Premise: If the reed flowers float, Lin Xi will go to see the reed; If the temperature is very low, Lin Xi will not go to see the reed; Only when the sky was clear did Lin Xi go to see the reeds

Hypothesis: The sky is clear can be inferred now that Lin Xi has gone to view the reed.


Premise: At the beginning of 2019, a unit recruited eight R & D personnel, all of whom are very excellent. Among them, Xiao Li, Xiao Kong and Xiao Chen, the R & D team of these three people is particularly outstanding. The atmosphere of the team is excellent. Xiao Chen, the team leader, is very concerned about Xiao Li and Xiao Kong, while Xiao Li admires Xiao Kong very much, and Xiao Kong admires Xiao Chen very much. At the end of the year, Xiao Chen got four invention patents and Xiao Li got five invention patents.

Hypothesis: Some people get more invention patents than those they admire can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: An examinee is filling in the application form, and there are 6 majors including law, management, economics, finance, auditing and accounting. However, considering all factors, there are the following considerations: If you fill in the application form of law, you should not fill in the application form of management, but you should fill in the application form of accounting; Only fill in the major of finance or economics if the major of audit is not included; If you do not fill in the major of economics, then do not fill in the major of accounting; Legal major is the major that oneself want to read all the time, must fill.

Hypothesis: An examinee can derive that they filled in the accounting major, but not the auditing major.


Premise: In order to implement the cultural strategy of strengthening the city, a city built two libraries in 2008 and 2010. At the end of 2008, a total of 70,000 citizens' library cards were issued, and a total of 130,000 citizens' library cards were issued by the end of 2010. In 2011, the city established a third library in the new district, which was completed and opened in early 2012. As of the end of 2012, the city had handled more than 200,000 library cards for citizens. The city government therefore believed that this measure was effective, because in just four years, the number of citizens coming into the libraries has nearly tripled.

Hypothesis: Many citizens who applied for the library card for the first library also applied for the library card for the other two libraries, if true, can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Since the beginning of the summer of 2012, the United States has suffered the worst drought in more than 50 years, with 2/3 of the 48 states suffering from more than moderate drought, and corn and soybean production is expected to be greatly reduced. However, a report released by the United States Department of Agriculture on August 28 th predicts. Us agricultural net income is expected to reach a record $122.2 billion in 2012, an increase of 3.7 per cent over last year.

Hypothesis: If the following statements are true, American farmers can get reparations from agricultural insurance to offset some of the production cuts best explains the two seemingly contradictory predictions mentioned above.


Premise: Although wood-burning stoves are more efficient than open fireplaces, they are also more dangerous. The smoke that wood-burning stoves release up the chimney is cooler than the smoke from an open flame. Thus it travels more slowly and deposits more creosote, a flammable substance that can clog a chimney -- or worse ignite inside it.

Hypothesis: Open fireplaces pose more risk of severe accidents inside the home than do woodburning stoves, most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: There are five staff in the sales department of a company, of which two undergraduate majors are marketing, two undergraduate majors are computer science, and one undergraduate major is physics. Also know that there are two women in the five people, their undergraduate majors The background is different.

Hypothesis: The inference that the three men in the sales department are from different undergraduate majors, and the women are also from different undergraduate majors, is most likely to be established based on the information provided.


Premise: Some ornithologists believe that many species of songbirds are threatened by deforestation. Yet they also claim that, despite recent reforestation, matters continue to worsen, since it is fragmentation of forest rather than reduction of forest size that endangers songbird species. The introduction of open spaces and corridors in forests reduces the distance of songbird nests from unforested areas and thus reduces the songbirds' natural shield from predators.

Hypothesis: The claim that there has recently been reforestation is used as evidence that various species of songbirds will continue to be threatened with extinction.


Premise: Fishing columnist: When an independent research firm compared the five best-selling baits, it found that Benton baits work best for catching trout. It asked a dozen top anglers to try out the five best-selling baits as they fished for speckled trout in a pristine northern stream, and every angler had the most success with a Benton bait. These results show that Benton is the best bait for anyone who is fishing for trout.

Hypothesis: The argument overlooks the possibility that two best-selling brands of bait may be equally effective is an exception that does not describe a flaw in the reasoning in the fishing columnist's argument.


Premise: There are about 75 brands of microwave popcorn on the market; altogether, they account for a little over half of the money from sales of microwave food products. It takes three minutes to pop corn in the microwave, compared to seven minutes to pop corn conventionally. Yet by weight, microwave popcorn typically costs over five times as much as conventional popcorn. Judging by the popularity of microwave popcorn, many people are willing to pay a high price for just a little additional convenience.

Hypothesis: Of the total number of microwave food products on the market, most are microwave popcorn products must also be true if the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: Phoebe: There have been many reported sightings of strange glowing lights, but a number of these sightings have a straightforward, natural explanation. They occurred clustered in time and location around the epicenters of three earthquakes, and so were almost certainly earthquake lights, a form of ball lightning caused by stresses in the ground. Quincy: I am skeptical that the association between the lights and the earthquakes is anything more than a coincidence. The theory that ground stresses related to earthquakes can cause any kind of lightning is extremely speculative.

Hypothesis: Quincy criticizes Phoebe's explanation as unsubstantiated in response to Phoebe.


Premise: Grain depends on land growth, but food productivity depends on the development of technology is General Secretary Xi Jinping's strategic deployment for food security. The simultaneous development of software and hardware will help improve agricultural productivity and land output. With the injection of modern scientific and technological means, agricultural scientific and technological innovation not only helps farmers continue to overcome the impact of the epidemic, but also makes agricultural production more accurate and efficient. Yuan Longping's super hybrid rice, Li Denghai's compact hybrid corn... A batch of international leading grain varieties have been continuously cultivated. From the barren Douli field to the high-yield tons of grain field, from sweat dripping into the soil to contactless spring ploughing, from unpredictable disasters to high-tech disaster prevention, modern technology has helped my country's farming Injected hardcore productivity. This means that there is a bumper harvest of grain, sufficient stocks, and food is stored in the people, so that the country will be prosperous and the people will be safe.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is "To store food in the people can make the country prosperous and the people safe".


Premise: Anthropologist: Many people think that if human language evolved, then something like it must be present in those species most closely related to humans, such as chimpanzees. They reason that since new traits evolve gradually, something like human language, albeit cruder, must exist in some species from which humans evolved. This general line of argument may be reasonable, but it simply does not follow that chimpanzees have anything like human language, because humans did not evolve from chimpanzees. While chimpanzees are indeed closely related to humans, this is because both evolved from a common ancestor. The evolution of human language might easily have begun after the extinction of that common ancestor.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the anthropologist's argument is that the assumption that something like human language must exist in some species from which humans evolved has no clearcut linguistic implications for chimpanzees.


Premise: The prehistoric fish Tiktaalik is the earliest known animal with fingers. Since variations were so great among prehistoric fish species, Tiktaalik would not have stood out as unusual at the time. However, Tiktaalik' s fingers were an important development in animal evolution because it is likely that Tiktaalik is an ancestor to the many land animals with fingers.

Hypothesis: The evolutionary significance of Tiktaalik could not be determined just through comparison to fish species of its time is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Targeted sales refers to a marketing method in which merchants sell products to specific customers at prices lower than similar products in the market for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: In order to gain popularity and attract car buyers, a certain auto city decided to give doctors and teachers a discount of 20,000 yuan on the day of opening, which is much cheaper than many 4S stores is an example of targeted sales.


Premise: Only by intensifying investigation and punishment, and not tolerating corrupt officials, can officials not dare to corrupt; only by establishing and improving relevant systems in every aspect of the operation of power can officials cannot be corrupted. However, if Officials lack the necessary shame and rely solely on the system, then they will definitely find loopholes in the system; on the contrary, if officials have a certain sense of shame, then even if there are some system loopholes, they will not use it intentionally, but Will restrain themselves, even repair these loopholes, truly do not want to be corrupt.

Hypothesis: If officials have a certain sense of integrity, they will strengthen self-discipline and will not deliberately use loopholes in the system to eliminate corruption from their hearts can be introduced based on the above statement.


Premise: The market as a way and means of resource allocation is not omnipotent and flawless. Market allocation is generally adjusted spontaneously by the invisible hand, that is, the law of value, the law of supply and demand and the law of competition. This kind of regulation brings lag, that is to say, there is a certain time delay from the signal feedback of price formation to the effect of product output.

Hypothesis: The defect of market as a resource allocation in this paragraph is lag and spontaneity.


Premise: With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per county. Since Apex will still be left operating twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties' most seriously undermines the prediction.


Premise: Cyclamen is a famous ornamental flower, which is difficult to grow in hot climate. It is difficult to grow rice in dry areas. In most parts of a country, cyclamen is easy to grow, or it is easy to grow rice.

Hypothesis: If the statement "The country is divided into two parts: dry and hot, and wet and cold" is true, then the statement "Half of the country is dry and hot" must be false.


Premise: As the only South American team to stay in the World Cup, Brazil will face the England team that eliminated Denmark in the next game. Brazil coach Scolari is reluctant to talk about how to compete with England, and his players have also maintained Clear mind. After defeating the tenacious Belgian team, Scolari was relieved: The first thing I think about now is to relax.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, Scolari was reluctant to talk about the contest with England because he was not fully prepared cannot be inferred.


Premise: Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished' most seriously weakens the guidebook writer's argument.


Premise: Recycling is the best possible way for people to preserve the environment. Recycling conserves finite natural resources, protects forests, and reduces fossil fuel. If recycling achieves a 75% conversion rate, it would be the equivalent of removing 55 million cars from the road per year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Recycling one aluminum can saves the equivalent amount of energy needed to power a television for three hours' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: F can be the chairman in the second year if H is the chairman in the first year.


Premise: People like to look out at the ideal view from a semi-enclosed, safe house. If they can choose freely, the home environment they choose is always both. On the one hand, it is a safe shelter, on the other hand, it has a broad vision to develop outward and forage. People of different genders may have slightly different choices, at least among Western landscape painters: female painters emphasize safe housing and the prospect is usually small, while male painters emphasize open prospects. In addition, female painters seem to prefer to place their characters in or near their homes, while male painters often put their characters in an endless space.

Hypothesis: The option 'It can be seen that the author appreciates the preference of male painters for the open prospect of housing' misunderstands this passage.


Premise: U disk survival refers to the way of life that only depends on individual skills rather than on the identity of the organization, decides whether or not to participate in social cooperation, and its personal value is judged entirely by the market.

Hypothesis: After graduating from university, Xiao Han worked as a math teacher in a number of training institutions. She always felt that although the income was high, it was too hard. Not long ago, without consulting with her family, she took the initiative to enter a private middle school does not belong to U disk survival.


Premise: Tanya is a lawyer. Nearly all lawyers dutifully represent their clients' best interests, but a few unethical ones charge exorbitant and fraudulent fees for services. Some lawyers become millionaires, while others work in the best interest of the public. However, all lawyers are bound by extensive ethical codes, which vary slightly by jurisdiction.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, Tanya is bound by extensive ethical codes must also be true.


Premise: Rachel: Though contemporary artists are pleased to be free of the constraints that bound their predecessors, this freedom has caused a decline in the quality of art. Great art can be produced only when artists struggle to express themselves within externally imposed boundaries. James: People have always been critical of the art of their own time. They forget all but the greatest art from past eras. Since inferior contemporary artworks have not yet been forgotten, people today mistakenly think that contemporary art is generally inferior to earlier art.

Hypothesis: Rachel and James are committed to disagreeing with each other about whether contemporary art is of lower quality than earlier art.


Premise: The subject is the subject of the action or action of the sentence, the predicate is the statement or explanation of the action or state of the subject, and the object is the receiver of an action.When the predicate part of a sentence contains two verbs and corresponds to two different subjects. That is, the subject of the former predicate, and at the same time as the subject of the latter predicate, is equal to a dynamic structure and the main predicate structure linked together, and there is no speech pause, in line with this format of the sentence called synonym statements.

Hypothesis: One cannot step into the same river twice is not a synonym statement according to the above definition.


Premise: In the management process of modern enterprises, it is found that although the Human Resource Management department is very important for the development of the company, because the Department does not participate in the decision-making of the company's development strategy in the whole process, and the senior managers hired by the company are determined by the CEO. So the Human Resource Management department often plays a supporting and auxiliary role

Hypothesis: The Human Resource Manager of the world's largest logistics company has the right to participate in the company's top decision-making meeting, which weakens the above argument most.


Premise: In one experiment, a doctoral student and a robot independently answered a set of questions through a computer, and a group of scientists went to identify which answers on the computer screen were made by doctoral student and which answers were made by robot. The error rate of identification results is as high as 78%. Some people think that the set of questions raised in the experiment must be inadequate, since they can't get a group of scientists to tell which are from doctoral student and which are from the robot.

Hypothesis: The doctoral student being a go master is the premise of these people's suspicions.


Premise: Lao Li said: although the enrollment of colleges and universities has decreased year by year, the enrollment of primary schools has increased a lot.So the district education department suggested building a new primary school.  another way to solve the problem is to use classrooms in some colleges and universities as primary school classrooms, Lao Liu said.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the birth rate has not increased, the number of families with children studying in colleges and universities has increased a lot' can best support Lao Liu's plan.


Premise: In today's academic speech, the environment is much better than in the past, but there is a strange kind of cynicism among intellectuals who dare not express their thoughts for fear of offending anyone.The reason for the existence of this situation is that some things were afraid in the past and some things were timid, but you can't do knowledge or research if you don't tell the real problems in academia.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the main idea of the passage is 'Only when you dare to express your thoughts can you do well in learning.'


Premise: There is speculation that the mayor will hire a new staff member this week. But before every prior hiring of a new staff member, the mayor has met with the city' s budget director and finance advisor. No meetings between the mayor and the city' s budget director and finance advisor have occurred or are planned. Ttherefore, the speculation is more than likely baseless.

Hypothesis: A conjecture is undermined when certain events do not occur that would be expected to occur if the conjecture were true most accurately expresses a principle of reasoning employed by the argument in the paragraph above.


Premise: Public products refer to products provided by the public sector to meet the public needs of society. Among them, pure public products refer to the consumption of a certain item by any one person without reducing the consumption of other people.

Hypothesis: Free gifts provided by the mall is a pure public product.


Premise: In 1980 there was growing concern that the protective ozone layer over the Antarctic might be decreasing and thereby allowing so much harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth that polar marine life would be damaged. Some government officials dismissed these concerns, since statistics indicated that global atmospheric ozone levels remained constant.

Hypothesis: The relevance of the evidence cited by the government officials in support of their position would be most seriously undermined if it were true that quantities of atmospheric ozone shifted away from the polar caps, correspondingly increasing ozone levels in other regions.


Premise: Animals generally avoid foods that are harmful to them and favor those that benefit them. Thus it is surprising that gypsy moth caterpillars prefer to eat leaves that contain high concentrations of certain naturally occurring toxins called alkaloids, even though caterpillars grow faster on alkaloid-free diets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Alkaloids that have been eaten by caterpillars are poisonous to parasitic wasp larvae that feed on caterpillars' internal tissues' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Simple substance are pure substances composed of the same element. A compound is a pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements (atom species of different elements). A mixture refers to a substance that is mechanically mixed by two or more different simple substance or compounds. There is no fixed chemical formula. There is no chemical reaction between the various components of the mixture. The mixture can be separated by physical methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, carbon dioxide, water vapor, mineral water, and natural gas all have the three substances mentioned.


Premise: The term sex and gender are often used interchangeably. But sex more properly refers to biological differences of male and female, while gender refers to society' s construction of a system that identifies what is masculine and feminine. Unlike the set of characteristics defining biological sex, the set of traits that are associated with gender does not sort people into two nonoverlapping groups. The traits characterize people in a complex way, so that a person may have both masculine and feminine traits.

Hypothesis: The statement "The terms sex and gender are not properly interchangeable" best expresses a main point of the argument.


Premise: A deposit is a certain amount paid in advance by one party to the contract to the other party in accordance with legal provisions or agreements in order to prove the establishment of the contract and guarantee the performance of the contract.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the payment of 30,000 yuan made by Zhiming oil factory to Changhai company due to the failure to deliver salad oil on time is a deposit.


Premise: An expert made statistics on the life expectancy of the late Nobel laureates in economics and found that their average life expectancy was 85 years old, of which most were over 90 years old, many were over 100 years old, and the youngest died at the age of 74 years. As a result, the expert believes that winning the Nobel Prize in economics can make people live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Nobel Prize in Economics is only awarded to living scholars. This awarding rule is extremely beneficial to scholars who have lived a long life' would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: False empathy bias, also known as false consistency deviation, means that people often overestimate or exaggerate the universality of their beliefs, judgments and behaviors. When knowing others, they always like to give their own characteristics to others, assuming that they are the same as themselves, and when they encounter conflicting information, they will firmly believe in the correctness of their beliefs and judgments.

Hypothesis: Zhang and Li are both young teachers in the College of Humanities. They often discuss academic issues together. They often hold different opinions and think that the other is wrong does not belong to false empathy bias according to the above definition.


Premise: In 2013, a city science and technology museum sold a total of 30,000 tickets. In 2014, the city's new planetarium and nature museum opened, and a total of 95000 tickets were sold at the three venues that year. This shows that the investment in building planetariums and nature museums is worthwhile, because the number of people who go to these venues to receive popular science education has more than tripled.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Most visitors to the Science and Technology Museum will also visit the Planetarium and the Museum of Nature' is true, it will most weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Once people habitually engaged in conversation; now the television competes for their attention. When the television is on, communication between family members stops. Where there is no communication, family ties become frayed and eventually snap. Ttherefore, the only solution is to get rid of the television.

Hypothesis: Once friendships thrived on shared leisure time. But contemporary economic pressures minimize the amount of free time people have and thus jeopardize many friendships is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Political scientist: The concept of freedom is hopelessly vague. Any definition of freedom will either exclude some acts that intuitively qualify as free, or admit some acts that intuitively fall outside the concept. The notions of justice, fairness, and equality are equally indeterminate. This is why political organization should be disavowed as futile.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument fails to show any specific link between the vagueness of concepts such as freedom and the rejection of political organization.


Premise: Hyperpolarization refers to the expression that first enumerates a more extreme situation, and then lists the more extreme cases, so as to achieve the effect of layer by layer.

Hypothesis: At the end of the field is the faint spring mountain, and the pedestrians we miss are far away from the spring mountain, which is impossible to find is not the Hyperpolarization.


Premise: Irritability refers to the response of organisms to external stimuli. It is not only a measure of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, but also one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms.

Hypothesis: The irritability is retracting your hand when it touches a burning candle.


Premise: Parent P: Children will need computer skills to deal with tomorrow' s world. Computers should be introduced in kindergarten, and computer languages should be required in high school. Parent Q: That would be pointless. Technology advances so rapidly that the computers used by today' s kindergartners and the computer languages taught in today' s high schools would become obsolete by the time these children are adults.

Hypothesis: The strongest logical counter parent P can make to parent Q's objection is that throughout history people have adapted to change, and there is no reason to believe that today's children are not equally capable of adapting to technology as it advances.


Premise: Government statistics show that the real (adjusted for inflation) average income for families has risen over the last five years. Ttherefore, since this year the Andersen family' s income is average for families, the family' s real income must have increased over the last five years.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider the possibility that the Andersen family's real income was above average in the recent past.


Premise: In China, plain art is still a relatively new concept. This concept is derived from the concept of original art proposed by French artist Jean Dubuffi, which refers to the completely unconscious creation of people with mental disorders without external interference. This creation has attracted people's attention due to its purity and high autonomy. Later, this concept was derived. It covers a wider range, referring to the creation of ordinary people from outside the mainstream art world without systematic and professional art training. Their works have the characteristics of wild and show different artistic talents.

Hypothesis: The origin and evolution of the concept of plain art is mainly introduced in the above text.


Premise: In the ancient Roman Empire, when the ancient Romans were no longer the supreme ethnic group, the control of the empire was transferred to a group of multi-ethnic elites, and the Illyrians, Gauls and Carthaginians continued to inherit and carry forward the ancient Roman culture; in the Islamic Empire, when the Arabs lost control of the Islamic world, the Egyptians, Iranians and Berbers continued to carry forward Muslim culture. For European imperialism, when Europeans lose control of the world, the infiltration of Western culture into Indians and Africans is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the domination of the empire over different ethnic groups and races, which is mainly reflected in the cultural control.


Premise: Research shows that in college classrooms, 90% of people with severe insomnia often work until 2 am. Zhang Hong is a university teacher and often works until 2 o'clock in the morning, so Zhang Hong is likely to be a severe insomniac.

Hypothesis: The error in the above reasoning is that it doesn't take into account the fact that there are other causes of severe insomnia among college teachers besides constantly working until 2 am.


Premise: Digital dilemma refers to the phenomenon that the elderly are not familiar with the use of digital products because of their living habits, cultural level and other factors, which brings trouble to their daily life.

Hypothesis: Lao Chen's mobile phone has enabled the function of mobile payment, but he has never used it. Although he will encounter some trouble occasionally, he doesn't think it's a big deal is not a digital dilemma.


Premise: The aspect of a noun refers to a cognitive way or result of the number, size, shape and structure of the person or thing indicated by the noun in spatial dimension.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the body of a noun is represented by Crescent moon.


Premise: In a medical study of all of the residents of Groverhill, 35 people reported consulting their physician last year seeking relief from severe headaches. Those same physicians' records, however, indicate that 105 consultations occurred last year with Groverhill patients seeking relief from severe headaches. Obviously, then, many residents who consulted physicians for this condition did not remember doing so.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that residents of Groverhill visited their physicians more than once during the year for the same condition.


Premise: The only asset of intermediary agencies is reputation. If the intermediary structure does not speak credibility, they will not be able to provide true information. In order to make the intermediary structure credible, the intermediary cannot become a statutory monopoly organization, nor should it be affiliated to the government. The current world The more authoritative third-party certification agencies, such as Jiadi and Fitch, are private in nature and do not belong to the government. The reason is that third-party certification agencies are far stronger than the government in terms of the authenticity and effectiveness of information disclosure.

Hypothesis: To ensure the accuracy of the information provided, intermediaries should stay away from monopolies and government intervention is what this text tells us.


Premise: Letter to the editor: After Baerton' s factory closed, there was a sharp increase in the number of claims filed for job-related injury compensation by the factory' s former employees. Hence there is reason to believe that most of those who filed for compensation after the factory closed were just out to gain benefits they did not deserve, and filed only to help them weather their job loss.

Hypothesis: Most workers who receive an injury on the job file for compensation on the day they suffer the injury weakens the argument above EXCEPT.


Premise: At present, the use of electronic products has become a major trend. Many children and adolescents are used to learning and entertaining on the Internet, and it is more difficult to prevent and control myopia. To protect the eye health of children and adolescents, we should change the concept of emphasizing treatment and neglecting prevention. To achieve early detection and early intervention, we should adhere to the prevention and control strategy of coordinated medical treatment and prevention, and carry out visual health services covering the whole life cycle. Myopia of children and adolescents is a public health problem. We must start with health education, take public health services as the starting point, cultivate the independent health behavior of children, adolescents and parents, and actively promote popular science knowledge to prevent the visual health of myopia in children and adolescents.

Hypothesis: Vigorously publicizing the popular science knowledge of eyesight health is not covered in the article as an option for protecting the eye health of children and adolescents.


Premise: Perceptual defense refers to the tendency of people to protect themselves. This tendency makes it easier for people to pay attention to those things that can meet their needs, and to ignore those things that can not satisfy their needs.

Hypothesis: Being the first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself is not a perceptual defense.


Premise: Between 1980 and 2000 the sea otter population of the Aleutian Islands declined precipitously. There were no signs of disease or malnutrition, so there was probably an increase in the number of otters being eaten by predators. Orcas will eat otters when seals, their normal prey, are unavailable, and the Aleutian Islands seal population declined dramatically in the 1980s. Ttherefore, orcas were most likely the immediate cause of the otter population decline.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The population of sea urchins, the main food of sea otters, has increased since the sea otter population declined' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Face recognition technology has gradually penetrated into the trend of social life, and many people even make face recognition omnipotent. In fact, there may still be risks and loopholes behind high-tech applications, although according to the usual view, the higher the content of science and technology, the higher the safety factor, but as shown in the March 15 party, with the development of science and technology, simulation headsets, holographic projection, face tracking and other high-tech means continue to appear, a single face recognition technology has great limitations. There is no absolute concept of security. Therefore, when using high-level security scenarios such as privacy and payment, we should pay attention to the fusion of face with voiceprint, fingerprint, iris and other biometric signals, rather than using single face recognition technology, so that the security coefficient will be greatly improved.

Hypothesis: The intention of this passage is to explain that multiple authentication methods help to improve the safety factor.


Premise: The Civil service Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates: For the assessment of civil servants, in accordance with the authority of management, a comprehensive assessment of civil servants' virtue, ability, diligence, performance, honest, with emphasis on the assessment of work performance.

Hypothesis: As a civil servant, the most important thing is actual performance, but other aspects of performance cannot be ignored can be inferred according to the above.


Premise: Social anxiety disorder refers to the behavior that individuals have persistent and strong fear and avoidance in one or more social environments that may be examined by others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Yang's experience of being unable to sleep well due to anxiety at the thought of speaking in public next week is an example of social anxiety disorder.


Premise: Credit consumption is very popular in some economically developed countries. Many consumers advance their unearned income to meet their demand for durable consumer goods such as housing, cars, and household appliances. In countries with developed consumer credit, people's general concept is that you can't be in debt because you have a bad reputation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In developed countries, consumer credit has become an important means for commercial banks to expand their operations and strengthen competition' is the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Don't do it because it's a minor bad thing and don't stop doing it because it's a minor good thing.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of it is that things should dare to face the challenge, do evil must do great evil. Easy things are not worth doing.


Premise: When a certain gland becomes cancerous in humans, it produces high levels of a particular protein. A blood test can determine the level of this protein well before a cancer of the gland could be detected by other means. Some doctors recommend that aggressive anticancer treatment should be begun as early as possible for anyone who is tested and is found to have high levels of the protein.

Hypothesis: So far, no patients whose protein levels were found to be normal have subsequently developed cancer of the gland most seriously weakens the doctors' recommendation.


Premise: Despite increasing international efforts to protect the natural habitats of endangered species of animals, the rate at which these species are becoming extinct continues to rise. It is clear that these efforts are wasted.

Hypothesis: The statement "Species that would have become extinct have been saved due to the establishment of animal refuges" most weakens the argument.


Premise: The goal of implementing the Nutrition improvement Program for Rural compulsory Education students is to effectively improve the nutritional status and health quality of rural children. Due to the differences in geographical environment, food resources, eating habits and traditional folk customs, in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to put forward reasonable food structure and improvement plan according to local conditions on the basis of empirical research on the health and nutrition status of children in rural areas.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that there are differences in the ways of nutrition improvement in different places.


Premise: Trade official: Country X deserves economic retribution for its protectionism. However, it is crucial that we recognize that there are overriding considerations in this case. We should still sell to X the agricultural equipment it ordered; there is high demand in our country for agricultural imports from X.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the ability to keep popular products available domestically is less important than our being able to enter international markets.


Premise: The primitive ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau occupies a special position in the world, but the ecological environment is very fragile, once destroyed, it is irreversible, and some plants need more than a hundred years to be restored. Cold, drought, pristine and extremely fragile are the remarkable characteristics of the ecological environment in this region.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is primitive, its ability to resist damage is very weak' conforms to the context.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: the process of processing orders quickly and accurately is helpful to our transaction. In order to increase profits, we should use electronic procedures instead of manual operation. With electronic procedures, customer orders will directly enter all relevant queues. Li Ming: if we use the electronic order process, our income will be reduced. Many people prefer to call when placing an order. If we switch to an electronic order process, our transactions will look cold and impersonal, and we will attract fewer passers-by.

Hypothesis: The difference of opinion between Zhang Qiang and Li Ming is whether switching to an electronic order process will benefit their financial benefits.


Premise: When trying to identify new technologies that promise to transform the marketplace, market researchers survey the managers of those companies that are developing new technologies. Such managers have an enormous stake in succeeding, so they invariably overstate the potential of their new technologies. Surprisingly, however, market researchers typically do not survey a new technology' s potential buyers, even though it is the buyers-not the producers-who will ultimately determine a technology' s commercial success.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Investors are unlikely to invest substantial amounts of capital in a company whose own managers are skeptical about the commercial prospects of a new technology they are developing" best accounts for the typical survey practices among market researchers.


Premise: Personal company refers to a company based on the personal credit of its shareholders; joint-investment company refers to a company whose assets are formed by the respective capital contributions of the company's shareholders as the basis for its credit; a joint-personal joint venture is a company with both of the above properties,credit basis.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The assets of a company are mortgaged with all the personal property of the shareholders' indicates that the company is a Personal company according to the above definition.


Premise: Substantial economic growth must be preceded by technological innovations that expanding industries incorporate into their production or distribution procedures. Since a worldwide ban on the use of fossil fuels would surely produce many technological innovations, it is obvious that such a ban would be followed by an economic boom rather than by the economic depression forecast by the critics of such a ban.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing warrant, that because certain conditions only sometimes precede a certain phenomenon, these conditions always bring about the phenomenon is the most accurate description of a flaw in the argument's reasoning.


Premise: The results of the survey show that a considerable number of ethnic minority cadres have high-level technical titles, and some young people have a tendency to chase stars. Among those with high-level technical titles, there are star chasers, and women account for a considerable proportion of star chasers.

Hypothesis: Someone in the star chaser has a senior technical title can be inferred.


Premise: A telescopic adaptive control system can perform different control functions according to the model, quantity and sequence of system components. The control system can only be composed of several of the five components A, B, C, D and E in order from left to right, and the combination of components into the control system must comply with the following laws: (1) two or more components can form the control system, and the components of the system can be the same or different; (2) Component A cannot appear on the leftmost side of the control system; (3) If component B exists in the system, it appears more than once; (4) In the control system, C can neither be the last component nor the penultimate component; (5) As long as component a appears, component B must appear; (6) If e is the last component, component B must appear.

Hypothesis: The control system consisting of three identical components can perform 4 functions.


Premise: Lantian jade is a kind of jade sought after by people recently, but its resources are very limited. We should cherish economical use a hundred times, not excessive digging and rough processing because of the petty profits in front of us. After thousands of years of adoption, Hetian jade is nearly extinct, and the Chinese people's cultural complex of valuing jade and loving jade from generation to generation has to be passed on from generation to generation. The mission of Lantian jade is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is that Lantian jade bears the important task of inheriting Chinese jade culture.


Premise: When students do not find their assignments challenging, they become bored and so achieve less than their abilities would allow. On the other hand, when students find their assignments too difficult, they give up and so again achieve less than what they are capable of achieving. It is, ttherefore, clear that no student' s full potential will ever be realized.

Hypothesis: An error of reasoning contained in the argument is assuming without warrant that a situation allows only two possibilities.


Premise: Zhang Qiang: when the economy of a region is depressed, many people lose their jobs, so they reduce the cost of living, resulting in more people losing their jobs and leading to the deterioration of the economy. The economy was deteriorating and prices finally hit rock bottom. Low prices stimulate people to increase the consumption of life, and the increase in consumption leads to the improvement of the economic situation. Li Ming: if people lose their jobs, they will not be able to increase their consumption and have no money to buy goods other than the necessities of life. Therefore, if prices hit rock bottom, it will not lead to an improvement in the economic situation.

Hypothesis: In times of economic deterioration, even those who are not unemployed will cut back on spending; when prices hit rock bottom, they will have money to save for consumption will most weaken Li Ming's rebuttal to Zhang Qiang.


Premise: In one study, scientists analyzed population data from 1964 to 2007 in the United States and 39 European countries. They found that between 1964 and 1975, the birth rate of boys was higher than that of girls in all countries. A similar phenomenon occurred in many Eastern European countries after 1986. Scientists have analyzed that this phenomenon is closely related to nuclear power plant leakage and nuclear testing caused by radiation leakage. The former appears mainly related to atomic experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, while the latter is likely to be linked to the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Research data show that after the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the proportion of new boys born in Belarus, near Ukraine, was higher than in France, which was further away' best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: On the basis of incontestable proof that car safety seats will greatly reduce the number of serious injuries sustained by children in car accidents, laws have been passed mandating the use of these seats. Unexpectedly, it has since been found that a large number of children who are riding in safety seats continue to receive serious injuries that safety seats were specifically designed to avoid, and in the prevention of which they in fact have proven to be effective.

Hypothesis: Many parents are defying the law by not using safety seats for their children could by itself adequately explain the unexpected finding reported in the passage.


Premise: Politician: Hybrid cars use significantly less fuel per kilometer than nonhybrids. And fuel produces air pollution, which contributes to a number of environmental problems. Motorists can save money by driving cars that are more fuel efficient, and they will be encouraged to drive hybrid cars if we make them aware of that fact. Ttherefore, we can help reduce the total amount of pollution emitted by cars in this country by highlighting this advantage of hybrid cars.

Hypothesis: People with more fuel-efficient cars typically drive more than do those with less fuel-efficient cars would most indicate a vulnerability of the politician's argument.


Premise: In recent years, the state has made efforts to reduce drug prices from the production, circulation and sales of drugs. However, many patients feel puzzled that, on the one hand, the national policy to reduce drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many common drugs are rising.

Hypothesis: There is an increase in demand for commonly used imported drugs, and relevant policies are unable to control price increases for such drugs best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: Hyperpolarization refers to the expression that first enumerates a more extreme situation, and then lists the more extreme cases, so as to achieve the effect of layer by layer.

Hypothesis: The option 'I don't know where there is a road in the cave, and it's hard to hear a different incense' is not the Hyperpolarization.


Premise: The goal of implementing the Nutrition improvement Program for Rural compulsory Education students is to effectively improve the nutritional status and health quality of rural children. Due to the differences in geographical environment, food resources, eating habits and traditional folk customs, in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to put forward reasonable food structure and improvement plan according to local conditions on the basis of empirical research on the health and nutrition status of children in rural areas.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that the nutrition of rural children needs to be improved scientifically.


Premise: Motivation is the reason why people act, it can arouse action, so that the activity points to a certain goal.Depending on the source of the motive, it can be divided into internal motivation and extrinsic motive. Intrinsic motivation refers to the purpose of behavior to experience the joy and satisfaction brought about by the corresponding activities.Extrinsic motivation refers to the purpose of the act in order to obtain other external results or avoid punishment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiaoming's motivation to study hard and strive to enter the ideal school is most likely to reflect the underlying motivation.


Premise: Philosopher: Both the consequences and the motives of human actions have bearing on the moral worth of those actions. Nonetheless, to be a moral agent one must have free will, because one cannot be a moral agent without desiring to conform to a principle.

Hypothesis: The assumption that nobody who acts without taking the consequences of the action into consideration is free is required by the philosopher's argument.


Premise: In recent years, the real estate industry in mainland China has rapidly heated up, and many people are only saving money to buy a house, but some people are unwilling to spend most of their life savings on the house, claiming that people cannot live for a house.

Hypothesis: The most unlikely conclusion to draw is that people should live for two or more houses.


Premise: All Anxi people are vegetarians, while all Zhenyuan people are ascetics. Ascetics and vegetarians are irreconcilable. And Guo Zhi is an asceticist.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that Guo Zhu is from Anxi is correct.


Premise: In a learning experiment a researcher ran rats through a maze. Some of the rats were blind, others deaf, others lacked a sense of smell, and others had no sensory deficiencies; yet all the rats learned the task in much the same amount of time. Of the senses other than sight, hearing, and smell, only kinesthesia had not previously been shown to be irrelevant to maze-learning. The researcher concluded on the basis of these facts that kinesthesia, the sensation of bodily movement, is sufficient for maze-learning.

Hypothesis: The possibility that the interaction of kinesthesia with at least one other sense is required for maze-learning cannot be ruled out on the basis of the data above is the criticism to which the researcher's reasoning is most vulnerable.


Premise: The following three judgments are known to be true: (1) either A is on a business trip, or B is on a business trip, or C is on a business trip; (2) if A is on a business trip, then C is on a business trip; (3) C can't leave because of his busy work.

Hypothesis: B is on business while A is not can be derived from the options.


Premise: In the process of accompanying their children, many parents will encounter the problem of their children lying or concealing the truth. Lying is almost what many parents are most worried about. Their children's bad behavior is even more frightening and angry than their children's poor academic performance.If we say that many parents have not solved the problem of their children lying well, at least most of them should pay attention to it, while the problem of children concealing their own situation from their parents is not only worse solved, but also not given enough attention.

Hypothesis: The original text states that children's behavior of concealing their own situation has not attracted the attention of parents.


Premise: Common sense tells us that the more elegant art, the more classics that can stand the test of history. At the beginning, they can't appreciate it. To learn to appreciate, we have to rely on edification. From never understanding to understanding, from never appreciating to learning to appreciate, from unconsciously understanding knowledge and reason, to consciously entering the school to receive preaching and teaching, is the step of civilization. In the final analysis, the process of aesthetics, it is a process from not understanding to understanding. Reading is the same. Common sense also tells us that reading a difficult and good book, especially a classic, is better than reading many ordinary books. Traditional Chinese education pays attention to reading an reciting, and old-style private schools asked the students to read, recite and may be punished. Now it seems that in addition to be punished, reading can be discussed. There is no need to say more about the benefits of reciting.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from the above words that the author's intention is to point out that the improvement of cultural cultivation needs the edification of classical works.


Premise: Human skin gives off an array of gaseous substances, including carbon dioxide and lactic acid, both of which attract mosquitoes. However, neither of these two substances, whether alone or combined with one another, will attract mosquitoes as much as a bare human arm will, even in complete darkness, where a mosquito has no visual cues. Ttherefore, some other gaseous substance given off by human skin also attracts mosquitoes.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument requires the assumption that human skin never gives off any gaseous substances that repel mosquitoes.


Premise: National pricing: refers to the commodity prices and charging standards set by the government price department and the competent business department in accordance with the authority of the state.

Hypothesis: The charging standards for buses in Nanjing are not subject to national pricing.


Premise: In agricultural production, as long as the appropriate limit is not exceeded, the output of crops will increase if more fertilizer is applied; if less fertilizer is applied, the output of crops will decrease. It can be seen that the amount of fertilizer has a close relationship with the output of crops.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Friction generates heat' uses a logical method that is most similar to the question above.


Premise: To reduce the frequency of ground collisions, Innovair will begin giving its ground crews additional training, at an annual cost of $500, 000. Although this will cut the number of ground collisions by about half at best, the drop in repair costs can be expected to be much greater, since __ .

Hypothesis: The $500, 000 cost figure for the additional training of ground crews includes the wages that those crews will earn during the time spent in actual training most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Invisible curriculum refers to the informal and unconscious learning experience that is not clearly specified in the school's planned curriculum.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, participating in extracurricular activities together to establish an equal and harmonious relationship between teachers and students is not an invisible curriculum.


Premise: Three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. The concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. In explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. Market analysts predict that the decision of these three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market, will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents.

Hypothesis: Consumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard waste, if true, most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts.


Premise: Journalism' s purpose is to inform people about matters relevant to the choices they must make. Yet, clearly, people often buy newspapers or watch television news programs precisely because they contain sensationalistic gossip about people whom they will never meet and whose business is of little relevance to their lives. Obviously, then, the sensationalistic gossip contained in newspapers and television news programs__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'is at least sometimes included for nonjournalistic reasons' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Complements means that there is a certain consumption dependency between two commodities, that is, the consumption of one commodity must be matched with the consumption of another commodity. They can be divided into two categories. Ordinary complemens means that there is no fixed proportion of two commodities used at the same time; Complete complements that two commodities must be used at the same time in a fixed proportion.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, brush and ink are completely complements.


Premise: If the reed flowers float, Lin Xi will go to see the reed; If the temperature is very low, Lin Xi will not go to see the reed; Only when the sky was clear did Lin Xi go to see the reeds

Hypothesis: The wind is strong can be inferred now that Lin Xi has gone to view the reed.


Premise: After induction, scientists found that the existence of life on earth has at least the following conditions: first, the existence of liquid water; Second, keep a certain distance from the heat source to produce an appropriate and stable temperature difference range; In other parts of the universe, it is almost impossible for these two conditions to occur at the same time, so there can be no life on other planets like on earth.

Hypothesis: The scientific and technological level of human observation of the universe has not yet reached a level sufficient for human beings to understand the whole universe refutes the above view best.


Premise: Millions of homes are now using low-energy lighting, but millions more have still to make the switch, a fact that the government and the home lighting industry are eager to change. Although low-wattage bulbs cost more per bulb than normal bulbs, their advantages to the homeowner are enormous, and ttherefore everyone should use low-wattage bulbs.

Hypothesis: Information about the profits the home lighting industry expects to make from sales of low-wattage bulbs would be LEAST useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: When people experience throbbing in their teeth or gums, they have serious dental problems, and if a dental problem is serious, it will be a problem either of tooth decay or of gum disease. Ttherefore, since throbbing in the teeth or gums is a sign of serious dental problems, and neither Sabina' s teeth nor her gums are throbbing, Sabina can be suffering from neither tooth decay nor gum disease.

Hypothesis: The statement "If a person is interested in either physics or chemistry, then that person would be wise to consider a career in medicine. Yolanda, however, is interested in neither physics nor chemistry, so it would not be wise for her to consider a career in medicine" contains an error of reasoning most similar to that made in the argument above.


Premise: From 2005 to 2006, from Super Girl to Hu Gemen booming, from Guo Degang in Beijing to Cai Galiang in Shanghai, from the folk, fresh and lively, unrefined grass-roots culture was becoming popular at a surprising speed. In the face of such a group or group culture, people who appreciated it boasted from the masses, close to the masses, while those who did not appreciate it disdainfully gave their comments that vulgar and grandstanding.

Hypothesis: The assumption that from Song iambic verse and Yuan drama to Beijing opera, they all have experienced the process from grass-roots to a high position is the basis for the comments of the above people who appreciated grass-roots culture.


Premise: People without cognitive impairments tend to read with ease. People with cognitive impairments tend to have great difficulty reading. Ttherefore, if people with cognitive impairments are taught to read with ease, the proportion of people with cognitive impairments will decrease.

Hypothesis: The reasoning error in the argument is that it confuses the relationship between the cause of something and the resulting effect.


Premise: Huizhou culture mainly refers to the specific life structure system which is based on Huizhou (called Xin'an County in ancient times) and originates from the sexual relationship between man and nature and between people in history. Like any culture, it also includes material culture, institutional culture, ideology, implicit mentality, value system and other cultural and psychological structures, and creates brilliant achievements with distinctive characteristics at all cultural levels,the impact spread all over the country.

Hypothesis: The incorrect understanding of Huizhou culture is that Huizhou culture develops from different cultural levels and influences all parts of the country with distinctive achievements.


Premise: Many corporations have begun decorating their halls with motivational posters in hopes of boosting their employees' motivation to work productively. However, almost all employees at these corporations are already motivated to work productively. So these corporations' use of motivational posters is unlikely to achieve its intended purpose.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider whether corporations that do not currently use motivational posters would increase their employees' motivation to work productively if they began using the posters.


Premise: In previous foreign communication and exchanges, our diplomats often encountered such a situation: foreigners were deterred by China's broad and profound and complex cultural history. Even we cannot describe this profound change of ancient civilization precisely. Our strategic frameworks and slogans such as peaceful rise and harmonious World focus more on foreign strategic decision-makers. Instead of aiming at those ordinary foreign people who do not know much about China, by the standards of modern image management, our advertising words and symbols are not very close to the masses, and in terms of visual touch and emotional imagination, it always makes people feel a little flawed.

Hypothesis: The core issue discussed in this passage is the difficulties encountered by diplomats in foreign exchanges.


Premise: The first bicycle in the world was invented in 1847. Bicycles disappeared only a short time after the emergence of bicycles and did not reappear until 1860. why did this happen? A new technology will be accepted only when it is consistent with the concept of social values. So there must have been some change in social values between 1817 and 1860.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is assumed that it has been truly accepted without giving a reasonable explanation' is the cause of the defect in the above reasoning.


Premise: The number of fat grams in a cup of butter is the same as in an equal amount of margarine. Ttherefore, any baked good made with a given amount of butter is no higher in fat than a baked good made with an equal amount of margarine.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument fails to realize that butter or margarine might not be the only fat-containing ingredient in a baked good.


Premise: A company has developed a new sensing device that, according to the company' s claims, detects weak, ultralow-frequency electromagnetic signals associated with a beating heart. These signals, which pass through almost any physical obstruction, are purportedly detected by the device even at significant distances. Ttherefore, if the company's claims are true, their device will radically improve emergency teams ability to locate quickly people who are trapped within the wreckage of collapsed buildings.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The device gives a distinctive reading when the signals it detects come from human beings rather than from any other living beings' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: In Berinia, the age at which people could begin to drink alcohol legally used to be 18. In 1990, in an attempt to reduce alcohol consumption and thereby to reduce alcohol-related traffic deaths among Berinians under 21, the legal drinking age was raised to 21. Alcohol-related traffic deaths among people under 21 have decreased significantly since 1990. Nevertheless, surveys show that people in that age-group drink just as much alcohol as they did before 1990.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Alcohol consumption away from home, for example in bars and restaurants, is much lower among people under 21 than it was in 1990' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Part of the work of quantitative historical research is to find appropriate quantities to reflect the past. For example, height data can play such a role in the study of history, especially in the study of economic history. There are many factors that affect height at the individual level. At the social level, the average height is closely related to the living standard of an individual's adolescence. Height will be fixed at a certain age and will not change much until old age. Height is equivalent to freezing the socio-economic conditions of the past, although it is not as accurate as amber to hold bugs, but it is precious.

Hypothesis: The author's main goal in this passage is to explain how to select appropriate parameters in quantitative historical research.


Premise: Although 5 million people in China have been getting rid of illiteracy every year in the past two years, the situation of illiteracy eradication is not optimistic. China's adult non-illiteracy rate ranks behind in Asia, and the rate of illiteracy eradication is also slower than that of neighboring countries.

Hypothesis: The meaning of words is that China's literacy record is not ideal.


Premise: The employment conditions put forward by some recruitment units are often college degree or above, there are some types of work that ordinary technicians can be competent, but recruitment units must recruit undergraduates and graduate students to decorate the facade. In the existing concept of talent, ordinary technicians are often excluded from the category of talent, or it is important to mention it, but queuing is secondary; key positions are needed, and when taking stock of fame, they feel that they are not necessary.

Hypothesis: The passage is about failed to make the best use of people.


Premise: In a university, graduates majoring in mathematics, physics, chemistry, management, secretarial science and law need to be employed. At present, Fengyun, Jardine and Hongyu come to the school for recruitment. It is known that each company only recruits graduates from the above two or three majors, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) companies that recruit chemistry majors also recruit mathematics majors; (2) Jardines recruit majors. Fengyun company also recruits; (3) only one company recruits secretarial majors, and the company does not recruit physics majors. (4) if Jardine recruits a management major, then it also recruits a secretarial major; (5) if Hongyu does not recruit a secretarial major, then Jardine recruits a secretarial major.

Hypothesis: Fengyun Company recruits maths major can be derived if all three companies recruit several graduates from three majors.


Premise: Adults who work outside the home spend, on average, 100 minutes less time each week in preparing dinner than adults who do not work outside the home. But, contrary to expectation, comparisons show that the dinners eaten at home by the two groups of adults do not differ significantly with respect to nutritional value, variety of menus, or number of courses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Adults who work outside the home eat dinner at home 20 percent less often than do adults who do not work outside the home' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Emotional incentive effect is a management incentive method to stimulate the enthusiasm of the managed through good emotional relationship, so as to improve work efficiency.

Hypothesis: The thought and behavior of the employees were praised by the leaders, resulting in the emotion of continuing to adhere to it is an emotional incentive effect.


Premise: The law of tea production in the world is red in the south and green in the north, that is, only high quality black tea can be produced in lower latitudes (such as India and Kenya), while high quality green tea can be produced in relatively high latitudes (25  degree~ 30  degreenorth latitude). The international price of green tea has always been higher than that of black tea. The quality of green tea in India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the main tea producing countries, is not high. Since the 1970s, the above three countries began to change red to green in an attempt to occupy the international green tea market, all of which ended in failure. China's famous green tea is mainly distributed in mountainous areas. with rich rural labor resources and low labor costs, the development of green tea industry has obvious comparative advantages.

Hypothesis: Chinese green tea has competitive strength in the international market is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Economist: Real wages in this country will increase significantly only if productivity increases notably. Thus, it is unlikely that real wages will increase significantly in the near future, since this country' s businesses are currently investing very little in new technology and this pattern is likely to continue for at least several more years.

Hypothesis: If it is assumed that productivity will not increase if businesses do not make a substantial investment in new technology in the economist's country, then the economist's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

Hypothesis: One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: A severe blow to the head can cause one to lose consciousness; from this some people infer that consciousness is a product of the brain and cannot survive bodily death. But a radio that becomes damaged may suddenly cease to broadcast the program it had been receiving, and we do not conclude from this that the program itself has ceased to exist. Similarly, more substantial evidence would be needed to conclude that consciousness does not survive bodily death.

Hypothesis: The example of the damaged radio is cited as a case analogous to loss of consciousness in which people do not draw the same sort of conclusion that some people draw about consciousness, most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the example of the damaged radio.


Premise: A deadly virus that has claimed the lives of local villagers has been traced to the spotted fruit bat, in which the virus resides between periodic outbreaks. Biologists speculate that the bat might also be one of the reservoirs for a number of other viruses that have led to village fatalities. The local government has proposed to eliminate the spotted fruit bat by cutting off passageways that allow the bat to emerge from its caves. Once the bat is unable to emerge from the caves, the government will have achieved its objective of reducing the number of village deaths attributable to viruses.

Hypothesis: If true, the observation of another species of bat feeding on small animals and biting human beings would best indicate that the government's plan will not lead to its objective.


Premise: Happiness is people's subjective and joyful physical and mental state. It is also a multi-level experience process brought by the well-being and satisfaction state formed by the cognition and experience of the existence world.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A person enjoys the most welfare, and the task of the economy is to devote to welfare' is not called happiness.


Premise: People often perform differently when they know that they are being videotaped than they would if they were performing the same task without being recorded. In recent years, golf instructors have increasingly been making use of tape-recorded sessions to help instruct their students. These instructors often videotape their students' swings in order to show their students what flaws exist in their swings.

Hypothesis: The observations above provide most evidence for the conclusion that golf instructors do not know how to properly use video technology.


Premise: With the gradual implementation of macroeconomic control policies, my country's economic growth will moderately slow down, the demand for oil and natural gas resources will decrease, and the contradiction between supply and demand will be eased to a certain extent. According to the latest forecast of the International Energy Agency, my country's crude oil will be eased this year. Production will reach 175 million tons, an increase of 1% over last year; while crude oil consumption will likely exceed 300 million tons, an increase of about 12% over last year; imports will exceed 100 million tons, possibly close to 120 million tons, an increase over last year Around 30%.

Hypothesis: The option that can be inferred from this text is that my country's dependence on imported crude oil has increased.


Premise: When the cohesion of group members is high, group members tend to keep their views consistent with the group, while other controversial, creative or even more objective and reasonable views will be ignored or suppressed. This may lead to unreasonable or even bad decisions made by the group. A similar phenomenon may appear in the process of expressing public opinion on the Internet. People are more likely to be attracted to their own consensus forums and deepen their original views. In this way, it is possible to give rise to group myths, incorrect but dominant opinions supported by the majority and dissidents are represented and controlled.

Hypothesis: The option 'Online public opinion may not be able to represent the true thoughts of netizens, which should be discriminated by the government when soliciting public opinion' is the inspiration for government management from this paragraph.


Premise: Irrational refers to the spiritual elements that are not based on rational thinking and the subjective psychological form that cannot be included in the concept of logical thinking in the process of human cognition.

Hypothesis: The cognitive process of mastering the spark memory method of memorizing the meaning of words by combining fonts is an irrational factor.


Premise: Administrative sanctions refer to the authority granted by state agencies, enterprises and institutions in accordance with laws or regulations, in accordance with laws or relevant rules and regulations, and in accordance with administrative affiliation, to impose sanctions on those who violate the rules and regulations or commit minor dereliction of duty that are not enough for criminal sanctions.

Hypothesis: Being fined by the public security agency for hooliganism is not an administrative sanction.


Premise: Hematopoietic poverty alleviation refers to the way that government departments or social forces help poor areas and poor people to increase their income and get rid of poverty by continuously supporting the development of rural industries and broadening the channels of sales and consumption of agricultural products.

Hypothesis: According to the overall thinking of forest and fruit and tourism in the east, facilities and agriculture in the west, a county has always adhered to the industrial development model of industry + base + workshop, which has doubled the annual income of farmers and reached nearly 10,000 yuan per capita belongs to hematopoietic poverty alleviation.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid the occurrence of traffic accidents, traffic authorities have stepped up traffic safety publicity efforts. Statistics show that before 2008, the city's traffic deaths per year more than a thousand people. Since 2008, the annual number of traffic fatalities has been kept below 1000, with 921 deaths in 2008. 738 people died in 2009. 569 people died in 2010. From this, we can draw that as long as we strengthen the publicity of traffic management, we can effectively reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.

Hypothesis: In recent years, due to the serious traffic congestion during rush hours, the city has improved citizens' safety awareness best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: In recent years, with the continuous increase in the number of IT manufacturers, the competition in the IT market has become increasingly fierce. Users of IT products require not only the choice of the product itself, but also the choice of good service has become an important factor in the purchase decision of users.Survey data show that for high-tech products, such as computers, users are willing to spend 10% more on services and good goods of the same quality.

Hypothesis: After sales service of IT products is very important can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: The current income tax rate for domestic and foreign-funded enterprises is 33%. A preferential tax rate of 24% and 15% is applied to some foreign-funded enterprises and 27% to domestic low-profit enterprises. To set the tax rate of the Enterprise income tax Law (draft) at 25% is to reduce the tax burden on domestic enterprises and to control the reduction in fiscal revenue within an affordable range, and to consider the tax rates of the international community, especially those of neighboring countries (regions). The average tax rate of 159 countries (regions) that implement enterprise income tax is 28.6%, while the average tax rate of 18 countries (regions) around China is 26.7%. The new tax rate is moderately low internationally, which is conducive to improving the competitiveness of enterprises and attracting foreign investment.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is Adjusting the tax rate will help to improve the competitiveness of enterprises.


Premise: There are five teams taking part in the game. As for the result of the game, the spectators have the following comments: (1) the champion is either Shannan team or Jiangbei team. (2) the champion is neither Shanbei nor Jiangnan. (3) the champion is Jiangnan team. (4) the champion is not Shannan team.

Hypothesis: Jiangbei is the champion according to the result of the competition.


Premise: Soft violence refers to the behavior people seek illegal interests or illegal, in others or in the workplace nuisance, entanglement and schoolroom, and organizing a mob to spin, is enough to make others fear, panic and psychological coercion, or enough to affect, restrict the personal freedom, endangers one's personal property safety, affect the normal life, work, production, management of illegal and criminal means.

Hypothesis: In order to win the bidding, company A secretly spread unfavorable information about its competitors is an example of sub-soft violence according to the definition provided.


Premise: In the 1950s, some scientists found that bacteria would fall off the cell wall and no longer show a unique shape, causing the immune system to miss. After a period of time, these bacteria will regain the cell wall and return to their original shape. once again have the ability to infect the human body. Recently, researchers first used an antibiotic to break through the cell wall of E. coli and change its shape. Another antibiotic was then administered against a drug called MreB. Even if the bacteria proliferate, they can no longer recover their original shape, no longer have the ability to infect, and eventually die out naturally. This study can explain the causes of bacterial drug resistance, deepen the understanding of the cell wall construction process, and is expected to lead to better planning for the use of antibiotics.

Hypothesis: MreB protein is the key to bacterial invisibility is correct.


Premise: By examining beetle fossils, a research team has put forward the most detailed description of the temperature in the UK in the past 22,000 years. The research team selected the existing biological fossils and determined their dates. When individuals of several organisms found in the same place belong to the same time period, The known tolerable temperature of existing beetles can be used to determine the highest summer temperature in that place during that time.

Hypothesis: In the past 22,000 years, the tolerable temperature of beetles has not changed significantly is an assumption required by the researcher's discussion.


Premise: Recent medical and anthropological data show that prohibitions on the use of certain foods served important social, economic, and medical functions in ancient cultures. But these data cannot explain the origin of the prohibitions involved, since those who originally adopted and enforced them did not have access to the same data as modern researchers.

Hypothesis: The social importance of the origin of a food prohibition is independent of the nutritional value of the food prohibited is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The so-called homogeneous competition refers to the phenomenon that products of different brands in the same product category imitate each other in performance, appearance and even marketing methods, and even gradually converge. Homogeneous competition is not good for consumers to identify the characteristics of products, if it is a well-known brand, it s still competitive, if it is a general brand, it is inevitable to have a cruel price war, then the market prospects are not optimistic.

Hypothesis: Publishers follow the trend to publish traversing novels belongs to homogeneous competition according to the above definition.


Premise: Based on data collected from policyholders, life insurance companies have developed tables that list standard weight ranges for various heights. Policyholders whose weight fell within the range given for their height lived longer than those whose weight fell outside their given range. Ttherefore, if people whose weight falls outside their given range modified their weight to fall within that range, their overall life expectancies would improve.

Hypothesis: The tables include data gathered from policyholders whose deaths resulted from accidents in addition to those whose deaths resulted from natural causes is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: After the warming of the climate, the grain production in the middle and high latitudes increased, but only in the tropics and sub-tropics,and the grain production declined, especially in Africa and Latin America. Hunger and malnutrition will increase in the world's poorest regions and cause a decline in immunity, increasing people's susceptibility to disease.

Hypothesis: The impact of global warming on food production in Africa and Latin America is higher than the world average can be inferred.


Premise: In general, Parkinson's disease is mostly caused by the death of dopamine - producing cells in the human brain. Researchers at the University of Washington experimented with genetically modified Diptera fruit flies, which gradually die off their dopamine cells as they age. Scientists were surprised to find that when  they juiced tobacco and coffee and fed it to the fruit flies,the flies' dopamine cells increased and the flies became more active. As a result, the researchers point out that smokers and coffee drinkers are less likely to develop Parkinson's disease.

Hypothesis: Excessive production of dopamine cells in the human brain is associated with violent crime cannot be challenged if it is true.


Premise: Among the seven members of the newly elected school student union of a school, there are one from Dalian, two from the north of China, one from Fuzhou, two special students (that is, students with special expertise), and three Communist Party members. Assuming that the above introduction involves All the members of the student council.

Hypothesis: The student council members' judgments are not inconsistent with the question except for the option that both special students are members of the Communist Party.


Premise: At present, there are still a large number of bricklayers, steel bar workers, boiler workers, painters and other types of blue-collar jobs in our country, but under the influence of professional disciplinization, only relevant ones can be found in the professional catalogue of secondary vocational education in our country. and all with a strong discipline color of professional names. These professional names make it difficult for students to match future jobs with the above-mentioned blue-collar jobs, resulting in a big discount for graduates who actually enter the above-mentioned blue-collar jobs.

Hypothesis: The major catalogue of secondary vocational education in China needs to be adjusted according to the actual post demand is intended to be pointed out in this paragraph.


Premise: Principle: Employees of telemarketing agencies should never do anything that predisposes people to dislike the agencies' clients. Application: If an employee of a telemarketing agency has been told by a person the employee has called that he or she does not want to buy the product of a client of the agency, the employee should not try to talk that person into doing so.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any employee of a telemarketing agency who tries to get someone to buy the product of a client of the agency after the person has said that he or she does not want to will engender animosity toward the client' justifies the given application of the principle above.


Premise: All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not have exchanges and mutual learning with other civilizations, it cannot maintain its exuberant vitality can be inferred.


Premise: We cannot simply think that the editors of the lexicon are wrong. They will not make changes to the usage of the vocabulary randomly, and must have been carefully researched. However, the lexicographers cannot ignore a basic fact and the basic requirements derived from it : Spoken and written languages are commonly used by the broad masses of the people and have a very broad social nature. Therefore, the standardization of spoken and written languages cannot be carried out in the ivory tower, but must follow the mass line.

Hypothesis: The basic requirement in this passage is that standardization of spoken and written languages must serve the broad masses of people.


Premise: In mountainous regions, the timberline is the highest altitude at which trees grow. In the Rocky Mountains, the current timberline is at the altitude above which growing season temperatures remain cooler than 10 degrees centigrade. Fossilized remains of trees that grew 10, 000 years ago have been found 100 meters above the current Rocky Mountain timberline. Clearly, ttherefore, the climate of the Rocky Mountains is cooler now than it was 10, 000 years ago.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument relies is that the fossils are not of species of trees that were able to tolerate cooler growing temperatures than are the species that currently grow near the timberline.


Premise: At present, China is facing not only serious water pollution, but also a serious shortage of water resources. China is still in the stage of industrialization, and there is great pressure to reduce the demand for water resources and the discharge of pollutants, and it is obviously very difficult to control. But no matter how difficult it is, there is no turning back, because letting the people drink clean water is the government's commitment to the people. In fact, the goal of water control is not only to make people drink clean water, but also to make the whole ecosystem drink clean water.

Hypothesis: The necessity of flood control is intended to explain by this passage.


Premise: Psychologists divide human intelligence into crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence. Crystal intelligence refers to cognitive ability based on learned experience, which is greatly affected by acquired experience. It is mainly manifested in the ability to use existing knowledge and skills to absorb new knowledge and solve new problems. These abilities generally do not decline with age. Fluid intelligence is a cognitive ability based on physiology, It decreases with age

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang is called a child prodigy because he can recite hundreds of ancient poems at the age of 4 and a half, and never forget digital information such as telephone numbers doesn't belong to crystal intelligence according to the above definition.


Premise: Children fall into three groups -- nontasters, regular tasters, and supertasters -- depending on how strongly they experience tastes. Supertasters strongly prefer mild cheddar cheese to sharp, regular tasters weakly prefer mild to sharp, and nontasters show no preference. Also, the more bitter a food tastes, the less children like it. Thus, supertasters experience sharp cheddar as tasting more bitter than mild cheddar, but nontasters experience sharp cheddar as tasting no more bitter than mild cheddar.

Hypothesis: Assuming that bitterness is the only factor relevant to how strongly children prefer sharp cheddar cheese to mild cheddar cheese enables the conclusion above to be properly inferred.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: X is the accompaniment of G and H, Y is the accompaniment of F and K, and W is the accompaniment of L and M is a possible combination of an accompanist and a singer.


Premise: Irritability refers to the response of organisms to external stimuli. It is not only a measure of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, but also one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms.

Hypothesis: Nails will rust when they are placed in a moist environment is the irritability.


Premise: Pseudodementia refers to a partially short, reversible intellectual disorder that occurs in a particular psychological context without evidence of obvious brain damage

Hypothesis: Patients with brain injury from car accidents belong to pseudodementia.


Premise: The researchers report that a survey of more than 10,000 people over the age of 70 showed that people who slept more than nine hours or less than five hours a day had lower average cognitive levels than those who slept about seven hours a day. Accordingly, the researchers believe that in order to improve the cognitive ability of the elderly, it is necessary to use relevant tools to detect their sleep time, and to intervene in their sleep time to maintain an appropriate amount of sleep time.

Hypothesis: People who sleep for about 7 hours a day are all over 70 years old can best question the views of the above researchers, if true.


Premise: A Beijing newspaper, entitled 15% of fathers raise children for others, released statistics from a judicial material evidence appraisal center in Beijing: of the nearly 600 people who conducted paternity tests in Beijing within a year, 15% of the test results excluded paternity.

Hypothesis: The cost of paternity testing is too high does not question the reliability of statistical inference.


Premise: Pit vipers are so called because of the small pits on the sides of their heads which function as infrared sensors, giving the viper a thermal impression of objects in its vicinity. Because all species of pit vipers are predators, scientists have long thought that these sensors were used to find prey. One researcher has hypothesized, however, that the infrared sensor serves primarily to assist the viper in judging the size of approaching predators and how far away they are.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Pit vipers do not differ in their predatory behavior from closely related vipers without pits, but they do differ markedly from these other species in their strategies of defense against predators' would most support the researcher's hypothesis.


Premise: A TV advertisement said that grassland green chickens eat grass when they are hungry and grasshoppers when they are greedy, which seems to imply that the nutritional value of this kind of chicken and its eggs is related to the food that this kind of chicken eats.

Hypothesis: The most reliable experimental method to prove the above conclusion is to select different breeds of chickens and feed them on the grassland, and then compare their effective components.


Premise: When a spacecraft returns to earth through the atmosphere, friction with the atmosphere causes a sharp rise in temperature. In order to overcome the thermal barrier and return to Earth safely, a foreign research institute has made a new attempt on recovering the micro-satellite EGG. During the descent, EGG opened its hemispherical heat-insulating decelerating parachute, which was expanded by carbon dioxide gas. Then the atmospheric resistance increased significantly and it began to enter the atmosphere slowly and fall smoothly.

Hypothesis: The technology that is based on the premise that the surface material of spacecraft must have the capability of withstanding the ultra-high temperature is the technology that is mentioned in the question.


Premise: At home, the concept of privatization seems to be the division of state-owned assets. In essence, it is a matter of protecting the ownership of private property. If there is no legal basis for the protection of this right, the state-owned assets can be divided and the divided property can be confiscated at any time.

Hypothesis: The system of privatization is based on the legal right to own private property is most strongly supported if the above statement is true.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of residential housing in City A is the lowest is a wrong judgment about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.