Premise: In the management process of modern enterprises, it is found that although the Human Resource Management department is very important for the development of the company, because the Department does not participate in the decision-making of the company's development strategy in the whole process, and the senior managers hired by the company are determined by the CEO. So the Human Resource Management department often plays a supporting and auxiliary role

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Human Resource Manager of the world's largest logistics company has the right to participate in the company's top decision-making meeting' weakens the above argument most.


Premise: Forbidden fruit psychology: refers to the strong desire to explore based on the rebellious psychology of a certain prohibition.

Hypothesis: A shopping mall launched 20 special tablet computers on the day of Double Eleven on a first-come, first-served basis is not a forbidden fruit psychology.


Premise: Humanistic care refers to a kind of universal human self-care, expressed as concern for personality, human value, human destiny and dignity, concern for people's living conditions and social status, people's needs for progress, and the guarantee of living conditions, and Affirmation and shaping of ideal personality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, care about personal values and interests and personal suffering and predicament does not belong to humanistic care.


Premise: Last year, 5% of a city's total scientific research funding budget was used for social sciences. This year, a city's economy has developed better than last year, but the research funding used for social sciences has decreased. The reason for this is not for economic pressure, but the backwardness of social ideas.

Hypothesis: The assumption based on the above conclusions is that the total budget for research funding this year is slightly higher than last year.


Premise: Most people's diet contains too much fat. The fat in food is mainly in the form of triglycerides. In the digestive tract, fatty acids are hydrolyzed and released by lipase before they are absorbed into the bloodstream and re-synthesized triglycerides. If the lipase is inhibited, the synthesis process can be terminated. In this regard, some researchers have done related experiments. They divided female mice of the same weight into three groups: the first group ate freely, the second group was fed a high-fat diet, and the third group was fed a high-fat diet with a tea saponin extracted from tea. The results showed that from the beginning of the 5th week to the end of the 10th week, the body weight of the second group was significantly higher than that of the first group, but there was no significant difference between the third group and the first group. As a result, the researchers concluded that tea saponin, a natural product, has the ability to inhibit lipase, and people drinking tea can indeed have a weight loss effect.

Hypothesis: The statement "There are still great differences between mice and humans, and the conclusions of mouse experiments can only serve as a reference for humans" can best question the above conclusions of the researchers.


Premise: A car' s antitheft alarm that sounds in the middle of the night in a crowded city neighborhood may stop an attempted car theft. On the other hand, the alarm might signal only a fault in the device, or a response to some harmless contact, such as a tree branch brushing the car. But whatever the cause, the sleep of many people in the neighborhood is disturbed. Out of consideration for others, people who have these antitheft alarms on their cars should deactivate them when they park in crowded city neighborhoods at night.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the inconvenience of false alarms is a small price to pay for the security of a neighborhood would allow the author properly to draw the conclusion that the owners of alarm-equipped cars should deactivate the alarms when parking in crowded city neighborhoods at night.


Premise: Fairness and justice is not only a problem of subjective cognition, but also an issue of objective selectivity. It is not only a static problem, but also a dynamic process. On the issue of cognition, we need to construct a basic social identity through the media and public opinion. From an objective point of view, the social system should meet the needs of the vast majority of people as much as possible in a certain time and space. Even when people are temporarily satisfied in this space-time structure and it is difficult to achieve fairness and justice, the ideal social system should be able to create conditions for him to see hope and enjoy the sunshine of public goods in a follow-up space-time structure.

Hypothesis: An important way to realize fairness and justice is the most accurate summary of the main idea of the passage.


Premise: The use of space-based satellites to study environmental conditions on Earth is an important development in the conservation movement' s history. Environmental problems may now be observed long before they otherwise would be noticed, allowing for intervention before they reach the crisis stage. It is no wonder that environmentalists fail to consider both that spacecraft may damage the ozone layer and that this damage could be serious enough to warrant discontinuing spaceflight.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that attempts to employ technology often have unforeseen consequences that may be negative.


Premise: Because of steep increases in the average price per box of cereal over the last 10 years, overall sales of cereal have recently begun to drop. In an attempt to improve sales, one major cereal manufacturer reduced the wholesale prices of its cereals by 20 percent. Since most other cereal manufacturers have announced that they will follow suit, it is likely that the level of overall sales of cereal will rise significantly.

Hypothesis: Establishing whether the high marketing expenses of the highly competitive cereal market led to the increase in cereal prices would be most useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Nano is a unit of measurement of geometric dimensions. 1 nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter, that is, 1 nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. Nanostructure usually refers to a microstructure with a size below 100 nanometers.

Hypothesis: Nano is a unit of length is the correct statement about nano.


Premise: Manager Xing of Fengshou Company needs to conduct market demand research in Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces next month. His itinerary needs to meet the following conditions: (1) the first or last survey of Jiangxi Province; (2) the time of the survey of Anhui Province is earlier than that of Zhejiang Province, and only the other two provinces except Fujian Province are surveyed between the two provinces. (3) the timing of the survey of Fujian Province is before or just after the survey of Zhejiang Province; (4) the third survey of Jiangsu Province.

Hypothesis: It cannot be determined where Manager Xing will conduct the fifth survey based on the information provided.


Premise: Integration of resources: A series of measures are taken to optimize the allocation and comprehensive utilization of all kinds of resources for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: A coal company, with the help of local villagers, transforming the collapsed area into a water park is not the integration of resources.


Premise: The preference of pain empathy refers to the individual's perception, judgment and emotional response to the pain of others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's reaction to the unfortunate drowning of foreign tourists and avoiding swimming in that river again does not have a preference of pain empathy.


Premise: The Civil service Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates: For the assessment of civil servants, in accordance with the authority of management, a comprehensive assessment of civil servants' virtue, ability, diligence, performance, honest, with emphasis on the assessment of work performance.

Hypothesis: The virtue, ability, diligence, performance and honest of civil servants are equally important can be inferred according to the above.


Premise: On the eve of the Minsk meeting of the Coordination Group of the Ukrainian authorities, the issuers of the Donetsk people's Republic and Luhansk people's Republic announced their negotiating position: if the Ukrainian authorities do not recognize their territory and the special status of the Russian language, and without halting its military operations in the south-east, the conflict cannot be resolved. In addition, the two republics have insisted on amnesty for all armed militia participants and political prisoners. Some Ukrainian observers commented: can we resolve the conflict by recognizing the special status of these two so-called republics and pardoning the militia?

Hypothesis: The comments of Ukrainian observers are best used to refute the statement that 'if the conflict is to be resolved, the Ukrainian authorities must recognize the special status of the territories of the two republics and Russian, and pardon all armed militia participants and political prisoners'.


Premise: When your child has a cold, the mucus in his nose and throat is caused by a cold virus. And love dairy, just stuck in the throat, people feel a little uncomfortable. When your child catches a cold, you can continue to provide him with milk or other dairy products.

Hypothesis: Eating dairy products can relieve the discomfort caused by your child's cold is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Japanese electrical appliances were very popular in my country in the 1980s. Since the 1990s, the exchange rate of the RMB against major western currencies (including the yen) has been continuously lowered, which will increase the RMB price of Japanese electrical appliances entering the Chinese market. However, the sales volume of the Japanese electrical appliances did not decline as a result.

Hypothesis: The high sales of Japanese electrical appliances is explained by Chinese consumers paying more attention to the excellent quality of Japanese electrical appliances, which makes up for the adverse situation of rising prices.


Premise: In recent years, with the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, China's overall innovation capability has been continuously enhanced, continuously injecting new momentum into high-quality development and opening up a new world of economic growth. The sudden epidemic inevitably has a great impact on economic and social development, and the value of innovation-driven is more prominent. From vaccine drug research and development to big data group prevention and control, from telecommuting and online classrooms to unmanned sales and contactless services, the changes brought about by science and technology have not only given us the strength to overcome the epidemic, but also affected social production and life in an unprecedented way.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Innovation drives good and rapid development'.


Premise: Plantings of cotton bioengineered to produce its own insecticide against bollworms, a major cause of crop failure, sustained little bollworm damage until this year. This year the plantings are being seriously damaged by bollworms. Bollworms, however, are not necessarily developing resistance to the cotton' s insecticide. Bollworms breed on corn, and last year more corn than usual was planted throughout cotton-growing regions. So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to establish whether plantings of bioengineered cotton are frequently damaged by insect pests other than bollworms.


Premise: Statistics show that most car accidents occur at moderate speeds, and very few accidents occur at driving speeds greater than 150 km/h, which means that high-speed driving is safer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Compared with the damage consequences of car accidents in medium speed, the damage consequences of car accidents in high speed are much more serious' can best refute the above argument.


Premise: On average, people who are educated today spend significantly less time reading than those who were educated 50 years ago, yet the number of books sold per day is much higher today than it was 50 years ago.

Hypothesis: Each of the following statements helps to explain the above phenomenon, except People 50 years ago preferred to borrow books from libraries than they do now.


Premise: Autism affects social interaction, language communication, hobbies and other aspects of behavior. Researchers have discovered that if the neuronectin protein in the experimental mice is synthesized too much, it can lead to autism. Therefore, they believe that autism has an important relationship with the amount of neuroconnect protein synthesis.

Hypothesis: Inhibition of neuronectin protein synthesis can relieve autism symptoms in experimental mice, if true, best supports the above view.


Premise: Since the sealed test paper is so fair to the college entrance examination, why do Fan Zhongyan, Su Song and others oppose it? However, just as Bao Zheng refuted Fan Zhongyan, it is difficult to verify a person's actual virtue, not to mention that the examiner may not be able to take people with public interest. They either take advantage of their elegance, hand in hand, love or hate, or be forced by the situation, or bribe. It is easy to do unfair things. It is still imperative to seal the college entrance examination papers in order to maintain the public means of college entrance examination.

Hypothesis: The author wants to express that there are inevitable defects in the sealing system of college entrance examination.


Premise: Researchers studied 13 cloned sheep, four of which were replicas of Dolly, the world's first somatic cell cloned sheep. The researchers examined the cloned sheep's musculoskeletal, metabolic and blood pressure profiles. The cloned sheep had only mild osteoarthritis, and only one had moderate osteoarthritis, compared with the control group. They have no symptoms of metabolic disease, have normal blood pressure and are relatively healthy. As a result, the researchers note, the cloning of animals aging process is normal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current somatic cell cloning technology is far from perfect' can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: A company has developed a new sensing device that, according to the company' s claims, detects weak, ultralow-frequency electromagnetic signals associated with a beating heart. These signals, which pass through almost any physical obstruction, are purportedly detected by the device even at significant distances. Ttherefore, if the company's claims are true, their device will radically improve emergency teams ability to locate quickly people who are trapped within the wreckage of collapsed buildings.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Extensive training is required in order to operate the device effectively' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Scientists found that men who underwent the same surgery and took the same painkillers experienced less pain relief and were less effective for less time than women.

Hypothesis: The same painkiller works better for women than for men is the meaning of expression according to the above text.


Premise: Principle: Employees of telemarketing agencies should never do anything that predisposes people to dislike the agencies' clients. Application: If an employee of a telemarketing agency has been told by a person the employee has called that he or she does not want to buy the product of a client of the agency, the employee should not try to talk that person into doing so.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any employee of a telemarketing agency who tries to get someone to buy the product of a client of the agency after the person has said that he or she does not want to will engender animosity toward the client' justifies the given application of the principle above.


Premise: Price demand elasticity: refers to the responsiveness or sensitivity of demand to price changes, which is expressed by the absolute value of the coefficient EP = demand change (%)  divided by  price change (%).

Hypothesis: When the elasticity coefficient of demand price EP > 1, it means that the change of price will cause a large change in demand according to the above definition.


Premise: Unquestionably, inventors of useful devices deserve credit for their ingenuity, but the engineers who help develop an invention get too little recognition. Although inventors sometimes serve as their own engineers, more often, engineers must translate an inventor' s insight into something workable and useful. Ttherefore, engineers also deserve credit for their contribution.

Hypothesis: The claim that inventors sometimes serve as their own engineers indicates that the problem identified in the argument does not arise in every instance.


Premise: The amount of time it takes for most of a worker's occupational knowledge and skills to become obsolete has been declining because of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). Given the rate at which AMT is currently being introduced in manufacturing, the average worker's old skills become obsolete and new skills are required within as little as five years.

Hypothesis: The company will periodically survey its employees to determine how the introduction of AMT has affected them, if feasible, would allow a company to prepare most effectively for the rapid obsolescence of skills described above.


Premise: The traditional treatment of strep infections has been a seven-day course of antibiotics, either penicillin or erythromycin. However, since many patients stop taking those drugs within three days, reinfection is common in cases where those drugs are prescribed. A new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment. Ttherefore, reinfection will probably be less common in cases where the new antibiotic is prescribed than in cases where either penicillin or erythromycin is prescribed.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that a course of treatment with the new antibiotic costs about the same as a course of treatment with either penicillin or erythromycin most strengthens the argument.


Premise: In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is ttherefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The assumption that for the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year is required by the argument above.


Premise: Administrative sanctions refer to the authority granted by state agencies, enterprises and institutions in accordance with laws or regulations, in accordance with laws or relevant rules and regulations, and in accordance with administrative affiliation, to impose sanctions on those who violate the rules and regulations or commit minor dereliction of duty that are not enough for criminal sanctions.

Hypothesis: Forced dismissal due to incompetence at work is not an administrative sanction.


Premise: Marketing chief: The aggressive sales campaign of Product J has made it the most popular product in the sector. Every individual move we made in that campaign was wildly successful, and sales of the product continuously rose. If we mount a similar style sales campaign with Product S, we are likely to vault this into popularity in its own sector, with a similarly robust sales trajectory. Consultant: The popularity of Product J preceded the sales campaign and was responsible for it.

Hypothesis: The consultant uses questioning the posited relationship of cause and effect as a technique in responding to the marketing chief.


Premise: With the development of society and technological progress, linguistics and literature have gradually separated. The language teaching with many professional needs in the society was first independent, and it became a professional university with language teaching and language research as the main purpose, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing Language and Culture University. Universities, and now Confucius Institutes all over the world are also such schools. Secondly, with the invention and development of recording technology, sonogram analysis technology, and computer technology, linguistics has rapidly developed into a special laboratory that needs to be built, equipped with various voices. Instrumentation and a new engineering technology subject for professional engineering and technical personnel. Today, emerging linguistics are widely used in high-tech fields such as medicine, physiology, psychology, genetics and genes, criminal investigation, language recognition, automatic control, and intelligent manufacturing.

Hypothesis: According to this text, Linguistics and literature should be treated separately is correct.


Premise: When a major record label signs a contract with a band, the label assumes considerable financial risk. It pays for videos, album art, management, and promotions. Hence, the band does not need to assume nearly as much risk as it would if it produced its own records independently. For this reason, it is only fair for a major label to take a large portion of the profits from the record sales of any band signed with it.

Hypothesis: The claim that a band signed with a major label does not need to assume nearly as much risk as it would if it produced its own records independently is one of two unrelated conclusions, each of which the same premises are used to support.


Premise: People without cognitive impairments tend to read with ease. People with cognitive impairments tend to have great difficulty reading. Ttherefore, if people with cognitive impairments are taught to read with ease, the proportion of people with cognitive impairments will decrease.

Hypothesis: A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument refutes a generalization by means of an exceptional case.


Premise: Economist: Although obviously cuts in personal income tax rates for the upper income brackets disproportionately benefit the wealthy, across-the-board cuts for all brackets tend to have a similar effect. Personal income tax rates are progressive (i. e. , graduated), and if total revenue remains constant, then across-the-board cuts in these taxes require increasing the amount of revenue generated through nonprogressive taxes, thereby favoring the wealthy. Yet if nonprogressive taxes are not increased to compensate for the cuts, then the budget deficit will increase, requiring more government borrowing and driving up interest rates. This favors those who have money to lend, once again benefiting primarily the wealthy.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the economist's argument is that across-the-board personal income tax rate cuts generally benefit the wealthy more than they benefit others.


Premise: Until recently, the sole electric company in country Y was owned and operated by the government with notoriously poor customer service. Finally, increased pressure by the international community forced country Y to allow private electric companies to operate in country Y. However, because government taxes on outside electric companies have made these companies largely uncompetitive in country Y, the government-owned electric company still has notoriously poor customer service.

Hypothesis: Without the government taxes put on outside electric companies, these electric companies would provide better customer service must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Because some university teachers have overseas doctorates, some overseas doctorates have a very high level.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All high-level teachers have overseas doctorates' ensures that the above statement is correct.


Premise: American five-star Admiral MacArthur commanded millions of divisions and galloped battlefield, but he was distressed by the disobedience of his youngest son, not reading well, and having no hope of entering West Point. The general can't discipline his son, let alone ordinary people. Modern teenagers are different from MacArthur's son in their times and thoughts, but they are more and more rebellious and unruly and more and more difficult to control.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that it is a common phenomenon that teenagers are difficult to control nowadays.


Premise: Only by weakening economic growth indicators, strengthening public services and highlighting government responsibility indicators can we truly realize the transformation of government functions

Hypothesis: To truly realize the transformation of government functions, we cannot emphasize the indicators of economic growth does not accord with the meaning of the sentence.


Premise: Insurance agent: Cars are no safer than motorcycles; that is, when driven at high speeds, cars are not involved in more fatal crashes than are motorcycles. We conducted a survey about car Y and found that highspeed crashes involving car Y resulted in 40% of the fatalities in 2005 while motorcycles were involved in only 35% of the fatalities in 2005.

Hypothesis: The insurance agent's reasoning might be flawed because the safety of a vehicle might depend on other factors besides how often that vehicle is involved in high-speed crashes resulting in fatalities.


Premise: Monopoly refers to the exclusive or joint control of a single enterprise or a few large enterprises over the production and sale of the products of the corresponding sector on the basis of the high development of concentrated profit and capital concentration.

Hypothesis: The monopoly is the agreement among several major producers to jointly maintain an agreed price.


Premise: The medieval Arabs had many manuscripts of the ancient Greek. When needed, they translate them into Arabic. Medieval Arab philosophers were very interested in Aristotle's Theory of Poetry, which was obviously not shared by Arab poets, because a poet interested in it must want to read Homer's poems. Aristotle himself often quotes Homer's poems. However, Homer's poems were not translated into Arabic until modern times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Aristotle's Theory of Poetry is often quoted and commented by modern Arab poets' strongly supports the above argument.


Premise: The lag of express packaging standards, the difficulty of recycling and the lack of environmental awareness are the three bottlenecks hindering the greening of express packaging. To break these bottlenecks, there is still a lot of work to be done. For example, we must solve the problems that most of the current standards are recommended indicators, the binding force is not strong and the implementation is difficult, and introduce national mandatory standards. In order to solve the problem of excessive packaging, we must first solve the problems of rough loading and unloading and sorting. To improve the recycling rate of packaging materials, a very important link is that for consumers, reusable packaging materials such as cartons, plastics and other garbage should be disposed of in a place.

Hypothesis: The title 'Green Express packaging needs comprehensive social treatment' is most suitable for the above text.


Premise: Medical reporter: Studies have consistently found that taking an aspirin a day thins the blood slightly, thereby helping to prevent or reduce the severity of heart disease. Since heart disease is one of the most common types of ill health in industrialized nations, most people in such nations would ttherefore be in better health if they took an aspirin a day.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the doctor's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that preventing or reducing the severity of heart disease has little or no effect on any of the other most common diseases in industrialized nations.


Premise: Letter to the editor: The Planning Department budget increased from $100, 000 in 2001 to $524, 000 for this year. However, this does not justify your conclusion in yesterday' s editorial that the department now spends five times as much money as it did in 2001 to perform the same duties.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A restructuring act, passed in 2003, broadened the duties of the Planning Department' most helps to support the claim made in the letter regarding the justification of the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: Almost all advances in genetic research give rise to ethical dilemmas. Government is the exclusive source of funding for most genetic research; those projects not funded by government are funded solely by corporations. One or the other of these sources of funding is necessary for any genetic research.

Hypothesis: If all the statements above are true, then no ethical dilemmas resulting from advances in genetic research arise without government or corporate funding must be true.


Premise: Although the long-term lack of employee family welfare policy has brought obvious advantages to enterprises, such as reducing costs and increasing output, it is obviously not a reasonable career planning for employees to abandon young children and elderly parents. The lack of family welfare policy actually reflects the imbalance of rights between enterprises and employees in the U.S. economy. The share of economic output flowing into corporate profits is soaring, while employees' compensation is stagnant, which will inevitably lead to the plight of brain drain in the United States.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to reveal the deep-seated reasons for the brain drain in the United States.


Premise: French President Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced his re-election campaign, launched the campaign slogan of strong France and promised to lead France out of the economic crisis.Sarkozy's campaign advertisement on the streets of Paris reads: only a strong France can protect your family.

Hypothesis: According to the reasoning of this campaign slogan, a weak France can't protect your family is true.


Premise: There are a large number of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses on the Minjiang River and its tributaries, such as the Manchu Village of the Qinjiang River, the ancient town of Minan, the Taishan Palace of Linpu Village, the Nine Golden Belt of Dacheng Village, and so on. They have similarities in type and connotation. Although they have been protected to a certain extent, their development and utilization are generally not enough, which leads to the danger of annihilation of some historical memories. With the acceleration of urbanization and the continuous expansion of the scale of old city transformation, traditional villages and towns and ancient houses are bound to face the problem of how to be effectively protected.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to describe the development and protection of traditional villages and towns and ancient houses next.


Premise: When we promote car free day with great fanfare, we do not realize that its birthplace, European car free day, is already at a dead end. It is reported that European cities hosting car-free days and the scale of their activities have been greatly reduced. Across France, 98 cities participated in car-free days in 2003, down to 72 in 2004 and 56 in 2005. Berlin, the capital of Germany, and Rome, the capital of Italy, both withdrew from car free day in 2003. So much so that the French Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development had to regret that car free day is a meaningful activity, but it is not in line with reality and is not enough to change people's driving habits.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No matter how much we expect from car free day, its meaning is still very limited' conforms to the context.


Premise: Email marketing refers to a network marketing method that delivers valuable information to target users through emails under the premise of the user's prior permission. Email marketing has three basic elements: based on the user's permission, information is delivered via email, and information It is valuable to users. The lack of one of the three elements cannot be called effective email marketing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Gao receiving an email with the title Free gift card, direct consumption, opening it and finding that there was only one address in the recipient column, but it was not his own email address, and being puzzled is not effective email marketing.


Premise: The statistical totality refers to the collection of many individuals that exist objectively and have a certain common nature according to the requirements of the statistical task.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a certain percentage of products randomly selected from the production line of a factory in order to inspect the quality of its products does not belong to the totality.


Premise: On the basis of incontestable proof that car safety seats will greatly reduce the number of serious injuries sustained by children in car accidents, laws have been passed mandating the use of these seats. Unexpectedly, it has since been found that a large number of children who are riding in safety seats continue to receive serious injuries that safety seats were specifically designed to avoid, and in the prevention of which they in fact have proven to be effective.

Hypothesis: The protection afforded by child safety seats depends on their being used properly, which many parents fail to do could by itself adequately explain the unexpected finding reported in the passage.


Premise: Some health officials are concerned about the current sustained increase in reported deaths from alcohol-related conditions, attributing this increase to a rise in alcoholism. What these health officials are overlooking, however, is that attitudes toward alcoholism have changed radically. Alcoholism is now widely viewed as a disease, whereas in the past it was considered a moral failing. It is ttherefore likely that more deaths are being reported as alcohol-related because physicians are more likely to identify these deaths as alcohol-related.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In some places and times, susceptibility to any kind of disease has been viewed as a moral failing' provides the most support for the argument.


Premise: An old man said to a young man, criticism and insult are just like mud. You see, the mud spots on my coat were splashed just across the road. It would have been very bad to wipe it at that time, so we had to wait until the mud was dry before dealing with it.  However, any metaphor is lame. If the mud spot becomes paint and the coat becomes glass, according to the logic of the above analogy, it will be counterproductive. Life provides us with all kinds of logic, they are different from each other, and maybe they will fight. And what kind of logic we pursue depends on ourselves.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is Heterozygous logic.


Premise: Talent chain refers to the continuous emergence of talents of the same talent. There are two kinds of talent chains. One is called apprentice talent chain. One is called consanguinity type (also known as family type) talent chain.

Hypothesis: An enterprise is recruiting graduate students majoring in software this year. So far, more than 70 young talents with great potential have joined the company belongs to the talent chain.


Premise: The administration at a certain university has explained this year' s tuition increase by citing increased spending on faculty salaries and on needbased aid to students. However, this year' s budget indicated that faculty salaries constitute a small part of the university' s expenditure, and the only significant increases in scholarship aid have gone to academic scholarships awarded regardless of need. The administration' s explanation is not believable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With this year's budget, the university increased the allotment for faculty salaries by 5 percent while tuition was increased by 6 percent' most strengthens the argument that the administration's explanation is not believable.


Premise: The bidding policy of the municipal government for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction is that the lowest bidder can win the bid. Some people think that if this policy is implemented, some successful bidders will cut corners and cause poor quality of the project. This will not only lead to the consequences of additional construction funds, but also endanger the lives of people. If we want to put an end to the tofu-dreg project, we must change this erroneous policy.

Hypothesis: The statement "The policy also includes that only construction companies with bids that meet stringent quality standards and meet certain qualifications can bid" would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: Nations that have little interaction with one another have little knowledge of one another' s needs and problems. Because both sympathy and justice depend largely on understanding the needs and problems of others, it follows that__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only nations that have some interaction with one another have knowledge of one another's needs and problems' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Institutionalized procedures refer to a process in which people internalize and habituate certain behavior patterns and behavior norms. It is manifested in certain social life norms, customs and rituals. It is a phenomenon in which people consciously or unconsciously act according to this behavior pattern and behavior when they appear in a certain social role.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang often reminiscing about all sorts of trifles at work after he retires is not an institutionalized procedure.


Premise: When people discuss place names, they often ignore their time meaning and concepts, because the definition of a place name from the scope of space, without argument or surface, is demarcated by geographical coordinates and specific boundaries. But any space range, in fact, is related to a certain time range, this time range is long and short, and in this time range, place names are associated with many things and factors other than place names. Therefore, in addition to the original intention, place names also have their historical, cultural, social, national and other aspects of significance.

Hypothesis: The relationship between ancient and modern place names is most likely to be discussed in this article.


Premise: Most people's diet contains too much fat. The fat in food is mainly in the form of triglycerides. In the digestive tract, fatty acids are hydrolyzed and released by lipase before they are absorbed into the bloodstream and re-synthesized triglycerides. If the lipase is inhibited, the synthesis process can be terminated. In this regard, some researchers have done related experiments. They divided female mice of the same weight into three groups: the first group ate freely, the second group was fed a high-fat diet, and the third group was fed a high-fat diet with a tea saponin extracted from tea. The results showed that from the beginning of the 5th week to the end of the 10th week, the body weight of the second group was significantly higher than that of the first group, but there was no significant difference between the third group and the first group. As a result, the researchers concluded that tea saponin, a natural product, has the ability to inhibit lipase, and people drinking tea can indeed have a weight loss effect.

Hypothesis: The statement that the amount of tea saponin used in the experiment is so large that according to the same proportion, the average person needs to drink at least five kilograms of dry tea a day can best question the above conclusions of the researchers.


Premise: Ecological housing refers to the application of ecological principles and follow the principles of ecological balance and sustainable development. Design, organization of various material factors in the internal and external space, so that material energy in the building system in an orderly cycle of transformation, so as to obtain an efficient, low consumption, pollution-free, ecological balance of the building environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a city business district office building, the roof planted with a variety of flowers and grasses, strengthen the building's thermal insulation function is not an eco-home.


Premise: The judicial system needs the police to maintain. If the police do not do their duty, it is impossible to have a good judicial system. Therefore, if the police do their duty, there will be a good judicial system.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the due diligence of the police is a sufficient condition to ensure a good judicial system can be logically deduced from the above statement.


Premise: Chinese research institutions recently announced that the world's first fully superconducting tokamak Eastern Hyperloop (EAST) achieved stable 12-second steady-state long-pulse high-confinement plasma operation, setting a new world record. This marks that EAST has become the first tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device in the world that can achieve steady-state high-confinement mode operation with a duration of hundreds of seconds. EAST is 11 meters high, 8 meters in diameter, and weighs 400 tons. It is the fourth-generation nuclear fusion experimental device in my country. Humans provide a steady stream of clean energy, so it is also called artificial sun.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that it is difficult to build a real artificial sun in the short term.


Premise: Soft violence refers to the behavior people seek illegal interests or illegal, in others or in the workplace nuisance, entanglement and schoolroom, and organizing a mob to spin, is enough to make others fear, panic and psychological coercion, or enough to affect, restrict the personal freedom, endangers one's personal property safety, affect the normal life, work, production, management of illegal and criminal means.

Hypothesis: Online loan company collectors have long used group calling, group texting, exposing privacy and other means to disturb the debtors and their emergency contacts, contacts in the address book is a sub-soft violence according to the above definition.


Premise: Not all the elderly are suitable to participate in investment activities. Most investment products require investors to have rich professional knowledge, but most of the elderly lack in this respect, so that they can only be fooled by some fraudsters. Compared with the stock market, funds and other securities investment, the elderly investment in art more easily fooled. If there is not enough identification ability, they will be deceived, cheated the in the mind also think met pick up the leak the good thing.

Hypothesis: Some old people need to be discerning enough if they don't want to be cheated can be concluded based on the above statement.


Premise: A civil contract is an agreement between parties who are equal subjects to establish, modify or terminate the civil relationship.

Hypothesis: Sale contract is not a civil contract.


Premise: Like a number of other articles, Ian Raghnall' s article relied on a recent survey in which over half the couples applying for divorces listed moneyas a major problem in their marriages. Raghnall' s conclusion from the survey data is that financial problems are the major problem in marriages and an important factor contributing to the high divorce rate. Yet couples often express other types of marital frustrations in financial terms. Despite appearances, the survey data do not establish that financial problems are the major problem in contemporary marriages.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that many articles wrongly claim that financial problems are the major factor contributing to the divorce rate.


Premise: The formal language used in scientific research is very different from the natural language used in daily life. Formal language looks like a book of heaven, far away from the public, and only some professionals can understand and use it. But in fact, this is a misunderstanding. The relationship between natural language and formal language is like the relationship between the naked eye and the microscope. The naked eye has a wide field of vision and can grasp the information of things as a whole: a microscope can help people see the details and subtleties of things, even though they can be seen in a small range. Therefore, both formal language and natural language are important tools for people to communicate and understand information.

Hypothesis: If scientific theory is expressed only in formal language, it is difficult to be understood by ordinary people; similarly, if expressed only in natural language, it may become lengthy and difficult to express accurately best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The main purpose of professional education is to help college students master the basic knowledge of their respective professional fields as comprehensively as possible, while the purpose of general education is to help college students gain the meaning and value of life. Therefore, some experts pointed out that compared with professional education, general education has a greater impact on personal future life.

Hypothesis: If a person does not have professional knowledge, he may be able to live. If he has no value pursuit, he will be just a soulless body best supports the expert's assertion.


Premise: In recent years, the real estate industry in mainland China has rapidly heated up, and many people are only saving money to buy a house, but some people are unwilling to spend most of their life savings on the house, claiming that people cannot live for a house.

Hypothesis: The most unlikely conclusion to draw is that some Chinese feel that there are many meaningful content in life, and housing is only one aspect of it.


Premise: 3D stereoscopic technology represents the cutting-edge level of the current film technology, because the film to achieve a highly credible sense of space, it may become the mainstream of future films. Although the screen characters in 3D movies are computer-generated, the performances of computer characters that include actions and expressions are based on the performances of real actors, just like makeup technology in the digital age. This has also aroused the concern of some actors: with the development of computer technology, computer-generated images and animations will replace live-action performances in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current high box office of 3D movies is only the result of people's temporary novelty, and the future is still unknown' can most reduce the actor's worries if it is true.


Premise: A teacher conducted a test on American high school students and Chinese high school students. He asked the subjects the same question, if a piece of A4 paper is folded in half, it can be folded several times at most. The results showed that after hearing the question, most American high school students immediately began to fold paper, and then answered the number of times they can fold according to the actual situation, Most Chinese high school students immediately answered: infinite times. The teacher concluded that American high school students pay attention to practice while Chinese high school students pay attention to theory

Hypothesis: As long as you immediately answer infinite times, you don't pay attention to practice must be assumed by the teacher to reach a conclusion.


Premise: Political advocate: Campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. One reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising, thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. A second reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions, thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the public but of individual large contributors. Critic: This argument is problematic: the more the caps constrain contributions, the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors.

Hypothesis: The critic objects that the advocate's argument is flawed because of the two projected results cited in support of the proposal made, one works against the other.


Premise: Since the 1950s, humans have discarded up to 1 billion tons of plastic, which may exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Recently, a scientific research team found a fungus called endophyte in the Amazon rainforest, which can degrade ordinary polyurethane plastics. Researchers believe that using the characteristics of this fungus will hopefully help humans eliminate the threat posed by plastic waste.

Hypothesis: At present, the vast majority of plastic waste belongs to ordinary polyurethane plastics should be the judgment of researchers based on.


Premise: When it comes to the destruction of values in real society by Gongdou Opera, it is somewhat exaggerated. Film and television works already have the function of realism. Why can't the shadow that exists in reality be put into the film and television works? Moreover, in the cultivation and guidance of values, the preaching and edification of film and television works is not omnipotent.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the passage is that film and television works should not have the preaching and edification of values.


Premise: With the increasing importance of private power, there are more and more cases in which husbands and wives set each other's rights and obligations by contract. Most of these agreements have the same characteristics, that is, the right of identity and property rights are closely integrated, and they are often attributed to property interests. As the final legal consequence of the agreement, modern marriages have become so fragile, and people have lost their sense of security. People are more inclined to use contracts to maintain the safety of marriages to protect their property rights after the marriage breaks up.

Hypothesis: The topic of the contract between husband and wife in a marriage is mainly discussed in the background section.


Premise: Typhoon is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the western Pacific region of the northern hemisphere and develops to a certain intensity (the maximum wind force near the center is not less than 2).

Hypothesis: There is a tropical cyclone with a maximum wind force of 15 near the center on the ocean on the west side of the Australian continent is a typhoon.


Premise: The effects of technology on language and the effects of language on culture as a whole are profound and complex. The telegraph, the telephone, and the television have all changed the way people speak to one another. The best current example of such a change is the advent of electronic mail, which has effected a widespread loosening of language usage rules. This loosening has, in turn, made relationships between people more casual than ever before.

Hypothesis: The proposition that a decrease in linguistic sophistication can lead to an increase in technological sophistication is best illustrated by the statements above.


Premise: Mimicry refers to the adaptation phenomenon that some animals imitate other biological or abiotic environments in terms of appearance, shape, color, markings or behavior, so as to confuse the enemy's vision and avoid enemy predation.

Hypothesis: Inchworm, which perches on a branch and mimics a small branch, belongs to mimicry according to the definition above.


Premise: For the next year, the Chefs' Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers' Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs' Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers' Union.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current salaries of the members of the Chefs' Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers' Union' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Digital control is accurate and efficient; it is not only suitable for simple batch work, but also for complex single-room work; it not only stresses standards and procedures, but also stresses norms and credits. Once the operation violates the designed route, the digital control will automatically respond, and the various links of the command in the working state come to an abrupt halt. The system is to standardize behavior, unify the direction, and improve efficiency. Management relies on systems, such as digital control.

Hypothesis: Without a system, there will be no rules or codes of conduct that members need to abide by can be derived from this.


Premise: From September to December 2018, the rent in a certain first-tier city skyrocketed. Some people believe that the root cause of the increase in rent is that some long-term apartment operators are looting housing and in vicious competition.

Hypothesis: The statement "In most first-tier cities, there has always been an increase imbalance between house prices and rents" can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person' s lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.

Hypothesis: Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream is an assumption on which this argument depends.


Premise: Of the various food containers made of recycled Styrofoam, egg cartons are among the easiest to make. Because egg shells keep the actual food to be consumed from touching the Styrofoam, used Styrofoam need not be as thoroughly cleaned when made into egg cartons as when made into other food containers.

Hypothesis: There are some foods that cannot be packaged in recycled Styrofoam no matter how the Styrofoam is recycled is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Since 1991, Somalia has actually been in a state of anarchy under the separatist regime of armed forces. The per capita GDP in Somalia rose from $210 in 1991 to $600 in 2011. In the same year, per capita GDP was US $548 in Tanzania, US $436 in Central Africa and US $350 in Ethiopia.In view of this, compared with many African countries ruled by a strong central government, Somalia, which is in a state of anarchy, its people's living standards are not poor at all.

Hypothesis: The most serious flaw in the above argument is that the increase in per capita GDP in Somalia is due to the fact that economic freedom is contained in anarchy.


Premise: A researcher studying corporate executives found that they tend to have take charge personalities, with the predominant traits of assertiveness, decisiveness, and self-confidence. The researcher concluded that people who are more take charge than the average person are more likely to become corporate executives.

Hypothesis: Holding the job of a corporate executive causes people to develop take charge personality traits most seriously weakens the researcher's conclusion.


Premise: The city is a way of life, or an experience, not a difference in size. According to my personal experience, Shenzhen, except for the Luohu District, is an unfinished city.The reason is very simple, the city takes several years to mature and popularity do not gather in a day.The city where no one lives is the ghost city.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In cities with a long development time, the popularity of his gathering is relatively strong, so that the city is mature' best supports the above point of view.


Premise: The cocktail party effect is that at a cocktail party, many people are having various conversations at the same time, but a person can only pay attention to and participate in one of the conversations at the same time, it is a matter of attention distribution. Due to the limited psychological resources, information can only be filtered  at the same time, with the most important or interesting information as the object of attention. As a selection filter, attention acts like a knob on the radio, blocking most unwanted information and holding on to what is needed to get it into consciousness.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, The audience in the lecture paid attention to the Thunder and lightning outside is not a cocktail party effect.


Premise: The researchers gave the same food to a group of experimental mice, some of which had irreversible damage to the hypothalamus, while others did not. After a while, the researchers found that mice with damage to the hypothalamus showed signs of obesity. The researchers believe that damage to specific parts of the hypothalamus is the cause of obesity in mice.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'The mice with no hypothalamus damage showed no symptoms of obesity' best supports the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: The cleaning and restoration of Michelangelo murals on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were carried out by some of the world's best art restoration experts under the close supervision of a group of international artists and historians. However, there was a great deal of controversy in the result. Most modern visitors seem to be used to looking at murals whose colors have been overshadowed by yellowing glue and dust, and the contours of the characters have been blurred by dirt accumulated over half a century.

Hypothesis: The murals of Michelangelo were dusted in the recent restoration work.


Premise: Distracted driving refers to the driving behavior that drivers do not fully focus on the driving process in order to meet their own needs for physical comfort and pleasure. Common distracted behaviors include smoking, drinking, eating, chatting, shaving, using mobile phones and taking care of children. Distracted driving has become the leading cause of traffic accidents on China's roads, according to an expert.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'Distracted driving accounts for the highest proportion of traffic accidents in China, compared with drunk driving, drug driving, speeding driving and tired driving, according to a statistical study' best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: Any paper involving national military, political or economic secrets is not a public paper.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, none of the public papers are involved in national military, political or economic secrets must also be true.


Premise: Safety thinking refers to making adverse predictions and precautions against the development of current events after observation.

Hypothesis: A hunchback old man came on the bus. Wang was afraid he might fall down and get hurt. So he gave up his seat to the old man is an example of safety thinking.


Premise: Businessman: Sales are the most important part of any business. Marketing and communications are never as effective as a strong sales team. Persuasive salesmen can sell as many units of an inferior product as average salesmen with better quality products. Our company should eliminate every department except the sales team.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the sales team's effectiveness depends on contributions from the other departments is the one on which the businessman's argument depends.


Premise: Scientists have discovered a new species of butterfly that lives only in a small region of Central America and is active only at night. During the day, it rests in treetops, where its green color matches the foliage perfectly. Ttherefore, the scientists must have discovered the butterfly at night.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that the butterfly cannot survive in areas outside of Central America.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: According to this arrangement, Li and Zhao probably will not attend the meeting in the end.


Premise: Since the 1950s, the average number of large tornadoes that erupt each year in the world has risen from about 10 to 15. At the same time, human activities have surged, and the global climate has become significantly warmer. According to this, some people believe that climate warming leads to tornado outbreaks increasing in frequency.

Hypothesis: Despite global warming, tornadoes still occur most often in the Midwest of the United States, and tornadoes in other regions are rare would not weaken the above conclusion.


Hypothesis: It is becoming more and more difficult for the company to operate. Chen felt that he would definitely lay off staff and secretly sent several resumes to the job market is safety thinking.


Premise: There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.

Hypothesis: If both S and Z are now turned on, T must be turned on and Y must be turned off.


Premise: Livestock is a major contributor to climate change, accounting for 18 percent of the greenhouse gas released every year. In addition, livestock accounts for eight percent of global water use, and as much as 70 percent of deforestation is driven by the need for more pastures and feed crops. Dietary changes can dramatically decrease humanity' s environmental footprint, such as adopting a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle.

Hypothesis: The statement "People can reduce their environmental impact by adopting dietary changes" most accurately represents the author's conclusion.


Hypothesis: Not every type of food container made of recycled Styrofoam is effectively prevented from coming into contact with the food it contains is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Reflection theory refers to the theory that the essence of cognition is the epistemology principle that the human brain reflects on the objective world, that is, the theory that thought reflects existence.

Hypothesis: Existence is being perceived is not part of the theory of reflection according to the above definition.


Premise: Perceptual defense refers to the tendency of people to protect themselves. This tendency makes it easier for people to pay attention to those things that can meet their needs, and to ignore those things that can not satisfy their needs.

Hypothesis: A singsong girl, not knowing the bitterness of a conquered kingdom, sings Flowers of the Backyard on the river's other side is not perceptual defense.


Premise: A unit wants to plant four kinds of trees in the courtyard among Toona sinensis, jujube, neem, cedar, ginkgo and peach. It is known that: (1) Toona sinensis, at least one kind of jujube tree is planted: (2) if you plant Chunshu, then plant cedar but not cedar: (3) if you plant jujube, plant cedar but not ginkgo.

Hypothesis: If ginkgo biloba is planted in the courtyard, then planting jujube trees is impossible.


Premise: A teaching and research section has 7 teachers including the chief. Regarding these 7 staff, only one of the following three conclusions is true: 1. No one in this teaching and research section is from Shanghai. 2. The members of this teaching and research section are not all from Shanghai. 3.. The chief of this teaching and research section is not from Shanghai.

Hypothesis: None of the 7 teachers are from Shanghai is true.


Premise: A study of 86 patients, all of whom suffered from disease T and received the same standard medical treatment, divided the patients into 2 equal groups. One group' s members all attended weekly support group meetings, but no one from the other group attended support group meetings. After 10 years, 41 patients from each group had died. Clearly, support group meetings do not help patients with disease T live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the group that attended weekly support group meetings lived 2 years longer, on average, than the members of the other group' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The technological development process of mankind in modern times is different from that of ancient times. The development of ancient technologies is only incidental events, such as gunpowder, compasses, etc., although they have had a major impact in military history, due to the simple structure, there has been no major improvement in the subsequent. This is not the case in modern technology. From the layout of the engine to the steam engine, and then to the internal combustion engine, the electric motor, the technological progress is continuous, and it is also a linear process that can be expected. Therefore, it can aim at the future and make an advanced leap in the process, such as Qian Xuesen in the case of China's very weak basic industry, It advocates focusing on the development of missiles instead of aircraft; the United States directly launched the Apollo moon landing program when artificial earth satellites and manned spaceflight lag behind the Soviet Union. These are typical manifestations of leapfrog development.

Hypothesis: The text intends to emphasize that leapfrogging development is the prerequisite for seizing opportunities in technological development.


Premise: Zhang, Wang and Zhao work in the same department. One of them is the director, one is the secretary and one is an engineer. It is known that Wang, Zhao is taller than the engineer, Secretary is shorter than Wang, Zhang and secretary are not the same height.

Hypothesis: Zhang is the engineer, Wang is the director and Zhao is the secretary can be inferred.


Premise: It's impossible for the Lakers to make it to the finals. If the Lakers reach the finals, then the sun will come out from the west.

Hypothesis: The statement "Language cannot create wealth. If language can create wealth, then the boastful person is the richest in the world" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Desk workers read and write with their heads down for a long time, which is easy to suffer from lumbar and cervical diseases. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate lumbar and cervical diseases, the trade union of a unit printed and distributed brochures for employees to teach them some methods to prevent and treat lumbar and cervical diseases

Hypothesis: The statement 'Methods of preventing and alleviating lumbar and cervical diseases vary from person to person' can most question the above publicity effect.


Premise: The Fieldpark nuclear power plant, cited three years ago by a governmentally led safety commission for exceeding safe levels of radiation, has recently allowed the media access to its facilities. A spokesperson for the plant has claimed that the media has full access to the plant and is not prohibited from taking pictures on the premises. The spokesperson promises that, as a result, the citizens of Fieldpark can rest assured that, until next year's governmental inspection, the facility will not exceed the federal regulations on the amount of sieverts, or radiation, to which a person can be exposed.

Hypothesis: The assumption upon which the spokesperson's conclusion depends is that the media will publish all of the photos it deems incriminating.


Premise: Definite thing is one that has its own characteristics and cannot be replaced by others

Hypothesis: An unearthed cultural relic of the Han Dynasty is a definite thing according to this definition.


Premise: Antinuclear activist: The closing of the nuclear power plant is a victory for the antinuclear cause. It also represents a belated acknowledgment by the power industry that they cannot operate such plants safely. Nuclear power plant manager: It represents no such thing. The availability of cheap power from nonnuclear sources, together with the cost of mandated safety inspections and safety repairs, made continued operation uneconomic. Thus it was not safety considerations but economic considerations that dictated the plant' s closing.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the manager's argument is flawed because the argument counts as purely economic considerations some expenses that arise as a result of the need to take safety precautions.


Premise: From politics, economy to daily life, from globalization to regional revival, from practical technology to discourse expression, many problems and crises are closely related to the factor of space, which is manifested  in the from of earthquake and tsunami disaster, the border armed conflict , the collapse of the real estate industry, road congestion, and increasingly fierce space and other various forms.

Hypothesis: Nowadays, space is becoming more and more important is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Engineers are investigating the suitability of Wantastiquet Pass as the site of a new bridge. Because one concern is whether erosion could eventually weaken the bridge' s foundations, they contracted for two reports on erosion in the region. Although both reports are accurate, one claims that the region suffers relatively little erosion, while the other claims that regional erosion is heavy and a cause for concern.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Both reports include computer-enhanced satellite photographs' most helps to explain how both reports could be accurate.


Premise: A good behavior must have both good motivation and good effect. If it is intentional or unintentional to hurt others, but the possibility of such harm is predictable, in both cases, the act of causing harm to others is an evil act.

Hypothesis: Mr. P's behavior is evil and he wrote a letter trying to provoke the relationship between Mr. E and his girlfriend, although this letter has the opposite effect to his motivation is consistent with the conclusion of the stem.


Premise: Aggression behavior is short for aggression, sometimes it can also be called aggression. It refers to the behavior of individuals who violate the mainstream norms of society, have motivation and hurt others.

Hypothesis: A doctoral student at a university in California breaking into his office and wounding his mentor with a gun belongs to aggression behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: On October 29, nearly 10,000 people from all over the United States held a massive rally against war and racism in Washington, calling on the U.S. government not to use violent means to respond to the September 11' terrorist incident.

Hypothesis: 'Severely punish the culprit of 9-11' is the least likely to appear at the rally.


Premise: Canadian scientists have developed a device that allows people to generate electricity and store it through jaw movement when talking or eating. The subjects chewed gum for 60 seconds after wearing the device. The cord close to the chin generated about 10 to 18 microwatts of electricity, while each chewing during meals produced an average of about 7 microwatts. It is expected that this improved power generation method may be used to charge small electronic devices such as hearing aids, intelligent hearing protectors and even mobile phones in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The newly developed power generation method can be used to charge hearing aids' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: The lightest elements contained in the primitive universe are hydrogen and helium. The slightly heavier elements, such as carbon, are only formed in the nuclear reaction of the planet and will be dispersed when the planet explodes. Although the age of the universe is not more than two billion However, recently discovered gas clouds contained carbon element billions of years ago.

Hypothesis: Some planets were formed before the age of the universe reached two billion years, based on the above point of view.


Premise: Pathological nostalgia refers to always indulging in the recollection of the past, tirelessly repeating the narrative of the past and the past environment and conditions.

Hypothesis: I am a stranger in a foreign land, and I miss my relatives every festival does not belong to pathological nostalgia.


Premise: The epidemic raged in 2020, but e-commerce live streaming rose against the trend. There were more than 4 million live e-commerce broadcasts nationwide in the first quarter. everything can be broadcast and all people can broadcast has become a resounding slogan. A survey of consumers and businesses shows that in live streaming of e-commerce, many consumers can buy the goods they want at favorable prices, and merchants can also increase their sales. According to this, some experts infer that the commercial model of e-commerce live broadcast will still be sought after by merchants and consumers after the epidemic.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Individual broadcasters often exaggerate their sales data for the sake of profit, but consumers do not know about it' does not undermine the views of the above experts if it is true.


Premise: Harunia Province has a relatively dry climate and is attracting a fast-growing population that has put increasing demands on its water supply. The two companies that supply water to the region have struggled to keep up with demand and still remain profitable. Yet now they are asking Harunian authorities to write residential water-use regulations that could reduce their revenues and restrict their future flexibility in supplying water profitably.

Hypothesis: The companies believe that the population is not likely to continue to grow is the reason why the watersupply companies are asking the authorities to regulate residential water use.


Premise: Five graduate students majoring in linguistics in the liberal arts college of a university in 2014, Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao and Liu, were hired by one of the three employers Tianshu, Tianji and Tianxuan, and each unit hired at least one of them. It is known that: (1) Li was hired by Tianshu; (2) Li and Zhao were not employed by the same unit; (3) Liu and Zhao were hired by the same unit; (4) if Zhang was hired by Tianxuan, Wang was also hired by Tianxuan.

Hypothesis: If Liu is hired by Tianxuan, Zhang was hired by Tianxuan must be wrong.


Premise: Last year, 5% of a city's total scientific research funding budget was used for social sciences. This year, a city's economy has developed better than last year, but the research funding used for social sciences has decreased. The reason for this is not for economic pressure, but the backwardness of social ideas.

Hypothesis: The assumption based on the above conclusions is that the research funds allocated to the social sciences are not enough to complete the necessary work.


Premise: Nations that have little interaction with one another have little knowledge of one another' s needs and problems. Because both sympathy and justice depend largely on understanding the needs and problems of others, it follows that__.

Hypothesis: Without some interaction, nations are bound to find it difficult to extend sympathy and justice to one another most logically completes the argument.


Premise: For the ancient Greeks, competitions of various forms and contents were everywhere, and where there was competition, there were rules. Sports competitions have strict and strict competition rules, and referees decide according to the rules on the field. Only in this way can there be winners without any disputes. Behind these activities, how to use good rules to guide competition, regulate competition, make people good, and make society more just is a topic that ancient Greek thinkers are keen to discuss.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that only strict rules can achieve social justice.


Premise: Economist: Real wages in this country will increase significantly only if productivity increases notably. Thus, it is unlikely that real wages will increase significantly in the near future, since this country' s businesses are currently investing very little in new technology and this pattern is likely to continue for at least several more years.

Hypothesis: The assumption that productivity will not increase if businesses do not make a substantial investment in new technology allows the economist's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Ttherefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.

Hypothesis: The first portion in boldface in the argument provides support for an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second portion in boldface states that intermediate conclusion.


Premise: Infotek, a computer manufacturer in Katrovia, has just introduced a new personal computer model that sells for significantly less than any other model. Market research shows, however, that very few Katrovian households without personal computers would buy a computer, regardless of its price. Ttherefore, introducing the new model is unlikely to increase the number of computers in Katrovian homes.

Hypothesis: The main reason cited by consumers in Katrovia for replacing a personal computer is the desire to have an improved model is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Zhao Mo is an excellent entrepreneur. Because if a person has both the experience of working in well-known universities and research institutions at home and abroad, and the management experience of being a project leader, then he is a good entrepreneur.

Hypothesis: Human resource is the core resource of an enterprise, and carrying out cultural activities can improve staff skills and increase team cohesion and combat effectiveness. This is similar to the argument above.


Premise: Editorial: Painting involves a sequential application of layers, each of which adheres satisfactorily only if the underlying layer has been properly applied. Education is, in this respect, like the craft of painting. Since the most important steps in painting are preparation of the surface to be painted and application of the primer coat, it makes sense to suppose that__.

Hypothesis: The statement "the success of a student's overall educational experience depends above all upon that student's initial educational experience" most logically completes the editorial's argument.


Premise: Easter Island is an isolated island in the Pacific Ocean. In reports, the decline of Easter Island's civilization is often used as a cautionary story, telling that humans wantonly logging palm forests, causing the loss of fertile soil, and ultimately leading to a shortage of food on the island. Civilization has since declined. However, some experts have recently suggested that the decline of the Easter Island civilization is not necessarily related to the felling of trees.

Hypothesis: Archaeological findings show that after the last tree (palm tree) on the island was felled, there were still a large number of indigenous people living, and the level of agricultural farming did not decline would best support the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: After the computer test scores of a certain class were announced, student A said: Some students in our class passed, student B said: some students failed, student C said: Zhang Ming failed, but in fact, two of the three students did not tell the truth.

Hypothesis: Only one student in this class failed the exam reflects the real situation of the computer test scores of this class.


Hypothesis: The assumption that the total budget for research funding this year is slightly higher than last year is based on the above conclusions.


Premise: All art criticism is political because all art has political implications. Clearly, the critic who chooses to address overtly an artwork' s political implications is engaged in political discourse. But those critics who attempt a purely aesthetic evaluation of a work, and ttherefore ignore the work' s political implications, necessarily, though perhaps inadvertently, end up endorsing the politics of the artist.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are all true, then art that makes an overt social or political statement is the sort of art with which critics are typically concerned must also be true.


Premise: The natural elimination breeding method refers to a breeding method that reduces the perceived intervention in the selection process of good seeds and tries to determine the required good breeds through the natural growth that is screened.

Hypothesis: In order to select disease-resistant seed fish, turtle farms did not use any drugs in the case of successive death. The last fish alive is a seed fish is a natural elimination breeding method.


Premise: In the process of accompanying their children, many parents will encounter the problem of their children lying or concealing the truth. Lying is almost what many parents are most worried about. Their children's bad behavior is even more frightening and angry than their children's poor academic performance.If we say that many parents have not solved the problem of their children lying well, at least most of them should pay attention to it, while the problem of children concealing their own situation from their parents is not only worse solved, but also not given enough attention.

Hypothesis: Most parents are more than willing to solve the problem of children lying is true of the original text.


Premise: Child-rearing Expert: Parents should never discipline their children in public. Some children who are disciplined in public suffer from attention deficit disorder. This shows that these children do not need discipline, but rather need assistance from their parents or firm instructions to help the children pay attention to their surroundings.

Hypothesis: It overlooks the possibility that the children who are disciplined in public, but do not suffer from attention deficit disorder, might benefit from being disciplined in public. This is the flaw in the child-rearing expert's reasoning that is not mentioned.


Premise: A smoker trying to quit is more likely to succeed if his or her doctor greatly exaggerates the dangers of smoking. Similar strategies can be used to break other habits. But since such strategies involve deception, individuals cannot easily adopt them unless a doctor or some other third party provides the warning.

Hypothesis: People generally do not find it easy to deceive themselves is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Only when all countries in the world recognize the need to respect the sovereignty of any country and truly implement this treaty can the world be truly peaceful. However, because some countries hold a hegemonic attitude and adopt dual principles towards their own countries and other countries, they do not respect the sovereignty of some countries.

Hypothesis: At present, there is no real peace in the world can be seen.


Premise: Right to equality refers to the right of citizens to enjoy their rights equally without any unreasonable differential treatment and require equal protection from the state.

Hypothesis: A primary school refusing to accept students with physical disabilities is a violation of the right to equality according to the above rights.


Premise: A volunteer organization recruited volunteers who rushed to the earthquake-stricken area for disaster relief. Those who are least likely to be recruited are those under the age of 20, over 60, or people who have no experience in rescue techniques in the earthquake area: those men who are currently engaged in medical work or are in good health are more likely to be selected.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, Xiao Li, who is 23 years old, has recently graduated from university and currently works in an IT company, experienced a slight earthquake in his city, and has helped evacuate people in office buildings, is most likely to be selected.


Premise: Zoos provide a space for the public to view wild animals, allowing people to forge a stronger relationship with nature. In addition, zoos save endangered species through breeding programs. A combination of public funds and private donations funds most zoos. More tigers now live in Texas than in the wild, as state law allows tigers to be kept as pets.

Hypothesis: The author would most likely agree with the statement that wild animals should sometimes be held in captivity.


Premise: Mimicry refers to the adaptation phenomenon that some animals imitate other biological or abiotic environments in terms of appearance, shape, color, markings or behavior, so as to confuse the enemy's vision and avoid enemy predation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the phenomenon of the inchworm being the larva of the foot moth and perching on a branch without moving belongs to mimicry.


Premise: Engineers are investigating the suitability of Wantastiquet Pass as the site of a new bridge. Because one concern is whether erosion could eventually weaken the bridge' s foundations, they contracted for two reports on erosion in the region. Although both reports are accurate, one claims that the region suffers relatively little erosion, while the other claims that regional erosion is heavy and a cause for concern.

Hypothesis: The statement 'One report focuses on regional topsoil erosion, while the other report focuses on riverbank erosion resulting from seasonal floods' most helps to explain how both reports could be accurate.


Premise: The decline of rural areas and the disappearance of hometown, which is the issue of the media and the human body in recent years, scholars' observation of video people's attention, so that the rural areas which are undergoing great changes have been moved into the focus of the platform of public opinion. Rural topic market and entertainment topics have become hot search words on social media together.However, for those who were absent from doing housework during this decade-long discussion on the rural topic, although there is a view that the best way for a writer to speak to society is through his works, there are also many people who think that writers cannot bear social responsibility only by writing fictional works.Foreign writers such as Balzac, Hugo Hugo and Tolstoy tend to act and speak in public.Express opinions on public affairs and social issues.

Hypothesis: The option 'Writers' aphasia in the issue of rural decline' is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: There are only liberal arts and science classes in a high school. There are more boys than girls, and more science classes than liberal arts classes.

Hypothesis: The total number of boys in science class is more than that of girls in liberal arts class must be correct based on the above conditions.


Premise: Emotional incentive effect is a management incentive method to stimulate the enthusiasm of the managed through good emotional relationship, so as to improve work efficiency.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The manager's office decided not to allow employees to talk about family affairs in the company in the future' is an emotional incentive effect.


Premise: In the past century, North America has shifted its main energy source first from wood to coal, then from coal to oil and natural gas. With each transition, the newly dominant fuel has had less carbon and more hydrogen than its predecessor had. It is logical to conclude that in the future the main energy source will be pure hydrogen.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If one substance is better for a certain purpose than another substance is, then the best substance for that purpose is one that includes among its attributes all of the attributes of the first substance and none of the attributes of the second substance' expresses a general principle that could underlie the argument.


Premise: The survey shows that the biggest difficulty in the process of youth entrepreneurship is funding. 64.2% of people believe that lack of sufficient funds is the main difficulty. Many people are unwilling to borrow or raise funds despite the lack of funds. This reflects that many entrepreneurs are starting their own businesses. There is a conservative mentality in the process. Another prominent difficulty is excessive competition among peers, accounting for 26.9%. During the survey process, it was found that the field of youth entrepreneurship is relatively concentrated, such as college students who are more inclined to entrepreneurship in e-commerce, computer technology support, etc. Young farmers are more willing to engage in planting and breeding industries that they are more familiar with.This kind of homogenized entrepreneurship will inevitably bring excessive competition while forming a scale effect.

Hypothesis: The field of youth entrepreneurship is concentrated in certain fixed industries is consistent with the original text.


Premise: There is a wonderful advertisement in a newspaper, but there are many falsehoods in the content of the advertisement. Therefore, consumers will not believe this advertisement.

Hypothesis: The option 'It is impossible for consumers to find anything false in it' weakens the above point of view most.


Premise: A factory laboratory carries out impact and tensile tests on three kinds of products A.B.C, and the products that can pass these two tests are qualified products. As a result, two products passed the impact test and two products passed the tensile test.

Hypothesis: At least one product is qualified must be true according to the above tests.


Premise: After winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, Marquez can still write A Pre-publicized Murder such a tightly narrated and fascinating story, a truly tragic work, it is really surprising.

Hypothesis: The assumption that writers can hardly write compelling works after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature is the basis of the above comment.


Premise: Invisible curriculum refers to the informal and unconscious learning experience that is not clearly specified in the school's planned curriculum.

Hypothesis: When children learn teaching courses, they cultivate their interest in learning and teaching is not an invisible curriculum according to the above definition.


Premise: Marketing chief: The aggressive sales campaign of Product J has made it the most popular product in the sector. Every individual move we made in that campaign was wildly successful, and sales of the product continuously rose. If we mount a similar style sales campaign with Product S, we are likely to vault this into popularity in its own sector, with a similarly robust sales trajectory. Consultant: The popularity of Product J preceded the sales campaign and was responsible for it.

Hypothesis: The consultant uses questioning the posited relationship of cause and effect in responding to the marketing chief.


Premise: German discount supermarket chains such as Ardi, Riedel and others have taken advantage of the global food price boom. The German model of discount chain stores is different from ordinary supermarkets, family-owned stores or French farmers' markets. Its stores are usually just 200-300 square meters, narrow aisles, simple packaging, more than 80 percent of the goods are food and beverages, and the price are typically 30 to 50 percent lower than the average supermarket.Analysts say there are several reasons for the German discount chain's dominance in rising food prices. In addition to its Low price advantage. The discount store variety is few, the large-scale purchase pattern causes the new store cost to be very low.

Hypothesis: Low-cost strategy and low-price strategy are all supermarkets in the use of the business strategy as far as possible, that is,strive to overwhelm competitors in price advantage weakens the above-mentioned analyst's explanation.


Premise: There are frequent theft cases in a residential community. At the request of the residents of the community, the property installed a multi-function anti-theft system for the community at the beginning of last year, and as a result, the incidence of theft cases in the community has dropped significantly. It shows that the multi-function anti-theft system can effectively lower the incidence of theft cases.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that another residential community nearby has also installed the anti-theft system but the effect is not good can best strengthen the above conclusion.


Premise: The outstanding mathematician Chen Jingrun studied Goldbach's conjecture day and night for decades. Yao Xueyin, a famous writer, gets up at 3 am every morning, writes hard, reads books in the afternoon, studies historical materials, and works more than ten hours a day. Young woman Zhang Wenshu, who spends all her spare time on self-study of Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and dermatology, has become an expert in the treatment of skin diseases.

Hypothesis: Chen Jingrun, Yao Xueyin, and Zhang Wenshu have different work habits most directly support this view.


Premise: Logistics is the physical movement of material materials from suppliers to demanders. It is an economic activity to create time and place value, including packaging, loading and unloading, storage, inventory management, circulation, processing, transportation, distribution and so on.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li urgently needed an economic guarantee for going abroad. He asked his parents to mail the document from his hometown through an express company belongs to logistics activities.


Premise: Typhoon is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the western Pacific region of the northern hemisphere and develops to a certain intensity (the maximum wind force near the center is not less than 2).

Hypothesis: There is a tropical cyclone with a maximum wind force of 15 near the center on the ocean on the west side of the Australian continent is a typhoon.


Premise: In the modern military, the position of strategic deterrence is becoming more and more important. The strength of strategic deterrence is composed of two parts: the standing army and the reserve force. To ensure the normal operation and development of these two forces, in addition to the mobilization of the national economy, the support of an invisible force is also needed. This is exactly the strategic task undertaken by the war of news and public opinion in the information warfare. Because without media propaganda, others will not be able to fully feel your powerful, and its deterrent effect will be greatly reduced. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the United States used the media to wield the stick of deterrence and launched it before the war. The large-scale offensive of public opinion caused the opponent to lose a game first. It can be seen that through the battle of public opinion to seize the right to speak, preemptively control the enemy, and form a war environment beneficial to oneself, it is helpful to achieve strategic goals.

Hypothesis: The war of news and public opinion is crucial to strategic deterrence is meant to be illustrated by this text.


Premise: In the process of urbanization in China, traditional opera is facing unprecedented ecological changes. Folk professional performances actively meet the needs of rural entertainment, or restore the traditional folk drama forms, with the help of festival etiquette and customs, give full play to the traditional etiquette and music education function of traditional opera, or keep pace with the times and enrich the opera Noumenon with fashionable and popular artistic elements. to derive a new form of drama entertainment. In the system, professional theatrical troupes carry out artistic inheritance in the process of tradition and innovation, or go deep into the countryside, send plays to the countryside, and still maintain their performances in grass-roots rural areas, or give up rural areas, seek diversified and innovative ways, and try their best to maintain the urban market. as a result, traditional opera tends to be weak and marginal in rural cultural life.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the influence of traditional opera in rural areas and its trend of polarized development.


Premise: There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered to be great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together.

Hypothesis: A thorough education in art makes a person reasonably well educated can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: The proposal to ban the sale of cigarettes to teenagers is quite reasonable because teenagers should not smoke. But banning cigarette vending machines is like blocking 100 drivers on a thoroughfare in order to arrest one unlicensed driver. The roadblock discourages not just those who break the law, but everyone.

Hypothesis: The question "Does the ban on cigarette vending machines inconvenience many adult cigarette buyers" helps us to evaluate the above correctly.