Premise: The Russian writer Michail Sholokhov tells the story of a rabbit running for his life when he met a wolf. The wolf said, Why are you running so fast?The rabbit said, They are going to catch me and nail my feet.The wolf said, It is the camel they are going to nail, not you.The rabbit said, If they catch me and nail my feet, how will I prove that I am not a camel?

Hypothesis: As long as it is a camel, it will be nailed is the most worrying for the rabbit in this story.


Premise: Solicitor: Loux named Zembaty executor of her will. Her only beneficiary was her grandson, of whom she was very fond. Prior to distributing the remainder to the beneficiary, Zembaty was legally required to choose which properties in the estate should be sold to clear the estate' s heavy debts. Loux never expressed any particular desire about the Stoke Farm, which includes the only farmland in her estate. Thus, it is unlikely that Loux would have had any objection to Zembaty' s having sold it rather than having transferred it to her grandson.

Hypothesis: Loux being well aware of the legal requirements the executor of her will would have to satisfy most weakens the solicitor's argument.


Premise: When the university started to register at the beginning of September, many mobile phone operators went to a university campus to promote product sales, and several operators launched free package services. However, one of the operators launched a preferential package, and at the same time, its salesman said to the student that the so-called free packages of other operators obtain operating expenses by selling consumers' identity information.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The law clearly stipulates that mobile phone operators are not allowed to sell consumers' identity information' would most question the sales's publicity.


Premise: About Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang, we know that one of them is a lawyer, one is a doctor and the other is a teacher. We also know that Xiao Zhang is older than the teacher; Xiao Wang is not the same age as the doctor; The doctor is younger than Xiao Li.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang is a lawyer, Xiao Li is a doctor, and Xiao Zhang is a teacher can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: After Xiaoding presented fan with his 2005 annual statistical report, Fan saw at once that one of the statistics was flawed. He said to xiaoding: This statistic is wrong, please check whether the original data is wrong or the calculation is wrong?After Xiaoding carefully calculated, the result shows that the calculation is wrong.

Hypothesis: It is certain whether the original data is wrong can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: Because the Chinese delegation did not have a thorough understanding of the rules of the Olympic Games, there was no success in several complaints at the London Olympic Games, whether it was criticism and suggestions on the rules of the competition system, or doubts about the enforcement of the referees.

Hypothesis: The premise "Delegations who thoroughly understand the rules of the Olympic game at the Olympic Games can succeed in complaints about competition system, rules, and so on" must be added in order to make the above reasoning valid.


Premise: Researcher: People who participate in opinion surveys often give answers they believe the opinion surveyor expects to hear, and it is for this reason that some opinion surveys do not reflect the actual views of those being surveyed. However, in well-constructed surveys, the questions are worded so as to provide respondents with no indication of which answers the surveyor might expect. So if a survey is well constructed, survey respondents' desire to meet surveyors' expectations has no effect on the survey' s results.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the researcher's argument is questionable in that the argument overlooks the possibility that the answers of opinion-survey respondents can be influenced by beliefs about the surveyor's expectations even if those beliefs are unfounded.


Premise: The latest results of the survey on the dietary structure of residents in Province S show that in the past three years, residents in the province have consumed an average of 335.7 grams of cereals and potatoes and miscellaneous beans per day, which is within the range of 250 grams to 400 grams of recommended balanced diet; and 296 grams and 132 grams of vegetables and fruits. Vegetables have only reached the lower limit of the recommended amount of 300 grams to 500 grams per day for a balanced diet. Compared with 10 years ago, the intake has dropped significantly, while fruits only reached the recommended amount. About 16.4 grams of edible fish and shrimp aquatic products, which is much lower than the recommended amount of 50 to 100 grams for a balanced diet; the intake of soy products and dairy products were 16.9 grams and 73.6 grams, respectively, which is lower than the recommended amount and about.

Hypothesis: The most popular food for residents in province S is cereals and potatoes and beans can be inferred.


Premise: In Zululan, South Africa, a rhino is poached every 17 hours. The Operation of the Flying Rhino carefully selected 114 white rhinos and 10 black rhinos from the Umm Floch Reserve and airlifted them to a secret area in South Africa to protect the rhinos in the hope that the rhinos can reproduce and grow here naturally in order to avoid the extinction of rhinos caused by poaching.

Hypothesis: A protective transfer operation to avoid the extinction of black rhinos 60 years ago was successful is not the assumption of the flying rhino.


Premise: Xiao He is either a teacher or a civil servant.

Hypothesis: The above judgment is either true or false.


Premise: The continents of South America and Africa were once joined together as one landmass. Evidence for this claim can be found in the fact that fossils of mesosaurs, extinct reptiles, have been unearthed in both western Africa and eastern South America.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fossils of mesosaurs are the only ones unearthed in both western Africa and eastern South America' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Gamba: Munoz claims that the Southwest Hopeville Neighbors Association overwhelmingly opposes the new water system, citing this as evidence of citywide opposition. The association did pass a resolution opposing the new water system, but only 25 of 350 members voted, with 10 in favor of the system. Furthermore, the 15 opposing votes represent far less than 1 percent of Hopeville' s population. One should not assume that so few votes represent the view of the majority of Hopeville' s residents.

Hypothesis: Of the following, Gamba's strategy of argumentation most accurately describes questioning a conclusion based on the results of a vote, on the grounds that people with certain views are more likely to vote.


Premise: Chaco Canyon, a settlement of the ancient Anasazi culture in North America, had massive buildings. <b> It must have been a major Anasazi center. </b> Analysis of wood samples shows that some of the timber for the buildings came from the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, 50 miles from Chaco Canyon. <b> Only a major cultural center would have the organizational power to import timber from 50 miles away. </b>

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion is the argument's main conclusion and the second boldfaced portion is a premise used to support that conclusion.


Premise: Health officials claim that because the foods and beverages mentioned or consumed on many television programs are extremely low in nutritional value, watching television has a bad influence on the dietary habits of television viewers.

Hypothesis: The health officials' claim depends on the presupposition that the eating and drinking habits of people on television programs provide accurate predictions about the food and beverages that will become popular among television viewers.


Premise: Xiao Quesang is a popular word on the Internet, which refers to small and definite depression, a small worry that continues to occur in daily life but cannot get rid of. Some experts have proposed that in the face of Xiao Quesang, people should not accept or endure it helplessly, but should make efforts to turn it into Xiao Quexing. Xiao Quexing is the tiny and real sense of luck and happiness that happens to happen in one's own life that people vaguely expect in their hearts.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Liu had a happy weekend, but he couldn't sleep at the thought of having to get up early to go to work on Monday belongs to Xiaoquexing.


Premise: Founder effect refers to that a few individuals in a biological population reproduce and live in isolation from the original population due to geographical isolation or other reasons. Although the offspring population continues to expand, the genetic information of the whole population comes from the first migrating few individuals. Founder effect causes low genetic diversity, poor adaptability to the environment and easy to be eliminated by nature.

Hypothesis: Pandas being on the verge of extinction due to the reduction of population and need to rely on artificial reproduction is caused by the founder effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Shake to make friends, Shake to find a restaurant and Shake to sing have become a new way of life for people in the smartphone era. However, the location to come out in the process of shaking is often quite different from the actual location, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. This often brings users the trouble of looking for it in big cities with dense buildings. With the development of Internet technology, cloud computing may provide a solution to this problem. Experts believe that cloud computing can provide positioning accuracy correction services, which are generated by the combination of cloud computing and positioning navigation, but the positioning accuracy is up to 1 meter. As the main theme of the information industry, cloud computing brings unexpected changes to people's lives. It serves various groups more and more deeply, and even changes the consumption pattern of the whole society.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is that cloud computing makes accurate positioning possible.


Premise: Advertisement: Ten years ago, the Cormond Hotel' s lobby was carpeted with Duratex carpet while the lobby of a nearby hotel was being carpeted with our competitor' s most durable carpet. Today, after a decade in which the two hotels have had similar amounts of foot traffic through their lobbies, that other hotel is having to replace the worn-out carpeting near its lobby entrances, whereas the Cormond' s Duratex carpeting has years of wear left in it.

Hypothesis: If there is a third hotel near the other two that has not replaced the Duratex carpet in its lobby for more than 15 years, this most seriously weakens the force of the advertisement's evidence for concluding that Duratex carpet is more durable than the carpet of its competitor.


Premise: A research institution took 9 years to track 63 thousand healthy people's eating habits, including meat consumption, meat cooking and meat cooking. The research group was divided into 5 groups according to the amount of meat consumed. By the end of the study, a total of 208 people had pancreatic cancer, most of which were concentrated in two groups with the highest usage of barbecue meat. Therefore, researchers have found that eating lots of roast meat is more susceptible to pancreatic cancer.

Hypothesis: The study that shows that the proportion of people who eat meat cooked for a long time and those who eat barbecue for a long time are quite similar weakens the above conclusion the most.


Premise: An expert made statistics on the life expectancy of the late Nobel laureates in economics and found that their average life expectancy was 85 years old, of which most were over 90 years old, many were over 100 years old, and the youngest died at the age of 74 years. As a result, the expert believes that winning the Nobel Prize in economics can make people live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Nobel Prize in Economics is only awarded to living scholars. This awarding rule is extremely beneficial to scholars who have lived a long life' would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Dongning University publicly recruits three teacher positions, one for the school of philosophy, one for the school of management and one for the school of economics. Each position has candidates from Nanshan University, Xijing university and Beiqing University. A smart person, Mr. Li, predicted the recruitment results as follows: if the school of philosophy accepted the candidate of Beiqing University, the school of management would hire the candidate of Xijing university; If the school of management employs the candidate of Nanshan University, the school of philosophy also employs the candidate of Nanshan University; If the school of economics employs candidates from Beiqing university or Xijing university, the school of management employs candidates from Beiqing University.

Hypothesis: The option 'Nanshan University, Nanshan University, Xijing university' meets Mr. Li's prediction based on the university ownership information of the final candidates for the school of philosophy, management and economics.


Premise: An ocean-going sailboat carries five Chinese and several foreigners from China to Europe. On the way, all but five Chinese suffered from septicemia. Being in the same boat, sleeping in the open air and crossing the sea, why are Chinese people so different from foreigners? It turns out that all five Chinese people have the habit of drinking tea, but foreigners do not. So it is concluded that drinking tea is the reason why the five Chinese do not have septicemia.

Hypothesis: The method of drawing conclusions in the stem of the question is most similar to the method used in the following example: On two wheat fields where the soil conditions are basically the same, nitrogen and potash fertilizer are applied to one of them, and potash fertilizer is applied only to the other. As a result, the yield of the wheat field with nitrogen and potassium fertilizer was much higher than that of the other. It can be seen that the application of nitrogen fertilizer is the reason for the higher yield of wheat field.


Premise: Made in China is the pride of the Chinese people, and made in China has opened a new page to the world. However, when the title of factory of the world settled in China, people began to reflect on made in China. Is it synonymous with made in China?

Hypothesis: In the global economic restructuring, China has seized the opportunity to become the world factory in one fell swoop is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: Certainly, <b> pesticides can adversely affect the environment in localities distant from where the pesticide has actually been used. </b> Nevertheless, regulation of pesticide use should not take place at the national level but at the local level. <b> It is in the areas where pesticides are actually applied that they have their most serious effects. </b> Just how serious these effects are depends on local conditions such as climate, soil type, and water supply. And local officials are much more likely than national legislators to be truly knowledgeable about such local conditions.

Hypothesis: The first identifies grounds for a potential objection to the conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion is the role played by the two boldface portions in the argument given.


Premise: Researchers have found that Bird's egg color is strongly correlated with temperature. The results of the study showed that darker Bird's egg were more common in areas with lower sunlight intensity, while Bird's egg were generally lighter in areas with higher and warmer sunlight. The team believes that a darker shell means more heat can be absorbed, giving it a survival advantage in colder environments. Because the embryo in the egg needs a stable ambient temperature, but it does not have the ability to regulate temperature itself.

Hypothesis: The statement "The eggs of snakes and tortoises are mostly buried in the ground and are concealed, so they are white. However, when birds' eggs are exposed to the environment, they need markings and colors to confuse natural enemies" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: A survey of address changes filed with post offices and driver' s license bureaus over the last ten years has established that households moving out of the city of Weston outnumbered households moving into the city two to one. Ttherefore, we can expect that next year' s census, which counts all residents regardless of age, will show that the population of Weston has declined since the last census ten years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people moving out of Weston were young adults who were hoping to begin a career elsewhere, whereas most adults remaining in or moving into the city had long-standing jobs in the city' most helps strengthen the argument.


Premise: Many doctors cater to patients' demands that they be prescribed antibiotics for their colds. However, colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics have no effect on viruses, and so antibiotics have no effect on colds. Such treatments are also problematic because antibiotics can have dangerous side effects. So doctors should never prescribe antibiotics to treat colds.

Hypothesis: The principle that a doctor should not prescribe a drug for a condition if it cannot improve that condition and if the drug potentially has adverse side effects most closely conforms to the reasoning above.


Premise: Deep tillage is even more deleterious to the world' s topsoil supply than previously believed. For example, farmers who till deeply are ten times more likely to lose topsoil to erosion than are farmers who use no-till methods. Results like these make it clear that farmers who now till deeply should strive, by using other topsoil aeration techniques, to incorporate no-till methods instead.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the most expensive farming methods employ topsoil aeration techniques other than deep tillage.


Premise: Advertisement: Anyone who thinks moisturizers are not important for beautiful skin should consider what happens to the earth, the skin of the world, in time of drought. Without regular infusions of moisture the ground becomes lined and cracked and its lush liveliness fades away. Thus your skin, too, should be protected from the ravages caused by lack of moisture; give it the protection provided by regular infusions of Dewyfresh, the drought-defying moisturizer.

Hypothesis: The Dewyfresh advertisement exhibits an error of reasoning because it treats the fact that two things regularly occur together as proof that there is a single thing that its the cause of them both.


Premise: Life cannot be perfect. It is also difficult for us to find that a flower is perfect. Although the human body is generally symmetrical, this symmetry is far from complete. The thickness of each person's left and right hand is different, one eye is bigger or more round than the other, and the shape of the two earlobes is also different. The most obvious is that each person has only one heart, usually in the left position.

Hypothesis: The next statement in the article is most likely to be that imperfections in life can also be transformed into perfection.


Premise: Raymond Burr played the role of Perry Mason on television. Burr' s death in 1993 prompted a prominent lawyer to say, Although not a lawyer, Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost one of our own.  This comment from a prestigious attorney provides appalling evidence that, in the face of television, even some legal professionals are losing their ability to distinguish fiction from reality.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument takes the views of one lawyer to represent the views of all lawyers.


Premise: In a medical study of all of the residents of Groverhill, 35 people reported consulting their physician last year seeking relief from severe headaches. Those same physicians' records, however, indicate that 105 consultations occurred last year with Groverhill patients seeking relief from severe headaches. Obviously, then, many residents who consulted physicians for this condition did not remember doing so.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider whether any residents of Groverhill visit physicians who are not located in Groverhill.


Premise: Differentiated credit refers to the policy of differential treatment of credit lines and repayment methods for different regions, industries, groups and purposes. It is an important means for the state to carry out macro-control of the economy, curb the polarization trend through differentiated credit, promote social equity, and promote economic structure adjustment and all-round sustainable development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'happy time loan unsecured personal loan, and local residents aged 18-55 can obtain a loan of up to 500000 yuan' belongs to differentiated credit.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: The coach's only choice for selecting two players to participate in the competition is H and M.


Premise: Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office. However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

Hypothesis: The principle that major political scandals can practically always be blamed on incumbents, but whether those incumbents should be voted out of office depends on who their challengers are best accounts for the contrast in reactions described above.


Premise: Politician: A government that taxes incomes at a rate of 100 percent will generate no revenue because all economic activity will cease. So it follows that the lower the rate of income tax, the more revenue the government will generate by that tax. Economist: Your conclusion cannot be correct, since it would mean that an income tax of 0 percent would generate the maximum revenue.

Hypothesis: The economist is using the argumentative strategy of arguing that the principle derived by the politician, if applied in the limiting case, leads to an absurdly false conclusion.


Premise: Some space experts point out that space stations and spacecraft are likely to bring back space microbes, which may have mutated in isolated space and will certainly pose a threat to humans if they return to Earth and escape destruction. It has been reported that the Mir space station was filled with a variety of fungi that could pose a deadly threat to humans if mixed with decomposable metal, glass and plastic bacteria in the earth's soil.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this article is that human space activities may lead to the spread of space microbes to Earth.


Premise: Almost all microbe species live together in dense, interdependent communities, supporting the environment for each other, and regulating the population balances for their different species through a complex system of chemical signals. For this reason, it is currently impossible to cultivate any one such species in isolation. Thus, microbiologists lack complete knowledge of most microbe species.

Hypothesis: The assumption that 'No microbiologist can have complete knowledge of any species of organism unless that microbiologist can cultivate that species in isolation' enables the argument's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Consumer magazine: Because front-loading washers use less water than top-loading washers, ordinary powder detergent does not dissolve readily in front-loading washers. So, to get clothes really clean in a front-loading machine you need to use a detergent formulated especially for front-loading washers, instead of ordinary powder detergent.

Hypothesis: A laundry detergent does not get clothes really clean in a washer unless it dissolves readily in it is an assumption required by the argument in the consumer magazine.


Premise: It's impossible for the Lakers to make it to the finals. If the Lakers reach the finals, then the sun will come out from the west.

Hypothesis: The statement "There is no pie in the sky. If you don't believe this, you will be deceived sooner or later" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Policies and systems bring people's subjective will to a considerable extent, or are the result of people's will. Therefore, in the process of macroeconomic management, whether administrative adjustment methods are used rationally and scientifically depends mainly on people's subjective understanding of objective things. The correctness depends on people's understanding and mastery of objective laws and complex economic activities.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that administrative adjustment methods should be replaced by economic and legal other adjustment methods.


Hypothesis: The coach selecting F and H as the two players to participate in the competition can make the combination of four players the only choice.


Premise: A safety report indicates that, on average, traffic fatalities decline by about 7 percent in those areas in which strict laws requiring drivers and passengers to wear seat belts have been passed. In a certain city, seat belt laws have been in effect for two years, but the city' s public safety records show that the number of traffic deaths per year has remained the same.

Hypothesis: In the time since the seat belt laws were passed, the city has experienced a higher than average increase in automobile traffic does NOT help resolve the apparent discrepancy between the safety report and the city's public safety records.


Premise: Garbage recycling refers to the way in which garbage is sorted and treated, and then becomes a non-polluting recycled raw material, and then processed and transformed into renewable resources.

Hypothesis: A large garbage dump has been built in a city, and the classified municipal solid waste will be transported there for landfill every day belongs to garbage recycling.


Premise: Political Advertisement: Mayor Delmont' s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont' s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but each year since Delmont took office the average pay for the new jobs created has been higher than that year' s average pay for jobs citywide. So it stands to reason that throughout Delmont' s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Each year during Mayor Delmont's tenure, the average pay for jobs that were eliminated has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide' most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement.


Premise: After Hearing The Confession is a review system stipulated in the Song Dynasty to prevent unjust, false and wrong cases. It means that if prisoners file a complaint during recording or execution, the case must be analyzed and tried. The different investigation in the Song Dynasty is divided into two forms: the company transfer investigation of the original trial organ and the official transfer investigation. The company transfer investigation refers to that the original trial organ submits the case to another judicial organ at the same level for review It means that the original trial authority reports the case to the superior authority, and the superior authority is responsible for sending officials of another organ irrelevant to the original trial authority for retrial. In this case, officials of the superior authority are often sent to the original trial authority for trial, or the case is transferred to the superior authority for review.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the Song Dynasty, the central judicial organs had two criminal departments, the left and right. If a prisoner lodged a complaint against a case tried in one department, it would be retried by the other department' does not belong to After Hearing The Confession according to the above definition.


Premise: Biologists often announce that a certain kind of animal has been found capable of using tools; this usually refers to something like using a stick to hunt for ants in a log, or a stone to crack nuts. But such announcements are completely unsurprising, since all animals use tools. Birds build nests, fish hide in the mud to escape predators, and squirrels use buildings as shortcuts between trees. If an animal executes its purpose by means of an external physical object, then that object can reasonably be regarded as a tool.

Hypothesis: The claim that the biologists' announcements that a certain animal has been found capable of using tools are unsurprising most accurately describes the role played in the argument by calling into question the basis of the biologists' conception of a tool.


Premise: Orthodox medicine is ineffective at both ends of the spectrum of ailments. At the more trivial end, orthodox medicine is largely ineffective in treating aches, pains, and allergies, and, at the other extreme, it has yet to produce a cure for serious, life-threatening diseases such as advanced cancer and lupus. People turn to alternative medicine when orthodox medicine fails to help them and when it produces side effects that are unacceptable to them. One of the reasons alternative medicine is free of such side effects is that it does not have any effects at all.

Hypothesis: There are some medical conditions for which no orthodox or alternative treatment is effective can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Forbidden fruit psychology: refers to the strong desire to explore based on the rebellious psychology of a certain prohibition.

Hypothesis: A certain book is officially banned, but many people do not understand why it is banned, do everything possible to find this book to read, and there are many manuscripts are not a forbidden fruit psychology.


Premise: Food additives are an important part of the modern food industry. The use of food additives in accordance with regulations is harmless to the human body, and can improve the quality of food, and play the role of antiseptic and fresh-keeping. It is precisely because of the development of food additives that a large number of convenience foods have brought great convenience to people's lives. Without food additives, most foods are either unsightly, unpalatable or difficult to keep fresh, or are expensive.

Hypothesis: If any of the followings is true, the statement "Food additives are as old as human civilization, such as the brine used to order tofu" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Independent travel refers to the travel that you design your own route, arrange everything on your own, and make use of the convenience brought by modern civilization without being bound.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the tour is arranged by the travel agency, but only the time is specified at each tour point, and the tour route is selected by yourself is independent travel.


Premise: Increased levels of fatty protein in the blood increase the amount of energy that human tissue absorbs from excess cholesterol, which in turn lowers cholesterol in the blood. Some people through regular physical exercise and weight loss, can significantly increase the blood concentration of high levels of fatty protein.

Hypothesis: People who don't exercise very often, especially fat people, have an increased risk of cholesterol in their blood as they get older can be concluded based on the above material.


Premise: Judges in some states in the United States are elected. Elections usually require financial support from interest groups, which may directly or indirectly affect the administration of justice. A study shows that 65% of Louisiana Supreme Court justices supported campaign sponsors in cases where the party involved was their own campaign sponsor. This shows that there is a correlation between campaign funding for judicial supervision in favour of patrons.

Hypothesis: The argument does not give the proportion of campaign funders among all the parties involved is a problem in the above argument.


Premise: Aviation Analyst: To combat human error involved in air traffic control, Miro Jets Inc. has recently installed each of its DC-10 passenger planes with a special anti-collision device. The device alerts the DC-10, via a red light, when another plane is slightly more than three minutes away from a potential collision. The red light comes on and stays on until the approaching plane is safely out of range. Aviation experts at Miro Jet Inc. have determined that three minutes is ample time for a plane to divert its respective flight path to avoid a collision. Ttherefore, if the red light on the anti-collision device is off, the DC-10 is more than three minutes flying time from any plane.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The anti-collision device only signals planes of oncoming directions, not those planes that are flying in parallel' most fundamentally calls into question the aviation analyst's argument.


Premise: Obligatory alternative action refers to a situation in which the actor has committed an illegal act and caused the result, but the result cannot be avoided even if he abides by the law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, pedestrian Wang crossing the road, Ding using the emergency brake to avoid hitting Wang, and Ding not overloading the driving are all optional acts of obligation.


Premise: Among the external reasons that prompted the emergence of modern science, the prosperity of Puritanism is a very important factor. Scholars believe that a prerequisite hypothesis of modern science is a kind of widespread dissemination, out of instinctive beliefs, belief in the order of things. Especially the order of nature. Experts in the history of science indicated with specific data: Seven out of ten members of the Royal Society in the 17th century were Puritans, which is much higher than the proportion of Puritans in the total population; Most scientists are active teachers, and many teachers also encourage or personally devote themselves to scientific careers; Puritan schools will also set up natural science subjects in their curricula.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that religion has an inducing and promoting effect on modern science.


Premise: In Zululan, South Africa, a rhino is poached every 17 hours. The Operation of the Flying Rhino carefully selected 114 white rhinos and 10 black rhinos from the Umm Floch Reserve and airlifted them to a secret area in South Africa to protect the rhinos in the hope that the rhinos can reproduce and grow here naturally in order to avoid the extinction of rhinos caused by poaching.

Hypothesis: A protective transfer operation to avoid the extinction of black rhinos 60 years ago was successful is not the assumption of the flying rhino.


Premise: Since 2013, a group has launched the industry's first high-end talents tailored specifically for PhDs? Day-Future Leaders Program, which aims to cultivate industry leaders. According to the survey, some of the group's new employees have overseas study experience All employees of the group with overseas study experience have been individually received by the chairman of the group, and all employees of the group in Province A have not been individually received by the chairman.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some newly hired employees are not from Province A must also be true.


Premise: In history, many people with lofty ideals have made extraordinary achievements in the struggle against setbacks. After being tortured in the palace, Sima Qian wrote a book angrily and wrote the masterpiece Historical Records, which was praised by Lu Xun as the last song of historians, no rhyme. Beethoven, a musician, suffered indescribable setbacks in his life. He lost his mother at 17, was deaf at 26, and then fell into the pain of being lovelorn. What a blow it is for a musician! But Beethoven, who was neither depressed nor discouraged, wrote in a letter: I will take fate by the throat, and it is delusional to bring me to my knees, this is absolutely impossible!  He always lived tenaciously, created hard, and became an immortal musician in the world.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that although frustration brings pain to people, it can often hone people's will.


Premise: All criminal acts will be sanctioned by the criminal law, some illegal acts are criminal acts, and Huang Tao's acts are illegal acts.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, all actions sanctioned by criminal law are criminal actions must be true.


Premise: When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, No.  Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.

Hypothesis: The challenge of 'Why does the part that replies not answer, Yes?' indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above.


Premise: The traditional theory believes that due to climate change, human ancestors were forced to leave the arboreal environment and chose to walk upright on the ground due to climate change. The terrain was formed by volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate movement during the Pliocene. Human ancestors were attracted by rocky terrain and canyons, which can provide good sheltered habitats and have the opportunity to trap prey; this environment requires early humans to be upright The ability to walk and climb, so human ancestors eventually evolved to walk upright on two legs.

Hypothesis: Human ancestors chose to walk upright in order to better adapt to the terrain environment can be derived from this.


Premise: Jianghai County organizes everyone to participate in patriotic health work in order to create a civilized health county. It is known that all the operators of the shops along the street have participated in the health work, and all the teachers and students of the No.1 Middle School in the county have also participated in the health work, and some of the salesmen working in the county government have participated in the health work, while some of the teachers and students of the county's rural middle schools have not taken part in the health work.

Hypothesis: Teachers and students of all rural middle schools in this county did not take part in health work can be concluded from the information above.


Premise: It is often said that high rates of inflation tend to diminish people's incentive to save and invest. This view must be incorrect, however, because people generally saved and invested more of their income in the 1970's when inflation rates were high than they did in the 1980's when inflation rates were low.

Hypothesis: The best criticism of the argument above is that it overlooks the possibility that certain factors operating in the 1980's but not in the 1970's diminished people's incentive to save and invest.


Premise: The researchers looked at 241 stroke patients. Of the 88 patients with systemic strokes, 78 had specific creases on their earlobes, and 112 of the 153 patients with temporary ischemic strokes (commonly known as microstrokes / small strokes) had the same phenomenon. The researchers believe that we should consider adding this kind of crease on the earlobe to the list of risk factors for a typical stroke.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Blockage of arterioles deteriorates blood circulation in the head and neck, causing creases in the earlobe and increased the risk of stroke' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Four girls from a school, Shi Lin, Zhang Fang, Wang Yu, and Yang Hong, compete with four boys Fan Yong, Lu Wei, Zhao Hu, and Li Long in a Chinese elephant model competition. They are arranged on four tables, each with a man and a woman playing against each other. The four tables are numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 from left to right. Each pair of players needs to play four games. The rules of the game: each player wins A game gets 2 points, a tie gets 1 point, and a loss game gets 0 points. At the end of the first three rounds, the total points of the four pairs of players are 6:0, 5:1, 4:2, and 3:3 in order of the difference in points. Known: (1) Zhang Fang is playing against Lu Wei, Yang Hong is playing at table 4, Wang Yu's table is to the right of Li Long's table; (2) At least one game at table 1 is a tie, 4 The total points of the two sides at the number table is not 4:2; (3) Zhao Hu's total points in the first three rounds are not ahead of his opponent, and they have not made a tie; (4) Li Long has lost three consecutive rounds, and Fan Yong is in Leading his opponent in total points in the first three rounds.

Hypothesis: If one of the following players made a tie with the opponent in the first three rounds, Shi Lin is the player.


Premise: In June this year, the water level of Dongting Lake rose rapidly, inundating large areas of lakes and beaches, and about 2 billion voles inhabited here flooded the farmland near people. Yueyang and Yiyang along the Dongting Lake suffered the worst rodent disaster in more than 20 years. Experts say that the ecological environment of Dongting Lake has been destroyed, and the rat disaster has sounded the alarm.

Hypothesis: If the following option is true, large-scale drainage and planting of poplars on the beach has turned the Dongting tidal wetland into a woodland where rats can live does not support the expert's point of view.


Premise: The scene of the times has changed so much that in order for the younger generation to really remember history, we should not stop at conceptual preaching. A truly complete and effective history education should be integrated into life. It should not only be seen in memorials and in books, It should also infiltrate into the neighborhoods and scenes of our lives in a rich and appropriate form. Only in this way can it be transformed into the collective memory of the whole nation.

Hypothesis: The form of history education should be lifelike is an accurate summary of this passage.


Premise: For a long time, many scientists believe that the main reason for global sea level rise is global warming and the melting increase of glaciers and ice caps. Recently, some researchers have found through statistics that the amount of snowfall in Antarctica has increased significantly in the past 100 years, thereby increasing the amount of frozen water stored in the Antarctic and other frozen areas. Based on this, some experts optimistically estitate that the trend of global sea level rise will be reversed.

Hypothesis: The increase in ice caused by snowfall is only one-third of the ice loss caused by melting glaciers would most weaken the expert's opinion.


Premise: As we all know, western medicine can solve many diseases that cannot be solved by traditional Chinese medicine by using modern scientific and technological means, and traditional Chinese medicine has also cured many problems that make western medicine helpless by relying on the special understanding of human meridians and Qi and blood. Therefore, for some complex diseases, many people believe that the treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine is necessary.

Hypothesis: The assumption made by these people in their judgment is that the treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine for these diseases can be combined with each other.


Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some newly hired employees are not from Province A.


Premise: People who consume a lot of honey tend to have fewer cavities than others have. Yet, honey is high in sugar, and sugar is one of the leading causes of tooth decay.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Honey contains bacteria that inhibit the growth of the bacteria that cause tooth decay' most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: If a person increases the number of meals a day but does not increase the amount of food he eats, his cholesterol levels will obviously drop. However, most people eat more food while eating more often.

Hypothesis: The above statement supports the option 'For most people, the amount of food they eat is greatly affected by the amount of time they eat.'


Premise: Proposals for extending the United States school year to bring it more in line with its European and Japanese counterparts are often met with the objection that curtailing the schools' three-month summer vacation would violate an established United States tradition dating from the nineteenth century. However, this objection misses its mark. True, in the nineteenth century the majority of schools closed for three months every summer, but only because they were in rural areas where successful harvests depended on children' s labor. If any policy could be justified by those appeals to tradition, it would be the policy of determining the length of the school year according to the needs of the economy.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'The actual tradition embodied in a given practice can be accurately identified only by reference to the reasons that originally prompted that practice' would provide the strongest justification for the conclusion.


Premise: Faraday, a famous French scientist in modern times, discovered the law of electromagnetic induction. However, because he could not express it in the most scientific and rigorous language, he has not been recognized by the scientific community until Maxwell completely expressed this law.

Hypothesis: Language ability is very important can be inferred.


Premise: Field dependence means that external references are used as the basis for information processing, so it is difficult to get rid of the influence of environmental factors. Their attitude and self-perception are more easily influenced and disturbed by the people around them, especially the authorities, and they are good at observing words and emotions, paying attention to and remembering the social contents in verbal messages.

Hypothesis: Doing things is dominated by external motivation belongs to field dependence according to the above definition.


Premise: Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.

Hypothesis: Under the attempting reward, there must be a brave man is positive reinforcement according to the above definition.


Premise: Whether a person is drowsy or refreshed after a meal has something to do with the protein in the food they eat. Most proteins contain an amino acid called tyrosine, which enters the brain to stimulate the formation of dopamine and neo-adrenaline. Birds and fish contain the most tyrosine, but not all foods containing tyrosine excite the brain. Meat contains tyrosine, but fat interferes with its absorption.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from the above description that there is more fat in meat than in fish.


Premise: Fairness and justice is not only a problem of subjective cognition, but also an issue of objective selectivity. It is not only a static problem, but also a dynamic process. On the issue of cognition, we need to construct a basic social identity through the media and public opinion. From an objective point of view, the social system should meet the needs of the vast majority of people as much as possible in a certain time and space. Even when people are temporarily satisfied in this space-time structure and it is difficult to achieve fairness and justice, the ideal social system should be able to create conditions for him to see hope and enjoy the sunshine of public goods in a follow-up space-time structure.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main idea of the passage is 'the way to realize fairness and justice'.


Premise: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.

Hypothesis: An assumption required by the argument is that we cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources.


Premise: On August 3, 2003, a 110000-year-old human tooth fossil about 3 cm in length was unearthed in Zhangkoudong Ancient Human site in Jiuxiang, Yiliang County.As soon as the excavation was announced, it immediately attracted wide attention from the media and experts. Many experts involved in the excavation believe that the appearance of this human tooth fossil shows that Zhangkoudong already had human activities as early as 110000 years ago, and it will rewrite the conclusion that human beings in Kunming area, as defined by the Longtan Mountain Ancient Human site in Chenggong County, have a history of only 30,000 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fossilized tooth was unearthed in a red sandy soil layer 20 cm below the calcium plate 110,000 years ago' can best question the views of the above experts.


Premise: In some ill-considered popularizations of interesting current research, it is argued that higher apes have the capacity for language but have never put it to use -- a remarkable biological miracle, given the enormous selectional advantage of even minimal linguistic skills. It is rather like claiming that some animal has wings adequate for flight but has never thought to fly.

Hypothesis: Arguing that the human brain has telekinetic powers that no humans have ever exercised is rather like arguing that some insect has legs but never uses them to walk is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: For the next year, the Chefs' Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers' Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs' Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers' Union.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current salaries of the members of the Chefs' Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers' Union' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Simple substance are pure substances composed of the same element. A compound is a pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements (atom species of different elements). A mixture refers to a substance that is mechanically mixed by two or more different simple substance or compounds. There is no fixed chemical formula. There is no chemical reaction between the various components of the mixture. The mixture can be separated by physical methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, air has all three of the above substances: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide.


Premise: Last year, the composite El-Hi education (CEHE) ranking for Silver County was its lowest score on record, since composite were first calculated in 1964. The CEHE ranking is a sophisticated weighed average of standardized testing results from Grade 1 to Grade 12. This year, the testing result for grades 1-6 in Silver County are about the same as they were last year, and the testing results for high school (grades 9-12) in Silver County are lower than last year' s high school results in Silver County. <b> Surely the middle school testing results (grades 7-9) in Silver County will also be as low as, or lower than, last year' s results. </b> Ttherefore, <b> Silver County will undoubtedly establish a new low in its CEHE ranking. </b>

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion is a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument and the second boldface portion is the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: When encountering high temperatures, the building materials will make unique sounds. The sound sensor alarm will detect these sounds and provide an early warning of a house fire, so that the occupants can escape before being fainted by the smoke. Because the smoke is The most common factor causing casualties, so the installation of sound sensor alarm will effectively reduce the casualties of house fires.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis 'Many fires start in indoor sofa cushions or mattresses, which produce a lot of smoke but no sound' can best refute the above statement if it is correct.


Premise: In Hong Kong and Taiwan, where traditional characters are used, more and more young people's lifestyles are becoming more and more westernized; while mainland teenagers are exposed to modern fashion elements such as Hong Kong and Taiwan's computer games and popular songs, and most of them see traditional characters. But they have not been influenced by traditional culture. On the contrary, many people who use simplified characters every day are still influenced by traditional culture. If you read the same ancient text written in simplified and traditional characters, the same Tang poem, the text form is correct Readers interpretation of the cultural connotation of the work has little influence. Traditional culture can also be rooted in folk thoughts and lifestyles in various ways such as movies and television, without the use of traditional characters as a medium.

Hypothesis: The text intended to illustrate is that simplified characters instead of traditional characters really have no disadvantages.


Premise: In the whole year of last year, the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk driving in a certain area was twice the number of traffic accidents caused by fatigue driving. Therefore, the publicity work on the prohibition of fatigue driving has been done better than that of drunk driving.

Hypothesis: The answer 'Is the number of traffic accidents directly related to the publicity work on traffic safety?' best evaluates the above conclusion.


Premise: A person reading a new book for pleasure is like a tourist traveling to a new place. The reader reads, just as the tourist travels, to enlarge understanding rather than simply to acquire information. Thus, it is better to read fewer books and spend more time on each rather than to quickly read as many as one can, just as it is better to travel to fewer places and spend more time in each rather than to spend a small amount of time in many different places.

Hypothesis: The statement "Many people report that they can learn far more about a place by visiting it than they can by reading about it" most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Lantian jade is a kind of jade sought after by people recently, but its resources are very limited. We should cherish economical use a hundred times, not excessive digging and rough processing because of the petty profits in front of us. After thousands of years of adoption, Hetian jade is nearly extinct, and the Chinese people's cultural complex of valuing jade and loving jade from generation to generation has to be passed on from generation to generation. The mission of Lantian jade is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is that we should develop and utilize Lantian jade resources rationally.


Premise: Under the premise of honest research, it is very common to understand deviations or even errors in the analysis of specific experimental results, which is a normal process of scientific development. It can be said that there are varying degrees of misunderstandings or deviations in the analysis, conclusions and discussants of many academic papers, and the debate on this kind of academic issues is often one of the important driving forces of scientific development. The more cutting-edge scientific research, the more prone to misunderstanding and wrong conclusions.

Hypothesis: The text intended to illustrate is the foundation of honest research is to respect the authenticity of the original experimental data.


Premise: When China was still in the culture of classical localism, on the one hand, the concept of hometown firmly restricted population movement, on the other hand, population movement was free. The migration of the population may not necessarily lead to the development of the relocated area. However, looking at human history, it can be concluded that any developed area must be the result of population migration. With the migration of the population of West Asia, there is the glory of ancient Greece. Only with the immigration of the population of the European continent did the rise of the British Isles come into being. With the tide of going to the east of Shanhaiguan to make a living, the northeast was rich after the late Qing Dynasty. The prosperity of the region is inseparable from the creation and construction of the migrating population.

Hypothesis: If there is no population moving in, there will be no regional development is an accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: Some people fear that global warming will cause the large ice formations in the polar seas to melt, thereby warming the waters of those seas and threatening the plankton that is crucial to the marine food chain. Some scientists contend that it is unlikely that the melting process has begun, since water temperatures in the polar seas are the same today as they were a century ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The temperature of water that contains melting ice tends to remain constant until all of the ice in the ice-and-water mixture has melted' most seriously undermines the scientists' contention.


Premise: Plantings of cotton bioengineered to produce its own insecticide against bollworms, a major cause of crop failure, sustained little bollworm damage until this year. This year the plantings are being seriously damaged by bollworms. Bollworms, however, are not necessarily developing resistance to the cotton' s insecticide. Bollworms breed on corn, and last year more corn than usual was planted throughout cotton-growing regions. So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to establish whether plantings of cotton that does not produce the insecticide are suffering unusually extensive damage from bollworms this year.


Premise: Raymond Burr played the role of Perry Mason on television. Burr' s death in 1993 prompted a prominent lawyer to say, Although not a lawyer, Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost one of our own.  This comment from a prestigious attorney provides appalling evidence that, in the face of television, even some legal professionals are losing their ability to distinguish fiction from reality.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument ignores the part of the lawyer's remark that indicates an awareness of the difference between reality and fiction.


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, <b> any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. </b>Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year's record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year's start-ups. So clearly, <b> the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year's record. </b>

Hypothesis: In the argument given, the first portion in boldface is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based, and the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Recently, some cities have launched taking random photos of traffic violations on Mini Program, where citizens can upload and report photos or videos of illegal parking and other illegal activities of motor vehicles running a red light through the Mini Program.Once the reported traffic violations are verified, the relevant departments will reward the whistleblowers. Some experts conclude from this that taking pictures of traffic violations can effectively expand the scope of traffic supervision and create a situation of co-governance between the police and the people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since the launch of Mini Program, shooting Traffic violations, relevant departments have received a large number of reports of traffic violations' can best support the above expert's conclusion.


Premise: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria' s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks-those with three trailers-had less than a third of the accident rate of single-and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Partorian trucking companies have so far used triple-trailer trucks on lightly traveled sections of major highways only' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: As regards memory, the brain responds best to repeated patterns, such as the melodic and rhythmic patterns of music. This is why we can remember long strings of information or text, which would normally be impossible to memorize, when they are put to music. Given that music aids memory, it might seem that funny jokes would be easy to remember, since, like music, they normally elicit an emotional response in us. However, jokes are usually very difficult to remember, since . __.

Hypothesis: The statement "jokes work not by conforming to repeated patterns but by breaking them" most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Philosopher: I think, so I exist. If I don't exist, then I don't think. If I think, then life means illusory.

Hypothesis: If life does not mean illusory is added to the above argument, the philosopher can come to 'I think'.


Premise: In general, the performance of a listed company is positively related to its stock price: when a company publishes its annual report, if its profits are higher than market profits, the company's stock price will rise. However, on March 31, 2011, Dongfang Electric Co., Ltd., which is engaged in the production of nuclear power and other power units in my country, announced its annual report. 67% of its net profit growth exceeded market expectations, but its stock price fell by 1.59% at the close, underperforming the broader market by 0.73%. percent.

Hypothesis: On March 16, 2011, the State Council of China decided to conduct a comprehensive inspection of nuclear facilities and suspend the approval of nuclear power projects best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Opponents of peat harvesting in this country argue that it would alter the ecological balance of our peatrich wetlands and that, as a direct consequence of this, much of the country' s water supply would be threatened with contamination. But this cannot be true, for in Ireland, where peat has been harvested for centuries, the water supply is not contaminated. We can safely proceed with the harvesting of peat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The activities of other industries in coming years are likely to have adverse effects on the water supply of this country' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Many corporations have begun decorating their halls with motivational posters in hopes of boosting their employees' motivation to work productively. However, almost all employees at these corporations are already motivated to work productively. So these corporations' use of motivational posters is unlikely to achieve its intended purpose.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider that even if employees are already motivated to work productively, motivational posters may increase that motivation.


Premise: Herbalist: While standard antibiotics typically have just one active ingredient, herbal antibacterial remedies typically contain several. Thus, such herbal remedies are more likely to retain their effectiveness against new, resistant strains of bacteria than are standard antibiotics. For a strain of bacteria, the difficulty of developing resistance to an herbal antibacterial remedy is like a cook' s difficulty in trying to prepare a single meal that will please all of several dozen guests, a task far more difficult than preparing one meal that will please a single guest.

Hypothesis: In the analogy drawn in the argument above, several dozen guests correspond to a standard antibiotic.


Premise: Aggression behavior is short for aggression, sometimes it can also be called aggression. It refers to the behavior of individuals who violate the mainstream norms of society, have motivation and hurt others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, sending Li's sick photos to the Wechat's Circles with Li's consent belongs to aggression behavior.


Premise: Egg yolk contains more cholesterol. Some people are afraid of high cholesterol and dare not eat egg yolk. A recent research report involving 500000 Chinese people with a follow-up of nearly 9 years suggests that people who eat eggs every day reduce the risk of cardiovascular events by 11%, the risk of death from cardiovascular events by 18%, especially the risk of hemorrhagic stroke by 26%. The corresponding risk of death was reduced by 28%. Considering that stroke is the largest cause of death in China, the researchers suggest that eating an egg a day is conducive to cardiovascular health.

Hypothesis: The statement that "food intake of cholesterol is not equal to the blood cholesterol level, and egg lecithin can effectively prevent the deposition of cholesterol and fat on the blood vessel wall" best supports the researcher's point of view.


Premise: Some engineers have doctorates, so some people who have doctorates are highly skilled.

Hypothesis: In order for the above reasoning to be true, the premise that all the engineers are highly skilled must be added.


Premise: Modern hot pot was first introduced into the Central Plains with the northern nomads and gave birth to different shapes. Beijing instant-boiled meat hot pot, mutton is as thin as paper, eat hot pot tender. Yunnan fungus hot pot, mushroom sweet and delicious, eat hot pot fragrance. Chaoshan beef hot pot, beef balls succulent, eat is tough. Hot pot is the most concentrated embodiment of the Chinese people's yearning for reunion. However, no one can compare with Chongqing people's love of hot pot. In the mountain city, there are more than 20,000 hot pot restaurants and one out of every 30 people in Chongqing is engaged in a hot pot-related career. The meeting of pepper and chilli is not only the flint collision between taste buds and nerves, but also the transoceanic gathering between Asia and America.

Hypothesis: The option 'Human migration promotes the development and integration of food' is inconsistent with the meaning of the original text.


Premise: Requiring that passwords conform to rules of length, complexity, and unpredictability increases the likelihood of someone gaining unauthorized access to a user' s account. Since most user accounts are automatically locked after a certain number of incorrect password guesses, it is usually impossible to gain access by guessing a password. However, because complex passwords can be hard to remember, users often write them down.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion of the argument is strongly supported if it is assumed that when a password is written down, it increases the chances that someone will be able to use that password to gain unauthorized access to the user's account.


Premise: Grain depends on land growth, but food productivity depends on the development of technology is General Secretary Xi Jinping's strategic deployment for food security. The simultaneous development of software and hardware will help improve agricultural productivity and land output. With the injection of modern scientific and technological means, agricultural scientific and technological innovation not only helps farmers continue to overcome the impact of the epidemic, but also makes agricultural production more accurate and efficient. Yuan Longping's super hybrid rice, Li Denghai's compact hybrid corn... A batch of international leading grain varieties have been continuously cultivated. From the barren Douli field to the high-yield tons of grain field, from sweat dripping into the soil to contactless spring ploughing, from unpredictable disasters to high-tech disaster prevention, modern technology has helped my country's farming Injected hardcore productivity. This means that there is a bumper harvest of grain, sufficient stocks, and food is stored in the people, so that the country will be prosperous and the people will be safe.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Improve the level of science and technology to ensure food security'.


Premise: An important sign that modern industrial civilization replaces traditional agricultural civilization is that socialized large-scale production replaces traditional small-scale production and natural economy. This is not only the change of the mode of production, but also inherently includes the change of cultural mode. Because the basic principles of the operation mechanism and organization mode of socialized large-scale production are the rational and scientific principles provided by the cultural model of rationalism, as well as the modern organizational principles that embody the rational spirit.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the passage is that the change of the mode of production and the change of cultural mode have promoted the progress of human civilization.


Premise: Under the background of globalization, the profit transfer of multinational corporations has become the focus of governments. If this problem is not addressed, it will exacerbate the unequal distribution of income between big capital and labor. This will be hard to solve unless countries agree on common corporate tax rates or new rules for cross-border tax governance.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it must be true that if countries formulate a uniform corporate income tax rate or form new rules of cross-border tax governance, the problem of profit shifting of multinational corporations can be solved.


Premise: Sociologist: Traditional norms in our society prevent sincerity by requiring one to ignore unpleasant realities and tell small lies. But a community whose members do not trust one another cannot succeed. So, if a community is to succeed, its members must be willing to face unpleasant realities and speak about them honestly.

Hypothesis: A community's failure is often caused by its members' unwillingness to face unpleasant realities and to discuss them honestly is the assumption required for the sociologist's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: The survey shows that the biggest difficulty in the process of youth entrepreneurship is funding. 64.2% of people believe that lack of sufficient funds is the main difficulty. Many people are unwilling to borrow or raise funds despite the lack of funds. This reflects that many entrepreneurs are starting their own businesses. There is a conservative mentality in the process. Another prominent difficulty is excessive competition among peers, accounting for 26.9%. During the survey process, it was found that the field of youth entrepreneurship is relatively concentrated, such as college students who are more inclined to entrepreneurship in e-commerce, computer technology support, etc. Young farmers are more willing to engage in planting and breeding industries that they are more familiar with.This kind of homogenized entrepreneurship will inevitably bring excessive competition while forming a scale effect.

Hypothesis: The field of youth entrepreneurship is concentrated in certain fixed industries is consistent with the original text.


Premise: All the apartments on 20th Avenue are in old houses. However, there are twice as many apartments on 20th Avenue as there are old houses. Ttherefore, most old houses on 20th Avenue contain more than one apartment.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to address the possibility that a significant number of old houses on 20th Avenue contain three or more apartments.


Premise: The shortage of water resources has always been a long-term and trending problem facing my country in the process of population growth, urbanization and industrialization, and has become a major bottleneck restricting my country's economic development. Experts believe that seawater desalination is the most economical  and the most practical and flexible water crisis solution in coastal and coastal areas. With the advancement of technology, the cost of seawater desalination will gradually decrease, and will eventually reach the level of competition with urban tap water, which is gradually increasing in cost, so that it can be promoted on a large scale.

Hypothesis: The necessity and feasibility of seawater desalination is stressed.


Premise: Legal results refer to the things generated by the original things in accordance with certain legal relations, and are the legal benefits that should be obtained by the owner of the original things for leasing, investment and other specific civil legal activities.

Hypothesis: The money A lent to B,B bought a ticket and won 100,000 yuan is a legal result.


Premise: Antagonism is a common sensory change phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon that the presence of one odorous substance weakens the taste characteristics of another odorant.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, adding a small amount of sodium glutamate to saccharin can significantly alleviate the bitter taste does not exhibit antagonism.


Premise: Public empowerment refers to the active participation of the public and the full expression of their interests in the process of formulation, implementation, evaluation and supervision of public policy, so as to promote the democratization and scientization of the process of public policy.

Hypothesis: In the process of formulating the development plan of a county in the next five years, the county party committee and the county government solicited a lot of valuable opinions by holding residents' symposiums, expert hearings and other forms belongs to public empowerment.


Premise: Statistics show that most car accidents occur at moderate speeds, and very few accidents occur at driving speeds greater than 150 km/h, which means that high-speed driving is safer.

Hypothesis: The statement "Compared with the damage consequences of car accidents in medium speed, the damage consequences of car accidents in high speed are much more serious" can best refute the above argument.


Premise: A commonly held belief is that cracking one' s knuckles causes arthritis. But this is, in fact, false, as indicated by the fact that most people with arthritis never cracked their knuckles.

Hypothesis: The reasoning is flawed because the argument treats the absence of a condition in some people afflicted with a disorder as evidence that the condition never causes the disorder.


Premise: Dongning University publicly recruits three teacher positions, one for the school of philosophy, one for the school of management and one for the school of economics. Each position has candidates from Nanshan University, Xijing university and Beiqing University. A smart person, Mr. Li, predicted the recruitment results as follows: if the school of philosophy accepted the candidate of Beiqing University, the school of management would hire the candidate of Xijing university; If the school of management employs the candidate of Nanshan University, the school of philosophy also employs the candidate of Nanshan University; If the school of economics employs candidates from Beiqing university or Xijing university, the school of management employs candidates from Beiqing University.

Hypothesis: If the university ownership information of the final candidates for the school of philosophy, management and economics is as follows, Xijing university, Beiqing University, Nanshan University meets Mr. Li's prediction.


Premise: Statistics show that the proportion of cars with airbags in car accidents is higher than those without airbags, so installing airbags in cars does not make car owners safer.

Hypothesis: The possibility of a car accident is incorrectly equated with the severity of the car owner's injury in the accident best points out the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: Industrial scientists have hypothesized that much of the nitrous oxide that contributes to air pollution originates from the burning of organic matter in forest fires. The results of one extensive study in which smoke samples taken from forest fires were bottled and then analyzed in a research laboratory supports this hypothesis, since the analysis showed that all of the samples contained high concentrations of nitrous oxide.

Hypothesis: The statement "When in a closed container, the gases in smoke produced by forest fires quickly react with each other thereby producing high concentrations of nitrous oxide" most undermines the argument.


Premise: National wealth refers to the sum of various tangible production assets, intangible production assets, natural resources (proven or income used) and external financial net assets owned by a country at a specific point in time.

Hypothesis: An undiscovered gold mine in the deep mountains is not national wealth.


Premise: Hydrological rhythm refers to the periodic and rhythmic changes of lake water regime. The generalized hydrological rhythm includes diurnal, monthly, seasonal and interannual rhythms. Under normal circumstances, due to the stable climate and underlying surface of the basin, the multi-year average water level of the lake tends to be stable, that is, the normal annual average water level of the lake. Therefore, the interannual rhythm of the lake is characterized by the abrupt change driven by interference factors and the stage stability after adapting to the disturbance, and there is no gradual trend, while the circadian rhythm has a weak effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, narrow hydrologic rhythm especially refers to monthly rhythm and seasonal rhythm.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option that involves the narrow hydrological rhythm is: "The annual average temperature in Chaohu Lake basin is stable at 15 ~ 16  degree. In between, there is a frost-free period of more than 200 days."


Premise: According to China's current laws and regulations, neighbors in the same building throw objects at high altitude, causing damage to other people's lives or property, if the person who throws objects cannot be found out, the residents of the same building who may cause damage shall jointly bear the liability for compensation. Such laws and regulations protect the rights of the victims, safeguard public safety, colleagues and allow the possible perpetrators to share the responsibility, which can enhance their awareness of supervision and prevention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Worried about taking responsibility, the residents of the community spontaneously publicized the harm of high-altitude throwing and actively reported relevant behaviors' best supports the above argument.


Premise: Jordan: If a business invests the money necessary to implement ecologically sound practices, its market share will decrease. But if it doesn' t implement these practices, it pollutes the environment and wastes resources. Terry: But if consumers demand environmental responsibility of all businesses, no particular business will be especially hurt.

Hypothesis: In the exchange between Jordan and Terry, the logical relationship between their statements is most similar to the logical relationship between their statements above.


Premise: Richard: Because it fails to meet the fundamental requirement of art -- that it represent -- abstract art will eventually be seen as an aberration. Jung-Su: Although artists, like musicians, may reject literal representation, makers of abstract art choose to represent the purely formal features of objects, which are discovered only when everyday perspectives are rejected. Thus, whatever others might come to say, abstract art is part of the artistic mainstream.

Hypothesis: Richard and Jung-Su disagree over whether abstract art is representational.


Premise: In recent years, some places have seen the phenomenon of children dropping out of school, which is related to the understanding of some parents. Some rural parents think there is no need to go to school because their children will have to work outside the country anyway. Obviously, this understanding is wrong.

Hypothesis: Some children who grow up to work outside the home do not need to go to school now can be derived from the given information.


Premise: Smithtown University' s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Smithtown University's fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people' provides more support for the argument.


Premise: Invisible implantation: refers to the propaganda strategy that affects the audience imperceptibly through peripheral information, symbol system and other imperceptible forms.

Hypothesis: In a TV series, all the characters use the same brand of mobile phone and use the classic ringtone of that brand is an invisible implant.


Premise: The market gap maker strategy refers to the relatively weak enterprises in the industry, in order to avoid head-on conflicts with powerful enterprises in the competition, choose unsatisfied market segments and provide special products or services to market segments in order to seek survival and development.

Hypothesis: A newly established cosmetics company specializing in developing and producing skin care products suitable for the elderly, which are scarce in the market, belongs to the market gap strategy according to the above definition.


Premise: During an investment promotion activity in a certain county, the investor made it difficult for the inviting party to say: I have three projects: environmental projects, tourism projects and chemical projects. If you are correct, I will invest one of these projects in your county. But if what you say is wrong, I will not invest in a project.

Hypothesis: The saying of the inviting party is "You will not invest in tourism or chemical projects in our county."


Premise: Recently, researchers have discovered that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the site of infection. They explained that this is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, this protein binds to integrins , T lymphocytes adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate their migration to the site of infection.

Hypothesis: Not only fever, other pressure can also induce the expression of Hsp90 in T lymphocytes can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Knowing that he wants to go to bed early, he can't help but stay up late to watch TV dramas; he knows that smoking and drinking are harmful to his health, but he can't resist the temptation to smoke and drink; he knows that exercise is good, but he doesn't bother to walk a step. In life, many people are not lack of health knowledge, they are more lack of self-discipline. People with self-discipline will go to bed early, avoid certain foods and keep exercising. If a person adheres to the spirit of self-discipline, he will not indulge himself, he will be able to maintain his circadian rhythm and live a healthy and happy life.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, if a person does not adhere to the spirit of self-discipline, he will indulge himself.


Premise: According to the role of learning in the formation and development of mobility, human motivation can be divided into primitive motivation and acquisition motivation. Primitive motives are innate motives, which are based on people's instinctive needs; Acquisition motivation refers to all kinds of acquired motivation, that is, all kinds of motivation generated and developed through learning.

Hypothesis: Beautiful and gentle girls are loved by boys is most likely to belong to the original motivation according to the above definition.


Premise: Lance: If experience teaches us nothing else, it teaches us that every general rule has at least one exception. Frank: What you conclude is itself a general rule. If we assume that it is true, then there is at least one general rule that has no exceptions. Ttherefore, you must withdraw your conclusion.

Hypothesis: Frank's argument is an attempt to counter Lance's conclusion by showing that Lance's conclusion involves him in a contradiction.


Premise: Robyn: A new line of designer imposter cosmetics could be very successful in certain markets. Manufacturers developing a new line of designer imposter cosmetics should focus on matching the packaging of the new line as closely as possible to the name brand cosmetic because the packaging is a significant part of brand recognition. Linda: Packaging is a significant part of brand recognition, but it is not the most important aspect. Generic food brands whose packaging closely resembles the name brand versions are not successful at luring the name brand' s customers unless the quality of the product is the same. Ttherefore, manufacturers that want to develop a successful line of designer imposter cosmetics should focus more on creating a product that is similar in quality to the original rather than focusing their energies on the packaging in an attempt to take advantage of brand recognition.

Hypothesis: The claim that generic food brands whose packaging closely resembles the name brand versions are not successful at luring the name brand products' customers unless the quality of the product is the same plays the role of a secondary conclusion used to support the main conclusion in Linda's argument.


Premise: Farmer: A report has just been released that criticizes our corn, alleging that the genetically-modified seed we use is harmful to consumers. However, the report was commissioned by our main competition -- a large-scale corporate farm. The conflict of interest is so obvious that consumers can continue to eat our corn without worry.

Hypothesis: The farmer does not provide any evidence as to why their corn is safe for consumption best explains why the farmer's argument is vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: At present, China is facing not only serious water pollution, but also a serious shortage of water resources. China is still in the stage of industrialization, and there is great pressure to reduce the demand for water resources and the discharge of pollutants, and it is obviously very difficult to control. But no matter how difficult it is, there is no turning back, because letting the people drink clean water is the government's commitment to the people. In fact, the goal of water control is not only to make people drink clean water, but also to make the whole ecosystem drink clean water.

Hypothesis: The necessity of flood control is intended to be explained by this passage.


Premise: For thousands of years, food has been moving and changing with people's footsteps. No matter how far the footsteps is, in people's mind, only the taste of hometown is familiar and stubborn. It is like a taste positioning system, one end locked thousands of miles away and the other forever hindered the hometown in the depths of memory.

Hypothesis: The word 'it' refers to taste.


Premise: In order to understand the degree of college students' mastery of the basic knowledge of intellectual property Law, an education consulting company selected two groups of students of the same grade in a university for a prize test. Through the analysis of marking papers, it is found that the excellence rate of the first group is 60%, while that of the second group is only 20%. Based on this, the consulting company concludes that there are great differences in the degree of understanding and mastery of the intellectual property Law among the college students.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The first group of students are from the law department' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: In country A, more complicated civil trials often exceed the comprehension of the jury. As a result, the jury's decision on this is often wrong. Therefore, some people suggest that the more complicated civil trials should be decided by the judge rather than the jury, which will improve the service quality of the judicial department.

Hypothesis: According to the definition given above, the correct option is that even when it comes to uncomplicated civil trials, the jury's decisions are often wrong.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that carbon dioxide resource utilization may achieve zero greenhouse gas emission target is correct.


Premise: Pundit: For many high school graduates, attending a university would be of no help in getting a corporate job. The attributes corporations value most in potential employees are initiative, flexibility, and the ability to solve practical problems. Many new high school graduates have these attributes already.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The pundit's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to establish that university graduates do not have initiative, flexibility, and the ability to solve practical problems' is the most vulnerable criticism of the pundit's argument.


Premise: Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz' s that discuss one of Newton' s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since <b> the book includes a presentation of Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques, </b>and since the notes were written before Leibniz' s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain <b> that the traditional view is false. </b> A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz' s notes are limited to early sections of Newton' s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton' s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

Hypothesis: The first and the second each provide evidence in support of a position that the historian defends in the historian's reasoning.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The offending driver said to the traffic police, I have something urgent. I didn't see the traffic sign line clearly' contains a typical subtext based on the above definition.


Premise: Ethicist: Many environmentalists hold that the natural environment is morally valuable for its own sake, regardless of any benefits it provides us. However, even if nature has no moral value, nature can be regarded as worth preserving simply on the grounds that people find it beautiful. Moreover, because it is philosophically disputable whether nature is morally valuable but undeniable that it is beautiful, an argument for preserving nature that emphasizes nature' s beauty will be less vulnerable to logical objections than one that emphasizes its moral value.

Hypothesis: The ethicist's reasoning most closely conforms to the principle that an argument for preserving nature will be less open to logical objections if it appeals to a characteristic that can be regarded as a basis for preserving nature and that philosophically indisputably belongs to nature.


Premise: A volunteer organization recruited volunteers who rushed to the earthquake-stricken area for disaster relief. Those who are least likely to be recruited are those under the age of 20, over 60, or people who have no experience in rescue techniques in the earthquake area: those men who are currently engaged in medical work or are in good health are more likely to be selected.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li. 23 years old. He has just graduated from university and currently works in an IT company. Not long ago, his city was affected by the surrounding earthquake. He felt a slight earthquake. He once helped evacuate people in office buildings is most likely to be selected according to the above conditions.


Premise: We should accept the proposal to demolish the old train station, because the local historical society, which vehemently opposes this, is dominated by people who have no commitment to long-term economic well-being. Preserving old buildings creates an impediment to new development, which is critical to economic health.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by the argument 'You should have your hair cut no more than once a month. After all, beauticians suggest that their customers have their hair cut twice a month, and they do this as a way of generating more business for themselves.'


Premise: The heavy historical and cultural heritage is not the burden of urban construction and urban development, but the house of spiritual ideas is easy to agglomerate into the greatest wealth of modern construction.The development of people has a cultural effect in the internal power, and the substantial improvement is the integration of various cultural forms of residents' quality.

Hypothesis: Cultural construction is the main component of urban construction best supports this view.


Premise: Tony: A short story is little more than a novelist' s sketch pad. Only novels have narrative structures that allow writers to depict human lives accurately by portraying characters whose personalities gradually develop through life experience. Raoul: Life consists not of a linear process of personality development, but rather of a series of completely disjointed vignettes, from many of which the discerning observer may catch glimpses of character. Thus, the short story depicts human lives more faithfully than does the novel.

Hypothesis: The dialogue most supports the claim that Tony and Raoul disagree about whether novels and short stories employ the same strategies to depict human lives.


Premise: A country's largest manufacturer of instant noodles plans to increase the price of instant noodles by one to two percent in April. This will be another substantial increase in the price of instant noodles in the country since 2006, approaching the highest price in history. The company said that the reason for increasing the price of instant noodles, mainly in response to the increase in the prices of raw materials such as food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Facing the trend of rising prices of food and other raw materials in the international market, the government of Country A has issued a policy to prohibit domestic food processing companies from increasing the prices of food products to prevent the increase in living costs and burdens of the people of Country A' best supports the above statement.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The US, Japan, India and other countries took advantage of China's aircraft carrier's trial flight to stir up a new China threat theory' best explains the expert's seemingly contradictory attitude.


Premise: Standard antibiotics usually contain only one active ingredient, while herbal antibiotics contain many. Therefore, herbal drugs are more likely to maintain their efficacy against new drug-resistant bacteria than standard antibiotics.For a strain, it is just as difficult for a chef to make a dish that can satisfy dozens of guests at the same time, just as it is difficult for a chef to make a dish that satisfies the taste of dozens of guests at the same time, while it is much easier to make a dish that satisfies the taste of one guest.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that depends on the size of the supermarket and the number of security guards needed to prevent theft is most similar to the one in the above argument.