated space and will certainly pose a threat to humans if they return to Earth and escape destruction. It has been reported that the Mir space station was filled with a variety of fungi that could pose a deadly threat to humans if mixed with decomposable metal, glass and plastic bacteria in the earth's soil.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this article is that with the increase of human space activities, space junk has affected human life.


Premise: People's customary behavior patterns in the production and consumption of tea are usually expressed in the form of tea ceremony, tea customs, and tea art. For example, the famous sentence of Song Dynasty poet Du Lei, The cold night guests come to tea as wine, which explains that visitors to tea It is a traditional etiquette in our country; sending tea from thousands of miles expresses nostalgia for relatives; folks used tea as a gift in the old days, called tea ceremony, tea ceremony is called chao, and the ancient proverb said a woman does not eat Two kinds of tea means that the female family no longer accepts the betrothal gifts of other families after receiving the tea ceremony; there are also tea to worship the Buddha, tea sacrifices and so on. As for various places, the tea drinking habits of various ethnic groups are colorful and varied. The tea-drinking methods and tea art procedures are also like a hundred flowers blooming, and the beauty is too beautiful.

Hypothesis: Folk customs related to tea can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Chaco Canyon, a settlement of the ancient Anasazi culture in North America, had massive buildings. <b> It must have been a major Anasazi center. </b> Analysis of wood samples shows that some of the timber for the buildings came from the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, 50 miles from Chaco Canyon. <b> Only a major cultural center would have the organizational power to import timber from 50 miles away. </b>

Hypothesis: The first is a premise used to support the argument's main conclusion; the second is a premise used to support another conclusion drawn in the argument is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the argument given.


Premise: The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes.

Hypothesis: Jin choose fungus and ham can be derived if the narcissus uses potatoes.


Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If D and G are in the same formation, then B is in the first formation.


Premise: There has been a lot of talk about an earthquake recently. One evening, Xiao Fang asked her grandmother, who was enjoying the cool in the courtyard, Grandma, they all said that there will be an earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said, According to my observation, tomorrow is not necessarily an earthquake. Xiaofang said: Then you mean there will be no earthquake tomorrow.Grandma said no. Fang was lost in confusion.

Hypothesis: The sentence 'There's no chance of an earthquake tomorrow' is closest to the meaning of Grandma.


Premise: If Suarez is not the most qualified of the candidates for sheriff, then Anderson is. Thus, if the most qualified candidate is elected and Suarez is not elected, then Anderson will be.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the reasoning that if Kapshaw is not awarded the landscaping contract, then Johnson will be. So if the contract goes to the lowest bidder and it does not go to Johnson, then it will go to Kapshaw.


Premise: Network synergy effect refers to the effect of two or more substances, such as the mutual cooperation of individual enterprises, individual Internet users, or a certain technology, etc., after the interaction between them on the Internet platform.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang updates his daily blog about his life through the Internet is not a network synergy effect according to the above definition.


Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The airliner broke down and no missile shot down the airliner' needs to be added if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline' s fares.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E went to Shanghai to participate in the World Expo together. One day, five people had a dispute over the choice of visitors.D is a fan of the United States and must go to the U.S. Pavilion. C is D's daughter. There was a quarrel, and A was determined not to go with D. In the case of B and E, where there is B, there must be E. In the end, three of the five people visited the U.S. Pavilion.

Hypothesis: C, D, and E visited the U.S. Pavilion.


Premise: Rare earths are a general term for a class of metals with less reserves, which are widely used in cutting-edge technology and military industries. Most of the world's rare earths are produced in China. Since 1998, China has begun to reduce the amount of rare earth mining, control the rare earth export quota, and strengthen the concentration of the rare earth industry. In this regard, some countries accuse China of monopolizing resources, which is extremely destructive to other countries in the world, and demand that China relax its control over the rare earth industry.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At present, on a per capita basis, China is already a country with relatively scarce rare earth resources' is most appropriate to refute these countries' accusations of China.


Premise: Digital control is accurate and efficient; it is not only suitable for simple batch work, but also for complex single-room work; it not only stresses standards and procedures, but also stresses norms and credits. Once the operation violates the designed route, the digital control will automatically respond, and the various links of the command in the working state come to an abrupt halt. The system is to standardize behavior, unify the direction, and improve efficiency. Management relies on systems, such as digital control.

Hypothesis: Without a system, it leads to doing things in their own way, far from or even deviating from the pre-set goals can be derived from this.


Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, among the speakers at this seminar, there are no officials from the government's environmental protection department.


Premise: All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not maintain its exuberant vitality, it will not learn from other civilizations can be inferred.


Premise: As a whole, China plays an important role in the world; but as individuals, many Chinese still feel that they have nothing. The strength of the country and the weakness of individuals make some people psychologically unbalanced, and they feel that they are still living like victims of bullying in the semi-colonial era. Because of this, we need to have a rational understanding of our own state of existence and overcome the narrow victim complex. Otherwise, the rising China will find it difficult to shoulder the responsibilities commensurate with its international status.

Hypothesis: The core meaning of this passage is that Chinese people need to adjust their mental state.


Premise: Companies created through venture capital financing have a lower failure rate than companies created through other sources of financing. It can be seen that financing channels are more important factors for the successful development of a new company than factors such as the entrepreneur's personal qualities, the company's strategic planning or the company's management structure.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When deciding whether to fund a startup, VCs must consider factors such as the entrepreneur's personal qualities, the company's strategic plan, and more' would most strongly weaken the above statement if true.


Premise: Pulford: Scientists who study the remains of ancient historical figures to learn about their health history need to first ask themselves if their investigation is a legitimate scientific inquiry or is motivated by mere curiosity. An investigation into a private matter such as health history is justified only if it is done for the advancement of scientific knowledge. Varela: You forget that curiosity is the root of scientific inquiry. Many great scientific discoveries were motivated by curiosity alone.

Hypothesis: Varela responds to Pulford's argument by contending that Pulford's argument rests on an untenable distinction.


Premise: Meteorologist: The number of tornadoes reported annually has more than doubled since the 1950s. But their actual number has probably not increased. Our ability to find tornadoes has improved, so we' re probably just finding a higher percentage of them than we used to.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of large and medium sized tornadoes reported annually has remained roughly constant since the 1950s' provides the most support for the meteorologist's argument.


Premise: Externalities refer to the beneficial or harmful effects of the production and consumption behaviors of economic agents on the production and consumption behaviors of other economic agents. A positive externality means that the activities of an individual economic agent benefit others or society at no cost to the beneficiaries. Negative externalities refer to the fact that the activities of an individual of economic behavior cause harm to others or society, but the person who causes the negative externality does not bear the cost for it.

Hypothesis: The shrill whistle of a fast-moving train scaring away birds that eat rice in the farmland is a positive externality according to the above definition.


Premise: Attention is the window of knowledge. Without it, the sunlight of knowledge will not come in. That is derived from the experience of a famous scholar, and it vividly illustrates that a high concentration of attention is an important condition of achievements in academics and science.

Hypothesis: The correct option is "Be sure to concentrate when you study."


Premise: Compensation trade refers to a type of trade in which importers purchase foreign technology and equipment and certain raw materials, and agree to repay the goods or labor in installments within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, purchasing consulting services from a foreign company, and paying the full amount three months after the end of the project, is not classified as compensation trade.


Premise: A district conducted a sampling survey on the four streets of Zhongshan, Yangtze River, Meiyuan and Xinghai and ranked them according to per capita income. According to past experience, some people predict the per capita income of the four streets as follows: (1) if Zhongshan Street ranks third, then Meiyuan Street ranks first; (2) if the Yangtze River Street ranks neither first nor second, then Zhongshan Street ranks third; (3) Zhongshan Street is adjacent to Meiyuan Street, but not to the Yangtze River Street. It was learned afterwards that the above forecasts were in line with the survey results.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, the streets of the Zhongshan Street is either the first or the fourth can be inferred.


Premise: The amount of time it takes for most of a worker's occupational knowledge and skills to become obsolete has been declining because of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). Given the rate at which AMT is currently being introduced in manufacturing, the average worker's old skills become obsolete and new skills are required within as little as five years.

Hypothesis: The plan that would allow a company to prepare most effectively for the rapid obsolescence of skills is to ensure that it can offer its employees any training necessary for meeting their job requirements.


Premise: There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.

Hypothesis: If both S and Z are now turned on, then X is turned on and Y is turned off.


Premise: Even the most diligent people in the world cannot finish reading all the books in the world.

Hypothesis: The logical inference from the above statement is that the most diligent person in the world may read all the books in the world.


Premise: Standard antibiotics usually contain only one active ingredient, while herbal antibiotics contain many. Therefore, herbal drugs are more likely to maintain their efficacy against new drug-resistant bacteria than standard antibiotics.For a strain, it is just as difficult for a chef to make a dish that can satisfy dozens of guests at the same time, just as it is difficult for a chef to make a dish that satisfies the taste of dozens of guests at the same time, while it is much easier to make a dish that satisfies the taste of one guest.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that 'depending on the size, the supermarket may need one or three security guards to prevent theft. If a supermarket decides to use three security guards, it must be a big supermarket' is most similar to the one in the above argument.


Premise: New research shows that improving the reflectivity of urban roofs and road surfaces may reduce the temperature of the earth's atmosphere at a very low cost. Although the reduction is small, it can be measured. Because roofs and roads account for more than 60% of the city's surface area, the use of light-colored materials can increase the average reflectivity to a certain extent, reducing the global average temperature by as much as 0.07 degrees Celsius, according to researchers in the Environmental Research report.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the surface of dark materials has strong reflectivity is understood correctly.


Premise: In order to avoid predators and the hot sun, many migratory birds choose to fly at night when they migrate. When they have to fly over some natural geographical barriers such as the Gulf of Mexico, they even fly endlessly for 24 hours. Like humans, long-term lack of sleep can make birds extremely tired and less flexible, which inevitably leads to greater risk when they take a break. However, a new study shows that migratory birds have a clever solution. The scientists observed seven captured Sven's night thrushes and found that the migratory birds that used to fly at night were not completely relaxed during the day and usually had one eye open. Brain waves also showed that only half of their brains were in a standard dormant state.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Your night, my day'.


Premise: After Hearing The Confession is a review system stipulated in the Song Dynasty to prevent unjust, false and wrong cases. It means that if prisoners file a complaint during recording or execution, the case must be analyzed and tried. The different investigation in the Song Dynasty is divided into two forms: the company transfer investigation of the original trial organ and the official transfer investigation. The company transfer investigation refers to that the original trial organ submits the case to another judicial organ at the same level for review It means that the original trial authority reports the case to the superior authority, and the superior authority is responsible for sending officials of another organ irrelevant to the original trial authority for retrial. In this case, officials of the superior authority are often sent to the original trial authority for trial, or the case is transferred to the superior authority for review.

Hypothesis: In the Song Dynasty, the local judicial organs were divided into three levels: Road, state and county. After making a judgment on the case appealed from the county to the state, if the prisoner appealed, the state sent it back to the county for retrial does not belong to After Hearing The Confession according to the above definition.


Premise: When volcanic lava solidifies, it becomes uniformly magnetized in the direction in which the Earth' s magnetic field points. There are significant differences in the direction of magnetization among solidified lava flows from different volcanoes that erupted at different times over the past several million years. Ttherefore, it must be that the direction of the Earth' s magnetic field has changed over time. Since lava flows differing by thousands of years in age often have very similar directions of magnetization, the change in the direction of the Earth' s magnetic field must take place very gradually over hundreds of thousands of years.

Hypothesis: The assumption that not all solidified lava has changed the direction of its magnetization unpredictably is required by the argument that the direction of the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time.


Premise: For the next year, the Chefs' Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers' Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs' Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers' Union.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Chefs' Union is a more powerful union than is the Hotel Managers' Union and is therefore more likely to obtain the salary increases it requests' most strengthens the argument if true.


Premise: According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact that the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'after introducing stricter environmental regulations, many states experienced increased economic growth' provides evidence that most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: In the last few years, a drastic spike in sea temperatures around Prudhoe Bay has caused the eggs of snow crabs to hatch earlier in the year than they had previously. As a result, baby snow crabs are more likely to be caught by deep sea fishing boats, since deep sea fishing boats are more numerous in Arctic waters during the fall season than they are during the winter season.

Hypothesis: The amount of time the deep sea fishing boats spend in water directly above where the snow crabs are likely to hatch is necessary to evaluate the argument.


Premise: In recent years, as tourism exploration has become more and more popular by some people, there are more and more rescue operations. Should we charge for the deployment of public resources to rescue tourism explorers who commit intentional adventures? These issues have also become the topic that everyone is most concerned about. The positive side thinks that it should be charged; the opposite side thinks that it should not be charged.

Hypothesis: If it is true that simple charges cannot help adventurers build up a sense of social responsibility, then this cannot support the positive side's point of view.


Premise: The Rienzi, a passenger ship, sank as a result of a hole in its hull, possibly caused by sabotage. Normally, when a holed ship sinks as rapidly as the Rienzi did, water does not enter the ship quickly enough for the ship to be fully flooded when it reaches the ocean floor. Full flooding can be achieved, however, by sabotage. Any ship that sinks deep into the ocean when not fully flooded will implode. Deep-sea photographs, taken of the sunken Rienzi where it rests on the ocean floor, reveal that the Rienzi did not implode.

Hypothesis: If the Rienzi was not sunk by sabotage, water flooded into it unusually fast must be true on the basis of the information above.


Premise: Criminologist: The main purpose of most criminal organizations is to generate profits. The ongoing revolutions in biotechnology and information technology promise to generate enormous profits. Ttherefore, criminal organizations will undoubtedly try to become increasingly involved in these areas.

Hypothesis: The assumption that any organization whose main purpose is to generate profits will try to become increasingly involved in any technological revolution that promises to generate enormous profits is required for properly inferring the conclusion of the criminologist's argument.


Premise: After receiving numerous complaints from residents about loud, highly amplified music played at local clubs, Middletown is considering a law that would prohibit clubs located in residential areas from employing musical groups that consist of more than three people.

Hypothesis: The likelihood that the law would be effective in reducing noise would be most seriously diminished if much of the music popular at the local clubs can be played only by groups of at least four musicians.


Premise: Irrational refers to the spiritual elements that are not based on rational thinking and the subjective psychological form that cannot be included in the concept of logical thinking in the process of human cognition.

Hypothesis: Archimedes took a bath in the bathtub and was inspired to identify the crown due to overflowing water is an irrational factor.


Premise: Motivation is the reason why people act, it can arouse action, so that the activity points to a certain goal.Depending on the source of the motive, it can be divided into internal motivation and extrinsic motive. Intrinsic motivation refers to the purpose of behavior to experience the joy and satisfaction brought about by the corresponding activities.Extrinsic motivation refers to the purpose of the act in order to obtain other external results or avoid punishment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Zhang's love of his profession and enjoyment of the process of teaching and educating people is most likely to reflect the underlying motivation.


Premise: The cafeteria of a certain elementary school provides a free lunch every day to the entire student body - a significant expense in the school' s annual budget. A vice principal was exploring cost-reducing measures that would not compromise nourishment. A local Italian restaurant offered the school a large number of pizzas at a vastly reduced bulk rate. The pizzas were served one day, and afterward, the vice principal calculated that the cost of the pizza and delivery was slightly more than the average cost of typical cafeteria lunch day. Ttherefore, he concluded that the school could not save money by replacing a day of cafeteria lunch with a day of pizza from this restaurant.

Hypothesis: The statement "Whether pizza provides the same level of nutrition as a typical cafeteria lunch" would be most useful for evaluating the conclusion drawn by the vice principal.


Premise: Symbolic phenomenon refers to two things, A and B, which are not related in ideology. When we use thing A to represent thing B, thing A can be regarded as a symbol of thing B.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the whistle of a sports referee is not a symbolic phenomenon.


Premise: One seminar had 18 participants. It is known that :(1) At least 5 young teachers are female; (2) At least 6 female teachers are over middle age; (3) At least seven young women are teachers;

Hypothesis: If two of the three statements above are true and one is false, there were at least seven young women can be said about the participants.


Premise: During 2003, the number of people in the city of M who received unemployment compensation from the government doubled, even though the number of people in M who did not have jobs and qualified for unemployment remained unchanged.

Hypothesis: The statement 'During 2003, M's program of rent assistance for low-income tenants advertised widely, and then informed all applicants about other assistance programs for which they would be qualified' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Researchers studied 13 cloned sheep, four of which were replicas of Dolly, the world's first somatic cell cloned sheep. The researchers examined the cloned sheep's musculoskeletal, metabolic and blood pressure profiles. The cloned sheep had only mild osteoarthritis, and only one had moderate osteoarthritis, compared with the control group. They have no symptoms of metabolic disease, have normal blood pressure and are relatively healthy. As a result, the researchers note, the cloning of animals aging process is normal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The researchers did not examine the major molecular markers associated with aging' can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: A concurrent sentence is a sentence in which a facultative phrase acts as a predicate or an independent sentence. The concurrent sentence has the following characteristics: first, the predicate of the concurrent sentence is composed of verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases, and the object of verb-object phrases is also the subject of subject-predicate phrases. Second, most of the concurrent sentences have the meaning of causative, so the former predicate in the sentence is mostly served by the causative verb. Third, the predicate in the sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, there is a certain semantic connection between the two verbs before and after the sentence. I asked him to give a report is a concurrent sentence.

Hypothesis: The statement "I went to the library to borrow a book to read" does not belong to a concurrent sentence according to the above definition.


Premise: The new party and government leaders of a county had just been formed and wanted to do something practical for the masses. Faced with limited financial resources, the new leadership has made it clear that only two big things can be accomplished this year. They argue that if you build a country road, you can't build a sewage treatment plant; If a sewage treatment plant is to be built, sewage pipes should be built; If you build a sewer line, you can't build a waste treatment plant.

Hypothesis: Sewage treatment plant and waste treatment plant could not be built at the same time this year, according to the leadership's thinking.


Premise: Lantian jade is a kind of jade sought after by people recently, but its resources are very limited. We should cherish economical use a hundred times, not excessive digging and rough processing because of the petty profits in front of us. After thousands of years of adoption, Hetian jade is nearly extinct, and the Chinese people's cultural complex of valuing jade and loving jade from generation to generation has to be passed on from generation to generation. The mission of Lantian jade is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is that we should develop and utilize Lantian jade resources rationally.


Premise: Pediatrician: Child psychologists recommend that mothers of one-year-olds not only name objects in the immediate environment, but that they include the color of the object, when applicable. For instance, if a mother hands her child a red ball, she should say, This is a red ball.  Nonetheless, even if mothers began to name the color, instead of simply saying, This is a ball,  no real benefit will be conferred to the child, because studies have shown that children under 18-months old do not grasp the notion of color.

Hypothesis: The pediatrician's argument is most vulnerable to the statement that infants who hear words embedded in sentences that have each part of speech present tend to speak sooner than those infants who do not.