Premise: Zhao Mo is an excellent entrepreneur. Because if a person has both the experience of working in well-known universities and research institutions at home and abroad, and the management experience of being a project leader, then he is a good entrepreneur.

Hypothesis: Fengyun enterprise has cohesion because it can guide and help employees to set goals and improve their abilities, similar to the above argument.


Premise: Backyard gardeners who want to increase the yields of their potato plants should try growing stinging nettles alongside the plants, since stinging nettles attract insects that kill a wide array of insect pests that damage potato plants. It is true that stinging nettles also attract aphids, and that many species of aphids are harmful to potato plants, but that fact in no way contradicts this recommendation, because __.

Hypothesis: The statement "insect pests typically cause less damage to potato plants than other harmful organisms do" most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A cup of raw milk, after being heated in a microwave oven to 50 degrees Celsius, contains half its initial concentration of a particular enzyme, lysozyme. If, however, the milk reaches that temperature through exposure to a conventional heat source of 50 degrees Celsius, it will contain nearly all of its initial concentration of the enzyme. Ttherefore, what destroys the enzyme is not heat but microwaves, which generate heat.

Hypothesis: Heating any liquid by microwave creates small zones within it that are much hotter than the overall temperature that the liquid will ultimately reach most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Scientists have discovered a new species of butterfly that lives only in a small region of Central America and is active only at night. During the day, it rests in treetops, where its green color matches the foliage perfectly. Ttherefore, the scientists must have discovered the butterfly at night.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there is no way for the scientists to detect the butterfly during the day is required by the argument.


Premise: In our solar system only one of the nine planets -- Earth -- qualifies as fit to sustain life. Nonetheless, using this ratio, and considering the astonishingly large number of planetary systems in the universe, we must conclude that the number of planets fit to sustain some form of life is extremely large.

Hypothesis: The argument is questionable because it presumes that most other planetary systems in the universe have nine planets without providing justification.


Premise: Kim: In northern Europe during the eighteenth century a change of attitude occurred that found expression both in the adoption of less solemn and elaborate death rites by the population at large and in a more optimistic view of the human condition as articulated by philosophers. This change can be explained as the result of a dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred in northern Europe early in the eighteenth century. Lee: Your explanation seems unlikely, because it could not be correct unless the people of the time were aware that their life expectancy had increased.

Hypothesis: An increase in life expectancy in a population often gives rise to economic changes that, in turn, directly influence people's attitudes provides the strongest defense of Kim's explanation against Lee's criticism.


Premise: A TV advertisement said that grassland green chickens eat grass when they are hungry and grasshoppers when they are greedy, which seems to imply that the nutritional value of this kind of chicken and its eggs is related to the food that this kind of chicken eats.

Hypothesis: The most reliable experimental method to prove the above conclusion is to select chickens of exactly the same breed and grade, half of which are fed on the grassland and half on the non grassland, and then compare their nutritional components.


Premise: Some people who are not educated in college become good writers, while more good writers are educated in college. Excellent writers are sensitive and imaginative people, and only sensitive and imaginative people can write works that touch people's hearts.

Hypothesis: Some sensitive and imaginative writers have not been educated in college must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Businessman: Sales are the most important part of any business. Marketing and communications are never as effective as a strong sales team. Persuasive salesmen can sell as many units of an inferior product as average salesmen with better quality products. Our company should eliminate every department except the sales team.

Hypothesis: The company would be better off with only a sales team is an assumption on which the businessman's argument depends.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The offending driver said to the traffic police, I have something urgent. I didn't see the traffic sign line clearly.' contains a typical subtext.


Premise: Recently discovered prehistoric rock paintings on small islands off the northern coast of Norway have archaeologists puzzled. The predominant theory about northern cave paintings was that they were largely a description of the current diets of the painters. This theory cannot be right, because the painters must have needed to eat the sea animals populating the waters north of Norway if they were to make the long journey to and from the islands, and there are no paintings that unambiguously depict such creatures.

Hypothesis: The cave paintings on the islands were done by the original inhabitants of the islands who ate the meat of land animals weakens the argument against the predominant theory about northern cave paintings EXCEPT.


Premise: Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective ways to prevent and control infectious diseases. Everyone will be vaccinated with a variety of vaccines after birth. Vaccination can enhance the body's resistance, improve its own immunity and resist the invasion of bacteria. Vaccine is a kind of pathogen with low toxicity, and people will produce corresponding antibodies against it after vaccination. When the immune response of the vaccine subsides, the corresponding antibody of the vaccine stays in the body for a long time, while another type of immune cells with memory function will record information about the pathogen. When the human body encounters the same pathogen again, memory immune cells will quickly mobilize the corresponding antibodies that already exist to form an effective defense response.

Hypothesis: It has the function of memory and can replicate immune cells is an option that is uncontextual about vaccines.


Premise: The phenomenon of cashless society has attracted people's attention, mainly due to the rapid development of mobile payment in recent years, covering people's clothing, food, housing and transportation, spreading to the corners of cities and towns, and making some people change the habit of using cash. Actively promoting the construction of a cashless society is of far-reaching significance: first, it will help to lower the threshold of financial services and better promote economic development; second, it will help to reduce and reduce the utilization rate and management costs of cash, and reduce the cost of issuing money. It will also accelerate the flow of funds. Third, it helps to establish an integrity system, identify, prevent and crack down on all kinds of illegal and criminal acts related to cash transactions, bribery and bribery, and effectively curb corruption.

Hypothesis: With regard to a cashless society, the impact on interpersonal relationships is not mentioned.


Premise: A telescopic adaptive control system can perform different control functions according to the model, quantity and sequence of system components. The control system can only be composed of several of the five components A, B, C, D and E in order from left to right, and the combination of components into the control system must comply with the following laws: (1) two or more components can form the control system, and the components of the system can be the same or different; (2) Component A cannot appear on the leftmost side of the control system; (3) If component B exists in the system, it appears more than once; (4) In the control system, C can neither be the last component nor the penultimate component; (5) As long as component a appears, component B must appear; (6) If e is the last component, component B must appear.

Hypothesis: The control system can perform 2 functions if it consists of three identical components.


Premise: A researcher studying corporate executives found that they tend to have take charge personalities, with the predominant traits of assertiveness, decisiveness, and self-confidence. The researcher concluded that people who are more take charge than the average person are more likely to become corporate executives.

Hypothesis: Some people who are not executives have stronger take charge personalities than some people who currently serve as corporate executives most seriously weakens the researcher's conclusion.


Premise: there may be 7000 Messi hidden among the Chinese people, some foreign media said of the talent potential inspired by the football reform plan. But only to find stars and train professional players as the yardstick, on the contrary, it deviates from the true meaning of campus football. Let football really take root, depends on the children's sense of achievement, happy football is more vitality than elite football.

Hypothesis: Only by stripping off the utilitarianism of football and imperceptibly implanting interest, can campus football have the potential for development is the most accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: Columnist: Although there is and should be complete freedom of thought and expression, that does not mean that there is nothing wrong with exploiting depraved popular tastes for the sake of financial gain.

Hypothesis: The judgment 'People who produce depraved movies have the freedom to do so, but that means that they also have the freedom to refrain from doing so' conforms most closely to the principle cited by the columnist.


Premise: Xiao Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xiao Zheng three, one is a worker, one is a farmer, a person is an intellectual. Xiao Zheng is known to be older than intellectuals. Zhou is of different age than farmers. The farmer is younger than Wu Xiao.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhou is a worker, Xiao Wu is a farmer, and Xiao Zheng is an intellectual is correct based on the above.


Premise: President of Central Supply Company: Profits are at an all-time low this fiscal year because of decreased demand for our products. If this situation continues, the company may have to declare bankruptcy. So it is important to prevent any further decrease in profits. Consequently, the only options are to reduce planned expansion or to eliminate some less profitable existing operations.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the company president's reasoning is that it does not take into account that there may be other ways to stop the decrease in profits.


Premise: Anthony: It has been established that over 80 percent of those who use heroin have a history of having used marijuana. Such evidence would seem to prove that smoking marijuana definitely leads to heroin use. Judith: Maybe smoking marijuana does lead to heroin use, but it is absurd to think that citing those statistics proves that it does. After all, 100 percent of the people who take up heroin had a previous history of drinking water.

Hypothesis: Judith's reply to Anthony's argument relies on demonstrating that Anthony's line of reasoning is flawed by showing that such reasoning can lead to clearly false conclusions.


Premise: Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena.

Hypothesis: In ancient times, river specifically refers to the Yellow River, but now it can also refer to other rivers belongs to semantic generalization.


Premise: Alia: Hawthorne admits that he has influence with high government officials. He further admits that he sold that influence to an environmental interest group. There can be no justification for this kind of unethical behavior. Martha: I disagree that he was unethical. The group that retained Hawthorne' s services is dedicated to the cause of preventing water pollution. So, in using his influence to benefit this group, Hawthorne also benefited the public.

Hypothesis: Alia and Martha disagree on whether the consequences of Hawthorne's behavior can ethically justify that behavior.


Premise: Pancake people are intellectuals who are proficient in everything. Instead of focusing on a particular area of interest, they strive to acquire some basic knowledge in various fields.Their love of money reading is extremely dependent on search engines, lack of thinking and imagination, and their noodles are as big as pancakes, but there is no heavy knowledge deposit.The ability to obtain scarce information in a short period of time in the information age, especially the positive side, but it is also easy to make people reluctant to delve into a subject.

Hypothesis: Pancake Man is keen to cover a wide range, but does not require a good explanation.


Premise: There are circumstances in which it is not immoral to make certain threats, and there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or some other favor. Ttherefore, there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or a favor while making a threat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is healthful to take drug A for a headache, and it is healthful to take drug B for a headache; therefore, it is healthful to take drug A together with drug B for a headache' exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Scientists in the United States have studied the causes of animal hibernation by injecting blood from hibernating ground squirrels into the leg veins of two ground squirrels that had already left hibernation and placing them in a 7  degree cold room. For several days, the two ground squirrels, out of hibernation, went back into hibernation. In June of the same year, blood was taken from the two animals and injected into the leg veins of three active ground squirrels. Although it was summer, the three active ground squirrels went into hibernation again. In July of the same year, five active leg veins were injected from the three animals. When they took blood from hibernating marmots and injected it into active leg veins of ground squirrels, the ground squirrels went into hibernation.

Hypothesis: If active animals are injected with hibernating animal blood, they can go into a hibernation state can be inferred from the above.


Premise: At present, the use of electronic products has become a major trend. Many children and adolescents are used to learning and entertaining on the Internet, and it is more difficult to prevent and control myopia. To protect the eye health of children and adolescents, we should change the concept of emphasizing treatment and neglecting prevention. To achieve early detection and early intervention, we should adhere to the prevention and control strategy of coordinated medical treatment and prevention, and carry out visual health services covering the whole life cycle. Myopia of children and adolescents is a public health problem. We must start with health education, take public health services as the starting point, cultivate the independent health behavior of children, adolescents and parents, and actively promote popular science knowledge to prevent the visual health of myopia in children and adolescents.

Hypothesis: Limit the online learning time of students on campus is not covered in the article as an option for protecting the eye health of children and adolescents.


Premise: All the Wei gatherers were not the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and some of the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not the descendants of Guzhu.

Hypothesis: All the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not Wei gatherers is the conclusion drawn in the argument.


Premise: The purpose of a crime refers to the mental attitude of the criminal who wants to achieve a certain endangering social result by committing a criminal act. The purpose of the crime directly reflects the content of the criminal intention and is the specific direction of the criminal motive.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A committed murder for his brothers, and it was A's criminal purpose to consolidate friendship is a correct statement.


Premise: Oral registration system means that when going through the formalities of registration of individual industrial and commercial households, the applicant does not need to fill in the form in person, he only needs to dictate all kinds of information, check and confirm, and then get the business license on the spot.

Hypothesis: The option 'Mr. Wang is going to apply for a business license for a sports equipment store. He found out the application procedure from the Internet, came to the registration office of the district market supervision and administration department the next day, briefly answered several questions, and soon the business license was ready' belongs to the oral registration system.


Premise: If absolute fairness is implemented, it will inevitably lead to distribution according to work; If distribution according to work, there will be inequality between the rich and the poor; Only by equalizing the rich and the poor can absolute fairness be implemented.

Hypothesis: Absolute fairness must be implemented is not a complete or correct statement. It is unclear what the question is asking or what the answer is referring to. Additionally, the use of the word "So" without context or explanation does not make sense in this context. It would be better to rephrase the question and answer in order to create a complete and accurate statement.


Premise: Targeted sales refers to a marketing method in which merchants sell products to specific customers at prices lower than similar products in the market for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In order to achieve sales performance in the first quarter, a food production company carried out online and offline promotion activities at the same time at the industry's low price, and sales volume increased sharply' is targeted sales.


Premise: The makers of Activite, a natural dietary supplement, claim that it promotes energy and mental alertness. To back up their claim, they offer a month' s supply of Activite free to new customers. Clearly, Activite must be effective, since otherwise it would not be in the company' s interest to make such an offer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are less expensive dietary supplements on the market that are just as effective as Activite' most weakens the argument.


Premise: There are about 75 brands of microwave popcorn on the market; altogether, they account for a little over half of the money from sales of microwave food products. It takes three minutes to pop corn in the microwave, compared to seven minutes to pop corn conventionally. Yet by weight, microwave popcorn typically costs over five times as much as conventional popcorn. Judging by the popularity of microwave popcorn, many people are willing to pay a high price for just a little additional convenience.

Hypothesis: If the statements in the passage are true, more money is spent on microwave food products that take three minutes or less to cook than on microwave food products that take longer to cook.


Premise: The public is well aware that high blood cholesterol levels raise the risk of stroke caused by blood clots. But a recent report concludes that people with low blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of the other lethal type of stroke -- cerebral hemorrhage, caused when a brain artery bursts. The report suggests that because blood cholesterol plays a vital role in maintaining cell membranes, low blood cholesterol weakens artery walls, making them prone to rupture. The conclusion thus supports a long-standing contention by Japanese researchers that Western diets better protect against cerebral hemorrhage than do non-Western diets.

Hypothesis: The argument is based on the assumption that Western diets result in higher blood cholesterol levels than do non-Western diets.


Premise: As long as every judicial link can adhere to procedural justice and earnestly perform the function of the supervision system, the closure rate will be greatly increased. Last year, the closure rate of a country increased by 70% compared with the previous year. Therefore, every judicial link of the country was able to adhere to procedural justice last year and effectively perform the function of supervision system.

Hypothesis: Li Ming was excellent in both moral and academic performance during his time at school, but he did not get a scholarship, so he may not be able to get a scholarship when he was in school is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: The transfer of the right to use assets refers to the behavior of the owner of the asset temporarily transferring the right to use the asset to others in order to obtain relevant benefits, but not to transfer the ownership of the asset.

Hypothesis: A company is responsible for the construction of a smart city in a city using a self-developed operating system at a price of 50 million yuan per year does not belong to the transfer of the right to use assets according to the above definition.


Premise: A person' s intake of refined sugar and of foods that break down into sugars during digestion is the dietary source of virtually all of the glucose (a type of sugar) that reaches that person' s bloodstream. Coffee, however, which itself does not break down into sugars during digestion, sometimes causes a person' s blood-glucose level to rise dramatically, even if the coffee is consumed without cream or any sweeteners.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People with sedentary office jobs are more likely to drink large amounts of coffee and to have higher blood-glucose levels than are people with jobs requiring constant physical activity' best helps to explain coffee's effect on blood-glucose levels as it is described above.


Premise: Travel industry consultant: Several airlines are increasing elbow room and leg room in business class, because surveys show that business travelers value additional space more than, say, better meals. But airlines are overconcerned about the comfort of passengers flying on business; they should instead focus on the comfort of leisure travelers, because those travelers purchase 80 percent of all airline tickets.

Hypothesis: A far greater proportion of an airline's revenues is derived from business travelers than from leisure travelers, if true, most weakens the reasoning in the travel industry consultant's argument.


Premise: Consumer magazine: Because front-loading washers use less water than top-loading washers, ordinary powder detergent does not dissolve readily in front-loading washers. So, to get clothes really clean in a front-loading machine you need to use a detergent formulated especially for front-loading washers, instead of ordinary powder detergent.

Hypothesis: A laundry detergent does not get clothes really clean in a washer unless it dissolves readily in it is an assumption required by the argument in the consumer magazine.


Premise: Tax incentives refer to the government's use of a variety of methods in the tax system design and tax collection and management process to induce the behavior choices of microeconomic entities through the adjustment of tax burdens, and encourage taxpayers to occur or not, participate or not to participate in certain economic behaviors, in order to achieve the government's strategic goal of coordinated social and economic development.

Hypothesis: Give tax preferences to those taxpayers who have suffered severe natural disasters such as wind, fire, water, earthquakes, etc. is not a tax incentive according to the above definition.


Premise: A recent study of several hundred female physicians showed that their tendency to develop coronary disease was inversely proportional to their dietary intake of two vitamins, folate and B6. The researchers concluded that folate and B6 inhibit the development of heart disease in women.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The foods that contain significant amounts of the vitamins folate and B6 also contain significant amounts of nonvitamin nutrients that inhibit heart disease' would, if true, most weaken the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Right to equality refers to the right of citizens to enjoy their rights equally without any unreasonable differential treatment and require equal protection from the state.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A married daughter asked to inherit her father's inheritance with her brother' is a violation of the right to equality according to the above rights.


Premise: The law of tea production in the world is red in the south and green in the north, that is, only high quality black tea can be produced in lower latitudes (such as India and Kenya), while high quality green tea can be produced in relatively high latitudes (25  degree~ 30  degreenorth latitude). The international price of green tea has always been higher than that of black tea. The quality of green tea in India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the main tea producing countries, is not high. Since the 1970s, the above three countries began to change red to green in an attempt to occupy the international green tea market, all of which ended in failure. China's famous green tea is mainly distributed in mountainous areas. with rich rural labor resources and low labor costs, the development of green tea industry has obvious comparative advantages.

Hypothesis: Chinese green tea has competitive strength in the international market is consistent with the original text.


Premise: A public service advertisement suggest that drinkers should wait until they are safe to drive. However, a hospital survey found that people questioned immediately after drinking underestimated how long it would take them to regain their driving ability. The results show that many people who drink before driving have difficulty following the advice of the advertisement.

Hypothesis: "Compared with the respondents outside the hospital, the respondents in the hospital had a more conservative estimate of their abilities" most strongly supports the above argument if the following statements are true.


Premise: The public square was an important tool of democracy in days past because it provided a forum for disparate citizens to discuss the important issues of the day. Today, a person with Internet access can discuss important issues with millions of people across the nation, allowing the Internet to play the role once played by the public square. Hence, we should ensure that Internet users have at least as much freedom of expression as did people speaking in the public square.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the Internet is more often used to discuss important issues than to discuss frivolous issues is required by the argument.


Premise: Zhang, Wang and Zhao work in the same department. One of them is the director, one is the secretary and one is an engineer. It is known that Wang, Zhao is taller than the engineer, Secretary is shorter than Wang, Zhang and secretary are not the same height.

Hypothesis: Zhang is the engineer, Wang is the director, and Zhao is the secretary can be inferred.


Premise: Although most people know what their bad habits are and want to rid themselves of them, a majority of these people find it very difficult to do so. This is because cessation of habitual behavior is immediately and vividly painful, while whatever benefit is to be gained by the absence of the habit is perceived only dimly because it is remote.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the statement that the people who are most successful at ending their bad habits are those who can vividly imagine remote but attainable benefit.


Premise: The pay gap between senior managers reflects the way different parts of a company work. If the gap is large, it encourages competition between sectors and individual performance; If the gap is small, it encourages inter-departmental cooperation and collective performance. The various departments of 3M work in a cooperative way, so ______________

Hypothesis: The statement "Working in a competitive manner improves the efficiency of all departments" is the most appropriate conclusion to the above argument.


Premise: Raphaela: Forcing people to help others is morally wrong. Ttherefore, no government has the right to redistribute resources via taxation. Anyone who wants can help others voluntarily. Edward: Governments do have that right, insofar as they give people the freedom to leave and hence not to live under their authority.

Hypothesis: Raphaela and Edward disagree about the truth of the statement 'Any government that permits emigration has the right to redistribute resources via taxation.'


Premise: Tony: A short story is little more than a novelist' s sketch pad. Only novels have narrative structures that allow writers to depict human lives accurately by portraying characters whose personalities gradually develop through life experience. Raoul: Life consists not of a linear process of personality development, but rather of a series of completely disjointed vignettes, from many of which the discerning observer may catch glimpses of character. Thus, the short story depicts human lives more faithfully than does the novel.

Hypothesis: The dialogue most supports the claim that Tony and Raoul disagree about whether human lives are best understood as series of completely disjointed vignettes.


Premise: In the past century, North America has shifted its main energy source first from wood to coal, then from coal to oil and natural gas. With each transition, the newly dominant fuel has had less carbon and more hydrogen than its predecessor had. It is logical to conclude that in the future the main energy source will be pure hydrogen.

Hypothesis: If each step in a series of changes involves a decrease of one attribute of the thing undergoing the change and an increase of another, the series will terminate with the first attribute eliminated and only the second attribute present expresses a general principle that could underlie the argument.


Premise: Although many seventeenth-century broadsides, popular ballads printed on a single sheet of paper and widely sold by street peddlers, were moralizing in nature, this is not evidence that most seventeenth-century people were serious about moral values. While over half of surviving broadsides contain moralizing statements, and it is known that many people purchased such compositions, it is not known why they did so, nor is it known how their own beliefs related to what they read.

Hypothesis: Some seventeenth-century ballad sellers also sold sermons printed in pamphlet form if true, most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The last two sentences of Li Bai's Singing on the river said: Fame and wealth exist for a long time, and the Han Water should also flow to the northwest. The Han Water, also known as the Han River, originated in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, flowing southeast through Xiangyang, Hubei Province, to Hankou and into the Yangtze River.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, if the Han River can flow to the northwest, then fame and wealth will always be there is most in line with Li Bai's point of view.


Premise: An economist pointed out that if polluting industries are transferred from developed countries to developing countries, developed countries will benefit from the improvement of their natural environment; although the environment of developing countries is polluted, they will be compensated in terms of solving employment problems and increasing taxes. As a result, the situation on both sides has improved, resulting in an increase in overall global welfare.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis discussed by the economist is that polluting industries can generate more profits in developing countries than in developed countries.


Premise: The outstanding mathematician Chen Jingrun studied Goldbach's conjecture day and night for decades. Yao Xueyin, a famous writer, gets up at 3 am every morning, writes hard, reads books in the afternoon, studies historical materials, and works more than ten hours a day. Young woman Zhang Wenshu, who spends all her spare time on self-study of Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and dermatology, has become an expert in the treatment of skin diseases.

Hypothesis: All successful people rely on their own hard work and concentrate on their own research directly supports this view.


Premise: All art criticism is political because all art has political implications. Clearly, the critic who chooses to address overtly an artwork' s political implications is engaged in political discourse. But those critics who attempt a purely aesthetic evaluation of a work, and ttherefore ignore the work' s political implications, necessarily, though perhaps inadvertently, end up endorsing the politics of the artist.

Hypothesis: Art criticism that is intended to evaluate a work on purely aesthetic grounds never ends up rejecting the politics of the artist whose work is under review must also be true if the statements above are all true.


Premise: Experts in the United Kingdom who study various types of mental catatonia have found that more and more people will experience varying degrees of discomfort after using the Internet. According to a sample survey of 10,000 people who frequently go online, they admit that they feel irritable and annoyed after going online. The number has reached one-third; and 44% of Internet fans under the age of 20 admit to feeling irritable and nervous after surfing the Internet. Psychologists believe that there indeed exist some kind of Internet mania.

Hypothesis: The least likely cause of Internet Mania is due to the dramatic increase in the number of Internet users and congested channels, where you have to wait a long time to visit a busy website.


Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion to the above argument is that the gap in compensation for senior managers at 3M is large.


Premise: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding and Wu travel by high-speed rail, and they happen to be sitting in the same row of seats A, B, C, D and F. It is known that: (1) if one of Jia or Yi sits in Block C, Bing sits in block B; (2) if Wu sits in block C, Ding sits in block F.

Hypothesis: If Ding is sitting in block B, then Bing sits in seat C is correct.


Premise: The dismissal of a civil servant: refers to the act or fact of the employment department or unit of the state agency, in accordance with the law, dismissing its job relationship with the staff under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Wang, a civil servant, must be dismissed because he was absent from work for a total of 30 days in less than a year, and had to leave the unit according to the relevant regulations of civil servants.


Premise: Essayist: When the first prehistoric migrations of humans from Asia to North America took place, the small bands of new arrivals encountered many species of animals that would be extinct only 2, 000 years later. Since it is implausible that hunting by these small bands of humans could have had such an effect, and since disease-causing microorganisms not native to North America were undoubtedly borne by the new arrivals as well as by the animals that followed them, these microorganisms were probably the crucial factor that accounts for the extinctions.

Hypothesis: Human beings generally have a substantial degree of biological immunity to the diseases carried by other species, if true, most weakens the essayist's argument.


Premise: Scientists found that men who underwent the same surgery and took the same painkillers experienced less pain relief and were less effective for less time than women.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the expression according to the above text is that men are less able to tolerate pain than women.


Premise: Nick: The Pincus family and their construction company have supported our university financially for decades. The university should not give the contract for building its new library to the family' s main competitor. Doing so would be disloyal to a friend of the university. Pedro: Accepting a donation does not oblige the university to give the donor any special privileges. If it did, then it wouldn' t really be a charitable contribution. We should award the contract to whatever company makes the most competitive bid.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Nick and Pedro disagree over whether the university should be more grateful to donors with a long history of financial support than to new donors.


Premise: Medical research has shown that chronic fatigue syndrome is definitely not the product of mental or emotional disorders, but is instead completely caused either by immunologic or genetic factors. Yet, other medical research has found that a large percentage of patients treated for chronic fatigue syndrome are also treated for depression and anxiety.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Patients with chronic medical conditions often subsequently develop depression and anxiety' helps explain the information presented above.


Premise: Scientists hypothesized that the end of a certain geological period came about when a cataclysmic meteor impact near the equator caused debris to fly up into the atmosphere, where it was scattered by winds, blocking out the sunlight and abruptly killing off many species. In European rock layers, the fossil record of the boundary layer that marks the end of the period supports this picture of rapid, mass extinction of life. But the boundary layer in the Antarctic is much thicker, so that it appears that the extinction process there lasted a much longer time, contrary to what the hypothesis would have predicted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It was recently discovered that Europe accumulated sediment at a slower rate than did the Antarctic region, so that a layer of sediment of a given thickness represents a longer period of time in Europe than it does in the Antarctic' resolves the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: when the economy of a region is depressed, many people lose their jobs, so they reduce the cost of living, resulting in more people losing their jobs and leading to the deterioration of the economy. The economy was deteriorating and prices finally hit rock bottom. Low prices stimulate people to increase the consumption of life, and the increase in consumption leads to the improvement of the economic situation. Li Ming: if people lose their jobs, they will not be able to increase their consumption and have no money to buy goods other than the necessities of life. Therefore, if prices hit rock bottom, it will not lead to an improvement in the economic situation.

Hypothesis: Even in the extreme deterioration of the economy, the unemployed must continue to buy necessities of life such as food will most weaken Li Ming's rebuttal to Zhang Qiang.


Premise: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has observed that <b> almost all provisional arrests meet the standards for adequacy of evidence that the watch commanders enforce </b>. The expert has ttherefore recommended that because <b> the officers' time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted </b>, the watch commander' s approval no longer be required. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders' standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

Hypothesis: In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play the role of a finding introduced to support the main conclusion of the editorial and the main conclusion itself.


Premise: A physically active lifestyle has been shown to help increase longevity. In the Wistar region of Bellaria, the average age at death is considerably higher than in any other part of the country. Wistar is the only mountainous part of Bellaria. A mountainous terrain makes even such basic activities as walking relatively strenuous; it essentially imposes a physically active lifestyle on people. Clearly, this circumstance explains the long lives of people in Wistar.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Wistar region is one of Bellaria's least populated regions' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are brothers and sisters of a family. It is known that A is a boy with three sisters; B has a brother and a brother; C is a girl with a sister and a sister; D is the oldest of all; E is a girl, but she has no sister; He has neither brother nor sister.

Hypothesis: From the above description, D is a woman can be drawn as a conclusion.


Premise: A theory is either true or false. Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Ttherefore, since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory.

Hypothesis: The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable assumption that the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false.


Premise: A deposit is a certain amount paid in advance by one party to the contract to the other party in accordance with legal provisions or agreements in order to prove the establishment of the contract and guarantee the performance of the contract.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the payment of 1 million yuan by the printing and dyeing factory to Aetna Trading Company as good faith to perform the contract is a deposit.


Premise: Modern hot pot was first introduced into the Central Plains with the northern nomads and gave birth to different shapes. Beijing instant-boiled meat hot pot, mutton is as thin as paper, eat hot pot tender. Yunnan fungus hot pot, mushroom sweet and delicious, eat hot pot fragrance. Chaoshan beef hot pot, beef balls succulent, eat is tough. Hot pot is the most concentrated embodiment of the Chinese people's yearning for reunion. However, no one can compare with Chongqing people's love of hot pot. In the mountain city, there are more than 20,000 hot pot restaurants and one out of every 30 people in Chongqing is engaged in a hot pot-related career. The meeting of pepper and chilli is not only the flint collision between taste buds and nerves, but also the transoceanic gathering between Asia and America.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The main reason why people like to eat hot pot is the yearning for reunion' is inconsistent with the meaning of the original text.


Premise: Anthony: It has been established that over 80 percent of those who use heroin have a history of having used marijuana. Such evidence would seem to prove that smoking marijuana definitely leads to heroin use. Judith: Maybe smoking marijuana does lead to heroin use, but it is absurd to think that citing those statistics proves that it does. After all, 100 percent of the people who take up heroin had a previous history of drinking water.

Hypothesis: Judith's reply to Anthony's argument relies on undermining the credibility of his conclusion by showing that it is a statement from which absurd consequences can be derived.


Premise: Erosion refers to the process in which external forces such as wind, water, glacier and wave change the ground rocks and their weathering materials under the state of motion. Erosion can be divided into mechanical and chemical denudation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an erosive action is when water in the rock alternates between freezing and thawing, expanding as it freezes and driving wedges into the rock mass, causing the rock to collapse.


Premise: Major emergencies are serious crisis events that occur in a state of emergency. It includes sudden natural disasters, major sudden industrial accidents and catastrophic accidents, major sudden social disruption accidents and major sudden political crises.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, social unrest, election crisis, and coup are not classified as major sudden social disruption accidents.


Premise: In recent years, the state has made efforts to reduce drug prices from the production, circulation and sales of drugs. However, many patients feel puzzled that, on the one hand, the national policy to reduce drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many common drugs are rising.

Hypothesis: There is an increase in demand for commonly used imported drugs, and relevant policies are unable to control price increases for such drugs best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: Before the final of the men's team division of the World Table Tennis Championships, the coach of country S was lining up. If the No. 4 player is in good competitive condition and the injury has healed, then let the No. 4 player play; only when the No. 4 player cannot play, will the No. 6 player play.

Hypothesis: If player No. 6 is present in the final, then it must be true that if the No. 4 player has recovered from his injury, then his competitive form is not good.


Premise: Psychologists divide human intelligence into crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence. Crystal intelligence refers to cognitive ability based on learned experience, which is greatly affected by acquired experience. It is mainly manifested in the ability to use existing knowledge and skills to absorb new knowledge and solve new problems. These abilities generally do not decline with age. Fluid intelligence is a cognitive ability based on physiology, It decreases with age

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, 'Ms. Wang's father is unique in the field of Qing history research. Ms. Wang has been influenced since childhood, has a strong ability to control words, and has published several novels' does not belong to crystal intelligence.


Premise: Once people habitually engaged in conversation; now the television competes for their attention. When the television is on, communication between family members stops. Where there is no communication, family ties become frayed and eventually snap. Ttherefore, the only solution is to get rid of the television.

Hypothesis: The statement "Once friendships thrived on shared leisure time. But contemporary economic pressures minimize the amount of free time people have and thus jeopardize many friendships" is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: A, B, and C have three balls, one is red, one is blue, and the other is yellow. C is bigger than the yellow ball, A and the blue ball are not the same size, and the blue ball is smaller than C.

Hypothesis: A is red, B is blue, and C is yellow can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Honesty plays an important role in Chinese Confucian philosophy. It is the category of heaven and humanity. In terms of the way of heaven, honesty is the noumenon, attribute and function of the universe, as well as the life and power of the universe. Mencius said, 'He who is most sincere and immovable has not yet been; Not sincere not to move also. From the aspect of humanity, honesty is the criterion of moral life and the supreme value goal. Xunzi pointed out: Honesty of the husband, the gentleman to defend also, and the foundation of the government. Confucianism raises honesty to the height of political affairs to recognize, and its political ethics also plays a warning role in contemporary times.

Hypothesis: Persevere and keep moving forward is good faith.


Premise: Shell oil company ranks first in the total net profit of 500 major companies in the world for three consecutive years, mainly because it has a lot of international business.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the profits of oil companies with the same scale as Shell but less international business are lower than shell" best supports the above statement.


Premise: Many of the presidents and prime ministers who have had the most successful foreign policies had no prior experience in foreign affairs when they assumed office. Although scholars and diplomats in the sacrosanct inner circle of international affairs would have us think otherwise, anyone with an acute political sense, a disciplined temperament, and a highly developed ability to absorb and retain information can quickly learn to conduct a successful foreign policy. In fact, prior experience alone will be of little value to a foreign policymaker who lacks all three of these traits.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements above are true, then it must be true that prior experience in foreign affairs is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a president or prime minister to have a successful foreign policy.


Premise: Pollution-free vegetables refer to vegetables that use biological control measures such as microbial pesticides and agricultural antibiotics and chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue to comprehensively control vegetable diseases and insect pests, so that the pesticide residue is lower than the allowable edible standard stipulated by the state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, microbial pesticides must be used in pollution-free vegetables.


Premise: The purpose of advertising is to convince consumers that the goods they buy are good value for money, and no merchant will deliberately emphasize the high price of their products.

Hypothesis: Advertisements can persuade consumers to buy goods that are cheap best reinforces the above assertion.


Premise: In modern society, although the number of marriages based on the premise of economic security and material comforts is rapidly decreasing, money decides everything and money worship is still deeply rooted in some people's minds. In modern society where love and marriage are free, parents still try to interfere in their children's marriage. Family background, educational background and working conditions are still the main reference factors. We can't help thinking: can money decide everything? Of course not. What is the most likely conclusion to be drawn from this passage?

Hypothesis: The most likely conclusion to be reached is that in order to have a good marriage, we should have a correct view of marriage and attitude towards marriage.


Premise: In the Hartshorn Building, most but not all of the third-floor offices are larger than any office on the second floor. The fourth-floor offices are all larger than any office on the second floor. However, all the second-floor offices are larger than any office on the first floor.

Hypothesis: Some third-floor offices are not as large as the smallest fourth-floor offices must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Donna claims to have found the museum' s current exhibition of bronzes from Benin less interesting than many of the other exhibitions recently put on by the museum. According to all the critical reviews, however, the Benin exhibition is more interesting than any other exhibition that the museum has put on in years. Ttherefore, Donna' s claim must be false.

Hypothesis: The argument 'Morris claims to have seen the famous fire at the Charles Theater. According to all the news reports, however, that fire took place in 1982 and Morris was out of the country during all of 1982. Morris's claim, therefore, must be false' contains flawed reasoning that is most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Anselm of Canterbury (1033 -- 1109) was a medieval theologian. According to Anselm' s ontological argument for the existence of God, accidental beings are all those things -- essentially all sense objects -- whose non-existence could be imagined without inherent contradiction, and necessary beings are those things whose existence is guaranteed precisely by what they are. Because accidental beings could not have guaranteed that they ever would come into existence, there must be a necessary being upon whom all the accidental beings depends to bring them into existence; and this necessary being Anselm identifies with God, who ttherefore clearly must exist.

Hypothesis: In our modern analysis, this eleventh century argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it makes a distinction that presupposes the truth of the conclusions that is to be established.


Premise: Archaeologists from the University of York and the University of Manchester in England have found the remains of a human house with a history of more than 10,000 years in Starka, North Yorkshire. Dating results show that it is a round wooden hut about 3.5 meters high, which existed in 8500 BC and is at least 500 years earlier than the oldest house previously found in Britain. Archaeologists also found a wooden platform and the trunk of a well-preserved tree nearby. In addition, they also found ornaments of processed antlers, indicating that people at that time already had some ceremonial activities.

Hypothesis: Only when ceremonial activities are held will the ornaments of processed antlers appear, which can best support the above point of view.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: The company with assets mortgaged with all the personal property of the shareholders is a personal company according to the above definition.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: The statement "Xiao Zhao's salary is not high, but his monthly financial condition is relatively good, indicating that Xiao Zhao is good at financial management" resembles the most to the above.


Premise: In an experiment testing whether hyperactivity is due to a brain abnormality, the brain activity of 25 hyperactive adults was compared to the brain activity of 25 adults who were not hyperactive. The tests revealed that the hyperactive adults had much less brain activity in the premotor cortex, a region of the brain believed to control action, than did the nonhyperactive adults. The experimenters concluded that diminished activity in the premotor cortex is one cause of hyperactivity.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the nonhyperactive adults in the study had children who suffer from hyperactivity' most undermines the conclusion drawn by the experimenters.


Premise: The airport' s runways are too close to each other to allow simultaneous use of adjacent runways when visibility is poor, so the airport allows only 30 planes an hour to land in poor weather; in good weather 60 planes an hour are allowed to land. Because airline schedules assume good weather, bad weather creates serious delays.

Hypothesis: Airlines using the airport base their schedules on the assumption that more than 30 planes an hour will be allowed to land at the airport is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: The restoration of ancient books is a very practical work, if you can not get in touch with ancient books, even if you have learned the relevant knowledge, it is difficult to improve the practical ability. Although the restoration of ancient books can be regarded as a skill, it requires literature, bibliography, and even background knowledge of science and engineering such as materials and chemistry to work better and requires a higher level of education. Libraries, museums and other recruitment units usually have high academic requirements for candidates for the restoration of ancient books, requiring bachelor's degree or above, but at present, the academic education of ancient books restoration major in our country is mainly higher vocational college education. This makes the talent needs of cultural and cultural institutions can not be met, and people with some practical skills are useless.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the cultivation of talents for the restoration of ancient books is seriously out of touch with the actual needs.


Premise: The Titanic sank in a sea of ice. As many as 1503 people were killed and only 704 were rescued. Survivors agreed to hold a rally in Lausanne, Switzerland, every 10 years to commemorate the event. At the party, Reed Paine recalled her husband affectionately when he sent her to a lifeboat. She didn't want to live alone and clung to her husband so helplessly that he knocked her unconscious with a fist. When she woke up, she was sitting in the boat. In return for her late husband's affection, she never remarried. Mrs. Smith recalled: at that time, my two children had been carried into the lifeboat, because of overload, I could not go on board. Out of maternal love, I shouted, Let me on board, the child can't do without a mother! Hearing this, a lady who had been on the boat left her seat, returned to the Titanic and pushed me into the boat. In an instant, the ship sank and the lady didn't even leave her name.

Hypothesis: Lobsang rally is not correct.


Premise: In Zululan, South Africa, a rhino is poached every 17 hours. The Operation of the Flying Rhino carefully selected 114 white rhinos and 10 black rhinos from the Umm Floch Reserve and airlifted them to a secret area in South Africa to protect the rhinos in the hope that the rhinos can reproduce and grow here naturally in order to avoid the extinction of rhinos caused by poaching.

Hypothesis: Residents living near the new home of the rhino will not poach for the feet of expensive rhinos is not the assumption of the flying rhino.


Premise: From politics, economy to daily life, from globalization to regional revival, from practical technology to discourse expression, many problems and crises are closely related to the factor of space, which is manifested  in the from of earthquake and tsunami disaster, the border armed conflict , the collapse of the real estate industry, road congestion, and increasingly fierce space and other various forms.

Hypothesis: The increase in population brings many spatial problems is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Engineers are investigating the suitability of Wantastiquet Pass as the site of a new bridge. Because one concern is whether erosion could eventually weaken the bridge' s foundations, they contracted for two reports on erosion in the region. Although both reports are accurate, one claims that the region suffers relatively little erosion, while the other claims that regional erosion is heavy and a cause for concern.

Hypothesis: The statement 'One report focuses on regional topsoil erosion, while the other report focuses on riverbank erosion resulting from seasonal floods' most helps to explain how both reports could be accurate.


Premise: All laundry detergents contain surfactants, which can harm aquatic life. However, the environmental effects of most ingredients in laundry detergents, including most of those in so-called ecologically friendly detergents, are unknown. Ttherefore, there is no reason to suppose that laundry detergents advertised as ecologically friendly are less damaging to the environment than other laundry detergents are.

Hypothesis: Laundry detergents that are advertised as ecologically friendly contain much lower amounts of surfactants, on average, than do other laundry detergents most weakens the argument.


Premise: Of the various food containers made of recycled Styrofoam, egg cartons are among the easiest to make. Because egg shells keep the actual food to be consumed from touching the Styrofoam, used Styrofoam need not be as thoroughly cleaned when made into egg cartons as when made into other food containers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are some foods that cannot be packaged in recycled Styrofoam no matter how the Styrofoam is recycled' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: A newspaper with a very large circulation actually ceased publication. The reason is that its readers are older men with low socioeconomic status. This group of people has low spending power, so the advertising effect is very unsatisfactory, which makes advertisers lose confidence in it. Without advertisers, it can no longer run.

Hypothesis: Circulation is not the only condition for newspapers to strive for advertising revenue can be inferred.


Premise: The 2010 Shanghai World Expo is an unprecedented event, with more than 200 national pavilions and enterprise theme pavilions. College student Wang Gang decided to visit the World Expo on the second day of his summer vacation. The night before last, he specially went online to check the netizens' suggestions on the selection of relevant popular venues. Among them, three attracted Wang Gang most: (1) if you visit the Saudi Arabia Pavilion, you won't visit the Oil Pavilion. (2) The Petroleum Museum and the China National Pavilion are optional. (3) Not both the China National Pavilion and the Petroleum Museum. In fact, Wang Gang had a very tight schedule for the World Expo the next day. He did not accept any of the above three suggestions.

Hypothesis: Saudi Arabia Pavilion, petroleum Pavilion and China National Pavilion were not visited is correct.


Premise: Human skin gives off an array of gaseous substances, including carbon dioxide and lactic acid, both of which attract mosquitoes. However, neither of these two substances, whether alone or combined with one another, will attract mosquitoes as much as a bare human arm will, even in complete darkness, where a mosquito has no visual cues. Ttherefore, some other gaseous substance given off by human skin also attracts mosquitoes.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument requires the assumption that mosquitoes are not attracted to humans by body heat.


Premise: Since Professor Smythe has been head of the department, the most distinguished member of the faculty has resigned, fewer new courses have been developed, student enrollment has dropped, and the reputation of the department has gone down. These facts provide conclusive evidence that Professor Smythe was appointed to undermine the department.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed because it fails to distinguish between a decline in quantity and a decline in quality.


Premise: Last year, Mayor Stephens established a special law-enforcement task force with the avowed mission of eradicating corruption in city government. The mayor' s handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting a dozen city officials. Since all of these officials were appointed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens' predecessor and longtime political foe, it is clear that those being prosecuted have been targeted because of their political affiliations.

Hypothesis: All of the members of the anticorruption task force had other jobs in city government before the task force was formed most weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: In the past, we have always stressed that rural public utilities are run by farmers and rural collective organizations themselves, and the state's public services are not tilted to rural areas. Therefore, the gap in the development of public utilities between urban and rural areas is very large, and the outstanding problems are the lack of infrastructure and the obvious lag in the development of education, culture, health and other social undertakings. In recent years, the state has implemented the six small projects in rural areas, with an investment of more than 28 billion yuan in 2004, including part of the funds for road construction, and the appearance of rural infrastructure has indeed been improved to a certain extent. National investment in rural education and health is increasing, but the gap is still very large.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis in this passage is that there is a big gap in the development of rural public utilities.


Premise: Between 1980 and 2000 the sea otter population of the Aleutian Islands declined precipitously. There were no signs of disease or malnutrition, so there was probably an increase in the number of otters being eaten by predators. Orcas will eat otters when seals, their normal prey, are unavailable, and the Aleutian Islands seal population declined dramatically in the 1980s. Ttherefore, orcas were most likely the immediate cause of the otter population decline.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most of the surviving sea otters live in a bay that is inaccessible to orcas' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Independent travel refers to the travel that you design your own route, arrange everything on your own, and make use of the convenience brought by modern civilization without being bound.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, independent travel refers to the tour route of the travel agency, making appropriate adjustments, and driving by yourself.


Premise: Since the reform and opening up, the structure of China's family has gradually changed from a large family of several generations to a nuclear family dominated by a family of three. In many cases, raising children and doing housework are difficult to solve through the division of labor within the family and need to seek help in the market. At the same time, with the improvement of people's living standards, the previous extensive child-rearing of adding a pair of chopsticks and a bowl is no longer feasible, and people's demand for high-level domestic service is becoming more and more normal. In particular, with the continuous emergence of new business models represented by Internet + and chain operation, the purchase of domestic service can be completed with the flick of a finger on the mobile phone, which brings a great opportunity for the development of the domestic service industry.

Hypothesis: The option 'Internet promotes the rapid development of domestic service industry' is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: At a time when the Japanese economy was dominating the world, many entrepreneurs flocked to the art market, searching for Western Impressionist works. Later, with the bursting of the economic bubble, the purchasing power of Japanese art plummeted, and the classic works of those artists, like giant ships on the waves, were still motionless, while those ordinary works were small sampans, vulnerable in the wind and rain, and their owners were inevitably destroyed.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is 'Don't blindly follow the trend when buying works of art'.


Premise: Very little is known about prehistoric hominid cave dwellers. However, a recent study of skeletons of these hominids has revealed an important clue about their daily activities: skeletal fractures present are most like the type and distribution of fractures sustained by rodeo riders. Ttherefore, it is likely that these cave dwellers engaged in activities similar to rodeo riders -- chasing and tackling animals.

Hypothesis: If direct evidence as to the cause of a phenomenon is available, then indirect evidence should not be sought is the principle that most helps to justify the argumentation above.


Premise: Many newspapers have cut back on book reviews, replacing them with other features that, according to focus group research, are of greater interest to potential readers. Such a move is ill-advised. Though meant to increase readership, it actually decreases readership by alienating loyal readers while catering to casual readers who are more likely to watch television than pick up a newspaper.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument is that the newspapers should not have cut back on book reviews.


Premise: A group of unusual meteorites was found in Shergotty, India. Their structure indicates that they originated on one of the geologically active planets, Mercury, Venus, or Mars. Because of Mercury' s proximity to the Sun, any material dislodged from that planet' s surface would have been captured by the Sun, rather than falling to Earth as meteorites. Nor could Venus be the source of the meteorites, because its gravity would have prevented dislodged material from escaping into space. The meteorites, ttherefore, probably fell to Earth after being dislodged from Mars, perhaps as the result of a collision with a large object.

Hypothesis: The argument derives its conclusion by eliminating competing alternative explanations.


Premise: American scientist Taylor almost every day ten new ideas, nine and a half of which are wrong, but he did not care, still tireless scientific research, the accumulation of everyday ideas, taylor achieved great success, become the world-famous father of hydrogen bombs.

Hypothesis: Based on the above materials, Americans don't care about mistakes is correct.


Premise: Happiness is people's subjective and joyful physical and mental state. It is also a multi-level experience process brought by the well-being and satisfaction state formed by the cognition and experience of the existence world.

Hypothesis: A person has the greatest satisfaction with health, family, income, occupation, society and natural environment is not called happiness according to the above definition.


Premise: Car accidents that happen at excessive speeds are more likely than other car accidents to result in fatalities. However, the majority of accidents that happen at excessive speeds do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address car accidents at excessive speeds as being distinct from other kinds of car accidents.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in which overweight people are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than other people. However, more than half of all overweight people never develop heart disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients.


Premise: Since the sealed test paper is so fair to the college entrance examination, why do Fan Zhongyan, Su Song and others oppose it? However, just as Bao Zheng refuted Fan Zhongyan, it is difficult to verify a person's actual virtue, not to mention that the examiner may not be able to take people with public interest. They either take advantage of their elegance, hand in hand, love or hate, or be forced by the situation, or bribe. It is easy to do unfair things. It is still imperative to seal the college entrance examination papers in order to maintain the public means of college entrance examination.

Hypothesis: The author wants to express that college entrance examination paper sealing is a more reasonable system through the above words.


Premise: A payment order is a procedure applied by the people's court to urge the debtor to give a certain amount of money or securities to the creditor on time according to the creditor's application. The payment order does not need to go through trial procedure and will only be enforced if the debtor does not raise any objection or  not pay during the legal period.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, on the application of the Power supply Bureau, the court issued an order to the unit that defaulted on the electricity bill to pay all the electricity bill within 15 days are payment orders.


Premise: Palestine is preparing to apply for membership in the United Nations in September 2011, and has won the support of 40 countries. If the United States uses its veto power in the Security Council to prevent Palestine from entering the United Nations, it will ignite anti-American sentiment in the entire Arab world. If the United States does not use its veto power, it will offend Israel and make Obama lose some voters who support Israel.

Hypothesis: The United States will not offend Israel, but it will ignite anti-American sentiment throughout the Arab world must be true if the above statements are true.


Premise: First of all, an individual in Chinese society lives naturally in a network that he cannot choose. His joys and sorrows, his successes and failures are always embedded in his social network and difficult to enjoy alone. That is to say, when he does not intend to have a social network, others are morally his potential resources, and he is also a user of others, whether he likes it or not.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the importance of social networks to the Chinese.


Premise: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.

Hypothesis: We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: In recent years, with the continuous increase in the number of IT manufacturers, the competition in the IT market has become increasingly fierce. Users of IT products require not only the choice of the product itself, but also the choice of good service has become an important factor in the purchase decision of users.Survey data show that for high-tech products, such as computers, users are willing to spend 10% more on services and good goods of the same quality.

Hypothesis: Users are willing to spend more money on IT products can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Multimedia teaching: in the teaching process, according to the characteristics of teaching goals and teaching objects, through teaching design, rational selection and use of modern teaching media, and organic combination with traditional teaching methods, jointly participate in the entire teaching process, and use multiple media information for students, form a reasonable teaching process structure to achieve the most optimized teaching effect.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhu Xuelin answering course-related questions for students through video calls is not classified as multimedia teaching.


Premise: Standard antibiotics usually contain only one active ingredient, while herbal antibiotics contain many. Therefore, herbal drugs are more likely to maintain their efficacy against new drug-resistant bacteria than standard antibiotics.For a strain, it is just as difficult for a chef to make a dish that can satisfy dozens of guests at the same time, just as it is difficult for a chef to make a dish that satisfies the taste of dozens of guests at the same time, while it is much easier to make a dish that satisfies the taste of one guest.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that "An electric current passes through a wire like a stream of water through a pipe. Because the flow of the large diameter pipeline is larger than that of the small diameter pipeline, the thicker wire carries more electricity than the thin wire" is most similar to the one in the above argument.


Premise: Reason is the most reliable tool when people need to make reliable judgments to decide how to act in complex situations. Irrational tools, such as hunches and habits, are often used, but resorting to reason is undoubtedly the easiest way to succeed when it matters a lot, or when success or failure depends on the judgment you make. We already have some reasonable methods that have been tested for a long time, which can be used to determine what is appropriate and which is true, and we have a series of established principles that guide us to draw inferences from what we know.

Hypothesis: The main meaning expressed in the passage is that reason is the most reliable tool for people to make judgments.


Premise: A, B the editorial department of both newspapers have a special proofreading staff. Last year, there were some written errors in newspaper A, and there were no written errors in newspaper B. Therefore, in last year's proofreading work, the school staff of newspaper B is more effective than the work of the school clerk of newspaper A.

Hypothesis: The number of text errors is the standard to evaluate the effectiveness of proofreaders is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: Finnish author Jaakko Mikkeli was accused by Norwegian author Kirsten Halden of plagiarizing a book that she had written and that had been published 20 years before Mikkeli' s. The two books, although set in different periods and regions, contain enough plot similarities to make coincidental resemblance unlikely. Mikkeli' s defense rests on his argument that plagiarism was impossible in this case because Halden' s book has been published only in Norwegian, a language Mikkeli does not understand, and because no reviews of Halden' s book have ever been published.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there is a common European myth to which both authors referred subconsciously in the books in question is required by the argument in Mikkeli's defense.


Premise: The whole society should form a firewall to resist the bad information on the network. Network cultural products directly face the public, whether operators operate illegally, the audience is the first to know, the most have the right to speak. To supervise the network culture industry, we should rely on the masses and mobilize the masses. We should improve the reporting system of the masses, build a strict social supervision network, so that there is no hiding place for illegal acts in the development of the network culture industry, guide and educate the broad masses of netizens to enhance their identification ability and keep a clear head in the face of all kinds of network cultural products. do not be deceived, do not go astray; help netizens improve their moral cultivation, build iron walls ideologically, and consciously resist bad information spread through the network.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the supervision of the network culture industry should rely on the strength of the masses.


Premise: A research institution conducted a 10-week weight loss test. Participants lost an average of 9 kg, the middle-aged group lost an average of 13 kg, and the youth group lost an average of 7 kg. The researchers attributed the difference in weight loss between the two groups a that the middle-aged group weighed more than the youth group before the test.

Hypothesis: There are more participants in the youth group than in the middle-aged group is a conclusion that can be drawn from the information provided.


Premise: Oral registration system means that when going through the formalities of registration of individual industrial and commercial households, the applicant does not need to fill in the form in person, he only needs to dictate all kinds of information, check and confirm, and then get the business license on the spot.

Hypothesis: Mr. Wang is going to apply for a business license for a sports equipment store. He found out the application procedure from the Internet, came to the registration office of the district market supervision and administration department the next day, briefly answered several questions, and soon the business license was ready belongs to the oral registration system.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are on duty. Each person is on duty for one day from Monday to Friday. Requirements: B is in front of D and E, and C cannot be on Tuesday. There is exactly one day between A and D.

Hypothesis: On Wednesday, B is on duty and the five people on duty are unique.


Premise: All criminal acts will be sanctioned by the criminal law, some illegal acts are criminal acts, and Huang Tao's acts are illegal acts.

Hypothesis: Some illegal acts will be punished by criminal law if the above assertion is true.


Premise: There is no doubt that minors smoking should be banned. However, we cannot explicitly prohibit the use of vending machines in order to prevent minors from smoking. This kind of ban is like setting up roadblocks on the roads in order to prohibit driving without a license. These roadblocks undoubtedly prohibit unlicensed driving, but it also blocks more than 99% of licensed drivers.

Hypothesis: To evaluate the above argument, the most important question to answer is 'How much inconvenience does the prohibition of using vending machines bring to adult cigarette buyers?'.


Premise: Some office decided to send cadres in the office, and set up by the party commission office, personnel department, employment department composed of cadres in Xinjiang recommended group, also set zhao mou, Li Mou, Zhou Mou three recommended candidates. Party commission office, personnel department, employment department three departments respectively put forward their recommendations: Party commission office: Zhao mou, Li Mou can only go to one. Personnel department: if not selected zhao mou, not selected zhou Mou. Employment department: only not selected li mou or Zhao mou, just selected Zhou Mou.

Hypothesis: Selecting zhou mou, do not selecting Zhao mou and Li Mou can satisfy the three departments at the same time.


Premise: During the period of frequent earth tectonic activities, the new ocean basins around Africa, South America and Europe began to expand, creating new spaces. A large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacted with photosynthetic organisms, and the dead organisms were then buried in seabed sediments, forming shales rich of carbon element. The carbon in the atmosphere is fixed and the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, reducing the greenhouse effect and lowering the global temperature. This is a very important consequence for marine life. So some scientists believe that  there would be the consequence whether the global climate gets cold or warm.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Global warming will lead to a crisis of marine life. Scientists found that a similar crisis had occurred in marine life during the global cooling period 260000 years ago' can best support scientists' judgment if it is true.


Premise: When people experience throbbing in their teeth or gums, they have serious dental problems, and if a dental problem is serious, it will be a problem either of tooth decay or of gum disease. Ttherefore, since throbbing in the teeth or gums is a sign of serious dental problems, and neither Sabina' s teeth nor her gums are throbbing, Sabina can be suffering from neither tooth decay nor gum disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If a person is interested in either physics or chemistry, then that person would be wise to consider a career in medicine. Yolanda, however, is interested in neither physics nor chemistry, so it would not be wise for her to consider a career in medicine' contains an error of reasoning most similar to that made in the argument above.


Premise: The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person' s lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.

Hypothesis: Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream is an assumption on which this argument depends.


Premise: Technological innovation refers to the first application of a new technology or invention in production and the establishment of a new production or supply function in the production system in the theory of economic development, introduce a new combination of production factors and production conditions. Economics emphasizes that technological innovation has the characteristics of non-exclusiveness, uncertainty, marketability and systemicity.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, launching a low alcohol wine on the market and achieving excellent market returns after a long period of formula testing belongs to technological innovation in the field of economics.


Premise: Political struggle is a form of political conflict. It refers to the antagonistic interaction between various political subjects based on their own interest requirements to realize specific rights, revolving around public political power.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a man bargaining with a pedlar on the street is not political struggle.


Premise: Radial keratotomy (RK), a surgery that is designed to reshape the cornea so that light focuses correctly on the retina, is supposed to make eyeglasses or contact lenses that correct for nearsightedness unnecessary. Yet a study of patients who have undergone RK shows that some of them still need to wear glasses or contact lenses.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above EXCEPT: As the eye heals from an operation to correct nearsightedness, it may in fact overcorrect, causing the person to be farsighted.


Premise: An old man said to a young man, criticism and insult are just like mud. You see, the mud spots on my coat were splashed just across the road. It would have been very bad to wipe it at that time, so we had to wait until the mud was dry before dealing with it.  However, any metaphor is lame. If the mud spot becomes paint and the coat becomes glass, according to the logic of the above analogy, it will be counterproductive. Life provides us with all kinds of logic, they are different from each other, and maybe they will fight. And what kind of logic we pursue depends on ourselves.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Heterozygous logic'.


Premise: If squirrels eat from a bird feeder, it will not attract many birds. However, squirrels eat from a bird feeder only if it lacks a protective cover. So a bird feeder will not attract many birds if it does not have a protective cover.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which the argument 'If a tire's pressure is too low, the tire will wear out prematurely. But tire pressure will become too low only if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly. So a tire will wear out prematurely if the car owner neglects to check the pressure regularly.'


Premise: In many bird samples, it is first discovered that the predator's bird makes a warning call, so the flock of birds disperses. There is a theory that the calling bird saves its companion by attracting attention to itself, that is, to Self-sacrifice for the benefit of the flock.

Hypothesis: The statement that the shouting bird wants to find a safer position but cannot break the original formation privately because it would attract the attention of a predator most directly weakens the conclusion.


Premise: There are more users of the cable TV pay channels in city X than in city Y, so citizens of city X are more aware of international current affairs than citizens of city Y.

Hypothesis: The statement that the cable TV pay channels in city X are all entertainment programs weakens the above argument.


Premise: For the past several years, a certain technology has been widely used to transmit data among networked computers. Recently two data transmission companies, Aptron and Gammatech, have each developed separate systems that allow network data transmission at rates ten times faster than the current technology allows. Although the systems are similarly priced and are equally easy to use, Aptron' s product is likely to dominate the market, because __.

Hypothesis: It is easier for users of the current data transmission technology to switch to Aptron's product than to Gammatech's most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Xiao Yan was looking at a shoe in the shopping mall and was struggling to decide whether to buy black or white. Xiaofang, a good friend of mine, said: You can ask the teller whether black has the highest sales volume or white has the highest sales volume. Don't you know?

Hypothesis: The option "Xiao Wang is going to give his girlfriend a lipstick. I don't know whether her girlfriend likes the color number 001 or the color number 006. Colleague Xiaolin suggested that you can check which color number is the most popular on the Internet and choose which one" is most similar to the question-and-answer approach in the stem.


Premise: <b> In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. </b> Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators, that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, <b> in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered </b>.

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence, and the second boldfaced portion is the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Numerous paintings and engravings representing warfare can be found in remains of all civilizations going back to and including the Neolithic period, when agriculture was first developed. However, no paintings or engravings of warfare are found dating from before the Neolithic period. Ttherefore, warfare must have first developed as a result of the transition to an agricultural society.

Hypothesis: There was no warfare prior to the period in which paintings and engravings of warfare were first created is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Professional sense refers to the subjective construction of an individual's occupation and the cognition and feelings associated with professional characteristics, often including the sense of meaning and value of professional roles, Whether the profession is fun and attractive. Professional identity is divided into process professional identity and state professional identity. Process professional identity refers to the process of identifying one's professional role gradually developed from one's own experience; Status professional identity refers to an individual's current recognition of his occupation.

Hypothesis: As a policeman, Lao Zhang has always kept in mind the principle of maintaining public safety for decades belongs to process professional sense according to the above definition.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: According to this arrangement, Zhao and Sun probably will not attend the meeting in the end.


Premise: With the development of science and technology, man-machine communication has become a reality. The key is brain computer interface (BCI) technology. The so-called BCI is to connect the information system between the brain and the computer, so that the brain can communicate directly with the computer. Brain computer interface can transfer information from the brain to the computer, and from the computer to the brain.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a swimmer putting on a set of high-tech headphones to concentrate and avoid obstacles through mind control balls does not belong to BCI technology.


Premise: Human intelligence is not possible without human emotions. A computer is something that can never have emotions, so for that reason alone a computer will never be able to display intelligence.

Hypothesis: A computer could have emotions only if it could display intelligence is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue. But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestion. Providing enough roads or public transportation to the area would cost far more than the city could gain from the increased tax revenue.

Hypothesis: If added to the city's plan, funding construction of new roads to the waterfront with a system of tolls on the new roads to the waterfront would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes.


Premise: Most economists believe that reducing the price of any product generally stimulates demand for it. However, most wine merchants have found that reducing the price of domestic wines to make them more competitive with imported wines with which they were previously comparably priced is frequently followed by an increase in sales of those imported wines.

Hypothesis: An increase in the demand for a consumer product is compatible with an increase in demand for a competing product most helps to reconcile the belief of most economists with the consequences observed by most wine merchants.


Premise: After the warming of the climate, the grain production in the middle and high latitudes increased, but only in the tropics and sub-tropics,and the grain production declined, especially in Africa and Latin America. Hunger and malnutrition will increase in the world's poorest regions and cause a decline in immunity, increasing people's susceptibility to disease.

Hypothesis: The impact of global warming on food production in Africa and Latin America is higher than the world average can be inferred.


Premise: Reduction to Absurdity refers to a method not directly denying an absurdity, but first assuming its truth, and then deriving the absurd result based on the absurdity, and deducing the absurdity of the problem from the absurdity of the result, thus directly denying the argumentation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "Once, a British female reporter read the works of Qian Zhongshu, a master of literature, and admired Qian Zhongshu very much. She insisted on meeting him. On the phone, Qian Zhongshu said to the lady: If you eat an egg, think It tastes good, that's enough, why bother to know the hen who laid the egg" cannot be included in reduction to absurdity.


Premise: As for Einstein, in addition to his theory of relativity, he also had philosophical thoughts on science, social governance, cultural issues and incisive remarks, which are sometimes absent from the popular science which traditionally only pays attention to the dissemination of specific scientific knowledge. It cannot be said that this is not a regrettable thing.

Hypothesis: Einstein's philosophical theory deserves more attention is the most appropriate summary of this passage.


Premise: Critic: Emily Dickinson' s poetry demonstrates that meaning cannot reside entirely within a poem itself, but is always the unique result of an interaction between a reader' s system of beliefs and the poem; and, of course, any two readers from different cultures or eras have radically different systems of beliefs.

Hypothesis: If the critic's statements are true, A reader's interpretation of a poem does not evolve over time.


Premise: A computer with signature recognition software installed-this software is restricted to those whose signature is in the document accessing the computer-not only by analyzing the shape of the signature, but also by analyzing characteristics such as pen tip pressure and signature speed to identify someone's sign. Even the most clever counterfeiter cannot replicate all the features analyzed by the program.

Hypothesis: No one can get into the computer where the software is installed just by forging signatures can be logically drawn from the above paragraph.


Premise: It has been argued that the immense size of Tyrannosaurus rex would have made it so slow that it could only have been a scavenger, not a hunter, since it would not have been able to chase down its prey. This, however, is an overly hasty inference. T. rex' s prey, if it was even larger than T rex, would probably have been slower than T. rex. The claim that T.

Hypothesis: Rex could only have been a scavenger, not a hunter, is offered as evidence in support of a hypothesis that the argument concludes to be false.


Premise: Taxi drivers, whose income is based on the fares they receive, usually decide when to finish work each day by setting a daily income target; they stop when they reach that target. This means that they typically work fewer hours on a busy day than on a slow day.

Hypothesis: The facts described above provide the strongest evidence against the statement that people who are paid based on their production work more efficiently than those who are paid a fixed hourly wage.


Premise: Dobson: Some historians claim that the people who built a ring of stones thousands of years ago in Britain were knowledgeable about celestial events. The ground for this claim is that two of the stones determine a line pointing directly to the position of the sun at sunrise at the spring equinox. There are many stones in the ring, however, so the chance that one pair will point in a celestially significant direction is large. Ttherefore, the people who built the ring were not knowledgeable about celestial events .

Hypothesis: The failure of cited evidence to establish a statement is taken as evidence that statement is false is an error of reasoning in Dobson's argument.