Premise: During 2003, the number of people in the city of M who received unemployment compensation from the government doubled, even though the number of people in M who did not have jobs and qualified for unemployment remained unchanged.

Hypothesis: In 2002, the M social service department estimated the number of people in M who might be eligible for the unemployment program, and then informed the M City Council of the total amount of assistance likely to be needed most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Only poetry cannot be translated well, and ttherefore it is poets who preserve languages, for we would not bother to learn a language if we could get everything written in it from translation. So, since we cannot witness the beauty of poetry except in the language in which it is composed, we have motivation to learn the language.

Hypothesis: Some translations do not capture all that was expressed in the original language provides the least support in the information above.


Premise: To cut costs, a high school modified its airconditioning system to increase its efficiency. The modified system, however, caused the humidity in the school air to decrease by 18 percent. Twenty-four hours after the decrease in air humidity, a 25 percent increase in the number of visits to the school nurse was reported. This shows that a decrease in humidity can make people ill.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that at least some of the visits to the school nurse after the system was modified were due to illness.


Premise: Some TV ads take the same words, repeated many times in order to deepen the audience's impression, so that the audience remember the product to be promoted. In fact, this is unwise.Surveys show that many long-term such advertising businesses. Lately, they've been in economic trouble, with a huge backlog of products. It can be seen that the business not only did not achieve the desired purpose, but also produced a negative effect.

Hypothesis: Repeated playback of the same ad will cause tv viewers to get bored or even angry, and thus have a strong antipathy to the products that the merchant is trying to promote best emphasizes the above argument.


Premise: Righteousness refers to actions that are not due to statutory duties or agreed obligations, to protect national interests, collective interests, or the personal and property safety of others, regardless of personal safety, to fight against illegal and criminal acts, or to take an active part in rescue and relief work.

Hypothesis: The guardian rescues the ward must not belong to the act of righteousness.


Premise: Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office. However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

Hypothesis: The principle 'When major political scandals are less the responsibility of individual incumbents than of the parties to which they belong, whatever party was responsible must be penalized when possible' would best account for the contrast in reactions described above.


Premise: Colds are common in autumn and winter, and the tips to prevent colds have attracted much attention. It has been circulating on the Internet that placing an onion in the room can prevent colds, because the sulfur compounds volatilized by the onion can inhibit bacteria and cancer, and purify the indoor air. Therefore, putting a few onions cut at both ends indoors can effectively prevent colds.

Hypothesis: The statement '70% - 80% of human colds are caused by viruses, and onions have no inhibitory effect on viruses' most refutes the above view.


Premise: Essayist: Some researchers criticize British governmental security agencies for not releasing enough information about sightings of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) made by these military and intelligence agencies. Requests for information by civilian researchers are brushed aside. This leads one to suspect that there have been spacecraft sighted near Earth that are extraterrestrial in origin.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The British government would deny the requests by civilian researchers to have access to the data only if this government had something to hide' would most strengthen the essayist's argument.


Premise: Foreign exchange refers to a variety of payment vouchers expressed in foreign currencies and used for international settlement. It includes foreign currencies (banknotes, coins), foreign currency securities (government bonds, treasury bills, corporate bonds, stocks, coupons, etc.), foreign currency payment vouchers (bills, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.) and other vouchers that can be cashed abroad.

Hypothesis: Cash deposit certificate after converting 1 billion euros into US dollars does not belong to foreign exchange in France according to the above definition.


Premise: Press and hold the fingerprint on the screen, mainly because the thickness of the screen module itself makes the sensor unable to collect enough useful signals. This makes the front capacitance fingerprint identification scheme useless in the full screen mobile phone. The full screen literally means that the front of the mobile phone is full of screens, which adopts a borderless design and pursues a screen share of nearly 100%. However, due to the current technology, the comprehensive screen mobile phone claimed by the industry is only a mobile phone with ultra-high screen share for the time being. If you want to make the comprehensive screen more comprehensive or even close to the real comprehensive screen, off screen fingerprint identification must be overcome. At present, there are two known off screen fingerprint identification schemes. One is realized by OLED, that is, optical recognition. The other is ultrasonic fingerprint recognition.

Hypothesis: Off screen fingerprint identification technology is one of the keys to realize the real full screen of mobile phone is a statement that is wrong according to the above words.


Premise: Some engineers have doctorates, so some people who have doctorates are highly skilled.

Hypothesis: In order for the above reasoning to be true, the premise 'All the engineers are highly skilled' must be added.


Premise: There are three traditional standards of civilization, namely writing, bronzes and cities. However, many archaeologists later discovered that due to the differences in civilizations in different regions, this criterion not only does not work, but also hinders archaeological work. Nowadays, the international standard for judging civilization is mainly: it has entered the state and social form, and has a set of etiquette system and governance management system. Although the Liangzhu culture did not have bronze wares and relatively mature characters, it had an early state and social form, a relatively complete etiquette system and management system, and many elements of oriental civilization. Some archaeological researchers of the Liangzhu Culture even believe that the Liangzhu Culture is a comprehensive civilization in the early East.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that the Liangzhu culture conforms to the prevailing standards of civilization judgment.


Premise: A company has a six-story office building. The company's finance department, planning department, administration department, sales department, human resources department, R & D department and other six departments work here, each department occupies one floor. It is known that: (1) the floors of the human resources department and the sales department are not adjacent; (2) the finance department is on the lower floor of the planning department; (3) the floor of the administration department is above the planning department, but below the human resources department.

Hypothesis: The sales department is on the upper floor of the R & D department may be true if the human resources department is not one level above the administration department.


Premise: Diamond Enterprises is a store in Apisville that sells specialty luxury items. For several years, Diamond reaped substantial profits and was considering building branch stores in nearby counties. Stibium Industries, for several years the single largest employer in Apisville and the surrounding region, abruptly closed its plant last year, causing widespread unemployment. Only a fraction of the former Stibium workers have found new jobs, and many of these at much lower wages. Early this year, Diamond Enterprises has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing the closure of Stibium as one of the primary causes.

Hypothesis: The inference that the closure of Stibium resulted in a loss of revenue for Diamond Enterprises is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Babies learn by touching objects, playing around and observing the behavior of adults, but robots usually learn only according to programmed procedures. As a result, some scientists try to develop robots that learn more like babies. They think that since babies are the most efficient learners on earth, why not design robots that can learn as effortlessly as babies?

Hypothesis: Learning by touching, playing and observing is the most likely to be the hypothesis of the above-mentioned scientist's point of view.


Premise: There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.

Hypothesis: If both S and Z are now turned on, then T must be turned on and Y must be turned off.


Premise: Historian: In rebuttal of my claim that West influenced Stuart, some people point out that West' s work is mentioned only once in Stuart' s diaries. But Stuart' s diaries mention several meetings with West, and Stuart' s close friend, Abella, studied under West. Furthermore, Stuart' s work often uses West' s terminology which, though now commonplace, none of Stuart' s contemporaries used.

Hypothesis: Stuart's discussions with Abella were one of the means by which West influenced Stuart is the proposition that is most supported by the historian's statements, if those statements are true.


Premise: If Li Jia passes the exam, Li Hua, Sun Tao and Zhao Lin must also pass.

Hypothesis: If Sun Tao fails, Li Jia and Zhao Lin are not both pass the exam can be inferred.


Premise: This is the best intercity arena. Every bid is an ingenious urban public relations. For the new dignitaries, this is indeed an once-in-a-lifetime step into the house. IOC members do not simply cross each ballot, they are also mapping the rising and falling trends between cities on the list of the world's winds and clouds.

Hypothesis: The bidding and hosting of the Olympic Games is a manifestation of the strength of each other in the world cities is correct, based on the information provided.


Premise: Smartwatch has developed rapidly in recent years, it has many functions that traditional watches do not have, such as real-time sending and receiving text messages and emails, real-time monitoring of exercise status, obtaining the data of the blood pressure and pulse and so on.Because of these advantages of smartwatch, more and more people buy smartwatch. On this basis, Zhang Nan predicts that in a few years, factories that make traditional watches will eventually close down.

Hypothesis: Most manufacturers of traditional watches make not only traditional watches but also smartwatches, if true, can most weaken Zhang Nan's conclusion.


Premise: Philosopher: An event is intentional if it is a human action performed on the basis of a specific motivation. An event is random if it is not performed on the basis of a specific motivation and it is not explainable by normal physical processes.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher's position, Ellis tore the envelope open in order to read its contents, but the envelope was empty. Nevertheless, because Ellis acted on the basis of a specific motivation, tearing the envelope open was an intentional event.


Premise: Under the severe impact of Chinese culture, Buddhism cannot gain a foothold in China if it cannot adapt to the reality, so Buddhism can only make some camouflage in order to survive.Among the typical examples of early Buddhism, some especially emphasize that the word filial piety distorts the meaning of the original text in order to meet the requirements of China's strong color culture.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the main idea of the passage is that Buddhism has a deep influence on the inheritance of Chinese traditional culture.


Premise: Birds have been said to be descended from certain birdlike dinosaur species with which they share distinctive structural features. The fossil record, however, shows that this cannot be so, since there are bird fossils much older than the earliest birdlike dinosaur fossils that have been found.

Hypothesis: It could not have been the case that some birds were descendant from one of the bird like dinosaur species and other birds from another is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: The traditional treatment of strep infections has been a seven-day course of antibiotics, either penicillin or erythromycin. However, since many patients stop taking those drugs within three days, reinfection is common in cases where those drugs are prescribed. A new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment. Ttherefore, reinfection will probably be less common in cases where the new antibiotic is prescribed than in cases where either penicillin or erythromycin is prescribed.

Hypothesis: Regardless of whether they take a traditional antibiotic or the new one, most patients feel fully recovered after taking the drug for three days most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Two hundred mice of the same kind and none of them had leukemia were exposed to some kind of radiation of the same dose and intensity, and then half of the mice were not restricted to eat the food they normally eat. and the other half gave them the same food, but in a limited amount. It was found that 55 mice in the former group had leukemia, while only 3 mice in the latter group had leukemia.

Hypothesis: Mice exposed to some kind of radiation are bound to develop leukemia in the end is correct.


Premise: If Juan went to the party, it is highly unlikely that Maria would have enjoyed the party. But in fact it turned out that Maria did enjoy the party; ttherefore, it is highly unlikely that Juan was at the party.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which the person who won the lottery would not have been likely to win it if the lottery were fair, and thus since this person would have been likely to win the lottery if it were unfair, the lottery was probably unfair.


Premise: The proliferation of private cars in a city aggravates the air pollution in the city, and often causes serious congestion on several road sections during the morning and evening rush hours. In order to solve this problem, the city government decided to impose round-the-clock traffic restrictions on private cars with single and even numbers, that is, only private cars with odd numbers are allowed to travel on odd-numbered days, and only even-numbered private cars are allowed to travel on even days.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Private car owners in the city are generally rich and they don't care about fines for violations' most questions the decision of the municipal government.


Premise: Directional movement refers to the directional motion caused by the external stimulation of plants in a single direction, including positive motion, gravity movement, tactile motion and directional motion. Most of the directional movement is growth movement, which is an irreversible process of motion.

Hypothesis: Plants that prefer shade grow better in the shade than in direct sunlight is a directional movement, as defined above.


Premise: People with vigorous vitality are those who have the ability to laugh at themselves. Self-deprecating can fight cancer. How much rubbish must be thrown out of the room in one's life! However, people often cannot remove trash from their hearts. If people never throw trash out of their rooms, what would it be like?However, people often cannot be horrified by the blockage in their hearts.

Hypothesis: The statement "Self-deprecating can prevent, cure cancer, and make people vitality" does not conform to the above content.


Premise: A sign at the entrance to a forest farm reads clearly,No destruction of forests, fines for violators. One day, a nearby villager Yang a to the forest cut down a tree, is going down the hill by ranger Zhang a found. Zhang not only criticized Yang, but also imposed a fine on Yang, Yang did not accept, the two sides launched a fierce debate. Yang said, I cut down a tree, not a forest, you should not punish me for money.

Hypothesis: Zhang's logic is that cutting down a tree is destroying the forest and whoever destroys the forest will be fined.


Premise: Researcher Wang thinks that eating breakfast is harmful to your health. Because eating breakfast leads to a higher peak of cortisol, which in turn leads to abnormal insulin in the body, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. Professor Li thinks that this is not the case. Because high cortisol levels in the morning are only a sign of circadian rhythm, skipping breakfast increases not only the risk of type 2 diabetes, but also the risk of other diseases.

Hypothesis: People with diabetes who eat the calories they need for the day between 9 and 15:00 can keep their blood sugar levels basically stable can best support Professor Li's point of view.


Premise: The researchers divided the subjects into two groups: group A did its own thing for ten minutes, but did not do anything that would lead to lying; group B was asked to steal the test paper and lie during the test. The researchers then asked the subjects to wear special electrodes to record the frequency of blinking when asked. The results showed that the blinking frequency of group A increased slightly, but the blinking frequency of group B decreased at first, and then increased significantly to 8 times of the general frequency. Thus it can be seen that by observing the blinking frequency of a person, we can judge whether he is lying or not.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Are there any abnormalities in the instruments and equipment used in group A and group B?' hardly questions the conclusions of this study.


Premise: Standard antibiotics usually contain only one active ingredient, while herbal antibiotics contain many. Therefore, herbal drugs are more likely to maintain their efficacy against new drug-resistant bacteria than standard antibiotics.For a strain, it is just as difficult for a chef to make a dish that can satisfy dozens of guests at the same time, just as it is difficult for a chef to make a dish that satisfies the taste of dozens of guests at the same time, while it is much easier to make a dish that satisfies the taste of one guest.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that an electric current passes through a wire like a stream of water through a pipe, and the flow of a large diameter pipeline is larger than that of a small diameter pipeline, therefore the thicker wire carries more electricity than the thin wire, is most similar to the reasoning in the above argument.


Premise: A person reading a new book for pleasure is like a tourist traveling to a new place. The reader reads, just as the tourist travels, to enlarge understanding rather than simply to acquire information. Thus, it is better to read fewer books and spend more time on each rather than to quickly read as many as one can, just as it is better to travel to fewer places and spend more time in each rather than to spend a small amount of time in many different places.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Tourists gain much more understanding of a place once they have spent several days at that place than they do in their first few days there' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: In Newton's eyes, time is absolute, transcends nature, governs all things and cannot add or subtract them. Common quantum mechanics accepts this absolute concept of time. In contrast, relativity holds that time and everything else that changes with time moves more slowly in the gravitational field. In the theory of relativity, time is no longer an external parameter, but an active participant in the composition of the universe.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of this passage is that Newton did not think that time was actively involved in the composition of the universe.


Premise: The cafeteria of a certain elementary school provides a free lunch every day to the entire student body - a significant expense in the school' s annual budget. A vice principal was exploring cost-reducing measures that would not compromise nourishment. A local Italian restaurant offered the school a large number of pizzas at a vastly reduced bulk rate. The pizzas were served one day, and afterward, the vice principal calculated that the cost of the pizza and delivery was slightly more than the average cost of typical cafeteria lunch day. Ttherefore, he concluded that the school could not save money by replacing a day of cafeteria lunch with a day of pizza from this restaurant.

Hypothesis: The information about how many pizzas were uneaten at the end of that day's lunch would be most useful for evaluating the conclusion drawn by the vice principal.


Premise: At a time when the Japanese economy was dominating the world, many entrepreneurs flocked to the art market, searching for Western Impressionist works. Later, with the bursting of the economic bubble, the purchasing power of Japanese art plummeted, and the classic works of those artists, like giant ships on the waves, were still motionless, while those ordinary works were small sampans, vulnerable in the wind and rain, and their owners were inevitably destroyed.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the price of a work of art depends on the achievement of the work.


Premise: Ecologist: Forest fires, the vast majority of which are started by lightning, are not only a natural phenomenon to which all forest ecosystems are well adapted, but are required for many forests to flourish. Forest fires facilitate the opening and spreading of seed pods, prevent an overabundance of insects, and promote the diversity of forests by preventing certain varieties of aggressive weeds from dominating other species. In view of this, systematic attempts by human beings to prevent or control forest fires are ill-advised and shortsighted; forest fires should be left alone and allowed to burn themselves out naturally.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if the assumption that 'Forest fires begun by careless campers should be the target of human fire control efforts' is made.


Premise: From 2005 to 2006, from Super Girl to Hu Gemen booming, from Guo Degang in Beijing to Cai Galiang in Shanghai, from the folk, fresh and lively, unrefined grass-roots culture was becoming popular at a surprising speed. In the face of such a group or group culture, people who appreciated it boasted from the masses, close to the masses, while those who did not appreciate it disdainfully gave their comments that vulgar and grandstanding.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'From Song iambic verse and Yuan drama to Beijing opera, they all have experienced the process from grass-roots to a high position' is the basis for the comments of the above people who appreciated grass-roots culture.


Premise: The manager said, with self-confidence, you don't necessarily win. the chairman responded, but without self-confidence, you will lose.

Hypothesis: You can't lose unless you are confident is closest to the chairman's meaning.


Premise: In essence, the competitiveness of a city depends not only on the quality of the hard environment-the level of infrastructure, the strength of the economic strength, the quality of the industrial structure, the friendliness of the natural environment, but also on the quality of the soft environment. This soft environment is composed of many humanistic elements, such as social order, public morality, cultural atmosphere, educational level, spiritual civilization and so on. And all this mainly depends on the overall quality of the citizens.

Hypothesis: The text is meant to show that the competitiveness of a city is jointly determined by the hard environment and the soft environment.


Premise: G2B (BusinesstoGovemment) is a kind of e-government mode, which means that the government and enterprises use modern information technology such as computer and Internet to carry out related business transactions beyond the restrictions of time, space and department separation. It helps to realize the optimization and reorganization of government organizations and work processes, and improve the efficiency of government work.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the G2B service mode includes Xiao Guo handing in his last quarter's fine on the motor vehicle illegal inquiry online platform in a certain province.


Premise: Asbestos, an almost indestructible mineral once installed as building insulation, poses no health risk unless the asbestos is disturbed and asbestos fibers are released into the environment. Since removing asbestos from buildings disturbs it, thereby releasing asbestos fibers, the government should not require removal of all asbestos insulation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Much of the time, removed asbestos is buried in landfills and forgotten, with no guarantee that it will not be disturbed again' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Leslie: I' ll show you that your quest for the treasure is irrational. Suppose you found a tablet inscribed, Whoever touches this tablet will lose a hand, yet will possess the world.  Would you touch it? Erich: Certainly not. Leslie: Just as I expected! It is clear from your answer that your hands are more important to you than possessing the world. But your entire body is necessarily more important to you than your hands. Yet you are ruining your health and harming your body in your quest for a treasure that is much less valuable than the whole world. I rest my case.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Leslie's argument is that Erich is engaging in irrational behavior by pursuing his quest for the treasure.


Premise: Social management is not to strengthen control. It is flexible, collaborative and interactive. This is the fundamental difference between it and the traditional unit system management model, and it is also the essence of big management. For a long time, the unit is the society and it takes over All of us. The unit system and identity system constitute the basic characteristics of social operation in the era of planned economy in our country. The state and government manage employees and urban residents through a strict unit system and neighborhood system. The important feature of the unit system is that Controllability, closure and unity are typical small management. Perhaps, under the conditions at the time, the unit system has its reasonable side, but the corresponding thing is the shrinking of society, so that we live But in society, I am very confused about society. What is society? Where is the society?

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the era of planned economy, the mode of social management in China is mainly identity system' corresponds to this paragraph.


Premise: Job enlargement refers to the increase in the number or variety of work tasks at the horizontal level, so that the work is diversified.  Job enrichment refers to giving employees more complex, more serialized work vertically and giving them more control.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The staff of the postal department has increased from only sorting mail to the postal department' falls belongs to job enlargement.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: 4 students can go to England together.


Premise: People's customary behavior patterns in the production and consumption of tea are usually expressed in the form of tea ceremony, tea customs, and tea art. For example, the famous sentence of Song Dynasty poet Du Lei, The cold night guests come to tea as wine, which explains that visitors to tea It is a traditional etiquette in our country; sending tea from thousands of miles expresses nostalgia for relatives; folks used tea as a gift in the old days, called tea ceremony, tea ceremony is called chao, and the ancient proverb said a woman does not eat Two kinds of tea means that the female family no longer accepts the betrothal gifts of other families after receiving the tea ceremony; there are also tea to worship the Buddha, tea sacrifices and so on. As for various places, the tea drinking habits of various ethnic groups are colorful and varied. The tea-drinking methods and tea art procedures are also like a hundred flowers blooming, and the beauty is too beautiful.

Hypothesis: Tea drinking customs in different regions have their own advantages can be inferred from this text.


Premise: An administrative department needs to select personnel to participate in poverty alleviation work. In this regard, the secretary, the director and the deputy director have the following requirements. The secretary said that if chief Li is not elected to participate in poverty alleviation, then the chief of the horse section will be sent to participate in poverty alleviation. The director said that if the chief of the horse section was not elected to participate in poverty alleviation, then the chief of the department of Li would not be elected to participate in poverty alleviation. The deputy director said that either the chief of the horse section should be selected to participate in poverty alleviation, or the chief of Li would be elected to participate in poverty alleviation.

Hypothesis: The option 'Chief Li participated in poverty alleviation' meets the requirements of the secretary, the director, and the deputy director.


Premise: The market gap maker strategy refers to the relatively weak enterprises in the industry, in order to avoid head-on conflicts with powerful enterprises in the competition, choose unsatisfied market segments and provide special products or services to market segments in order to seek survival and development.

Hypothesis: A small clothing manufacturer incorporating popular elements in this year's market into their design to produce women's wear with high quality and low price belongs to the market gap strategy according to the above definition.


Premise: Objectively speaking, in order to realize self-driving, it is far from enough to rely on the upgrading of the car itself, and it is also necessary to upgrade the urban road to intelligent management so as to achieve the linkage between the car and the urban transportation system. Cars can have more eyes to observe the surrounding road conditions and discover potential dangers. However, in the current technology and environment is not perfect, driverless cars can not be as accurate as the human brain, can not rush on the road. This is also what self-driving developers should pay attention to. Research and development should be thoughtful rather than radical. After all, whether self-driving can cope with a complex road environment must be tested by a road test.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is whether or not to pass the road test test is the key to autopilot technology.


Premise: In a university, graduates majoring in mathematics, physics, chemistry, management, secretarial science and law need to be employed. At present, Fengyun, Jardine and Hongyu come to the school for recruitment. It is known that each company only recruits graduates from the above two or three majors, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) companies that recruit chemistry majors also recruit mathematics majors; (2) Jardines recruit majors. Fengyun company also recruits; (3) only one company recruits secretarial majors, and the company does not recruit physics majors. (4) if Jardine recruits a management major, then it also recruits a secretarial major; (5) if Hongyu does not recruit a secretarial major, then Jardine recruits a secretarial major.

Hypothesis: If all three companies recruit several graduates from three majors, Fengyun Company recruits a major in chemistry can be derived.


Premise: The state is a political entity surrounded by boundaries, the area where the state power exercises power, and can be regarded as a kind of political division. However, this kind of political division surrounded by the boundary is only the form of the state, not the essence of the state. The real state means that the citizens within the boundary have formed a kind of cohesion, which can be called national consciousness. It is that everyone thinks that I am a certain countryman at the bottom of their hearts. A country that does not form such a consciousness, which cannot be called a country in nature, is very unstable. The real great power lies not only in its large territory and large population, but also in whether its citizens have formed national consciousness and national identity.

Hypothesis: The connotation of national consciousness tells the gist of the passage.


Hypothesis: Chief Ma participated in poverty alleviation meets the requirements of the secretary, the director and the deputy director.


Premise: Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena.

Hypothesis: In ancient times, river specifically refers to the Yellow River, but now it can also refer to other rivers belongs to semantic generalization.


Premise: The members of a mountaineering tour group helped each other and established a profound friendship. Li Jia, who joined later, has been rescued many times by other members, but she has not yet rescued anyone, and those who have rescued Li Jia have been rescued by Wang Yue. Zhao Xin has rescued all the members of the team, and the people Wang Yue has rescued have also been rescued by Chen Fan.

Hypothesis: Chen Fan rescued Li Jia can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Raisins are made by drying grapes in the sun. Although some of the sugar in the grapes is caramelized in the process, nothing is added. Moreover, the only thing removed from the grapes is the water that evaporates during the drying, and water contains no calories or nutrients. The fact that raisins contain more iron per calorie than grapes do is thus puzzling.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Caramelized sugar cannot be digested, so its calories do not count toward the calorie content of raisins' most helps to explain why raisins contain more iron per calorie than do grapes.


Premise: Advertising means that for commercial purposes, the commodity operator or service provider bears the cost, through a certain medium or certain form, such as newspapers, television, street signs, shop windows, etc., directly or indirectly promotes the goods or services provided by oneself,Public promotion activities carried out.

Hypothesis: Advertising campaigns include the company stipulating that office computers must use a unified brand.


Premise: People who listen to certain recordings of music are in danger of being unduly influenced by spoken messages that have been recorded backwards on the records or tapes.

Hypothesis: A consequence of the view above is that when people listen to recorded music, they pay full attention to the music as it plays.


Premise: In the years before hosting the Olympic Games, the host country of the Olympic Games has to make a lot of infrastructure construction and investment, so as to promote economic growth. In the year of the Olympic Games, residents' consumption and tourism increased significantly, which will also boost economic growth. But these factors disappeared after the Olympic Games, causing the host country's economy to decline. South Korea, Spain, Greece and other countries all experienced economic downturn after the Olympic Games. As a result, China will also experience an economic recession after the 2008 Olympic Games.

Hypothesis: The option "The stadiums built for the Olympic Games will become places for fitness and entertainment for ordinary citizens after the Olympic Games" cannot challenge the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: In the 400-meter race, Luo, Fang, Xu, Lu, Tian and Shi were divided into a group. They are standing on track 1 to 6 from the inside out. With regard to their location, it is known that: (1) the track of Tian and Shi is adjacent; (2) the number of Lu's track is smaller than that of Luo; (3) there are two tracks between Tian and Luo; (4) the track number of Fang is smaller than Lu, and there are two tracks in the middle.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, it can be inferred that there are three tracks between Xu and Shi.


Premise: It's impossible for all the witnesses to tell the truth.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, then some witnesses don't tell the truth.


Premise: The final approved projects are either of great significance or high attention, and all of the significant projects involve people's livelihood issues. However, some final approved projects do not involve people's livelihood issues.

Hypothesis: Some projects involving people's livelihood issues have not attracted attention can be derived from the above statement.


Premise: Life expectancy is the average age at death of the entire live-born population. In the middle of the nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years. Thus, in those days, people must have been considered old at an age that we now consider the prime of life.

Hypothesis: The proportion of people who die in their seventies is significantly smaller today than is the proportion of people who die in their eighties, which undermines the argument above.


Premise: To perform an act that is morally wrong is to offend against humanity, and all offenses against humanity are equally bad. Because murder is morally wrong, it is just as bad to have murdered one person by setting off a bomb as it would have been to have murdered a hundred people by setting off that bond.

Hypothesis: If lying is morally wrong, telling a lie is as bad as murdering someone is a judgment that conforms to the principles invoked above.


Premise: Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.

Hypothesis: Disagreeing with Xiao Chen's conclusion, and put forward another explanation for Xiao Chen's argument. Agree with Xiao Chen's conclusion, but put forward another explanation for Xiao Chen's argument can best summarize the methods used by Xiao Wang to refute Xiao Chen's point of view.


Premise: When a shop was stolen, the clues that the police have are as follows: 1.At most one of the three of A, B, and C is a criminal 2.If A is a criminal, B must be a co-criminal 3.When the theft happened, C was eating at home.

Hypothesis: C is criminal.


Premise: The natural elimination breeding method refers to a breeding method that reduces the perceived intervention in the selection process of good seeds and tries to determine the required good breeds through the natural growth that is screened.

Hypothesis: In order to select disease-resistant seed fish, turtle farms did not use any drugs in the case of successive death. The last fish alive is a seed fish is a natural elimination breeding method.


Premise: World-class pianists practice the piano no less than eight hours a day, unless it's New Year's Day, Sunday, or the day of an important performance.

Hypothesis: A certain pianist who did not practice the piano for three months is not a world-class pianist if the above statement is true.


Premise: Many economists claim that financial rewards provide the strongest incentive for people to choose one job over another. But in many surveys, most people do not name high salary as the most desirable feature of a job. This shows that these economists overestimate the degree to which people are motivated by money in their job choices.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'jobs that pay the same salary often vary considerably in their other financial benefits' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Paula will visit the dentist tomorrow morning only if Bill goes golfing in the morning. Bill will not go golfing unless Damien agrees to go golfing too. However, Damien has decided not to go golfing. Ttherefore, Paula will not be visiting the dentist tomorrow morning.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning displayed above most closely parallels the statement 'Kevin will wash his car tomorrow only if Brittany has to go visit her grandmother. Unless Aunt Susan has to run errands, Brittany will not have to go visit her grandmother. Since Aunt Susan does not have to run errands, Kevin will not wash his car tomorrow.'


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to take care of their children and the next generation. In a recent urban survey,52.2 percent of the young people surveyed admitted that their parents are old drifters. They and their partners have just started their careers, and work pressure is high, so they have no time to take care of their children and do housework. According to experts, the group of old drifters in China's cities will further expand.

Hypothesis: The statement "The implementation of the national two-child policy will encourage more children to be born" best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: In Chinese traditional concept, sculpture has always been regarded as the same art form as painting. In Chinese traditional academics, there is only painting but not sculpture. This lack of attention in history led to the loss of a large number of stone carving works with high historical data research value overseas at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Today, emerging collectors only focused on the wealth of art products, so the price of copper gilded Buddha statues in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties soared. It is a pity that when faced with those high ancient stone carvings that truly reflect the cultural and historical features of Chinese sculpture, they are somewhat timid and indecisive.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this paragraph is the immature mentality of sculpture collectors.


Premise: The judicial system needs the police to maintain. If the police do not do their duty, it is impossible to have a good judicial system. Therefore, if the police do their duty, there will be a good judicial system.

Hypothesis: Without a good judicial system, state personnel other than the police will not perform their duties is a conclusion that can be logically deduced from the above statement.


Premise: Monopoly refers to the exclusive or joint control of a single enterprise or a few large enterprises over the production and sale of the products of the corresponding sector on the basis of the high development of concentrated profit and capital concentration.

Hypothesis: The monopoly in the given situation is the government restricting the establishment of new factories in related industries in order to curb industrial overcapacity.


Premise: Face recognition technology has gradually penetrated into the trend of social life, and many people even make face recognition omnipotent. In fact, there may still be risks and loopholes behind high-tech applications, although according to the usual view, the higher the content of science and technology, the higher the safety factor, but as shown in the March 15 party, with the development of science and technology, simulation headsets, holographic projection, face tracking and other high-tech means continue to appear, a single face recognition technology has great limitations. There is no absolute concept of security. Therefore, when using high-level security scenarios such as privacy and payment, we should pay attention to the fusion of face with voiceprint, fingerprint, iris and other biometric signals, rather than using single face recognition technology, so that the security coefficient will be greatly improved.

Hypothesis: There will also be problems behind high-tech products is intended to be explained by this passage.


Premise: Insurance agent: Cars are no safer than motorcycles; that is, when driven at high speeds, cars are not involved in more fatal crashes than are motorcycles. We conducted a survey about car Y and found that highspeed crashes involving car Y resulted in 40% of the fatalities in 2005 while motorcycles were involved in only 35% of the fatalities in 2005.

Hypothesis: The insurance agent based his conclusion on the total number of car crashes, not just on those resulting in fatalities is a potential flaw in the insurance agent's reasoning.


Premise: Many media said China's male-to-female ratio a serious imbalance. By 2020, there will be 30 million to 40 million more men of marriageable age in China than women, meaning that on average one in five men will be unable to find a spouse and ten million will be without a wife.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Late Marriage and late childbearing are common' best supports the above statement.


Premise: Job enlargement refers to the increase in the number or variety of work tasks at the horizontal level, so that the work is diversified.  Job enrichment refers to giving employees more complex, more serialized work vertically and giving them more control.

Hypothesis: In a transmission data system company, employees can often propose jobs they like and then transfer to new positions falls under job enlargement.


Premise: Sarah: When commercial fishing boats with permits to fish for certain species accidentally catch a type of fish for which they have no permit, the latter must be thrown back. This is a very wasteful practice because many, if not most, of the rejected fish do not survive. Fishing permits should ttherefore be altered so that fishers can keep fish caught accidentally. Amar: Making it legal to keep those fish would probably lead to a lot more accidents.

Hypothesis: The technique Amar uses in responding to Sarah's argument is to contend that Sarah's recommendation has an important negative consequence.


Premise: It is repeatedly claimed that the dumping of nuclear waste poses no threat to people living nearby. If this claim could be made with certainty, there would be no reason for not locating sites in areas of dense population. But the policy of dumping nuclear waste only in the more sparsely populated regions indicates, at the very least, some misgiving about safety on the part of those responsible for policy.

Hypothesis: The statement that dumping of nuclear waste poses fewer economic and bureaucratic problems in sparsely populated areas than in densely populated areas would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: A certain medication that is frequently prescribed to lower a patient' s cholesterol level is generally effective. A recent study of 1, 000 subjects ranging widely in age indicates, however, that the cholesterol level of someone taking the medication is typically 12 to 15 percent higher than the average for that person' s age group.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The medication described above is usually prescribed only for people whose cholesterol level is at least 30 percent above the average for their age group' most helps to explain how both of the claims made above could be true.


Premise: The interstitial nucleus, a subregion of the brain' s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than . 05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Everyone has his own fun. A master once said: the only thing I can do outside my work and basic life is reading.

Hypothesis: Master wants to establish an image of learning and studying in front of the public, and hide his personal hobbies.


Premise: Intrusive thinking refers to some involuntary, recurrent and irregular disturbing thoughts that enter the individual's brain, which can cause a series of adaptive problems and induce negative emotions, including anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Meng's struggles about whether to go back to his hometown for the Spring Festival and subsequent upset belongs to intrusive thinking.


Premise: In the whole year of last year, the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk driving in a certain area was twice the number of traffic accidents caused by fatigue driving. Therefore, the publicity work on the prohibition of fatigue driving has been done better than that of drunk driving.

Hypothesis: The answer "If the publicity of banning drunk driving is increased, to what extent can the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk driving be reduced?" best evaluates the above conclusion.


Premise: In 1958, IBM missed the opportunity to acquire a new company that invented a new technology called photocopying. Two years later, Xerox was born, and IBM has regretted it every day ever since. Ten years later, DEC invented the minicomputer. IB.M thought it was too small to do decent computing, but by the time IB.M computers finally entered the minicomputer market, DEC had grown into a company with a market capitalization of hundreds of millions of dollars. Ten years later, Apple invented the appleIl,IBM and thought that the personal computer was not an invention and was of little importance to its own career. Five years later, when IBM entered the PC market with IB.MPC, it already had to compete fiercely with more than 50 competitors for market share.

Hypothesis: If IBM seizes the three opportunities mentioned in this article, it will become the most powerful technology company summarizes this passage most accurately.


Premise: Conscientiousness is high on most firms' list of traits they want in employees. Yet a recent study found that laid-off conscientious individuals are less likely to find jobs within five months than are their peers who shirked their workplace responsibilities.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, helps to resolve the apparent paradox above EXCEPT: Conscientious people tend to have a greater than average concern with finding the job most suited to their interests and abilities.


Premise: Legislator: To keep our food safe, we must prohibit the use of any food additives that have been found to cause cancer. Commentator: An absolute prohibition is excessive. Today' s tests can detect a single molecule of potentially cancer-causing substances, but we know that consuming significantly larger amounts of such a chemical does not increase one' s risk of getting cancer. Thus, we should instead set a maximum acceptable level for each problematic chemical, somewhat below the level at which the substance has been shown to lead to cancer but above zero.

Hypothesis: Consuming small amounts of several different cancer-causing chemicals can lead to cancer even if consuming such an amount of any one cancer-causing chemical would not is the logically strongest counter the legislator can make to the commentator's argument.


Premise: Huizhou culture mainly refers to the specific life structure system which is based on Huizhou (called Xin'an County in ancient times) and originates from the sexual relationship between man and nature and between people in history. Like any culture, it also includes material culture, institutional culture, ideology, implicit mentality, value system and other cultural and psychological structures, and creates brilliant achievements with distinctive characteristics at all cultural levels,the impact spread all over the country.

Hypothesis: Huizhou culture is a closed cultural tradition with dignified family culture, strong sense of clan identity and prevailing patriarchal concept is an incorrect understanding of Huizhou culture.


Premise: Only by intensifying investigation and punishment, and not tolerating corrupt officials, can officials not dare to corrupt; only by establishing and improving relevant systems in every aspect of the operation of power can officials cannot be corrupted. However, if Officials lack the necessary shame and rely solely on the system, then they will definitely find loopholes in the system; on the contrary, if officials have a certain sense of shame, then even if there are some system loopholes, they will not use it intentionally, but Will restrain themselves, even repair these loopholes, truly do not want to be corrupt.

Hypothesis: If officials have a certain sense of integrity, they will strengthen self-discipline and will not deliberately use loopholes in the system to eliminate corruption from their hearts can be introduced based on the above statement.


Premise: Chronic fatigue syndrome, a condition that afflicts thousands of people, is invariably associated with lower-than-normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood. Further, malabsorption of magnesium from the digestive tract to the blood is also often associated with some types of fatigue. These facts in themselves demonstrate that treatments that raise the concentration of magnesium in the blood would provide an effective cure for the fatigue involved in the syndrome.

Hypothesis: It offers no evidence that fatigue itself does not induce lowered concentrations of magnesium in the blood is the criticism to which the argument is most vulnerable.


Premise: The members of a mountaineering tour group helped each other and established a profound friendship. Li Jia, who joined later, has been rescued many times by other members, but she has not yet rescued anyone, and those who have rescued Li Jia have been rescued by Wang Yue. Zhao Xin has rescued all the members of the team, and the people Wang Yue has rescued have also been rescued by Chen Fan.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be inferred that Chen Fan rescued Li Jia.


Premise: <b> In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. </b> Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators, that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, <b> in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered </b>.

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument, and the second boldfaced portion is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.


Premise: Over the past 12 months, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a thrilling decline, and the average price of the property market has plummeted by 36%. If you take into account the crazy rise of 18 months earlier, the Shenzhen property market has experienced a roller coaster-like dizziness for 30 months. No one knows where the express train ends, and of course no one knows how to get off.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, the statement 'Some people know where the express train ends, but none of them know how to get off' must be false.


Hypothesis: The statement 'IBM missed the opportunity of innovation and development' summarizes this passage most accurately.


Premise: Advertisement: Auto accidents are the most common cause of whiplash injury, a kind of injury that is caused by a sudden sharp motion of the neck. However, many other types of accidents can produce a sudden sharp motion of the neck and thereby result in whiplash injury. A sudden sharp motion of the neck can be caused by a fall, a bump on the head, or even by being shoved from behind. That is why you should insist on receiving Lakeside Injury Clinic' s complete course of treatment for whiplash after any accident that involves a fall or a bump on the head.

Hypothesis: The statement "The appropriate treatment for whiplash caused by a fall or a bump on the head is no different from that for whiplash caused by an auto accident" provides the strongest basis for criticizing the reasoning in the advertisement.


Premise: When politicians describe their opponents' positions, they typically make those positions seem implausible and unattractive. In contrast, scholars try to make opposing positions seem as plausible and attractive as possible. Doing so makes their arguments against those positions more persuasive to their professional colleagues. Politicians should take note: they could persuade more voters with their arguments if they simply followed the scholars in charitably formulating their opponents' positions.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to address the possibility that an approach that works with one kind of audience will not work with another.


Premise: Network synergy effect refers to the effect of two or more substances, such as the mutual cooperation of individual enterprises, individual Internet users, or a certain technology, etc., after the interaction between them on the Internet platform.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang updates his daily blog about his life through the Internet is not a network synergy effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Asbestos, an almost indestructible mineral once installed as building insulation, poses no health risk unless the asbestos is disturbed and asbestos fibers are released into the environment. Since removing asbestos from buildings disturbs it, thereby releasing asbestos fibers, the government should not require removal of all asbestos insulation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Asbestos can pose a health threat to workers who remove it without wearing required protective gear' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Computer programmers who work in front of computer screens for a long time are prone to myopia. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate myopia, the company has issued brochures for employees to teach them some ways to prevent and treat myopia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is difficult to prevent and treat myopia' can best question the effectiveness of the above publicity.


Premise: In recent years, many students have chosen to study abroad. They believe that gold plating can increase their competitiveness in future employment. However, the data in the '2017 Returnee Employment Ability Survey Report' shows that it is not easy for returnees to find a job after returning to China, and some returnees believe that they have certain disadvantages in employment.

Hypothesis: Most returnees are not familiar with the domestic employment situation and enterprise needs, if it is true, can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Scientists propose placing seismic stations on the floor of the Pacific Ocean to warn threatened coastal communities on the northwestern coast of the United States of approaching tidal waves caused by earthquakes. Since forewarned communities could take steps to evacuate, many of the injuries and deaths that would otherwise occur could be avoided if the government would implement this proposal.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'How soon after a tidal wave hits land is it safe for evacuees to return to their communities?' would be most important in determining whether implementing the proposal would be likely to achieve the desired result.


Premise: Speculation refers to buying to profit from changes in prices in order to sell goods later.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, buying a house to live in and selling it after the house price rises for profit is speculation.


Premise: The star-nosed mole has a nose that ends in a pair of several-pointed stars, or tentacles that are crucial for hunting, as moles are poor-sighted. These tentacles contain receptors that detect electric fields produced by other animals, enabling the moles to detect and catch suitable prey such as worms and insects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only animals that hunt have noses with tentacles that detect electric fields' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a self-determined behavior, which is not included in the formal job requirements of employees, but it will undoubtedly promote the effectiveness of the organization.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang is often asked to work overtime by his boss is not an organizational citizenship behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: Decision-making theory emphasizes that management is decision-making has a certain scientific significance, but it thinks that there is nothing else in management except decision-making, and defines the concept of decision-making as a unified concept of management, thus limiting management to a relatively narrow field. it's a bit of a partial generalization. The concept of management includes not only decision-making, but also accounting, statistics and other basic work, and lower-level personnel need to make more business decisions.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is the limitations of decision-making theory.


Premise: Broken window effect is a psychological phenomenon, that is, if the window of a house is broken and no one repair it, and soon other windows will also be broken.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'If a tributary is polluted and not treated, it may pollute the water quality of the whole basin' does not belong to broken window effect.


Premise: To reduce waste of raw materials, the government of Sperland is considering requiring household appliances to be broken down for salvage when discarded. To cover the cost of salvage, the government is planning to charge a fee, which would be imposed when the appliance is first sold. Imposing the fee at the time of salvage would reduce waste more effectively, however, because consumers tend to keep old appliances longer if they are faced with a fee for discarding them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fee provides manufacturers with no incentive to produce appliances that are more durable' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Environmental effects: Refers to the corresponding changes in the structure and function of the environmental system caused by natural processes or human activities.

Hypothesis: The area of coastal beaches in a province is long every year, and the species of animals and plants also change is not environmental effects.


Premise: In 1980, people between the ages of 18 and 24 who lived with their parents accounted for 48% of the population in that age group. By 1986, this proportion rose to 53%. It can be said that in 1986, People in this age group find it harder to afford to live independently.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that compared with 1986, 1980 has a more suitable social environment for young people to start their own businesses.


Premise: Hendry: Most employee strikes should be legally permitted. But strikes by university faculty are an exception. Faculty strikes harm a university' s students, and I accept the principle that an employee strike shouldn' t be legally permitted if it would harm the employer' s customers. Menkin: If your principle is correct, then, contrary to what you claim, employee strikes should almost never be legally permitted.

Hypothesis: Hendry and Menkin are committed to disagreeing over whether most employee strikes should be legally permitted on the basis of their statements.


Premise: During 2003, the number of people in the city of M who received unemployment compensation from the government doubled, even though the number of people in M who did not have jobs and qualified for unemployment remained unchanged.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In 2002, the M social service department estimated the number of people in M who might be eligible for the unemployment program, and then informed the M City Council of the total amount of assistance likely to be needed' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: A super basketball game is about to enter the final stage of the game, four teams will fight fiercely for the final place. According to each team's past record and on-the-spot performance, the experts made three predictions for the results of the game: (1) the sky team and the earth team could not enter the top two; (2) if the River team won the first place, then the ocean team will win the second place; (3) if the sky team wins the third place, then the earth team will enter the top two places. At the end of the game, it was found that only one of the experts' predictions was correct.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that River team won first.


Premise: For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brain is damaged, for example by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Ttherefore, people who have suffered a serious stroke on the left side of the brain without suffering any such impairment must have their language centers in the right half.

Hypothesis: It is impossible to determine which side of the brain contains a person's language centers if the person has not suffered damage to either side of the brain is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends.


Premise: The goal of education is not to teach students how to implement the norms set for themselves by others, but to help them understand how norms should be formed and how to participate in the creation of reasonable social norms. In other words, we should not teach them how to be obedient, but how to manage themselves, how to challenge unreasonable social norms and how to create new systems.

Hypothesis: The option 'Blindly ask students to follow the rules' is most likely to criticize this passage.


Premise: Statistics show that most car accidents occur at moderate speeds, and very few accidents occur at driving speeds greater than 150 km/h, which means that high-speed driving is safer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since most people drive at medium speed, most accidents occur at medium speed' can best refute the above argument.


Premise: A professor divided the students into several groups, gave each group some puzzle pieces, and timed them to see which group could be completed first. In fact, numbers were marked on the back of each puzzle piece in order. Only by splicing them in the order of these numbers, the whole picture can be spelled out quickly. However, few groups noticed this, and some found that there were number marks on the back after a long time, Some didn't see it at all.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain the idea that opportunities are only for those who are prepared.


Premise: Most of the oceans on the surface of the Earth. Only with more sophisticated instruments can extensive study of the sea floor be carried out. So scientists must know less about the undersea environment than any other on Earth.

Hypothesis: The statement "Many of the mountains are completely below sea level, but the three-dimensional images produced by the new underwater detection equipment are as accurate as the three-dimensional images of mountains on the ground" can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Email marketing refers to a network marketing method that delivers valuable information to target users through emails under the premise of the user's prior permission. Email marketing has three basic elements: based on the user's permission, information is delivered via email, and information It is valuable to users. The lack of one of the three elements cannot be called effective email marketing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the action of Xiao Li registering a free mailbox on a portal website and indicating that he would be willing to receive information about health care and sports competitions, and the website often sending him information including health care and merchandise discounts, is effective email marketing.


Premise: In order to implement the cultural strategy of strengthening the city, a city built two libraries in 2008 and 2010. At the end of 2008, a total of 70,000 citizens' library cards were issued, and a total of 130,000 citizens' library cards were issued by the end of 2010. In 2011, the city established a third library in the new district, which was completed and opened in early 2012. As of the end of 2012, the city had handled more than 200,000 library cards for citizens. The city government therefore believed that this measure was effective, because in just four years, the number of citizens coming into the libraries has nearly tripled.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The construction of the new district of the city was developing rapidly, and a large number of migrants have poured into the new district in 4 years' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: When evaluating a project, an investment company said: we select investment projects mainly based on the technical threshold and future market demand of the project, rather than the current business growth rate. Now that there are so many new investable projects, they are developing rapidly in the short term, but many of them are soon overtaken by other projects, which is obviously not what we want. The turnover of the project has increased fivefold in a year, but it is necessary to doubt its future.

Hypothesis: The logic used by the investment company to evaluate the project is most similar to the logic that states that talent and excellent marketing are indispensable for singers to be successful and that those failed singers either have no talent or do not do a good job in marketing.


Premise: The public square was an important tool of democracy in days past because it provided a forum for disparate citizens to discuss the important issues of the day. Today, a person with Internet access can discuss important issues with millions of people across the nation, allowing the Internet to play the role once played by the public square. Hence, we should ensure that Internet users have at least as much freedom of expression as did people speaking in the public square.

Hypothesis: A public forum can lose effectiveness as a tool of democracy if participants cannot discuss issues freely is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A country's largest manufacturer of instant noodles plans to increase the price of instant noodles by one to two percent in April. This will be another substantial increase in the price of instant noodles in the country since 2006, approaching the highest price in history. The company said that the reason for increasing the price of instant noodles, mainly in response to the increase in the prices of raw materials such as food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A general strike by workers at the country's grain processing enterprises has paralyzed the country's grain processing enterprises, leaving the country dependent on imported food products due to a lack of supply of domestic instant noodles and other food products' best supports the above statement.


Premise: Since 1995, hundreds of poor children in India have suffered from an acute brain disease every year. Children often have epilepsy symptoms in the early morning, and many children die quickly. This situation usually occurs from May to July every year. Litchi is abundant in this area, and may to July happens to be the time for litchi to mature. Therefore, some people suspect that this disease may be related to litchi. The study found that, All litchi contain methylenecycloalanine and hypoglycine, and the contents of these two substances are higher in immature litchi. The researchers believe that these patients belong to hypoglycine and methylenecycloalanine poisoning, and the disease outbreak is indeed related to a large number of litchi consumption.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Compared with children without symptoms, sick children were more likely to have eaten litchi before illness' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Whether in the urban area of Wenzhou, or in Qiaotou and Baixiang Town, you always feel an extremely strong atmosphere and vitality around you, which is the unique atmosphere and vitality of commodity economy in Wenzhou. In urban and rural areas of Wenzhou, you can see that thousands of households are engaged in commodity management, there are workshops, workshops, professional markets, free markets and retail stalls everywhere, there are goods of all sizes, and there are a wide variety of new products everywhere. Millions of Wenzhou people are either busy with production or sales. There is a famous painting in ancient times called along the River during the Qingming Festival. The picture shown by Wenzhou's commodity economy is the modern along the River during the Qingming Festival, which is a hundred times more prosperous and a thousand times more prosperous than that depicted in ancient paintings.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main point of the passage is that Wenzhou is full of commodity production.


Premise: Commodities refer to labor products that meet the needs of others through exchange.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, grain used by farmers to exchange meat with butchers is a commodity.


Premise: Political advocate: Campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. One reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising, thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. A second reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions, thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the public but of individual large contributors. Critic: This argument is problematic: the more the caps constrain contributions, the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors.

Hypothesis: The statement 'it overlooks the possibility that large contributors will stop contributing if they cannot contribute at will' is the reason the critic objects that the advocate's argument is flawed.


Premise: The dramatic rise in the number of homeless people in the 1980' s cannot be attributed to the discharge of mentally ill persons from hospitals into community care,  even though it is true that provisions for such community care are for the most part nonexistent.

Hypothesis: The statement "The policy of discharging significant numbers of mentally ill persons from hospitals took effect in the 1960's" best supports the claim above.


Premise: The literary works of the Chinese writer Mo Yan have made the hidden Chinese vernacular concerned by the readers of the world and recognized by the international literary world, which has once again proved that this judgment is that only the national is the world.

Hypothesis: If it is not national, it is not world is correct based on this.


Premise: Those who have the ability to fully concentrate are always of above-average intelligence. Also, being successfully trained in speed-reading will usually be accompanied by an increased ability to concentrate.

Hypothesis: Many people of above-average intelligence are unable to fully concentrate is an exception to the statements above if they are true.


Premise: In the modern practice of developing countries in the contemporary world, one has come to the empirical conclusion that a country's per capita gross national product (GNP) from $300 to $4,000 is a period of social shock. In this period, the contradiction between traditional society and modern society erupts, and the whole social structure will be completely updated. In fact, even the developed countries in Europe and the United States have experienced similar periods.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, developing countries began industrialization and modernization in an external environment completely different from developed countries is correct.


Premise: Pastoral complex refers to a new, cross-industry, multi-functional agricultural production and management system, which integrates with characteristic advantageous industries, leisure tourism and rural communities.

Hypothesis: After years of efforts, a village has formed an industrial chain of green food production and management, tourists' catering and accommodation, and wetland park sightseeing. The mountains are greener and the waters are greener and the villagers' lives are richer belongs to the pastoral complex.


Premise: Senators have long held a view of all newspapers that no real work of art is obscene, so there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the public from obscene works. When people cite masterpieces that are generally considered obscene as possible counterexamples, the senator believes that if they are indeed obscene, then they cannot be works of art. In order to determine that the above principle is correct.

Hypothesis: The senator's reasoning contains the mistake of assuming that it will prove something.


Premise: The same words, spoken by different people, can sometimes have quite different effects. In a college class, the same sentence will be applauded by some teachers and booed by others. The main reason is that the former has earned himself the right to speak by his actions, while the latter has not. It is often not what is said that matters, but by whom it is said.

Hypothesis: The main idea is to attack the hypocrisy of inconsistency between words and deeds.


Premise: Externalities refer to the beneficial or harmful effects of the production and consumption behaviors of economic agents on the production and consumption behaviors of other economic agents. A positive externality means that the activities of an individual economic agent benefit others or society at no cost to the beneficiaries. Negative externalities refer to the fact that the activities of an individual of economic behavior cause harm to others or society, but the person who causes the negative externality does not bear the cost for it.

Hypothesis: A steam locomotive passing through the farmland shooting sparks to the ears of wheat planted by farmers is a positive externality according to the above definition.


Premise: In response to the drug resistance problem of artemisinin in some parts of the world in recent years, Tu Youyou and her team have made new breakthroughs in antimalarial mechanism research, causes of drug resistance, adjustment of treatment and other aspects. Recently, a feasible treatment plan to deal with the problem of drug resistance of artemisinin was put forward. New progress has been made in indications such as artemisinin in the treatment of lupus erythematosus and going out of scientific research works in traditional Chinese medicine hospitals, which has been highly recognized by the World Health Organization and domestic authoritative experts.

Hypothesis: The cause of the problem of drug resistance of artemisinin is the least likely to be introduced in the next part of the article.


Premise: Ethicist: Both ASA and TPA are clot-dissolving agents. Recent studies show that the more expensive agent, TPA, would save at most two more lives than would ASA out of every 50 cardiac patients to whom they are postoperatively administered. However, since the relatives of the patients who die simply because they were given the less expensive medicine would be particularly grieved, the financial saving involved in using ASA over TPA must also be weighed against such considerations.

Hypothesis: ASA should never be given to postoperative cardiac patients in place of TPA most accurately expresses the conclusion of the ethicist's argument.


Premise: It is widely believed that eating chocolate can cause acne. Indeed, many people who are susceptible to acne report that, in their own experience, eating large amounts of chocolate is invariably followed by an outbreak of that skin condition. However, it is likely that common wisdom has mistaken an effect for a cause. Several recent scientific studies indicate that hormonal changes associated with stress can cause acne and there is good evidence that people who are fond of chocolate tend to eat more chocolate when they are under stress.

Hypothesis: It is less likely that eating large amounts of chocolate causes acne than that both the chocolate eating and the acne are caused by stress most accurately expresses the main point of the argument.


Premise: Hospice care refers to the provision of medical, nursing, psychological, and social care for dying patients. The life of each patient is respected, symptoms are controlled, and the quality of life is improved.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Wang wanted to return to his hometown in the late stage of renal failure, after receiving pain management, is not hospice care.


Premise: Laird: Pure research provides us with new technologies that contribute to saving lives. Even more worthwhile than this, however, is its role in expanding our knowledge and providing new, unexplored ideas. Kim: Your priorities are mistaken. Saving lives is what counts most of all. Without pure research, medicine would not be as advanced as it is.

Hypothesis: Laird and Kim disagree on whether pure research has its most valuable achievements in medical applications.


Premise: One housewife discarded a pair of old sofas. Another housewife picked them back from the outside and repaired them, so that the sofas are not only practical but also beautiful at home.

Hypothesis: Based on the above conclusions, a broken sofa can usually be repaired.


Premise: Journalist: Although a recent poll found that more than half of all eligible voters support the idea of a political party whose primary concern is education, only 26 percent would like to join it, and only 16 percent would be prepared to donate money to it. Furthermore, there is overwhelming historical evidence that only a party that has at least 30 percent of eligible voters prepared to support it by either joining it or donating money to it is viable in the long run. Ttherefore, it is unlikely that an education party is viable in the long run.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the journalist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider that some of the eligible voters who would donate money to an education party might not be prepared to join such a party.


Premise: Traditionally, decision making by managers that is reasoned step-by-step has been considered preferable to intuitive decision making. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle-or lower-level managers. This confirms the alternative view that intuition is actually more effective than careful, methodical reasoning.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is based on the assumption that top managers are more effective at decision making than middle-or lower-level managers.


Premise: Wong: Although all countries are better off as democracies, a transitional autocratic stage is sometimes required before a country can become democratic. Tate: The freedom and autonomy that democracy provides are of genuine value, but the simple material needs of people are more important. Some countries can better meet these needs as autocracies than as democracies.

Hypothesis: Wong's and Tate's statements provide the most support for the claim that they disagree over the truth of the statement that all democracies succeed in meeting the simple material needs of people.


Premise: Politician: Hybrid cars use significantly less fuel per kilometer than nonhybrids. And fuel produces air pollution, which contributes to a number of environmental problems. Motorists can save money by driving cars that are more fuel efficient, and they will be encouraged to drive hybrid cars if we make them aware of that fact. Ttherefore, we can help reduce the total amount of pollution emitted by cars in this country by highlighting this advantage of hybrid cars.

Hypothesis: The statement "Hybrid cars have already begun to gain popularity" would most indicate a vulnerability of the politician's argument.


Premise: The problems facing Venice are typical.  On the one hand, in order to solve the employment of citizens, increase the economic strength of the city. Its traditional industries must be preserved and developed, which was the basis for economic development that tourism could not replace.  On the other hand, in order to protect its unique ecological environment, industrial pollution must be eliminated, but the development of industry will not be avoided leading to industrial pollution.

Hypothesis: If one day Venice's ecological environment is damaged, it must be the price it pays for economic development can draw conclusions.


Premise: Dr. Z: Many of the characterizations of my work offered by Dr. Q are imprecise, and such characterizations do not provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of my work.

Hypothesis: If the characterization of someone's work is precise, then it provides a sound basis for criticizing that work can be properly inferred from Dr. Z's statement.


Premise: China is one of the countries with the highest degree of agricultural openness in the world. with the deepening of opening up to the outside world, the domestic market and the international market will be further integrated, and the degree of agricultural openness will be further improved. In the future, we will face competition not only from developed countries with a high level of agricultural modernization, but also from developing countries with obvious labor advantages. At present, the production cost of domestic agricultural products is still in the rising channel, land rental, labor costs and machinery operating costs continue to rise, grain and other agricultural products lack price advantages, while international agricultural prices decline, imports increase, and the pressure on domestic grain inventory increases, which will have a huge impact on China's market and will directly lead to a narrowing of the space for domestic price increases. The production of domestic agricultural products will face the double squeeze of price ceiling and cost floor, and the comparative benefit will decline.

Hypothesis: Solving the development dilemma of domestic agricultural products is the main content of this text.


Premise: Investigators of the fire at the Shelburne factory have determined that the traces of gasoline on the property resulted from a leaking truck and were not, as they previously thought, the work of an arsonist. The investigators had originally maintained that the fire could have resulted from arson, faulty wiring, or an explosion of factory equipment. However, in light of all the evidence collected so far, they are currently exploring only the faulty-wiring theory.

Hypothesis: The investigators believe that the fire was not caused by an explosion of factory equipment can be inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Nearly all employees of the factory who have completed their high school diploma have earned their factory safety certificate, having easily completed the eight week training course. The high school graduates who haven' t earned the certificate are ones who have evening obligations that have prevented them from taking the course. Overall, though, most of the factory workers have not earned the certificate.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, a large proportion of the factory workers must have not graduated from high school.


Premise: Before the Chinese Super League Football League, four members of Guoan team A, B, C and D were together to discuss the transfer application of the club's players. A said: all the players of our club have submitted transfer applications. B said: if Da Liu submitted the transfer application, then Xiao Wang did not submit the application. C said: Da Liu has submitted a transfer application. D said: some players in our club have not submitted a transfer application.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that can be drawn is that D lied and Xiao Wang submitted the application.


Premise: Husband and wife's personal property refers to the personal property within a certain range retained by husband and wife after marriage according to law or as agreed by the parties. It generally includes legal personal property and agreed personal property. Specifically, it includes pre marital property and post marital property.

Hypothesis: Property actually acquired by one party after marriage after accepting inheritance before marriage belongs to husband and wife's personal property.


Premise: In the weather forecast of the Central Meteorological Station, the computer is used to solve the equations describing the evolution of the weather and calculate the future weather. Weather forecasters analyze weather charts, meteorological satellites and other data, and then make specific weather forecasts for the next 3-5 days according to the accumulation of experience. At 8 o'clock every morning, the Central Meteorological Observatory connects local meteorological stations for weather consultation. After summarizing everyone's forecast opinions, the chief forecaster makes a forecast conclusion on the development and changes of the weather in the future.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that weather forecast is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of scientists.


Premise: Since the 1950s, humans have discarded up to 1 billion tons of plastic, which may exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Recently, a scientific research team found a fungus called endophyte in the Amazon rainforest, which can degrade ordinary polyurethane plastics. Researchers believe that using the characteristics of this fungus will hopefully help humans eliminate the threat posed by plastic waste.

Hypothesis: The judgment of researchers should be based on the fact that at present, the vast majority of plastic waste belongs to ordinary polyurethane plastics.


Premise: Due to the profitable but unlawful practice of selling elephant tusks, elephants have been hunted to near extinction by unlicensed poachers. Ttherefore, an efficient way to prevent the hunting of elephants would be to file down the tusks from time to time, thus removing any incentive for hunting elephants.

Hypothesis: Elephants are only valued by poachers for their tusks is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Editorial: Our society has a vested interest in maintaining a political system in which candidates are free to adhere to their principles. Yet campaigning for elected office is extremely costly, and because only the wealthiest individuals are able to finance their own political campaigns, most candidates must seek funding from private sources. In so doing, the candidates are almost invariably obliged to compromise their principles. Thus, government itself should assume the cost of candidates' campaigns.

Hypothesis: The principle that the government should finance a given activity if doing so will further a vested interest of society, if valid, most helps to justify the conclusion as it is drawn in the argument.


Premise: A supermarket often finds that there are customers stealing goods without paying, thus affecting the profit. Therefore, the management of the supermarket made up mind to install monitoring equipment inisde and hire more shopping guides, thereby increasing the profit.

Hypothesis: The ratio of the loss caused by customers stealing goods to the cost of running monitoring equipment and hiring shopping guides is most important in evaluating the supermarket management's decision.


Premise: Zhao Ming, Qian Hong and Sun Jie were admitted to Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beijing normal University. About which school they were admitted to, the students made the following guesses: classmate A guessed: Zhao Ming was admitted by Tsinghua University and Sun Jie was admitted by Beijing normal University. Classmate B guess: Zhao Ming was admitted by Beijing normal University and Qian Hong was admitted by Tsinghua University. Classmate C guess: Zhao Ming was admitted to Peking University and Sun Jie was admitted to Tsinghua University. As a result, the students' guesses were half right.

Hypothesis: Zhao Ming, Qian Hong and Sun Jie were admitted to Peking University, Tsinghua University and Beijing normal University respectively is their correct admission.


Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There were no reports of missiles shooting down the airliner, nor did it break down' needs to be added if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: Most plants produce chemicals that resist parasites in the process of long-term evolution. Plants commonly used by humans contain about 40 natural drugs, that is, complex chemical toxins against bacteria, fungi and other parasites. People ingest these toxins every day without poisoning, so the new harm caused by synthetic pesticides sprayed on crops is very small.

Hypothesis: If the following statement is true, 'Natural drugs contained in plants are usually only suitable for resisting specific organisms, while synthetic pesticides are usually harmful to a variety of organisms' does not undermine the above argument.


Premise: The final approved projects are either of great significance or high attention, and all of the significant projects involve people's livelihood issues. However, some final approved projects do not involve people's livelihood issues.

Hypothesis: Some projects are not of great significance despite high attention can be derived based on the above statement.


Premise: When the university started to register at the beginning of September, many mobile phone operators went to a university campus to promote product sales, and several operators launched free package services. However, one of the operators launched a preferential package, and at the same time, its salesman said to the student that the so-called free packages of other operators obtain operating expenses by selling consumers' identity information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The free packages of operators obtain operating expenses through advertising' would most question the sales's publicity.


Premise: An expert made statistics on the life expectancy of the late Nobel laureates in economics and found that their average life expectancy was 85 years old, of which most were over 90 years old, many were over 100 years old, and the youngest died at the age of 74 years. As a result, the expert believes that winning the Nobel Prize in economics can make people live longer.

Hypothesis: Scholars who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics have a long life span, but none of them have won the Nobel Prize in Economics would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Sociologist: Traditional norms in our society prevent sincerity by requiring one to ignore unpleasant realities and tell small lies. But a community whose members do not trust one another cannot succeed. So, if a community is to succeed, its members must be willing to face unpleasant realities and speak about them honestly.

Hypothesis: Sincerity is required if community members are to trust each other is the assumption required by the sociologist's conclusion.


Premise: There are a large number of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses on the Minjiang River and its tributaries, such as the Manchu Village of the Qinjiang River, the ancient town of Minan, the Taishan Palace of Linpu Village, the Nine Golden Belt of Dacheng Village, and so on. They have similarities in type and connotation. Although they have been protected to a certain extent, their development and utilization are generally not enough, which leads to the danger of annihilation of some historical memories. With the acceleration of urbanization and the continuous expansion of the scale of old city transformation, traditional villages and towns and ancient houses are bound to face the problem of how to be effectively protected.

Hypothesis: The cultural connotation of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses is most likely to be described by the author next.