Premise: Researcher: People who participate in opinion surveys often give answers they believe the opinion surveyor expects to hear, and it is for this reason that some opinion surveys do not reflect the actual views of those being surveyed. However, in well-constructed surveys, the questions are worded so as to provide respondents with no indication of which answers the surveyor might expect. So if a survey is well constructed, survey respondents' desire to meet surveyors' expectations has no effect on the survey' s results.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the researcher's argument is questionable because it overlooks the possibility that the answers of opinion-survey respondents can be influenced by beliefs about the surveyor's expectations even if those beliefs are unfounded.


Premise: International economic law is the general term of international law and domestic law that regulate the relationship between countries, international organizations, legal persons and natural persons engaged in transnational economic exchanges.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that 'international economic law includes both international law and domestic law' is wrong.


Premise: The retail price of decaffeinated coffee is considerably higher than that of regular coffee. However, the process by which coffee beans are decaffeinated is fairly simple and not very costly. Ttherefore, the price difference cannot be accounted for by the greater cost of providing decaffeinated coffee to the consumer.

Hypothesis: The argument relies on the assumption that processing regular coffee costs more than processing decaffeinated coffee.


Premise: Letter to the editor: The Planning Department budget increased from $100, 000 in 2001 to $524, 000 for this year. However, this does not justify your conclusion in yesterday' s editorial that the department now spends five times as much money as it did in 2001 to perform the same duties.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A restructuring act, passed in 2003, broadened the duties of the Planning Department' most helps to support the claim made in the letter regarding the justification of the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: Any paper involving national military, political or economic secrets is not a public paper.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, then it must also be true that some papers involving national military, political or economic secrets can be made public.


Premise: If logic comes from a priori, that is, logic transcends experience and exists before experience, then whether there is abstract logic that transcends concrete things if there is, how can we infer that many logicians often prove the transcendental nature of logic with propositions such as the sum of interior angles of triangles equal to 180 degrees-nature, especially as a symbolic system of mathematical logic.It seems that logical forms can have the self-consistency and eternal correctness of reasoning without relying on people's experience, and things in the objective world must be arranged through logical arrangement in order to make people have a clear and systematic understanding. If this is the case, we cannot help but ask how human beings, as empirical beings, know that there is no doubt that there is a logic that transcends experience, and that acknowledging the existence of transcendental logic is bound to fall into the quagmire of dogmatism or the rut of mysticism.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is questioning the existence of transcendental logic.


Premise: Studies have proved that the free calcium content in bone soup cooked by traditional methods is very low, and the calcium content in every 100 ml of bone soup is only about 2 mg. Therefore, the traditional concept of drinking bone soup to supplement calcium is wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The calcium intake of Chinese residents is generally insufficient, and food supplements are the most convenient' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The Titanic sank in a sea of ice. As many as 1503 people were killed and only 704 were rescued. Survivors agreed to hold a rally in Lausanne, Switzerland, every 10 years to commemorate the event. At the party, Reed Paine recalled her husband affectionately when he sent her to a lifeboat. She didn't want to live alone and clung to her husband so helplessly that he knocked her unconscious with a fist. When she woke up, she was sitting in the boat. In return for her late husband's affection, she never remarried. Mrs. Smith recalled: at that time, my two children had been carried into the lifeboat, because of overload, I could not go on board. Out of maternal love, I shouted, Let me on board, the child can't do without a mother! Hearing this, a lady who had been on the boat left her seat, returned to the Titanic and pushed me into the boat. In an instant, the ship sank and the lady didn't even leave her name.

Hypothesis: Lobsang rally is not correct.


Premise: Although the long-term lack of employee family welfare policy has brought obvious advantages to enterprises, such as reducing costs and increasing output, it is obviously not a reasonable career planning for employees to abandon young children and elderly parents. The lack of family welfare policy actually reflects the imbalance of rights between enterprises and employees in the U.S. economy. The share of economic output flowing into corporate profits is soaring, while employees' compensation is stagnant, which will inevitably lead to the plight of brain drain in the United States.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to emphasize the adverse effects of the lack of family welfare policy in the United States.


Premise: Critic: Many popular psychological theories are poor theories in that they are inelegant and do not help to dispel the mystery that surrounds our psyche. However, this is not really important. The theories produce the right results: therapeutically, they tend to have greater success than their more scientific rivals.

Hypothesis: The statement about the relative therapeutic success of many popular psychological theories is used to override some considerations against these theories.


Premise: Behavior that violates morality is against human nature, and all things that go against human nature are equally bad. Because it is immoral to kill a man, killing one person is as bad as killing a hundred people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sacrificing one person to save one person is as noble as sacrificing one person to save a hundred people' is most consistent with the principles expressed above.


Premise: Philosopher: An event is intentional if it is a human action performed on the basis of a specific motivation. An event is random if it is not performed on the basis of a specific motivation and it is not explainable by normal physical processes.

Hypothesis: The inference that Ellis tearing the envelope open was an intentional event because he acted on the basis of a specific motivation conforms most closely to the philosopher's position.


Premise: In a university, graduates majoring in mathematics, physics, chemistry, management, secretarial science and law need to be employed. At present, Fengyun, Jardine and Hongyu come to the school for recruitment. It is known that each company only recruits graduates from the above two or three majors, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) companies that recruit chemistry majors also recruit mathematics majors; (2) Jardines recruit majors. Fengyun company also recruits; (3) only one company recruits secretarial majors, and the company does not recruit physics majors. (4) if Jardine recruits a management major, then it also recruits a secretarial major; (5) if Hongyu does not recruit a secretarial major, then Jardine recruits a secretarial major.

Hypothesis: Fengyun Company recruits physics majors if there is only one company recruiting a physics major.


Premise: The popular germicidal soap is not suitable for use in winter. It will destroy the protective fat film on the skin surface to keep the skin moist. In cold weather, the air humidity will be greatly reduced and the moisture will be more easily lost.

Hypothesis: The point of this passage is that germicidal soap is popular.


Premise: Hospital R has ranked first in the My Most Satisfied Hospital survey held in City C for 5 consecutive years. The person in charge of the hospital said that this is because the hospital provides better quality guidance services than other hospitals.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The medical level is equivalent to that of R hospitals, but the rankings of poor guidance services are not as good as R hospitals' would best support the opinion of the person in charge of the hospital.


Premise: It has been a staple of drama to feature an innocent young protagonist, eager to make a mark on the world, who is stymied by an indifferent or hostile society. Since the playwrights of such works wished the audience to empathize with the protagonist, historians do not regard these plays as serious revelations of what the societies presented in the plays were really like.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The historians believe that plays tend to provide useful information about the time and society in which they were written' most helps to explain the viewpoint of the historians described above.


Premise: The only difference between genetically modified crops and ordinary plants is that there are more genes that make them produce extra traits. As early as 1983, biologists already knew how to transplant foreign genes into the deoxyribonucleic acid of a plant through biotechnology in order to produce some new properties that could not be obtained by hybridization: herbicide resistance, resistance to plant viruses, resistance to certain pests, etc. The genes used for transplantation can come from any living organism: bacteria, viruses, insects, etc.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the concept of genetically modified crops is that they transplant other life genes to produce additional characteristics.


Premise: Paula will visit the dentist tomorrow morning only if Bill goes golfing in the morning. Bill will not go golfing unless Damien agrees to go golfing too. However, Damien has decided not to go golfing. Ttherefore, Paula will not be visiting the dentist tomorrow morning.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning displayed above most closely parallels the statement: Maddie will plan a picnic only if one of her friends, Lisa or Kenny, will come. Kenny will not come to the picnic, but Lisa will. Therefore, Maddie will plan a picnic.


Premise: A severe blow to the head can cause one to lose consciousness; from this some people infer that consciousness is a product of the brain and cannot survive bodily death. But a radio that becomes damaged may suddenly cease to broadcast the program it had been receiving, and we do not conclude from this that the program itself has ceased to exist. Similarly, more substantial evidence would be needed to conclude that consciousness does not survive bodily death.

Hypothesis: The example of the damaged radio is cited as evidence that consciousness does in fact survive bodily death.


Premise: In general, Parkinson's disease is mostly caused by the death of dopamine - producing cells in the human brain. Researchers at the University of Washington experimented with genetically modified Diptera fruit flies, which gradually die off their dopamine cells as they age. Scientists were surprised to find that when  they juiced tobacco and coffee and fed it to the fruit flies,the flies' dopamine cells increased and the flies became more active. As a result, the researchers point out that smokers and coffee drinkers are less likely to develop Parkinson's disease.

Hypothesis: Most diptera insects produce dopamine cell proliferation after acquiring new food species can not be challenged if it is true.


Premise: Almost all microbe species live together in dense, interdependent communities, supporting the environment for each other, and regulating the population balances for their different species through a complex system of chemical signals. For this reason, it is currently impossible to cultivate any one such species in isolation. Thus, microbiologists lack complete knowledge of most microbe species.

Hypothesis: No microbiologist can have complete knowledge of any species of organism unless that microbiologist can cultivate that species in isolation is an assumption that enables the argument's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Kim: In northern Europe during the eighteenth century a change of attitude occurred that found expression both in the adoption of less solemn and elaborate death rites by the population at large and in a more optimistic view of the human condition as articulated by philosophers. This change can be explained as the result of a dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred in northern Europe early in the eighteenth century. Lee: Your explanation seems unlikely, because it could not be correct unless the people of the time were aware that their life expectancy had increased.

Hypothesis: Present-day psychologists have noted that people's attitudes toward life can change in response to information about their life expectancy provides the strongest defense of Kim's explanation against Lee's criticism.


Premise: Researchers in a certain country recruited college students to study their emotions and brain activity. first, they were asked to read stories that inspire jealousy and schadenfreude, and then the changes of brain blood flow were measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They found that jealousy was related to the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, schadenfreude was associated with the activity of the striatum, and that the more active the anterior cingulate cortex was when jealousy occurred, the more active the striatum.

Hypothesis: People who like to be jealous of others are more likely to gloat when others are not going well is most likely to be inferred according to the above research.


Premise: Laser technology is a high and new technology developed in the early 1960 s. The emission ability of the laser is strong and the energy is highly concentrated, which is hundreds of millions of times brighter than the ordinary light source and tens of billions times brighter than the sun's surface. If a medium-intensity laser beam is converged, a high temperature of thousands to tens of thousands of degrees can be produced in the focus. In addition, the monochromaticity of laser is very good. We know that different colors of light are determined by different wavelengths of light, while the wavelength of the laser is basically the same, the spectral line width is very narrow and the color is very pure. Because of this characteristic, laser is widely used in communication technology.

Hypothesis: Laser technology has a broad application prospect of science and technology is not conforming to the meaning of the text.


Premise: The Yuan Dynasty inherited the policy of opening to the outside world in the Tang and Song dynasties, strengthened its political ties with overseas countries, and actively carried out overseas trade economically. There are more than 200 countries and regions related to the Yuan Dynasty, a considerable part of which were not recorded in the previous generation. The Great Triangle of Southern Africa appeared in the early Ming Dynasty (1389) and Korea's (1402). The two pictures are similar. The author of the Korean map made it clear that it was drawn according to the two kinds of maps of the Yuan people. It can be seen that the Yuan people already have some understanding of the geographical situation of Africa. The expansion of overseas geography knowledge reflects the progress of overseas transportation. It can be considered that the overseas activities of the Yuan Dynasty laid the foundation for Zheng he's navigation in the 15th century.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The most prosperous overseas trade in China in history was the Yuan Dynasty' is consistent with the original text.


Premise: French President Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced his re-election campaign, launched the campaign slogan of strong France and promised to lead France out of the economic crisis.Sarkozy's campaign advertisement on the streets of Paris reads: only a strong France can protect your family.

Hypothesis: According to the reasoning of this campaign slogan, if the family is protected, France will be strong.


Premise: Put 6 boxes of tea into eight boxes of A, B, C, D, E, F, G and E, four of which have tea. It is known that: (1) there are five boxes of tea in the four boxes A, B, C and D; (2) there are three boxes of tea in the three boxes D,E,F; (3) there are two boxes of tea in the two boxes B,D.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it can be inferred that there is at least 1 box in box A.


Premise: The house price of our country has risen rapidly in recent years. In the fourth quarter of 2004, various government departments introduced a number of measures to curb the excessive growth of house prices, but house prices rose against the trend in the first quarter of 2005. Some people assert that the rise in land prices is the culprit for the sharp rise in house prices.

Hypothesis: In the first quarter of 2005, the price of housing in Beijing increased by 7.2% over the same period last year, and the price of residential land rose by 0.37%, which is most likely to question the assertion.


Premise: Caustic soda, namely sodium hydroxide, is a highly corrosive high-risk chemical. However, caustic soda is also a processing aid that can be used in all kinds of food processing, and the residue does not need to be limited. It is an efficient acidity regulator. However, caustic soda used for food processing needs to be food grade, and many reports mention that illegal vendors use industrial caustic soda. The difference between food grade caustic soda and industrial caustic soda lies not in the main components, but in that the former has monitoring requirements for heavy metal impurities, while the latter does not. In fact, the risk of using sodium hydroxide in food is borne by the staff. In the final food, their corrosivity has long disappeared. As for the use of industrial caustic soda, it belongs to the use of unqualified raw materials and should be cracked down.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is not illegal to use caustic soda in food processing, and even there is no regulation on its residue' is inconsistent with the meaning of the passage.


Premise: Five graduate students majoring in linguistics in the liberal arts college of a university in 2014, Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao and Liu, were hired by one of the three employers Tianshu, Tianji and Tianxuan, and each unit hired at least one of them. It is known that: (1) Li was hired by Tianshu; (2) Li and Zhao were not employed by the same unit; (3) Liu and Zhao were hired by the same unit; (4) if Zhang was hired by Tianxuan, Wang was also hired by Tianxuan.

Hypothesis: If Liu is hired by Tianxuan, then Zhang being hired by Tianxuan must be wrong.


Premise: Defects guarantee liability means that according to the law, when one party transfers property (or rights) to the other party in a transaction, it should guarantee that the property (or rights) is not flawless. If the transferred property (or rights) is flaw, it should be Take corresponding responsibilities to the opposing party.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, company B does not need to bear the defects guarantee liability in the situation where Company A leased the plant of Company B to open a chemical plant, and worker Yang fell from a height due to the sudden break of the house beam during the replacement process.


Premise: In an experiment testing whether hyperactivity is due to a brain abnormality, the brain activity of 25 hyperactive adults was compared to the brain activity of 25 adults who were not hyperactive. The tests revealed that the hyperactive adults had much less brain activity in the premotor cortex, a region of the brain believed to control action, than did the nonhyperactive adults. The experimenters concluded that diminished activity in the premotor cortex is one cause of hyperactivity.

Hypothesis: All of the hyperactive adults in the study had been treated for hyperactivity with a medication that is known to depress activity in some regions of the brain, while none of the nonhyperactive adults had been so treated most undermines the conclusion drawn by the experimenters.


Premise: Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li compare the heaviest weight. It is known that Zhao, Qian's weight is equal to sun and Li's weight. When Qian and Li are exchanged, Zhao and Li's weight is higher than Qian, Sun's weight, and money's weight is greater than Zhao and Sun's weight.

Hypothesis: If the above description is true, then Zhao is the heaviest.


Premise: Of the various food containers made of recycled Styrofoam, egg cartons are among the easiest to make. Because egg shells keep the actual food to be consumed from touching the Styrofoam, used Styrofoam need not be as thoroughly cleaned when made into egg cartons as when made into other food containers.

Hypothesis: Not every type of food container made of recycled Styrofoam is effectively prevented from coming into contact with the food it contains is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Credit leverage refers to an important means by which the state controls and guides the use of funds and adjusts the operation of the national economy by adjusting interest rates and determining different loan directions, loan quantities and loan costs according to the operation status of the national economy.

Hypothesis: People who deposit money in banks to earn interest use credit leverage, according to the definition.


Premise: Professor Wang said: my students gave me a lot of wrong words and many sentences are not smooth, so the Chinese level of college students is relatively poor.

Hypothesis: There is no evidence that Professor Wang's students can represent ordinary students can weaken Professor Wang's argument most.


Premise: Most successful enterprises are related to being good at management. Enterprise management generally includes two aspects, namely, managing things and people, of which managing people is more important. To do a good job of management, we need all kinds of management talents and leaders to give full play to their role.

Hypothesis: Poorly managed enterprises will eventually fail in the market competition can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: The test flight of the new aircraft is only a routine test, which is neither successful nor unsuccessful.

Hypothesis: There is a loophole in the dry statement, which also appears in the following statement:the results of this social survey on the price issue can not be said to fully reflect public opinion, nor can it be said that it does not reflect public opinion at all. This is the most appropriate evaluation of the stem of the question.


Premise: When the cohesion of group members is high, group members tend to keep their views consistent with the group, while other controversial, creative or even more objective and reasonable views will be ignored or suppressed. This may lead to unreasonable or even bad decisions made by the group. A similar phenomenon may appear in the process of expressing public opinion on the Internet. People are more likely to be attracted to their own consensus forums and deepen their original views. In this way, it is possible to give rise to group myths, incorrect but dominant opinions supported by the majority and dissidents are represented and controlled.

Hypothesis: The inspiration for government management from this paragraph is that online public opinion may not be able to represent the true thoughts of netizens, which should be discriminated by the government when soliciting public opinion.


Premise: The household registration of students in a primary school in S City is quite complicated. All the third-grade students are registered in this city, some second-grade students are also registered in this city, and some first-grade students are the children of migrant workers, while the household registration of the children of migrant workers is not in this city.

Hypothesis: Some children of migrant workers are third grade students is correct based on the information provided.


Premise: The older a tree is, the more its rings are. The locust trees in Lao Zhang's yard are older than those in Lao Li's house. Therefore, the locust trees in Lao Zhang's house have more rings than those in Lao Li's house,

Hypothesis: The reasoning that the higher the altitude, the thinner the air is most similar to the problem stem. Because the altitude of Xining is higher than Xi'an, the air in Xining is thinner than Xi'an.


Premise: All the apartments on 20th Avenue are in old houses. However, there are twice as many apartments on 20th Avenue as there are old houses. Ttherefore, most old houses on 20th Avenue contain more than one apartment.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to address the possibility that a significant number of old houses on 20th Avenue contain three or more apartments.


Premise: Leadership depends as much on making one' s followers aware of their own importance as it does on conveying a vivid image of a collective goal. Only if they are convinced both that their efforts are necessary for the accomplishment of this goal, and that these efforts, if expended, will actually achieve it, will people follow a leader.

Hypothesis: Sometimes people who remain unsure of whether their efforts are needed for the attainment of a collective goal nevertheless follow a leader CANNOT be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: Through the in-depth study of the communication between dolphins, scientists have found that Zipf's law and the concept of entropy in information theory can well serve for the analysis of alien signals. After receiving any suspicious signal outside the earth, we should first use Zipf's law to analyze whether there is a certain slope straight line feature, and if there is a certain feature, it is proved that it is not meaningless noise. Then entropy analysis is carried out so that the complexity of the communication can be known without deciphering the signal. Assuming that a suspicious signal intercepted not only has a straight line with a slope of-1 in the Zipf coordinate system, but also has a high-order entropy, then it is very likely that the signal is the extraterrestrial civilization we have been looking for for a long time.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate option to summarize this passage is "How to use Zipf's Law and the concept of Entropy to analyze alien signals."


Premise: Social anxiety disorder refers to the behavior that individuals have persistent and strong fear and avoidance in one or more social environments that may be examined by others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, social anxiety disorder is characterized by the decision to give up an opportunity, such as an interview, due to a fear of being judged or evaluated negatively, even when qualified for the opportunity.


Premise: Many doctors cater to patients' demands that they be prescribed antibiotics for their colds. However, colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics have no effect on viruses, and so antibiotics have no effect on colds. Such treatments are also problematic because antibiotics can have dangerous side effects. So doctors should never prescribe antibiotics to treat colds.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that a doctor should attempt to prescribe every drug that is likely to affect the patient's health positively.


Premise: The essence of knowledge is discovery, and it is only in a free environment that people have more possibilities of discovery. Therefore, intellectuals are not people who are familiar with ready-made conclusions in nature. Intellectuals should explore the unknown and reveal the truth behind the illusion. The purpose of education is to cultivate students' ability to discover and create knowledge. If education stays on instilling standard answers and truth into students, it is fundamentally anti-educational.

Hypothesis: The essence of knowledge is the subject of this passage.


Premise: The medieval Arabs had many manuscripts of the ancient Greek. When needed, they translate them into Arabic. Medieval Arab philosophers were very interested in Aristotle's Theory of Poetry, which was obviously not shared by Arab poets, because a poet interested in it must want to read Homer's poems. Aristotle himself often quotes Homer's poems. However, Homer's poems were not translated into Arabic until modern times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some medieval Arab translators have manuscripts of Homer poems in ancient Greek' strongly supports the above argument.


Premise: Undoubtedly, one' s freedom is always worth the risk of losing one' s life. Consider a person who is locked in a bare cement room with no hope of escape. This person is not really living and has nothing to lose.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the argument's reasoning is that the argument fails to establish that the freedom of others is worth taking risks for.


Premise: Recently, a company launched an air conditioner that uses less electricity than all other similar products on the market. As a result, the company's management believes the air conditioner will sell more than any other product on the market.

Hypothesis: Power consumption is not the main concern of most consumers when choosing air conditioners best challenges the judgment of the company's management if correct.


Premise: Tent caterpillars' routes between their nests and potential food sources are marked with chemical traces called pheromones that the caterpillars leave behind. Moreover, routes from food sources back to the nest are marked more heavily than are merely exploratory routes that have failed to turn up a food source. Thus, tent caterpillars are apparently among the insect species that engage in communal foraging, which consists in the conveying of information concerning the location of food to other members of the colony, nest, or hive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Tent caterpillars can detect the presence but not the concentration of pheromones' adds the most support to the argument.


Premise: A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children' s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children' s beds in such areas.

Hypothesis: Early exposure to malaria increases the body's resistance to it and results in a lesser likelihood of severe life-threatening episodes of malaria would provide the strongest grounds for the public health officials' reluctance.


Premise: All international students from Australia live in the east side international student apartment. All students living in the east side international student apartment must participate in this year's international exchange meeting. Some overseas students from Australia have joined the Chinese Club. Some students majoring in civil engineering have also joined the Chinese Club. All civil engineering students did not attend this year's international exchange meeting.

Hypothesis: Some Australian students majored in civil engineering cannot be deduced from the above information.


Premise: Turkey has applied to join the EU since 1987, and the two sides are still engaged in difficult negotiations. For strategic reasons, the EU needs Turkey, and a categorical no to Turkey would deprive the EU of Turkish cooperation in security, justice, energy and other areas. However, if Turkey joins the EU, it will bring a series of problems to the EU, such as the disharmony of cultural and religious views, the heavy burden of economic subsidies, and the impact of the influx of immigrants on the job market.

Hypothesis: Only 3% of Turkey is in Europe, and most Europeans do not recognize Turkey as a European country can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: Under the premise of honest research, it is very common to understand deviations or even errors in the analysis of specific experimental results, which is a normal process of scientific development. It can be said that there are varying degrees of misunderstandings or deviations in the analysis, conclusions and discussants of many academic papers, and the debate on this kind of academic issues is often one of the important driving forces of scientific development. The more cutting-edge scientific research, the more prone to misunderstanding and wrong conclusions.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that it is understandable that scientific research based on honesty has made mistakes.


Premise: Founder effect refers to that a few individuals in a biological population reproduce and live in isolation from the original population due to geographical isolation or other reasons. Although the offspring population continues to expand, the genetic information of the whole population comes from the first migrating few individuals. Founder effect causes low genetic diversity, poor adaptability to the environment and easy to be eliminated by nature.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation in which Amish people do not intermarry with outsiders in order to preserve their own culture and resulting in frequent genetic diseases is caused by the founder effect.


Premise: If a person increases the number of meals a day but does not increase the amount of food he eats, his cholesterol levels will obviously drop. However, most people eat more food while eating more often.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, it will most strongly support the option that for most people, the amount of food they eat is greatly affected by the amount of time they eat.


Premise: If an official from the government environmental protection department wants to speak at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar, he must be a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization. However, the meeting stipulated that as a member of a non-governmental environmental protection organization, he is not allowed to be both an official of the government environmental protection department and a speaker at this non-governmental environmental protection seminar.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, among the speakers at this seminar, there are no officials from the government's environmental protection department is also true.


Premise: Social work values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is altruistic and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: Views on society is not a social work value.


Premise: The Chinese surname has a very big characteristic, that is, it is the same Han surname, but it is likely to have a very big difference in consanguinity. Generally speaking, taking Wuyishan-Nanling as the boundary, the consanguinity of Chinese surnames is obviously divided into two branches: the north and the south.The consanguinity of the Han nationality between the two places is quite different, even greater than that between the Han nationality in the north and south and the local ethnic minorities. This shows that with the expansion of the population, the Han nationality continued to go south and crossed the Yangtze River into Huguang more than 2000 years ago, and finally crossed the strait to Hainan Island. During this process, the Han people who moved south continued to integrate with many ethnic minorities who spoke Dong-Tai, South Asian and Miao languages, thus diluting the consanguinity of the Han nationality in the north.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The north and south branches with the same surname may not come from the same ancestor' can best refute the above argument.


Premise: The study found that if the meal time is a few minutes late, human babies will cry loudly, but for 3 or 4-month-old Penguin cubs, they are extremely calm. When their parents go out to look for food, they even have to adapt to the dilemma of having no food for several days

Hypothesis: The phenomenon can be explained by the fact that when the big penguins go out, the little penguins often get together at night to keep warm with each other.


Premise: Garbage recycling refers to the way in which garbage is sorted and treated, and then becomes a non-polluting recycled raw material, and then processed and transformed into renewable resources.

Hypothesis: Garbage recycling includes the option where a large garbage dump has been built in a city, and the classified municipal solid waste will be transported there for landfill every day.


Premise: The heavy historical and cultural heritage is not the burden of urban construction and urban development, but the house of spiritual ideas is easy to agglomerate into the greatest wealth of modern construction.The development of people has a cultural effect in the internal power, and the substantial improvement is the integration of various cultural forms of residents' quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Historical and cultural heritage is beneficial to improving the spiritual quality of the city and shaping the style and image of the city' best supports this view.


Premise: It is important to protect the historical relics themselves, but what is more indispensable is to be in awe of the history of our ancestors. Not paying attention to the cultural blood behind the historical relics, forced demolition and reconstruction are actually a way to show the cultural power of contemporary people. Technically, as long as there are drawings, maybe any building can be rebuilt. However, the history and culture it carries are difficult to reproduce. Cultural inheritance and historical accumulation have their own footprints, which are not formed overnight. If we think that by relying on a huge investment and a pile of building materials, we can connect history and continue the context, I'm afraid cultural relics will become the plaything of modern people.

Hypothesis: Protecting cultural relics requires awe and respect for the history and culture behind them is mainly explained in the above text.


Premise: A certain medication that is frequently prescribed to lower a patient' s cholesterol level is generally effective. A recent study of 1, 000 subjects ranging widely in age indicates, however, that the cholesterol level of someone taking the medication is typically 12 to 15 percent higher than the average for that person' s age group.

Hypothesis: A recently developed cholesterol-lowering medication is more effective than the medication described above most helps to explain how both of the claims made above could be true.


Premise: Tax incentives refer to the government's use of a variety of methods in the tax system design and tax collection and management process to induce the behavior choices of microeconomic entities through the adjustment of tax burdens, and encourage taxpayers to occur or not, participate or not to participate in certain economic behaviors, in order to achieve the government's strategic goal of coordinated social and economic development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, tax preferences provided for carry-over of losses during the trial stage of products, when the enterprise faces high risk, is not a tax incentive.


Premise: Although many seventeenth-century broadsides, popular ballads printed on a single sheet of paper and widely sold by street peddlers, were moralizing in nature, this is not evidence that most seventeenth-century people were serious about moral values. While over half of surviving broadsides contain moralizing statements, and it is known that many people purchased such compositions, it is not known why they did so, nor is it known how their own beliefs related to what they read.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In many moralizing ballads, the moral content was confined to a single stanza expressing a pious sentiment tacked onto a sensationalized account of crime and adultery' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Motivational bias: refers to the attribution bias that occurs when processing information due to a particular motivation or need.

Hypothesis: Manager Li believes that the vigorous development of the company in the past two years is inseparable from good policies and the hard work of every colleague is motivational bias.


Premise: Evaporative cooling refers to that the liquid absorbs heat in the process of evaporating into gas, so as to reduce the surrounding temperature and play a cooling effect. Evaporative cooling effect refers to that in the social group composed of people with the same purpose or interest, the value of the group is similar to the overall temperature of the liquid. When the members with higher value leave the community, the average value of the community itself will decrease.

Hypothesis: The club never winning a good ranking in the Hip-Hop competition after the head of the club graduated is the evaporative cooling effect according to the definition above.


Premise: The etiquette system, which was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, first adopted the way of standardizing people's daily code of conduct and carried out this tradition to the upper society and household life. Although the etiquette was not inferior to the common people in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the original purpose of establishing the etiquette system was to safeguard the interests of the slave owners and aristocrats and strengthen the hierarchical system of the slave society so as to coordinate the internal relations among the slave owners. However, after entering the Spring and Autumn period, with the emergence of slavery, such as the collapse of etiquette and music, the downward movement of knowledge, and the lack of distinction between people, this tradition and etiquette system has thus penetrated into a wider range of social life, which has become a code of conduct and norms widely observed by the society.

Hypothesis: The main description of the etiquette system is that it is to protect the interests of slave owners and aristocrats.


Premise: Some of the students enrolled in colleges and universities in the fall of 2007 are free normal students. All the free normal school students are from poor families. All the students from poor families took part in work-study activities.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some students who take part in work-study activities are not free normal students is false.


Premise: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges. Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car' s position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would ttherefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety. However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so' most helps to explain the increase in accident rate.


Premise: Medical researcher: As expected, records covering the last four years of ten major hospitals indicate that babies born prematurely were more likely to have low birth weights and to suffer from health problems than were babies not born prematurely. These records also indicate that mothers who had received adequate prenatal care were less likely to have low birth weight babies than were mothers who had received inadequate prenatal care. Adequate prenatal care, ttherefore, significantly decreases the risk of low birth weight babies.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mothers giving birth prematurely are routinely classified by hospitals as having received inadequate prenatal care when the record of that care is not available' most weakens the medical researcher's argument.


Premise: Impression management refers to the process in which people try to manage and control others impressions of themselves. In general, people tend to present themselves in a way that is appropriate to the current social situation or interpersonal context, to ensure that others judge them favorably.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li's careful preparation in clothing and hairstyle before the interview in order to be hired is an example of impression management.


Premise: Letter to the editor: I was shocked to learn that Judge Mosston was convicted of criminal assault, but I disagree with my fellow citizens who believe that he should be forced to resign. I have played cards with Judge Mosston for many years, and he has always shown himself to be fair toward me and our fellow cardplayers. Our judicial system simply cannot afford to lose any just and fair judges.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the letter writer's argument is that Judge Mosston should not be forced to resign.


Premise: Climatologist: Over the coming century, winter temperatures are likely to increase in the Rocky Mountains due to global warming. This will cause a greater proportion of precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow. Ttherefore, the mountain snowpack will probably melt more rapidly and earlier in the season, leading to greater spring flooding and less storable water to meet summer demands.

Hypothesis: The statement "In other mountainous regions after relatively mild winters, the melting of snowpacks has led to greater spring flooding and less storable water, on average, than in those mountainous regions after colder winters" most strengthens the climatologist's argument.


Premise: Virtual team refers to a community composed of two or more people across regions and organizations. They are connected through communication and information technology. They have complementary technologies or skills, common goals, common evaluation and work methods, and they jointly bear the final results and responsibilities.

Hypothesis: A publishing firm contacted several experts to jointly compile a new textbook. They work in different units and coordinating their work is mainly through telephone, fax and network belongs to a virtual team according to the above definition.


Premise: Income Gap is big, not necessarily cause social unrest, the key lies in the cause of large gap in what place. By keeping the accounts straight, differences can be avoided and exploitation is no longer possible. In the economic association the muddle-headed account, often becomes the internal friction the reason.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this article is that economic disputes are often caused by unclear accounts.


Premise: In our solar system only one of the nine planets -- Earth -- qualifies as fit to sustain life. Nonetheless, using this ratio, and considering the astonishingly large number of planetary systems in the universe, we must conclude that the number of planets fit to sustain some form of life is extremely large.

Hypothesis: The argument is questionable because it presumes that our solar system is similar to many other planetary systems in the universe without providing justification.


Premise: Symbolic phenomenon refers to two things, A and B, which are not related in ideology. When we use thing A to represent thing B, thing A can be regarded as a symbol of thing B.

Hypothesis: The sirens of fire trucks are not a symbolic phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: Human rights activists have urged consumers to be conscious of the labor practices employed by manufacturers, especially in developing nations, saying that if we accept moral responsibility for our impact on third world workers, we must buy products from manufacturers that do not take advantage of their workers. It is nearly impossible, however, to determine which manufacturers are employing fair labor practices. Because of this impossibility there can be no moral obligation to choose products in the way these activists urge, because__.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the morally correct option is the one that maximizes a person's effort to do good' provides the most appropriate completion for the argument.


Premise: The number of applications for teaching positions in Newtown' s public schools was 5. 7 percent lower in 1993 than in 1985 and 5. 9 percent lower in 1994 than in 1985. Despite a steadily growing student population and an increasing number of teacher resignations, however, Newtown does not face a teacher shortage in the late 1990' s.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that new housing developments planned for Newtown are slated for occupancy in 1997 and are expected to increase the number of elementary school students in Newtown's public schools by 12 percent would contribute most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy above.


Premise: Integration of resources: A series of measures are taken to optimize the allocation and comprehensive utilization of all kinds of resources for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: A company sells idle equipment and inventory materials, and the proceeds are used to buy stocks, which is very profitable is not the integration of resources.


Premise: Letter to the editor: According to your last edition' s anonymous article, we should all be required to carry identification cards and show them on demand. This opinion is wrong. After all, the writers of the article should not have asserted that the right to remain anonymous was trivial, unless they were prepared to put their names to that assertion.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it attacks the integrity of the writers without knowing anything about them.


Premise: The blues is a modern musical form whose lyrics usually address such topics as frustration, anger, oppression, and restlessness. Yet blues musicians claim to find joy in performing, and the musicians and fans alike say that the blues' overall effect is an affirmation of life, love, and hope.

Hypothesis: Blues musicians who do not draw on their personal tragedies are no more successful than blues musicians who do helps to resolve the apparent conflict in the passage EXCEPT.


Premise: Today, with the prevalence of professionalism, the interview work of journalists is increasingly becoming an assembly line, and the step-by-step framework of news production masks the necessity and importance of many principles. However, this earthquake has to a large extent revived the moral requirements in news reports-the morality here is not only a simple judgment of right and wrong, good and evil and the observance of professional ethics, but also extensive and strong humanistic care, and the courage behind the care.

Hypothesis: The option 'The earthquake once again awakened the moral demands of long-neglected news reports' best summarizes the above paragraph.


Premise: There are four assertions about a criminal case: (1) there is evidence that Chen Hu did not commit the crime; (2) the perpetrator is either Wang Guang, Chen Hu, or Zhu Tong; (3) there is also evidence that Wang Guang didn't commit to crime; (4) The TV screen showed that at the time of the crime, Zhu Tong was in the audience of a football game far away from the crime scene.

Hypothesis: Zhu Tong was definitely not in the audience at the football match is a correct description of the four assertions in the above.


Premise: Honesty plays an important role in Chinese Confucian philosophy. It is the category of heaven and humanity. In terms of the way of heaven, honesty is the noumenon, attribute and function of the universe, as well as the life and power of the universe. Mencius said, 'He who is most sincere and immovable has not yet been; Not sincere not to move also. From the aspect of humanity, honesty is the criterion of moral life and the supreme value goal. Xunzi pointed out: Honesty of the husband, the gentleman to defend also, and the foundation of the government. Confucianism raises honesty to the height of political affairs to recognize, and its political ethics also plays a warning role in contemporary times.

Hypothesis: Persevere and keep moving forward is good faith.


Premise: Because quitting smoking is very stressful and leads to weight gain, it is difficult to do. The key to quitting, however, may be as simple as replacing an unhealthy activity with a healthy one. In one study, half of those attempting to quit were assigned to a smoking-cessation program alone, and the other half were assigned to the same program plus fifteen weeks of aerobic exercise. At the one-month mark, none in the first group had quit, but 40 percent of those in the second group had not smoked.

Hypothesis: Aerobic exercise can stimulate the brain's production of endorphins, which reduce tension does not provide support for the argument.


Premise: Agricultural production, mainly planting and aquaculture, is an important project for industrial poverty alleviation and a major source of income for farmers in deep poverty-stricken areas. Agricultural production is an open-air factory, which has the limitation of relying on heaven for a living. Most of the deep poverty-stricken areas have poor natural conditions, high frequency and wide range of disasters, coupled with the impact of diseases and insect pests, which bring great challenges to agricultural production. Therefore, the development of planting and aquaculture in deep poverty-stricken areas needs the help of agricultural insurance, which is the basic means of risk management under the condition of market economy.

Hypothesis: The option 'With the help of agricultural insurance, the risk of agricultural producers can be effectively dispersed' does not meet the meaning of the above.


Premise: Chronic fatigue syndrome, a condition that afflicts thousands of people, is invariably associated with lower-than-normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood. Further, malabsorption of magnesium from the digestive tract to the blood is also often associated with some types of fatigue. These facts in themselves demonstrate that treatments that raise the concentration of magnesium in the blood would provide an effective cure for the fatigue involved in the syndrome.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It ignores the possibility that, even in people who are not afflicted with chronic fatigue syndrome, concentration of magnesium in the blood fluctuates' is the criticism that the argument is most vulnerable to.


Premise: Birds have been said to be descended from certain birdlike dinosaur species with which they share distinctive structural features. The fossil record, however, shows that this cannot be so, since there are bird fossils much older than the earliest birdlike dinosaur fossils that have been found.

Hypothesis: There are no birdlike dinosaur fossils that are older than the bird fossils but have not yet been unearthed is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Which is the important role of congenital genetic factors or acquired environmental effects on human development? The study of twins plays an important role in answering this question. Only environmental impact determinists predict that when a pair of twins are raised completely separately and a pair of unrelated babies are raised together, then, when they grow up, in terms of personality and other characteristics, there will never be more similarities between the first two than between the latter two. The actual statistics do not support this extreme view, but nor does it support the other extreme view, that is, genetic determinism.

Hypothesis: The twin study is not satisfactory because it draws contradictory conclusions can be extrapolated from the above point of view.


Premise: Among the external reasons that prompted the emergence of modern science, the prosperity of Puritanism is a very important factor. Scholars believe that a prerequisite hypothesis of modern science is a kind of widespread dissemination, out of instinctive beliefs, belief in the order of things. Especially the order of nature. Experts in the history of science indicated with specific data: Seven out of ten members of the Royal Society in the 17th century were Puritans, which is much higher than the proportion of Puritans in the total population; Most scientists are active teachers, and many teachers also encourage or personally devote themselves to scientific careers; Puritan schools will also set up natural science subjects in their curricula.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that religion has an inducing and promoting effect on modern science.


Premise: Collective behavior in the form of institutional arrangements and policy guidance. It is just a comprehensive expression of many personal wishes and personal choices. Unless each and every one of us cares about the environment and takes concrete actions, no government will have the incentive (or pressure) to implement environmental policies. Even if the government has formulated sound environmental laws and regulations, if every citizen does not take the initiative to abide by them, then no matter how good the environmental laws and regulations are, they will not achieve the desired results.

Hypothesis: The main point supported by this passage is that every citizen should raise his own environmental awareness.


Premise: Distracted driving refers to the driving behavior that drivers do not fully focus on the driving process in order to meet their own needs for physical comfort and pleasure. Common distracted behaviors include smoking, drinking, eating, chatting, shaving, using mobile phones and taking care of children. Distracted driving has become the leading cause of traffic accidents on China's roads, according to an expert.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that using a cell phone while driving was associated with a 20 percent drop in concentration and that drivers are 23 times more likely to be involved in a crash if they text while driving best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: Owners of deeply indebted and chronically unprofitable small businesses sometimes try to convince others to invest money in their companies. Since the money thus acquired will inevitably be used to pay off debts, rather than to expand operations, this money will not stimulate sales growth in such companies. Thus, most people are reluctant to make these investments. Surprisingly, however, such investments often earn handsome returns in the very first year they are made.

Hypothesis: Investors usually choose to reinvest their returns on such investments most helps to explain the surprising results of such investments.


Premise: French President Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced his re-election campaign, launched the campaign slogan of strong France and promised to lead France out of the economic crisis.Sarkozy's campaign advertisement on the streets of Paris reads: only a strong France can protect your family.

Hypothesis: According to the reasoning of this campaign slogan, a weak France cannot protect your family.


Premise: The Internet of things application standing at the tuyere was actually a bicycle in 2016. The sharing economy has brought bicycles back to the city. Because of its flexibility and convenience, low-carbon environmental protection has become a common short-distance walking artifact in many cities, realizing resource sharing to the greatest extent. However, the resulting problem of random parking of shared bicycles can be seen everywhere in the green belt, sidewalk and in front of shopping malls; Throw away the garbage at will. There are many rivers and rivers; Park in your garage and take it for yourself; There are some people who steal QR codes to make money... Citizens have a weak awareness of rules, lack of social credit system, and inadequate urban infrastructure... The original win-win situation is likely to cause lose more because a few people do not abide by the rules.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Sharing economy and exchanging social integrity.'


Premise: Non-operating income refers to a variety of income confirmed by an enterprise that has no direct relationship with the enterprise's production and operation activities. This income is actually a net income, which is not generated by the enterprise's operating capital expenditure, and does not need to be paid by the enterprise or matched with relevant expenses. In other words, all income other than the main business and other ancillary businesses specified in the business license of the enterprise is considered non-operating income.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Company A purchases a batch of environmental protection equipment, disposes of these equipment after 5 years, and obtains the corresponding scrap payment. The net income after deducting the asset's book value, cleaning expenses, and disposal of related taxes and fees is non-operating income' is incorrect.


Premise: In the past five years, the percentage of money spent on discovering renewable yet expensive sources of energy has decreased. An increasing amount of money is being spent on developing nonrenewable resources, which are quite inexpensive to obtain. Regrettably, the nonrenewable resources have proven to be impracticable for daily use. Clearly, less money is being spent on practicable energy sources than was being spent five years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'the cost of nonrenewable resources is expected to rise in the next five years' allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: A car' s antitheft alarm that sounds in the middle of the night in a crowded city neighborhood may stop an attempted car theft. On the other hand, the alarm might signal only a fault in the device, or a response to some harmless contact, such as a tree branch brushing the car. But whatever the cause, the sleep of many people in the neighborhood is disturbed. Out of consideration for others, people who have these antitheft alarms on their cars should deactivate them when they park in crowded city neighborhoods at night.

Hypothesis: The assumption that allowing the residents of a crowded city neighborhood to sleep undisturbed is more important than preventing car theft would allow the author properly to draw the conclusion that the owners of alarm-equipped cars should deactivate the alarms when parking in crowded city neighborhoods at night.


Premise: In ancient times, four long-term workers speculated on the wealth of a rich man. A said that his money would not exceed 250000 Guan. B said that his money would not exceed 300000 Guan. C said that his money was definitely more than 400000 Guan. D said that his money must not be 500000 Guan. In fact, only one long-term worker was right.

Hypothesis: The rich man's money is more than 500000 yuan is true to support the above view.


Premise: Xiao Li destroyed the green space beside his fence and planted cucumbers. After the community property manager found it, he reminded Xiao Li that the green space beside the guardrail is a public green space, belonging to the owner of the community. To this end, the property issued a rectification notice requiring Xiao Li to restore the green space within a time limit. Xiao Li argued: am I not from the community? Since the green space beside the fence belongs to the owner of the community, it certainly belongs to me. Therefore, I have the right to plant cucumbers on my own land.

Hypothesis: The option "No one can read all Dumas's works in one day, and no one can read the Three Musketeers in one day. Therefore, the Three Musketeers is one of Dumas's works" is most similar to Xiao Wang's mistake.


Premise: Scott: The Hippocratic oath demands, specifically, that doctors never divulge information about patients. Hence the psychiatrist who released tapes of a poet' s therapy sessions after the poet' s death violated his oath by his actions, even though the tapes were released after the poet' s death and to the poet' s official biographer. It makes no difference that the poet' s published works were written in a confessional manner or that she had assured the psychiatrist that he could do with the tapes as he saw fit. Bonara: 1 agree that doctors are bound not to divulge patient information and would not myself release such tapes without written permission from the patient. Nevertheless, I disagree that the circumstances were irrelevant in this case. I do not think the poet' s psychiatrist violated the Hippocratic oath.

Hypothesis: The principle that if a patient has expressed an intention to make public information about himself or herself that is in a psychiatrist's possession, the psychiatrist is released from the obligation to keep that information confidential helps most to justify Scott's evaluation of the psychiatrist's actions.


Premise: Most experts believe that setting up full-time posts for production safety can really reduce the incidence of accidents in coal mines. But in fact, the accident rate of coal mines with full-time posts for production safety is similar to that of those that do not have full-time posts for production safety.

Hypothesis: The statement "To reduce the incidence of accidents mainly depends on production safety education" is most helpful in explaining this inconsistency.


Premise: Building a space station, in which astronauts would live for a considerable time, is essential even if the space station project were to contribute no new knowledge about space or Earth that could not otherwise be obtained. For future missions to explore Mars, we will need the medical knowledge that the space station project will give us about the limits of human capacities to live in spacecraft for an extended time.

Hypothesis: The assumption made by the argument is that the exploration of Mars will be carried out by people traveling in spacecraft and not by robots alone.


Premise: Only computer scientists understand the architecture of personal computers, and only those who understand the architecture of personal computers appreciate the advances in technology made in the last decade. It follows that only those who appreciate these advances are computer scientists.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the reasoning in the argument is that it contains no stated or implied relationship between computer scientists and those who appreciate the advances in technology in the last decade.


Premise: The last two sentences of Li Bai's Singing on the river said: Fame and wealth exist for a long time, and the Han Water should also flow to the northwest. The Han Water, also known as the Han River, originated in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, flowing southeast through Xiangyang, Hubei Province, to Hankou and into the Yangtze River.

Hypothesis: Fame and wealth cannot always be there is most in line with Li Bai's point of view according to the above information.


Premise: Safeguarding personal interests is the only motivation for personal behavior. Therefore, safeguarding personal interests is the main factor affecting personal behavior.

Hypothesis: Sometimes motivation cannot be the main factor affecting individual behavior weakens the argument of the stem.


Premise: A bank was stolen and four people, A, B, C and Ding, were detained for trial. The detection results show that the criminal is one of them. A said, C stole it. B said, I didn't steal it. C said, I didn't steal it either. D said,'if B didn't steal it, then I stole it. it has been found out that only one of them is telling lies.

Hypothesis: It was D who stole the bank is true according to the above conditions.


Premise: When introducing a kind of tea to the guests, a tea dealer said: this kind of tea is produced in Yunshan, and the famous Yunshan tea is produced in Yunshan, so this is authentic Yunshan tea.

Hypothesis: The logic of the dealer when introducing tea is most similar to the statement 'All drivers must have a driver's license. Xiao Zheng has a driver's license, so Xiao Zheng is the driver.'


Premise: Farmer: A report has just been released that criticizes our corn, alleging that the genetically-modified seed we use is harmful to consumers. However, the report was commissioned by our main competition -- a large-scale corporate farm. The conflict of interest is so obvious that consumers can continue to eat our corn without worry.

Hypothesis: The best explanation for why the farmer's argument is vulnerable to criticism is that the farmer wrongly assumes that a conflict of interest automatically negates the validity of the report's conclusion.


Premise: When the cohesion of group members is high, group members tend to keep their views consistent with the group, while other controversial, creative or even more objective and reasonable views will be ignored or suppressed. This may lead to unreasonable or even bad decisions made by the group. A similar phenomenon may appear in the process of expressing public opinion on the Internet. People are more likely to be attracted to their own consensus forums and deepen their original views. In this way, it is possible to give rise to group myths, incorrect but dominant opinions supported by the majority and dissidents are represented and controlled.

Hypothesis: The inspiration for government management from this paragraph is that when soliciting public opinion through the Internet, the government should speak less and listen more, and allow dissenting opinions and even skeptical voices to exist.


Premise: Agricultural production, mainly planting and aquaculture, is an important project for industrial poverty alleviation and a major source of income for farmers in deep poverty-stricken areas. Agricultural production is an open-air factory, which has the limitation of relying on heaven for a living. Most of the deep poverty-stricken areas have poor natural conditions, high frequency and wide range of disasters, coupled with the impact of diseases and insect pests, which bring great challenges to agricultural production. Therefore, the development of planting and aquaculture in deep poverty-stricken areas needs the help of agricultural insurance, which is the basic means of risk management under the condition of market economy.

Hypothesis: Agricultural insurance cannot intervene in advance and effectively prevent natural disasters does not meet the meaning of the above.


Premise: Common risk behaviors refers to an act jointly carried out by two or more actors that endangers the safety of others and results in damage consequences, but the actual perpetrator of the harm cannot be determined.

Hypothesis: The common risk behavior is three people driving in rotation and resulting in a road accident with one person seriously injured.


Premise: Paleontologist: About 2. 8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines. These declines coincided with the onset of an ice age. The notion that cold killed those bottom-dwelling creatures outright is misguided, however; temperatures near the ocean floor would have changed very little. <b> Nevertheless, the cold probably did cause the population declines, though indirectly. </b> Many bottom-dwellers depended for food on plankton, small organisms that lived close to the surface and sank to the bottom when they died. <b> Most probably, the plankton suffered a severe population decline as a result of sharply lower temperatures at the surface, depriving many bottom-dwellers of food. </b>

Hypothesis: The first is a judgment advanced in support of a conclusion reached by the paleontologist; the second is that conclusion is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the paleontologist's reasoning.


Premise: Between the two A shaped tombs and the round rammed earth platform, five horse pits and a rectangular chariot pit were found. Six horses are buried in each of the two horse pits. The skeleton in one pit is neatly arranged in two rows of north and south, with 2 in the front row and 4 in the back, arranged in sequence from west to east; in the other pit, the skeleton of horses is arranged in a special way, with 6 horses in pairs or opposite sides, with different head directions. A special phenomenon is that a horn is placed in the middle of the horse pit, so it is speculated that the horse pit may be related to sacrifice.

Hypothesis: The statement "The horn is placed in horse pits only during sacrifices" can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Critic: Many popular psychological theories are poor theories in that they are inelegant and do not help to dispel the mystery that surrounds our psyche. However, this is not really important. The theories produce the right results: therapeutically, they tend to have greater success than their more scientific rivals.

Hypothesis: The statement about the relative therapeutic success of many popular psychological theories is used to disprove evidence against these theories in the critic's argument.


Premise: On May 4, 2015, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued a document that the tobacco consumption tax was increased from 5% to 11% and the specific tax was increased. Some experts believe that the linkage between tax and price will increase the price of cigarettes with the increase of tax rate and reduce the number of people buying cigarettes. From the perspective of tobacco control, this is undoubtedly a good thing.

Hypothesis: Some developed countries have seen the proliferation of private cigarettes after increasing tobacco consumption tax weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: Mother tongue transfer is in the second language acquisition process, the learner's first language, the mother tongue, will directly affect the second language acquisition, and play a positive role in promoting or negatively interfering with it.

Hypothesis: British person B finds it particularly difficult to master the measure words when learning Chinese is a Mother tongue transfer according to the above definition.


Premise: Entrusted by the student union, a school newspaper conducted a sampling survey among the teachers and students of the school and selected the most popular student union cadres. As a result, Yao Jun received more than 65% support and won the most votes. Therefore, the Student Union believes that Yao Jun is the most popular student union cadre.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most of the survey came from Yao Jun's department' weakens the student union's conclusion.


Premise: When a major record label signs a contract with a band, the label assumes considerable financial risk. It pays for videos, album art, management, and promotions. Hence, the band does not need to assume nearly as much risk as it would if it produced its own records independently. For this reason, it is only fair for a major label to take a large portion of the profits from the record sales of any band signed with it.

Hypothesis: The claim that a band signed with a major label does not need to assume nearly as much risk as it would if it produced its own records independently is used as premises to support the main conclusion and is also used to support the main conclusion in the argument.


Premise: If this reform measure is not welcomed by the cadres, we should revise it. If it is not popular with workers, we should adopt a new reform measure. And this measure must be either unpopular with cadres or workers.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then the reform measure being referred to must be welcomed by the cadres and a new reform measure should be adopted.


Premise: Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou as an officer. Although it was only eight months, he made great efforts to set up a state school, donated all his salary money to the expenses of running a school, and actively promoted mandarin of the Tang Dynasty. Eight months later, Han Yu was transferred from Chaozhou because of few achievements. However, he left Chaozhou with great spiritual wealth. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Chaozhou was already a famous cultural city with the reputation of seaside Zou Lu.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation in this paragraph is the impact of cultural construction on the city.


Premise: When volcanic lava solidifies, it becomes uniformly magnetized in the direction in which the Earth' s magnetic field points. There are significant differences in the direction of magnetization among solidified lava flows from different volcanoes that erupted at different times over the past several million years. Ttherefore, it must be that the direction of the Earth' s magnetic field has changed over time. Since lava flows differing by thousands of years in age often have very similar directions of magnetization, the change in the direction of the Earth' s magnetic field must take place very gradually over hundreds of thousands of years.

Hypothesis: The assumption that only lava can be used to measure the direction of the Earth's magnetic field as it existed in the distant past is required by the argument that the direction of the Earth's magnetic field has changed over time.


Premise: Given that employees of the XYZ Company could, in theory, do their work at home, the company developed a radical plan to increase efficiency: eliminate office-space expenditures by having employees work at home. To evaluate this plan, XYZ' s managers asked volunteers from the company' s staff to try the arrangement for six months. There were several volunteers; significantly, their productivity during this period was as high as or higher than before.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Minor changes in the way office work is organized at XYZ would yield increases in employee productivity similar to those achieved in the trial' would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of the trial results, to implement the company's plan.


Premise: The construction workers on the scaffolding, the couriers in the cold wind, the busy restaurant waiters, and the sanitation workers who add luster to the city's construction, there are rivers in the humble bones. Pay attention to these individuals who may be submerged in big words, face up to the solution with feelings, and constantly improve the level of social governance. I believe that in a large country of migrant workers, we can find a more leisurely, safer, more just way to protect their rights and interests, so that they can go to tomorrow with a smile and dignity.

Hypothesis: The explanation intended by this passage is that migrant workers participate in the operating system of social governance.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are brothers and sisters of a family. It is known that A is a boy with three sisters; B has a brother and a brother; C is a girl with a sister and a sister; D is the oldest of all; E is a girl, but she has no sister; He has neither brother nor sister.

Hypothesis: D is a woman can be drawn from the above description.


Premise: Undoubtedly, one' s freedom is always worth the risk of losing one' s life. Consider a person who is locked in a bare cement room with no hope of escape. This person is not really living and has nothing to lose.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the argument's reasoning is that the argument generalizes inappropriately from a single extreme case to a universal claim.


Premise: In the past, American manufacturers exported a lot of small, high-value-added goods and outsourced low-value-added products and assembly to other countries. Some of that has now been reversed, with individual companies relocating assembly of some heavy, low-value products at home for logistical reasons, while manufacturing high-value components remains overseas. However, from a global perspective, the comparative advantage of emerging countries is still obvious, and the development potential of manufacturing industry remains. Modern intra-industry trade theory shows that once a country has an advantage in a certain industry or product, due to factors such as increasing returns to scale and imperfect competition, this advantage will be strengthened. Therefore, after decades of manufacturing transfer, emerging countries such as China have formed advantages in manufacturing, which is a great challenge to the return of manufacturing in the United States.

Hypothesis: The main content is that American manufacturing does not have an overall advantage in competing with emerging markets.


Premise: In recent years, with the development of mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence technology, a lot of new business type has emerged. For example, the very popular live broadcast with goods, and so on, many new products and even traditional products have achieved good results through the promotion of these new business type. Similar to new technologies such as push and live broadcast, new business type can stimulate those potential consumption. It shows that there is room for further exploration in the re-saturated market, and the key is whether consumers can find and meet more levels of needs other than the simple material needs of consumers, such as fruits, which can also be bought in supermarkets, but products with live broadcast are pushed from poor areas, and buying on the platform has an extra layer of social significance.

Hypothesis: Making good use of new technology and new business type can explore a larger market is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Although most people know what their bad habits are and want to rid themselves of them, a majority of these people find it very difficult to do so. This is because cessation of habitual behavior is immediately and vividly painful, while whatever benefit is to be gained by the absence of the habit is perceived only dimly because it is remote.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the statement that the people who are most successful at ending their bad habits are those who are relatively unaware of their own behavioral characteristics.


Premise: Since 2013, a group has launched the industry's first high-end talents tailored specifically for PhDs? Day-Future Leaders Program, which aims to cultivate industry leaders. According to the survey, some of the group's new employees have overseas study experience All employees of the group with overseas study experience have been individually received by the chairman of the group, and all employees of the group in Province A have not been individually received by the chairman.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some newly hired employees are not from Province A must also be true.


Premise: The judicial system needs the police to maintain. If the police do not do their duty, it is impossible to have a good judicial system. Therefore, if the police do their duty, there will be a good judicial system.

Hypothesis: The due diligence of the police is a sufficient condition to ensure a good judicial system can be logically deduced from the above statement.


Premise: The formal language used in scientific research is very different from the natural language used in daily life. Formal language looks like a book of heaven, far away from the public, and only some professionals can understand and use it. But in fact, this is a misunderstanding. The relationship between natural language and formal language is like the relationship between the naked eye and the microscope. The naked eye has a wide field of vision and can grasp the information of things as a whole: a microscope can help people see the details and subtleties of things, even though they can be seen in a small range. Therefore, both formal language and natural language are important tools for people to communicate and understand information.

Hypothesis: The statement that "If scientific theory is expressed only in formal language, it is difficult to be understood by ordinary people; similarly, if expressed only in natural language, it may become lengthy and difficult to express accurately" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Siphon refers to filling an inverted U-shaped tubular structure with liquid by using the force phenomenon of liquid level height difference, placing the high end of the opening in the container filled with liquid, and the liquid in the container will continue to flow out of the opening at a lower position through the siphon.

Hypothesis: Xiao Liu lives on the 30th floor of a community. The tap water comes from the secondary water supply is not a siphon phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: Gamba: Munoz claims that the Southwest Hopeville Neighbors Association overwhelmingly opposes the new water system, citing this as evidence of citywide opposition. The association did pass a resolution opposing the new water system, but only 25 of 350 members voted, with 10 in favor of the system. Furthermore, the 15 opposing votes represent far less than 1 percent of Hopeville' s population. One should not assume that so few votes represent the view of the majority of Hopeville' s residents.

Hypothesis: Gamba's strategy of argumentation is attempting to cast doubt on a conclusion by claiming that the statistical sample on which the conclusion is based is too small to be dependable.


Premise: A recent study involved feeding a high-salt diet to a rat colony. A few months after the experiment began, standard tests of the rats' blood pressure revealed that about 25 percent of the colony had normal, healthy blood pressure, about 70 percent of the colony had high blood pressure, and 5 percent of the colony had extremely high blood pressure. The conclusion from these results is that high-salt diets are linked to high blood pressure in rats.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'How much more salt than is contained in a rat's normal diet was there in the high-salt diet' is most relevant to evaluating the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: Most economists believe that reducing the price of any product generally stimulates demand for it. However, most wine merchants have found that reducing the price of domestic wines to make them more competitive with imported wines with which they were previously comparably priced is frequently followed by an increase in sales of those imported wines.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Economists' studies of the prices of grocery items and their rates of sales rarely cover alcoholic beverages' most helps to reconcile the belief of most economists with the consequences observed by most wine merchants.


Premise: The proposal to ban the sale of cigarettes to teenagers is quite reasonable because teenagers should not smoke. But banning cigarette vending machines is like blocking 100 drivers on a thoroughfare in order to arrest one unlicensed driver. The roadblock discourages not just those who break the law, but everyone.

Hypothesis: The question 'Will raising the cigarette sales tax deter teenagers from buying cigarettes' helps us to evaluate the above correctly.


Premise: Pathological nostalgia refers to always indulging in the recollection of the past, tirelessly repeating the narrative of the past and the past environment and conditions.

Hypothesis: Attachment to past friends, difficulty in making new friends, and difficulty in expanding one's personal circle do not belong to pathological nostalgia.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are on duty. Each person is on duty for one day from Monday to Friday. Requirements: B is in front of D and E, and C cannot be on Tuesday. There is exactly one day between A and D.

Hypothesis: The time of week when five people are on duty is unique when B is on duty is Tuesday.


Premise: Narcissistic personality disorder is a complex personality disorder that is often misunderstood, which is characterized by exaggeration of self-worth and lack of public perception towards others. People with this personality disorder often have a sense of privilege and expect to receive special treatment, and their friendships are mostly based on interests.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhao always throwing away the gifts carefully selected by his friends and not bothering to open them is not a manifestation of narcissistic personality disorder.


Premise: In recent years, monosodium glutamate, a family essential product, has been questioned by people. It has been proposed that adding monosodium glutamate in the cooking process has a great harmful effect on the human body. Eating too much monosodium glutamate will lead to hair loss, vision loss, zinc deficiency, and even cancer or other visceral diseases. However, according to research, monosodium glutamate can enhance people's appetite, Improve the human body's ability to absorb other things and have a certain tonic effect on the human body.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Monosodium glutamate can improve people's food and martial arts, and has a certain tonic effect on the human body' is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Ripple effect refers to the different psychological states of people in different areas in an emergency. The closer they are to the center of the crisis, the higher their risk perception and negative emotions will be.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The risk perception, mental health level and coping behavior of the people in the severely affected areas were significantly higher than those in the non-severely affected areas' qualifies as a ripple effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Now the Internet is full of software that can automatically translate. Even if the translator does not have a good foreign language level, it will not hinder the translation. Therefore, the translator does not have to take pains to improve his foreign language ability, but should pay attention to the cultivation of Chinese writing ability in the translation.

Hypothesis: At present, some translators' Chinese writing ability is not good, which can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Mosquitoes can transmit a variety of diseases, such as malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, etc. Some people worry that when a mosquito bites an HIV-infected person, the HIV present in the mosquito will be transmitted from person to person when it bites the next person. But researchers pointed out that such worries are unnecessary.

Hypothesis: Mosquitoes inhale blood through the esophagus, and this kind of blood inhalation is always one-way supports researchers' view most.


Premise: A bank was stolen and four people, A, B, C and Ding, were detained for trial. The detection results show that the criminal is one of them. A said, C stole it. B said, I didn't steal it. C said, I didn't steal it either. D said,'if B didn't steal it, then I stole it. it has been found out that only one of them is telling lies.

Hypothesis: It was C who stole the bank is true from the above conditions.


Premise: Under the conditions of social mass production, in order to meet the needs of the society for various use values, it is necessary to pay various labors of different natures, and it is necessary to allocate the total social labor according to the corresponding proportions of the various use value needs.

Hypothesis: The view that the use value of labor is realized in the distribution of total labor in society is supported by this passage.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: Zhao and Sun probably will not attend the meeting in the end, according to this arrangement.


Premise: No one with a serious medical problem would rely on the average person to prescribe treatment. Similarly, since a good public servant has the interest of the public at heart, __.

Hypothesis: One is a good public servant if one is more knowledgeable about the public good than is the average person would most reasonably complete the argument.


Premise: The following three judgments are known to be true: (1) either A is on a business trip, or B is on a business trip, or C is on a business trip; (2) if A is on a business trip, then C is on a business trip; (3) C can't leave because of his busy work.

Hypothesis: A doesn't business, B doesn't business can be derived.


Premise: If a child's weight to height ratio exceeds the level of 80% of children in the region, it is called an obese child. According to the survey results over the years, the number of obese children in Linjiang has been steadily increasing for 15 years.

Hypothesis: The number of non-obese children in Linjiang City has been increasing for 15 years is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: When the cohesion of group members is high, group members tend to keep their views consistent with the group, while other controversial, creative or even more objective and reasonable views will be ignored or suppressed. This may lead to unreasonable or even bad decisions made by the group. A similar phenomenon may appear in the process of expressing public opinion on the Internet. People are more likely to be attracted to their own consensus forums and deepen their original views. In this way, it is possible to give rise to group myths, incorrect but dominant opinions supported by the majority and dissidents are represented and controlled.

Hypothesis: Online public opinion may not be able to represent the true thoughts of netizens, which should be discriminated by the government when soliciting public opinion is the inspiration for government management from this paragraph.


Premise: Scientists, just like Earth, Venus also has a hot lava core inside. With the autobiography and rotation of Venus, huge heat is released. The earth releases internal heat through volcanic eruptions caused by plate tectonics. It is puzzling that there is no volcanic eruption like plate tectonics in Venus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to the action of high temperature and high pressure, the rocks on the surface of Venus are harder than those on the earth's surface' gives the best explanation for the confusion of the scientist.


Premise: A group of unusual meteorites was found in Shergotty, India. Their structure indicates that they originated on one of the geologically active planets, Mercury, Venus, or Mars. Because of Mercury' s proximity to the Sun, any material dislodged from that planet' s surface would have been captured by the Sun, rather than falling to Earth as meteorites. Nor could Venus be the source of the meteorites, because its gravity would have prevented dislodged material from escaping into space. The meteorites, ttherefore, probably fell to Earth after being dislodged from Mars, perhaps as the result of a collision with a large object.

Hypothesis: The argument derives its conclusion by eliminating competing alternative explanations.


Premise: The words we follow today to talk about ancient Chinese painting are all written by Chinese literati, and because of this, Chinese literati have dominated the discussion space of painting for a long time, and they have become accustomed to starting from their own point of view. choose a point of view that is good for literati and artists, and now-- or should have been-- it's time for us to compete with them. And we should also question what they call a good painter or good work. Many excellent non-literati artists do not get due recognition because of the prejudice of literati. Here, we should give them objective evaluation and due status one by one.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The difference of interest between ancient literati painting and non-literati painting has a long history' is consistent with the original text.


Premise: If the magazine' s circulation continues to rise as it has over the last ten years, in another ten years it will be the largest-selling martial arts magazine in the world. Unfortunately, it has now become clear that the magazine' s publisher will not allow the managing editor to make the changes she has proposed, and without these changes, the magazine' s circulation will not rise as quickly over the next ten years as it has over the last ten. So the magazine will not be the largest-selling martial arts magazine ten years from now.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it treats an occurrence that will ensure a certain outcome as something that is required for that outcome.


Premise: Zhang Wei got A's in all her extracurricular homework, and if she got An in her term paper, she could pass the exam even if she didn't give a class report. Unfortunately, she didn't get an excellent grade in her term paper, so she had to give a class report if she wanted to pass the exam.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the above argument is flawed because it relies on unconfirmed assumptions: if Zhang Wei doesn't get honors in her term paper, she won't pass the exam without giving a class report.


Premise: Xiao Yan was looking at a shoe in the shopping mall and was struggling to decide whether to buy black or white. Xiaofang, a good friend of mine, said: You can ask the teller whether black has the highest sales volume or white has the highest sales volume. Don't you know?

Hypothesis: The statement "You go and ask the seniors and sisters who have been admitted to the graduate school to see if they applied for A or B, no. Did you know?" is most similar to the question-and-answer approach in the stem.


Premise: The star-nosed mole has a nose that ends in a pair of several-pointed stars, or tentacles that are crucial for hunting, as moles are poor-sighted. These tentacles contain receptors that detect electric fields produced by other animals, enabling the moles to detect and catch suitable prey such as worms and insects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Both worms and insects produce electric fields' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Researcher: This fall I returned to a research site to recover the armadillos I had tagged there the previous spring. Since a large majority of the armadillos I recaptured were found within a few hundred yards of the location of their tagging last spring, I concluded that armadillos do not move rapidly into new territories.

Hypothesis: An assumption required by the researcher's argument is that of the armadillos living in the area of the tagging site last spring, few were able to avoid being tagged by the researcher.