Premise: In the past five years, the average price per square meter of new commercial housing has increased by 25%. In the average household budget over the same period, the proportion of the cost of purchasing commercial housing remained unchanged. So, the average household budget must have also increased by 25% over the past five years.

Hypothesis: The total amount spent on new commercial housing across the country increased by 25% is an assumption on which the above discussion is based.


Premise: The lag of express packaging standards, the difficulty of recycling and the lack of environmental awareness are the three bottlenecks hindering the greening of express packaging. To break these bottlenecks, there is still a lot of work to be done. For example, we must solve the problems that most of the current standards are recommended indicators, the binding force is not strong and the implementation is difficult, and introduce national mandatory standards. In order to solve the problem of excessive packaging, we must first solve the problems of rough loading and unloading and sorting. To improve the recycling rate of packaging materials, a very important link is that for consumers, reusable packaging materials such as cartons, plastics and other garbage should be disposed of in a place.

Hypothesis: The text title is most suitable for 'Play a good combination of boxing to help express green packaging.'


Premise: There are more girls than boys in law school. More than half of the law school students failed in the math final exam in the second semester of 2004.

Hypothesis: Girls fail more than boys fail can be inferred.


Premise: Humanistic care refers to a kind of universal human self-care, expressed as concern for personality, human value, human destiny and dignity, concern for people's living conditions and social status, people's needs for progress, and the guarantee of living conditions, and Affirmation and shaping of ideal personality.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, deep care for people's mental state and human nature, respect for people's emotions, will and values does not belong to humanistic care.


Premise: Shadow is a concept put forward by the new psychoanalyst Jung, referring to the most hidden and profound part of the human spirit, which includes the worst aspects of human nature as well as the most vital aspects of human nature. Shadow contains positive and negative aspects. Positive aspects refer to great creativity. Negative aspects can range from wars, aggressions, turmoil, and corruption in real life to deception, lies, hatred, jealousy, and hurt in real life. , Doubt, complain, etc.

Hypothesis: The shadow theory came up can be inferred from this text.


Premise: In a go competition, the contestant Chen Hua squeezed his knuckles from time to time, and the sound interfered with the opponent's thinking. During the interval between the closures of the game, the referee warned Chen Hua that if he squeezed his knuckles and made a sound again during the game, he would be ruled against the rules. In response, Chen Hua retorted that squeezing his knuckles was habitual and not intentional, so he should not be convicted of violating the rules.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In this competition, the opponent opened and closed the folding fan from time to time, and the sound disturbed Chen Hua's thinking' can best support Chen Hua's rebuttal to the referee.


Premise: When ultraviolet rays pass through the atmosphere, the vibrating frequency of the ozone layer resonates with ultraviolet rays, thus causing the vibration to absorb most of the ultraviolet rays. Therefore, resonance can make the ozone layer in the atmosphere like sunscreen, ensuring that we will not be damaged by radiation.

Hypothesis: The central idea above is 'Where did the ultraviolet go.'


Premise: The Internet not only brings infinite convenience to mankind, but also brings a lot of troubles to people. For families with children, there are great temptations from both positive and negative aspects of network information. Children's long time on the Internet will affect their eyesight and learning. What makes parents worry more is the side effects of pornography, games, violence and so on from the Internet. Therefore, parents should guide and restrict their children on the Internet.

Hypothesis: The practice of limiting children's online time in order to protect their eyesight is inconsistent with the above view.


Premise: Commodities refer to labor products that meet the needs of others through exchange.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, grain used by farmers to exchange meat with butchers is a commodity.


Premise: In 2014, in order to welcome the APEC meeting, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and other places implemented the APEC governance model and adopted the strictest emission reduction measures in history. Sure enough, the intoxicating APEC basket appeared. However, with the end of the meeting, the APEC blue gradually disappeared. In this regard, some people expressed confusion, since the government can implement the APEC governance model in the short term to achieve good results, why not adhere to this model for a long time?

Hypothesis: Except for the statement 'If the APEC governance model is normalized in the near future, it will seriously affect the local economic and social development', all of the other options can explain people's confusion.


Premise: Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or spring wheat next spring. Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally profitable. Because of new government restrictions on the use of Davison River water for irrigation, per acre yields for winter wheat, though not for spring wheat, would be much lower than average. Ttherefore, planting spring wheat will be more profitable than planting winter wheat, since__.

Hypothesis: Planting spring wheat is more profitable than planting certain other crops, such as rye most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: If the R & D department is in the Wu building, then it is possible that the legal department is in the Xin building.


Premise: Lofgren' s disease has been observed frequently in commercially raised cattle but very rarely in chickens. Both cattle and chickens raised for meat are often fed the type of feed that transmits the virus that causes the disease. Animals infected with the virus take more than a year to develop symptoms of Lofgren' s disease, however, and chickens commercially raised for meat, unlike cattle, are generally brought to market during their first year of life.

Hypothesis: There is no way to determine whether a chicken is infected with the Lofgren's disease virus before the chicken shows symptoms of the disease is most strongly supported by the information provided.


Premise: Email marketing refers to a network marketing method that delivers valuable information to target users through emails under the premise of the user's prior permission. Email marketing has three basic elements: based on the user's permission, information is delivered via email, and information It is valuable to users. The lack of one of the three elements cannot be called effective email marketing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li registered a free mailbox on a portal website, and he indicated that he would be willing to receive information about health care and sports competitions. After using the mailbox, the website often sends his mailbox information including health care and merchandise discounts is effective email marketing.


Premise: Although China's disaster relief capacity has been greatly improved after many large-scale natural disasters, disaster prevention education is still backward. China Poverty Alleviation Foundation conducted a survey on the disaster prevention awareness of the Chinese public in 2015. The results show that only 24.3% of urban residents expressed concern about the relevant knowledge of disaster response, which is only 11% in rural areas. In addition, less than 4% of urban residents have made basic disaster prevention preparations in their daily life, and more than half of rural residents have never participated in any disaster prevention training. The nominal disaster prevention education cannot improve people's self-help ability. They start to organize learning after the disaster, and the lost lives are irreparable.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is that China's disaster prevention education needs to be strengthened.


Premise: Some of the students enrolled in colleges and universities in the fall of 2007 are free normal students. All the free normal school students are from poor families. All the students from poor families took part in work-study activities.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then the option 'Some of the students who participated in work-study activities were enrolled in the fall of 2007' is false.


Premise: Phoebe: There have been many reported sightings of strange glowing lights, but a number of these sightings have a straightforward, natural explanation. They occurred clustered in time and location around the epicenters of three earthquakes, and so were almost certainly earthquake lights, a form of ball lightning caused by stresses in the ground. Quincy: I am skeptical that the association between the lights and the earthquakes is anything more than a coincidence. The theory that ground stresses related to earthquakes can cause any kind of lightning is extremely speculative.

Hypothesis: In responding to Phoebe, Quincy challenges the accuracy of the data about sightings that Phoebe takes for granted.


Premise: An experiment was done in which human subjects recognize a pattern within a matrix of abstract designs and then select another design that completes that pattern. The results of the experiment were surprising. The lowest expenditure of energy in neurons in the brain was found in those subjects who performed most successfully in the experiments.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the energy expenditure of the subjects' brains increases when a design that completes the initially recognized pattern is determined best accounts for the findings of the experiment.


Premise: Politician: A government that taxes incomes at a rate of 100 percent will generate no revenue because all economic activity will cease. So it follows that the lower the rate of income tax, the more revenue the government will generate by that tax. Economist: Your conclusion cannot be correct, since it would mean that an income tax of 0 percent would generate the maximum revenue.

Hypothesis: The economist is attacking the politician's argument by giving reason to doubt the truth of a premise in their response.


Premise: Pathological nostalgia refers to always indulging in the recollection of the past, tirelessly repeating the narrative of the past and the past environment and conditions.

Hypothesis: I am a stranger in a foreign land, and I miss my relatives every festival does not belong to pathological nostalgia.


Premise: If a manager is an excellent expert and scholar in a certain field, he will surely manage the basic affairs of the company; a well-behaved manager can be respected by his subordinates; but a person who knows nothing about all fields will definitely not get subordinates. respect. Haohan Company of directors will only remove those who have not managed the company's basic affairs well.

Hypothesis: It is impossible for Haohan Company's board of directors to dismiss a manager who is respected by his subordinates, based on the above information.


Premise: The BRICs' economic vitality and development prospects have impressed the international community. But at this stage, these countries still face some difficulties in their own economic development, such as unreasonable economic structure, relatively backward infrastructure, imperfect financial market functions, obvious regional development differences, etc. To solve these problems, we should give full play to the core role of finance and strengthen financial cooperation, explore cooperation mechanisms, enrich cooperation contents, improve cooperation methods, and effectively improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

Hypothesis: At present, BRICs focus on the financial industry is correct information about BRICs.


Premise: Colds are common in autumn and winter, and the tips to prevent colds have attracted much attention. It has been circulating on the Internet that placing an onion in the room can prevent colds, because the sulfur compounds volatilized by the onion can inhibit bacteria and cancer, and purify the indoor air. Therefore, putting a few onions cut at both ends indoors can effectively prevent colds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sulfide contained in onion has a certain inhibitory effect on intestinal bacteria, but it needs to be taken orally every day' most refutes the above view.


Hypothesis: A failure to observe Lofgren's disease in commercial chicken populations is not good evidence that chickens are immune to the virus that causes this disease is most strongly supported by the information provided.


Premise: A county airport, designed to serve the needs of private aircraft owners, planned to cover its operating expenses in part by charging user fees to private aircraft using the airport. The airport was unable to pay its operating expenses because the revenue from user fees was lower than expected.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Private aircraft owners were unwilling to pay the user fees charged at the airport' must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Hematopoietic poverty alleviation refers to the way that government departments or social forces help poor areas and poor people to increase their income and get rid of poverty by continuously supporting the development of rural industries and broadening the channels of sales and consumption of agricultural products.

Hypothesis: The Poverty Alleviation Office of a county has organized more than 200 farmers from mountainous areas to work in the southeast coastal cities after strict training, and these farmers send money home on time every month, which has improved their family life, belongs to hematopoietic poverty alleviation.


Premise: Scientist: Any theory that is to be taken seriously must affect our perception of the world. Of course, this is not, in itself, enough for a theory to be taken seriously. To see this, one need only consider astrology.

Hypothesis: The point of the scientist's mentioning astrology in the argument is to present an example of a theory that should not be taken seriously despite its affecting our perception of the world.


Premise: Teaching includes two aspects: teaching and learning. The science that studies the general of teaching theory is called pedagogy, which is also into professorship theory, which is a relatively independent branch of educational science. Teaching theory should solve the theoretical problems related to teaching.

Hypothesis: The argument that teaching includes teaching and learning mainly supports this passage.


Premise: It is widely believed that eating chocolate can cause acne. Indeed, many people who are susceptible to acne report that, in their own experience, eating large amounts of chocolate is invariably followed by an outbreak of that skin condition. However, it is likely that common wisdom has mistaken an effect for a cause. Several recent scientific studies indicate that hormonal changes associated with stress can cause acne and there is good evidence that people who are fond of chocolate tend to eat more chocolate when they are under stress.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that the more chocolate a person eats, the more likely that person is to experience the hormonal changes associated with stress.


Premise: Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has observed that <b> almost all provisional arrests meet the standards for adequacy of evidence that the watch commanders enforce </b>. The expert has ttherefore recommended that because <b> the officers' time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted </b>, the watch commander' s approval no longer be required. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders' standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

Hypothesis: The first portion in boldface is a finding that was used in support of a proposal that the editorial opposes, while the second portion is a judgment that was based on that finding and in turn was used to support the proposal.


Premise: Even among the knowledgeable scholars, there are some people who study hard and read a lot, but their ability is not very high, lack of independent opinions, and have no creative ability.

Hypothesis: The argument supported above is that people who are creative may not have profound knowledge.


Premise: The words we follow today to talk about ancient Chinese painting are all written by Chinese literati, and because of this, Chinese literati have dominated the discussion space of painting for a long time, and they have become accustomed to starting from their own point of view. choose a point of view that is good for literati and artists, and now-- or should have been-- it's time for us to compete with them. And we should also question what they call a good painter or good work. Many excellent non-literati artists do not get due recognition because of the prejudice of literati. Here, we should give them objective evaluation and due status one by one.

Hypothesis: The literati have been in a strong position in the field of Chinese painting theory for a long time is consistent with the original text.


Premise: A certain medication that is frequently prescribed to lower a patient' s cholesterol level is generally effective. A recent study of 1, 000 subjects ranging widely in age indicates, however, that the cholesterol level of someone taking the medication is typically 12 to 15 percent higher than the average for that person' s age group.

Hypothesis: The statement "The medication described above is usually prescribed only for people whose cholesterol level is at least 30 percent above the average for their age group" most helps to explain how both of the claims made above could be true.


Premise: Astorga' s campaign promises are apparently just an attempt to please voters. What she says she will do if elected mayor is simply what she has learned from opinion polls that voters want the new mayor to do. Ttherefore, voters are not being told what Astorga actually intends to do if she becomes mayor.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Astorga does not actually intend, if elected, to do what she has learned from the public opinion polls that voters want the new mayor to do is a questionable assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: In ancient times, the Chinese dragon was an auspicious beast, and the Western dragon was a loyal guard. As early as 4000 years ago, a monster called Dragon appeared in Western myths and stories, and this monster was the dragon of the West. In the Neolithic Age more than 7000 years ago, the Chinese began to worship the primitive dragon totem. In the Middle Ages, the Chinese dragon became a symbol of the emperor, and the European dragon fell into the incarnation of the devil. In modern times, the Chinese dragon was once printed with the national flag, and the western dragon became a derogatory term. When the Qing government dealt with the West, they painted dragons on the flags as the national flag. After the fall of the Qing government, the dragon is still the incarnation of the Chinese ancestors and the cultural symbol of the Chinese nation.

Hypothesis: The statement "The descendants of China should promote the dragon culture" can be derived from this text.


Premise: Smartwatch has developed rapidly in recent years, it has many functions that traditional watches do not have, such as real-time sending and receiving text messages and emails, real-time monitoring of exercise status, obtaining the data of the blood pressure and pulse and so on.Because of these advantages of smartwatch, more and more people buy smartwatch. On this basis, Zhang Nan predicts that in a few years, factories that make traditional watches will eventually close down.

Hypothesis: Many smartwatches need to be used with smartphones, which makes many people feel troublesome can most weaken Zhang Nan's conclusion.


Premise: After Hearing The Confession is a review system stipulated in the Song Dynasty to prevent unjust, false and wrong cases. It means that if prisoners file a complaint during recording or execution, the case must be analyzed and tried. The different investigation in the Song Dynasty is divided into two forms: the company transfer investigation of the original trial organ and the official transfer investigation. The company transfer investigation refers to that the original trial organ submits the case to another judicial organ at the same level for review It means that the original trial authority reports the case to the superior authority, and the superior authority is responsible for sending officials of another organ irrelevant to the original trial authority for retrial. In this case, officials of the superior authority are often sent to the original trial authority for trial, or the case is transferred to the superior authority for review.

Hypothesis: In the Song Dynasty, the central judicial organs had two criminal departments, the left and right. If a prisoner lodged a complaint against a case tried in one department, it would be retried by the other department does not belong to After Hearing The Confession according to the above definition.


Premise: A safety report indicates that, on average, traffic fatalities decline by about 7 percent in those areas in which strict laws requiring drivers and passengers to wear seat belts have been passed. In a certain city, seat belt laws have been in effect for two years, but the city' s public safety records show that the number of traffic deaths per year has remained the same.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the last two years, most of the people killed in car accidents in the city were not wearing seat belts' does NOT help resolve the apparent discrepancy between the safety report and the city's public safety records.


Premise: Internet addiction refers to a mental behavior disorder caused by an individual's repeated excessive use of the Internet, which is manifested as a strong desire to use the Internet again, and withdrawal reactions when stopping or reducing Internet use, and may be accompanied by mental and physical symptoms.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's obsession with online games and his inability to go without the Internet for a day can be considered Internet addiction.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: If the fourth goes on K, then the sixth one goes to X is likely to be true.


Premise: As a result of modern medicine, more people have been able to enjoy long and pain-free lives. But the resulting increase in life expectancy has contributed to a steady increase in the proportion of the population that is of advanced age. This population shift is creating potentially devastating financial problems for some social welfare programs.

Hypothesis: Solving one set of problems can create a different set of problems is most precisely exemplified by the situation presented above.


Premise: The researchers divided the subjects into two groups: group A did its own thing for ten minutes, but did not do anything that would lead to lying; group B was asked to steal the test paper and lie during the test. The researchers then asked the subjects to wear special electrodes to record the frequency of blinking when asked. The results showed that the blinking frequency of group A increased slightly, but the blinking frequency of group B decreased at first, and then increased significantly to 8 times of the general frequency. Thus it can be seen that by observing the blinking frequency of a person, we can judge whether he is lying or not.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Will telling lies lead to a faster heartbeat and higher blood pressure?' hardly questions the conclusions of this study.


Premise: Mimicry refers to the adaptation phenomenon that some animals imitate other biological or abiotic environments in terms of appearance, shape, color, markings or behavior, so as to confuse the enemy's vision and avoid enemy predation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, rabbits are domesticated from wild cave rabbits, rabbits have the habit of digging caves to avoid enemies, and although rabbits have artificially built living places, they still have the behavior of digging holes belongs to mimicry.


Premise: A unit wants to plant four kinds of trees in the courtyard among Toona sinensis, jujube, neem, cedar, ginkgo and peach. It is known that: (1) Toona sinensis, at least one kind of jujube tree is planted: (2) if you plant Chunshu, then plant cedar but not cedar: (3) if you plant jujube, plant cedar but not ginkgo.

Hypothesis: If ginkgo biloba is planted in the courtyard, planting jujube trees is impossible.


Premise: Some meteorological experts pointed out that global warming has become one of the most serious problems in human development. The melting of glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic regions has accelerated due to global warming, which has caused sea levels to rise; if this trend remains unchanged, many will be flooded in the future. area. However, in recent years, people in many parts of the northern hemisphere have felt quite cold in winter, and some areas have even experienced super snowfall and ultra-low temperatures. People feel that the exact description of the recent climate seems to be global cooling.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In recent years, the original ocean currents have increased due to the increase in sea temperature near the equator, and the areas in the northern hemisphere experiencing severe winters are not the main areas affected by the original cold currents' best explains the above phenomenon.


Premise: Non-operating income refers to a variety of income confirmed by an enterprise that has no direct relationship with the enterprise's production and operation activities. This income is actually a net income, which is not generated by the enterprise's operating capital expenditure, and does not need to be paid by the enterprise or matched with relevant expenses. In other words, all income other than the main business and other ancillary businesses specified in the business license of the enterprise is considered non-operating income.

Hypothesis: The statement that the ticket revenue obtained by the service company of a tourist spot belongs to non-operating income is incorrect according to the above definition.


Premise: Polymorphism refers to the state of diversity that individuals of the same species show for certain shapes and qualities.

Hypothesis: A polymorphism is when there are no two identical leaves in the world.


Premise: If a child's weight to height ratio exceeds the level of 80% of children in the region, it is called an obese child. According to the survey results over the years, the number of obese children in Linjiang has been steadily increasing for 15 years.

Hypothesis: The number of non-obese children in Linjiang City has been increasing for 15 years is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: The researchers asked children of different ages to use words to form semantic correspondence. For example, when children see the words eagle, bear and robin, they combine them best according to their meaning. The results showed that older participants were more likely to develop different types of false memory than younger participants. Because there are many forms of classification in their minds. For example, young children classify eagles and robins as birds, while older children classify eagles and bears as predators. Compared with children, they have a concept of predators in their minds.

Hypothesis: Older children are more likely to have false memories than younger ones conforms to the context.


Premise: Before the Dragon Boat Race, people made three estimates of the results of the four teams: (1) the blue team won the championship and the yellow team won the runner-up; (2) the blue team won the runner-up and the Green team won the third place; (3) the red team won the runner-up, the Green team finished fourth. However, actual results show that each of the three estimates is half right and half wrong.

Hypothesis: The correct order of the results is Blue team, Green team, Yellow team, Red team.


Premise: Researchers followed up a study of 500 children in a country and found that the fastest period of human brain growth is within three months after birth, and the size of the brain can reach more than half of adults.

Hypothesis: If any of the 500 children has his/her brain growing rapidly after three months of birth, this can best prove the above conclusion.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: Only the resource utilization of carbon dioxide can achieve zero greenhouse gas emission can be concluded based on this.


Premise: Happiness is people's subjective and joyful physical and mental state. It is also a multi-level experience process brought by the well-being and satisfaction state formed by the cognition and experience of the existence world.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A person enjoys the most welfare, and the task of the economy is to devote to welfare' is not called happiness.


Premise: Entrepreneurs should have the ability of communication and persuasion, which is an essential ability for successful entrepreneurship. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to make the public recognize and buy your products and services. Therefore, the ability of communication and persuasion is as important as execution.

Hypothesis: Without the ability of communication and persuasion, it is impossible to start a business successfully cannot be drawn from the above point of view.


Premise: Ding kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which is as famous as Ru, Guan, GE and Jun kilns. The kiln is located in Quyang, Hebei Province. Quyang County belonged to Dingzhou in the Song Dynasty, so it was named Ding kiln. Under the influence of Xing kiln, Ding kiln mainly produces white porcelain, but also burns black glaze and green glaze at the same time. The enamel of white porcelain is clear and moist, the color is mild, just like tooth carving, and the recessive is quite good. The decoration is well-known in ancient and modern times for its vivid and powerful carved and printed white porcelain, which is better than Xing kiln. The beautiful and elegant carved white porcelain and magnificent printed white porcelain in the Song and Jin dynasties are the two main varieties of Ding Kiln, representing the typical artistic style of Ding Kiln in its heyday.

Hypothesis: The white porcelain of Ding kiln does not draw lessons from Xing kiln and exceeds that of Xing kiln.


Premise: After Xiaoding presented fan with his 2005 annual statistical report, Fan saw at once that one of the statistics was flawed. He said to xiaoding: This statistic is wrong, please check whether the original data is wrong or the calculation is wrong?After Xiaoding carefully calculated, the result shows that the calculation is wrong.

Hypothesis: It is certain whether the original data is wrong can be inferred accordingly.


Premise: The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person' s lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.

Hypothesis: Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can is an assumption on which this argument depends.


Premise: The phenomenon of cashless society has attracted people's attention, mainly due to the rapid development of mobile payment in recent years, covering people's clothing, food, housing and transportation, spreading to the corners of cities and towns, and making some people change the habit of using cash. Actively promoting the construction of a cashless society is of far-reaching significance: first, it will help to lower the threshold of financial services and better promote economic development; second, it will help to reduce and reduce the utilization rate and management costs of cash, and reduce the cost of issuing money. It will also accelerate the flow of funds. Third, it helps to establish an integrity system, identify, prevent and crack down on all kinds of illegal and criminal acts related to cash transactions, bribery and bribery, and effectively curb corruption.

Hypothesis: The benefits for the financial industry are not mentioned with regard to a cashless society.


Premise: When a shop was stolen, the clues that the police have are as follows: 1.At most one of the three of A, B, and C is a criminal 2.If A is a criminal, B must be a co-criminal 3.When the theft happened, C was eating at home.

Hypothesis: A and C are not criminals is the answer to the question "So?"


Premise: Egg yolk contains more cholesterol. Some people are afraid of high cholesterol and dare not eat egg yolk. A recent research report involving 500000 Chinese people with a follow-up of nearly 9 years suggests that people who eat eggs every day reduce the risk of cardiovascular events by 11%, the risk of death from cardiovascular events by 18%, especially the risk of hemorrhagic stroke by 26%. The corresponding risk of death was reduced by 28%. Considering that stroke is the largest cause of death in China, the researchers suggest that eating an egg a day is conducive to cardiovascular health.

Hypothesis: The statement that eggs are very nutritious with high contents of calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B best supports the researcher's point of view.


Premise: In the ecosystem of Internet industry cluster blockchain technology application, there are tens of millions of registered members, who form a huge consumer group and are also the specific counterpart of the Internet industry cluster. As in the traditional sense of the consumer, through its own commercial consumer behavior, one thousand years to create the value of this group to witness a generation after generation of the rich, successful, emerge in endlessly, Japan's richest man by material, green red wine, an enviable life, enjoying wealth brings a person of extraordinary powers mansion, luxury cars, position, honor, their children can get high quality education opportunities, too To the inheritance of all the resources of our parents, there is an element of individual effort, but it certainly has to do with the millions of people who buy and use their products and services.

Hypothesis: Like the darling of the times in history, the Internet industry cluster blockchain technology is a means of benefit can be inferred.


Premise: In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently account for 6 percent of miles driven on Partoria' s roads but are involved in 12 percent of all highway fatalities. The very largest trucks-those with three trailers-had less than a third of the accident rate of single-and double-trailer trucks. Clearly, ttherefore, one way for Partoria to reduce highway deaths would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

Hypothesis: The statement "In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years" most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The administration at a certain university has explained this year' s tuition increase by citing increased spending on faculty salaries and on needbased aid to students. However, this year' s budget indicated that faculty salaries constitute a small part of the university' s expenditure, and the only significant increases in scholarship aid have gone to academic scholarships awarded regardless of need. The administration' s explanation is not believable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With this year's budget, the university increased the allotment for faculty salaries by 5 percent while tuition was increased by 6 percent' most strengthens the argument that the administration's explanation is not believable.


Premise: Administrative agency performance refers to the administrative decision made by the administrative organ according to law requiring the party to perform the obligations of removing obstacles and restoring the original state. If the party fails to perform within the time limit and still fails to perform after being urged, and the consequences have endangered or will endanger traffic safety, cause environmental pollution or damage natural resources, the administrative organ may perform on behalf of the party, or entrust a third party without an interest to perform on behalf of the party

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option "A factory was fined by the Environmental Protection Bureau for noise pollution. After being urged, the factory refused to pay the fine, so the Environmental Protection Bureau applied to the court for enforcement" meets the provisions of administrative agent performance.


Premise: Orthodox medicine is ineffective at both ends of the spectrum of ailments. At the more trivial end, orthodox medicine is largely ineffective in treating aches, pains, and allergies, and, at the other extreme, it has yet to produce a cure for serious, life-threatening diseases such as advanced cancer and lupus. People turn to alternative medicine when orthodox medicine fails to help them and when it produces side effects that are unacceptable to them. One of the reasons alternative medicine is free of such side effects is that it does not have any effects at all.

Hypothesis: There are some trivial illnesses that can be treated effectively by the methods of alternative medicine can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: The empirical hypothesis is a speculative explanation of the phenomena and laws of things based on the results of observation or experiment and the existing scientific principles, while the theoretical hypothesis is a speculative explanation of the phenomena and laws of things through the thinking process of intuition, imagination, abstraction and so on.

Hypothesis: Bessel found that the motion of Sirius has a periodic deviation, and put forward the guess that Sirius has a companion star belongs to the theoretical hypothesis according to the above definition.


Premise: Scientists found that men who underwent the same surgery and took the same painkillers experienced less pain relief and were less effective for less time than women.

Hypothesis: The same painkiller works better for women than for men is the meaning of expression according to the above text.


Premise: The Yuan Dynasty inherited the policy of opening to the outside world in the Tang and Song dynasties, strengthened its political ties with overseas countries, and actively carried out overseas trade economically. There are more than 200 countries and regions related to the Yuan Dynasty, a considerable part of which were not recorded in the previous generation. The Great Triangle of Southern Africa appeared in the early Ming Dynasty (1389) and Korea's (1402). The two pictures are similar. The author of the Korean map made it clear that it was drawn according to the two kinds of maps of the Yuan people. It can be seen that the Yuan people already have some understanding of the geographical situation of Africa. The expansion of overseas geography knowledge reflects the progress of overseas transportation. It can be considered that the overseas activities of the Yuan Dynasty laid the foundation for Zheng he's navigation in the 15th century.

Hypothesis: There are far more overseas countries in contact with the Yuan Dynasty than with the previous dynasties is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Some engineers have doctorates, so some people who have doctorates are highly skilled.

Hypothesis: In order for the above reasoning to be true, it must be added as a premise that all the engineers are highly skilled.


Premise: Sharks are generally carnivorous. But some scientists say they have found a sphyrna tiburo in an area that uses plants as an important part of its diet.

Hypothesis: The statement "When the researchers analyzed the food in the stomachs of some sphyrna tiburo, they found that half of their diet was plant" best supports the scientists' findings.


Premise: Invisible implantation: refers to the propaganda strategy that affects the audience imperceptibly through peripheral information, symbol system and other imperceptible forms.

Hypothesis: To remind her careless and busy husband that their wedding anniversary was coming, Xiao Li secretly changed the screen saver of his mobile phone to wedding photos is an invisible implant.


Premise: The closest distance from the earth to Mars is about 55 million kilometers, and the farthest is more than 400 million kilometers. Only when the angle between the earth and Mars is 70° can the probe reach Mars as scheduled. Therefore, my country is expected to launch a Mars probe in 2020, and the following year. Landing on Mars, an aerospace expert commented: If this opportunity in 2020 cannot be seized, then the next suitable launch time will be delayed until at least 2022.

Hypothesis: Launching a Mars rover must wait until the Earth and Mars form a certain angle, and this opportunity only occurs every 26 months is the premise that needs to be supplemented for the above-mentioned expert's comment to be established.


Premise: Object administrative culture means that individuals, groups and organizations, as the objects of administrative management, make a reasonable evaluation of the behavior of administrative subjects (mainly administrative organs), and their evaluation criteria will be diverse due to their different interests.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the industrial and Commercial Department of a city implementing preferential policies for small and medium-sized enterprises according to relevant laws and regulations belongs to object administrative culture.


Premise: It is precisely because there are sufficient dairy products as a source of food that the herders living in the Hulunbuir prairie can take in enough calcium. Obviously, this kind of sufficient calcium is essential for the herders in the Hulunbuir prairie having a strong body.

Hypothesis: Some herders in the Hulunbuir prairie have a strong body, but they do not have sufficient dairy products as a source of food can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The artist who can create beauty must have a high starting point. If the starting point is very low, it is easy to flow with the secular. Most of the older modern artists started in the early 1930s, taking lessons from Lu Xun's realism and jumping into the Chinese revolution with a solid foundation. Their accumulated experience can be taught by future generations.

Hypothesis: A high starting point for learning can create beauty and be taught by words and deeds for future generations does not fit the meaning of the passage.


Premise: The researchers asked children of different ages to use words to form semantic correspondence. For example, when children see the words eagle, bear and robin, they combine them best according to their meaning. The results showed that older participants were more likely to develop different types of false memory than younger participants. Because there are many forms of classification in their minds. For example, young children classify eagles and robins as birds, while older children classify eagles and bears as predators. Compared with children, they have a concept of predators in their minds.

Hypothesis: Depending on the nature of different events and the evidence and testimony, young children may sometimes remember more accurately conforms to the context.


Premise: A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles' prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers' cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

Hypothesis: In assessing the plan's chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know whether the automaker's competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products.


Premise: Algorpal Industries produces high quality pneumatic filters. For years, they have primarily served manufacturers of domestic agricultural equipment, and over time, this market has been decreasing. A consultant recommended that, with a minor modification, Algorpal could expand into pneumatic filters for biomedical research technology, a rapidly expanding market. The consultant argued that this single change could reverse a ten-year decline in Algorpal' s profits.

Hypothesis: Whether the competition in the biomedical technology sector would allow for profits similar to what those in the agricultural sector had been would be the most useful to establish in evaluating the consultant's recommendation.


Premise: In an exam, there are three questions about tourist attractions in Beijing, requiring candidates to choose the name of a scenic spot as the only answer to each question. The answers of six candidates to the above three questions are as follows: the first candidate: Temple of Heaven, Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the second candidate: Tiananmen Square, Tiananmen Square; the third candidate: the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City; the fourth candidate: the Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the fifth candidate: Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City; the sixth candidate: the Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City. The examination results show that each examinee has answered at least one of the questions correctly.

Hypothesis: The order of answers to the three questions is The Imperial Palace, Tianan


Premise: Chemical deposition refers to the process of precipitation and accumulation of substances transported in the form of colloid solution and true solution in water medium after they reach the appropriate place when chemical conditions change. Among them, colloid solution refers to the solution containing a certain size of solid particles or polymer compounds, real solution refers to a higher transparency of aqueous solution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when the seawater rich in phosphorus rises to the shallow sea area, due to the decrease of pressure and the increase of temperature, the phosphorous is precipitated and deposited and the ore collision is formed is not chemical deposition.


Premise: Collective behavior in the form of institutional arrangements and policy guidance. It is just a comprehensive expression of many personal wishes and personal choices. Unless each and every one of us cares about the environment and takes concrete actions, no government will have the incentive (or pressure) to implement environmental policies. Even if the government has formulated sound environmental laws and regulations, if every citizen does not take the initiative to abide by them, then no matter how good the environmental laws and regulations are, they will not achieve the desired results.

Hypothesis: The main point supported by this passage is that environmental protection regulations formulated by the government should reflect the wishes of citizens.


Premise: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has designated 2008 as the year of the Potato. The potato, also known as Tudou, is called a hidden treasure by United Nations experts. The United Nations named a year after a crop, which appeared only once in history, that is 2003, the International year of Rice. Why is it that this year's protagonist is not Corn, Apple, but the potato, which is buried deep in the ground and inconspicuous? Because potatoes are needed to solve the problem of global food security.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is that attention should be paid to the issue of global food security.


Premise: Lawmaker: Raising taxes is not the only means of reducing government debt. The government' s stockpile of helium is worth 25 percent more, at current market prices, than the debt accumulated in acquiring and storing it. Ttherefore, by selling the helium, the government can not only pay off that debt but reduce its overall debt as well.

Hypothesis: Attempts to sell the government's helium will not depress the market price of helium by more than 25 percent is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Reason is the most reliable tool when people need to make reliable judgments to decide how to act in complex situations. Irrational tools, such as hunches and habits, are often used, but resorting to reason is undoubtedly the easiest way to succeed when it matters a lot, or when success or failure depends on the judgment you make. We already have some reasonable methods that have been tested for a long time, which can be used to determine what is appropriate and which is true, and we have a series of established principles that guide us to draw inferences from what we know.

Hypothesis: The main meaning expressed in this passage is that reason is the most reliable tool for people to make judgments.


Premise: History has told us more than once that when society changes rapidly, new things continue to emerge, old relationships continue to change, language is impacted and with the change, there is a big mineral deposit in front of us.Because the law of this language has not been fully formed, it seems childish, rough and chaotic, but there are treasures buried in the gold of the language, if it is used indiscriminately as it is, it is bound to destroy the purity of the language, if it is processed and tempered, but it can create a model of artistic language, which is the reality in front of the writer.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, writers should undertake the important task of creating artistic language models is correct.


Premise: On the evening of Oct 6, Zhang Qiang either went to the cinema to see a film or visited his friend Qin Ling. If Zhang Qiang drove home that night, he wouldn't have gone to the cinema. Only zhang Qiang and Qin Ling agreed in advance, Zhang Qiang can visit her, in fact, zhang Qiang can not agree with Qin Ling in advance.

Hypothesis: Zhang Qiang didn't go to the cinema that night can be concluded based on the above statement.


Premise: In most cases, writing poems and filling words is a process of mutual accommodation between language and emotion. It is unpredictable for a beginner to have what kind of feelings and choose what kind of sentence pattern to start with. But once he has a preliminary idea, he can always get appropriate help in the book Tang and Song Poetry Rhythms. He will know which words are suitable to express what kind of feelings, what kind of rhyme he should choose, and how to make rational use of certain rhetorical devices so as not to be fooled in the face of special syntax. If you have read enough ancient poems and have a certain sense of language, you will indeed be able to complete your first creation with the help of this book. It can not teach people to write amazing masterpieces, but with the greatest sincerity to prevent you from making all kinds of jokes.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Tang and Song Poetry Rhythms provides a very good help for beginners.


Premise: Many newspapers have cut back on book reviews, replacing them with other features that, according to focus group research, are of greater interest to potential readers. Such a move is ill-advised. Though meant to increase readership, it actually decreases readership by alienating loyal readers while catering to casual readers who are more likely to watch television than pick up a newspaper.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument is that the newspapers should not have cut back on book reviews.


Premise: 3D stereoscopic technology represents the cutting-edge level of the current film technology, because the film to achieve a highly credible sense of space, it may become the mainstream of future films. Although the screen characters in 3D movies are computer-generated, the performances of computer characters that include actions and expressions are based on the performances of real actors, just like makeup technology in the digital age. This has also aroused the concern of some actors: with the development of computer technology, computer-generated images and animations will replace live-action performances in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'the film story can only be expressed by the heart and emotion of the actor, and its form of expression has nothing to do with the preferences of the director' can most reduce the actor's worries.


Premise: Despite increasing international efforts to protect the natural habitats of endangered species of animals, the rate at which these species are becoming extinct continues to rise. It is clear that these efforts are wasted.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Species that would have become extinct have been saved due to the establishment of animal refuges' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Ecologist: The incidence of alligator attacks on humans in the vicinity of the Blue Lagoon has increased in recent years. Relocating at least half of the Blue Lagoon's alligator population would help decrease the incidence of alligator attacks on humans.

Hypothesis: The ecologist's claim relies on the assumption that there has been no significant change in the size of the alligator population in the Blue Lagoon.


Premise: Criminal motivation stereotypes, also known as criminal habits, are the implementation of the perpetrator's criminal behavior into an automated conditioned reflex system. It is the criminal psychology that has been strengthened due to the perpetrator's multiple successes in the crime, and the criminal behavior is stereotyped.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The stereotype of criminal motivation is clearly manifested in repeated offenders' is incorrect according to the above definition.


Premise: When a stone is trimmed by a mason and exposed to the elements, a coating of clay and other minerals, called rock varnish, gradually accumulates on the freshly trimmed surface. Organic matter trapped beneath the varnish on stones of an Andean monument was found to be over 1, 000 years old. Since the organic matter must have grown on the stone shortly after it was trimmed, it follows that the monument was built long before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas in 1492.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The reuse of ancient trimmed stones was common in the Andes both before and after 1492' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Researchers have found that children in large families -- particularly the younger siblings -- generally have fewer allergies than children in small families do. They hypothesize that exposure to germs during infancy makes people less likely to develop allergies.

Hypothesis: Children from small families who entered day care before age one were less likely to develop allergies than children from small families who entered day care later most supports the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: If home appliances going to the countryside gives home appliance enterprises the opportunity to open up the rural consumer market, then going to the city can better create better sales performance for enterprises. Because in cities, residents are more likely to accept new ways of life and consumption. If home appliances into the city also get the relevant policy support and subsidies of the government. Enterprises should have reason to explore new consumption potential in the urban market, so that urban low-income and unemployed residents can also benefit from the consumption of home appliances.

Hypothesis: The option 'Compared with the rural market, the urban consumer market also has the potential to tap' is conforming to the author's point of view.


Premise: Investigators have not proved that the forest fire was started by campers. Nor have they proved that lightning triggered the fire. So the investigators have not proved that the blaze was caused by campers or lightning.

Hypothesis: The argument that "Kim has no reason to believe that Sada will win the election. Kim also has no reason to believe that Brown will win the election. So Kim has no reason to believe that either Sada or Brown will win the election" most closely resembles the flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: The information age seems to provide people with an unprecedented variety of choices. But in fact, with the rise of social media and the application of intelligent algorithms, people gradually become only selective access to the information they are interested in, just like the silk spinning of spring silkworms, gradually forming an information cocoon house. Obviously, it is not comprehensive to have access to only the information you are interested in. Therefore, the arrival of the information age does not mean that people can look at social problems in a more comprehensive way.

Hypothesis: The process of the above argument is most similar to the process of consumers' environmental attitudes being difficult to translate into actual shopping choices, and often acquiescing in the lack of processing of so-called green products, leading to a lack of success for products with green environmental protection as their selling point.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to help their children take care of the next generation. In a recent urban survey, young people interviewed admitted that their parents were drifters. I have just started my career with my lover and I am under great pressure at work. I have no time to take care of the children and do housework at all. According to this, some experts assert that the group of old drifters in China's cities will be further expanded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The implementation of the national two-child policy will promote the birth of more children' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Curator: Our museum displays only twentieth-century works, which are either on loan from private collectors or in the museum' s permanent collection. Prints of all of the latter works are available in the museum store. The museum store also sells prints of some works that are not part of the museum' s permanent collection, such as Hopper' s Nighthawks.

Hypothesis: If the curator's statements are true, then every print in the museum store is of a work that is either on loan to the museum from a private collector or part of the museum's permanent collection must be true.


Premise: Letter to the editor: According to your last edition' s anonymous article, we should all be required to carry identification cards and show them on demand. This opinion is wrong. After all, the writers of the article should not have asserted that the right to remain anonymous was trivial, unless they were prepared to put their names to that assertion.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it diverts attention from the content of the article by focusing on the writers' actions.


Premise: The lotus leaf is the leaf of the perennial aquatic herb lotus, and its chemical constituents are mainly nuciferine, citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid and other anti-mitotic alkaline components. Lotus leaf contains a variety of alkaloids, brass glycosides, lotus leaf glycosides and other components, which can effectively reduce cholesterol and triglyceride, and has a good effect on patients with hyperlipidemia and obesity. The extract and decoction of lotus leaf can dilate blood vessels, clear heat and relieve summer heat, and have the effect of lowering blood pressure. Some experts point out that lotus leaf is a good medicine for weight loss.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that 'After taking the product made from lotus leaf, a fat isolation film is formed on the intestinal wall of the human body, which can effectively prevent the absorption of fat' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: High mountains and running water is classical music that everyone appreciates extremely, and everyone's attitude towards any kind of classical music is either fascinated or not appreciating.

Hypothesis: Some people are not fascinated by high mountains and running water can be inferred.


Premise: Many corporations have begun decorating their halls with motivational posters in hopes of boosting their employees' motivation to work productively. However, almost all employees at these corporations are already motivated to work productively. So these corporations' use of motivational posters is unlikely to achieve its intended purpose.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider that even if employees are already motivated to work productively, motivational posters may increase that motivation.


Premise: Consumer advocate: In some countries, certain produce is routinely irradiated with gamma rays in order to extend shelf life. There are, however, good reasons to avoid irradiated foods. First, they are exposed to the radioactive substances that produce the gamma rays. Second, irradiation can reduce the vitamin content of fresh foods, leaving behind harmful chemical residues. Third, irradiation spawns unique radiolytic products that cause serious health problems, including cancer.

Hypothesis: A study showed that the cancer rate is no higher among people who eat irradiated food than among those who do not, does not weaken the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: Newspaper editor: Law enforcement experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions against gambling all share a common flaw: no matter how diligent the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. Ethical qualms notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective, it should not be a law. That is why there should be no legal prohibition against gambling.

Hypothesis: If it is assumed that no effective law is unenforceable, the argument's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: China's rare earth industry is facing a dilemma of internal and external attacks: at home, resources are consumed too fast, environmental pollution is serious, illegal mining has not been stopped repeatedly, and a large number of rare earths are exported and smuggled in disguise; abroad, the United States, Europe, Japan is constantly exerting pressure on China on the issue of rare earth exports. More than half a century of super-intensive mining has led to a continuous decline in the retained reserves and guarantee years of rare earth resources in China. Some experts pointed out that compared with the amount of human resources, China is already a country with a shortage of rare earths, but China has not yet completed its industrialization and needs more rare earths in the future.

Hypothesis: The main message of this passage is that many difficulties in the development of the rare earth industry are caused by domestic and foreign factors.


Premise: Thirty students from Jinghua University recently agreed to participate in a program aimed at improving dating skills. One month before participating in the program, they had had an average date once. The thirty students were divided into two groups:The first group had six Practicedates with six different volunteers and received feedback on their appearance and behaviour; the second group was a control group only. Before the practice date, each group was asked to fill out a social anxiety inventory and score their social skills. After the practice date, the first group had to fill out the questionnaire again. The results showed that the first group showed less social anxiety, greater social confidence, and greater ability to date than the control group.Obviously, actual dating, which can improve our social communication level.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When filling in the social anxiety questionnaire, the students need to recall the date situation to a certain extent. The male students generally evaluate the date more objectively, while the female students appear more emotional' is most likely to challenge the above assumption.


Premise: Credit card companies justify charging cardholders additional fees for late payments by asserting the principle that those who expose other individuals, companies, or institutions to financial risk should pay for that risk, and by pointing out that late-paying cardholders present a greater risk of default than other cardholders. Without late fees, the companies argue, they would have to spread the cost of the risk over all cardholders.

Hypothesis: The principle invoked by the credit card companies would, if established, be most usefully invoked in the argument that school authorities should use student activity funds to pay for student-caused damages to school property since, even though only a few students cause any significant damage, authorities cannot in most instances determine which students caused the damage.


Premise: Hospice care refers to the provision of medical, nursing, psychological, and social care for dying patients. The life of each patient is respected, symptoms are controlled, and the quality of life is improved.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhao is in the advanced stage of liver cancer. The doctors do their best to treat and extend his life at all costs is not hospice care according to the above definition.


Premise: Differentiated credit refers to the policy of differential treatment of credit lines and repayment methods for different regions, industries, groups and purposes. It is an important means for the state to carry out macro-control of the economy, curb the polarization trend through differentiated credit, promote social equity, and promote economic structure adjustment and all-round sustainable development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, In 2009, the total loans of an international bank to small and medium-sized enterprises increased by 14% compared with last year. At the same time, it launched happy time loan unsecured personal loan, and local residents aged 18-55 can obtain a loan of up to 500000 yuan belongs to differentiated credit.


Premise: Modern information network technology, microelectronics technology and virtual technology have expanded people's horizons to a whole new field. People can not only use computer technology to establish combat laboratories, but also integrate historical experience and predictions of the future. Computer automatic reasoning is combined with expert experience guidance, and it can create a realistic combat environment by synthesizing dynamic artificial battlefields, opening up new channels and broad space for strategic theoretical research. Many countries use this as a basis to propose new combat principles On this basis, the country's national security strategy was formed, thus realizing the transformation of national security planning from empirical decision-making to scientific decision-making.

Hypothesis: Combat principles and theories depend on the innovation and development of science and technology is what this text is meant to emphasize.


Premise: Under the background of globalization, the profit transfer of multinational corporations has become the focus of governments. If this problem is not addressed, it will exacerbate the unequal distribution of income between big capital and labor. This will be hard to solve unless countries agree on common corporate tax rates or new rules for cross-border tax governance.

Hypothesis: Without common corporate tax rates or new rules for cross-border tax governance, inequality in the distribution of income between big capital and Labour will worsen if the above statement is true.


Premise: A new study suggests that moderate drinking relaxes the brain's control instincts and stimulates creativity and inspiration. The researchers compared 70 people who were given real beer to those who were given non-alcoholic beer, and the two drinks were indistinguishable. In tests, the experimental group scored higher. The results showed that even after drinking just a small glass of beer or wine and having a blood alcohol concentration of just 0.03 per cent, creativity improved significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement "The executive function of the brain was reduced to varying degrees after drinking alcohol" can most weaken the above view.


Premise: Philosopher: An event is intentional if it is a human action performed on the basis of a specific motivation. An event is random if it is not performed on the basis of a specific motivation and it is not explainable by normal physical processes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Henry lost his hold on the wrench and dropped it because the handle was slippery. This was a human action and is explainable by normal physical processes, so it was an intentional event' conforms most closely to the philosopher's position.


Premise: Environmental data fraud has become a chain of interests, although the enterprise is the first responsible subject of fraud, but the board obviously should not only hit the enterprise involved. The responsibility for corporate environmental data fraud should not only be borne by the direct operators of the enterprises involved, but also by the behind-the-scenes commanders. In addition, attention should also be paid to whether local environmental protection departments turn a blind eye for data bleaching considerations, and to what extent equipment manufacturers and operation and maintenance units cooperate with enterprises' fake customization.

Hypothesis: To put an end to environmental data fraud must be the whole chain is intended as a statement.


Premise: The cultural industry integrates intensive talent, technology, knowledge and capital, and has distinct cross-disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, cross-time-space and cross-cultural characteristics. It will also play a central role in future personal behavior, social life and nation-building, as well as global development and human affairs. Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development of the United Nations Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization in 1995. It is pointed out that culture is the ultimate goal and destination of the overall prosperity and development of human existence. It can be said that the cross-border characteristics and importance of culture put forward fundamental requirements for the high quality and scale of cultural talents.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that cultural talents should have high quality and scale.


Premise: When scientists cloned a housefly, they changed a single gene of the housefly. The cloned houseflies did not have ultraviolet vision because they lacked the eye cells that make the houseflies have ultraviolet vision. At the same time, the flies cloned in the conventional way (without changing the gene) had normal vision. The scientists thus showed that the housefly, which does not have ultraviolet vision, must have some kind of defect or damage in this gene.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The housefly doesn't need other genes to make UV vision cells' is an assumption required by this argument.


Premise: The stems of trees and the stems of many plants usually contain a large amount of lignin that is difficult to decompose, so the efficiency of using them to extract bio-fuels will be greatly reduced. At present, people have discovered a kind of bacteria called Rhodococcus. It has the ability to decompose lignin in wood and other plants. Therefore, it is believed that Rhodococcus can be widely used in mostly discarded stalks, thereby greatly improving the utilization rate of bio-fuels.

Hypothesis: The statement "Rhodococcus is easy to cultivate. At present, the gene sequencing of Rhodococcus has been completed, so Rhodococcus can be used to produce enzymes that decompose lignin on a large scale" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: When it comes to the destruction of values in real society by Gongdou Opera, it is somewhat exaggerated. Film and television works already have the function of realism. Why can't the shadow that exists in reality be put into the film and television works? Moreover, in the cultivation and guidance of values, the preaching and edification of film and television works is not omnipotent.

Hypothesis: The shadow in the article refers to some dark and ugly phenomena in society is the most accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: It is highly likely that Claudette is a classical pianist. Like most classical pianists, Claudette recognizes many of Clara Schumann' s works. The vast majority of people who are not classical pianists do not. In fact, many people who are not classical pianists have not even heard of Clara Schumann.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that the majority of people who recognize many of Clara Schumann's works are not classical pianists.


Premise: When he was a child, Jin Yuelin, a late famous logician in China, after hearing that money is like dirt and friends are worth thousands of gold, found that there were logical problems, because they could draw the absurd conclusion that friends are like dirt.

Hypothesis: If friends are really worth thousands of gold, then money is not like dirt can be logically inferred from the premise that since friends are like dirt, this conclusion is not valid.


Premise: In the past five years, the percentage of money spent on discovering renewable yet expensive sources of energy has decreased. An increasing amount of money is being spent on developing nonrenewable resources, which are quite inexpensive to obtain. Regrettably, the nonrenewable resources have proven to be impracticable for daily use. Clearly, less money is being spent on practicable energy sources than was being spent five years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'the total amount of money spent on developing energy resources has slowly declined over the past five years' allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Vicious boycott refers to the uncivilized, irrational and potentially serious boycott behavior taken by the parties when their legitimate rights are damaged for a long time and cannot be resolved after repeated negotiations.

Hypothesis: The owner of a community couldn't stand the noise of square dance. After unsuccessful communication for many times, he raised 260000 yuan to buy the public address system commonly known as high pitched gun and played the sound of car horn in the square every day is a vicious boycott.


Premise: The ancient Romans understood the principles of water power very well, and in some outlying parts of their empire they made extensive and excellent use of water as an energy source. This makes it all the more striking that the Romans made do without water power in regions dominated by large cities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ancient Romans were adept at constructing and maintaining aqueducts that could carry quantities of water sufficient to supply large cities over considerable distances' contributes most to an explanation of the difference described above in the Romans' use of water power.


Premise: The city is a way of life, or an experience, not a difference in size. According to my personal experience, Shenzhen, except for the Luohu District, is an unfinished city.The reason is very simple, the city takes several years to mature and popularity do not gather in a day.The city where no one lives is the ghost city.

Hypothesis: The statement "Large cities have large populations and are well matured" best supports the above point of view.


Premise: Husband and wife's personal property refers to the personal property within a certain range retained by husband and wife after marriage according to law or as agreed by the parties. It generally includes legal personal property and agreed personal property. Specifically, it includes pre marital property and post marital property.

Hypothesis: Bonus received by one party after marriage belongs to husband and wife's personal property.


Premise: Conventional wisdom suggests vaccinating elderly people first in flu season, because they are at greatest risk of dying if they contract the virus. This year' s flu virus poses particular risk to elderly people and almost none at all to younger people, particularly children. Nevertheless, health professionals are recommending vaccinating children first against the virus rather than elderly people.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that children are no more likely than adults to have immunity to a particular flu virus if they have never lived through a previous epidemic of the same virus provides the strongest reason for the health professionals' recommendation.


Premise: Public opinion: it refers to the opinions expressed by a considerable number of individuals, groups or organizations on public affairs

Hypothesis: After the collective return of pilots in an airline, many passengers thought that these pilots were not responsible for the safety of passengers and expressed their unwillingness to take the airline's plane belongs to public opinion.


Premise: Only some people can be both virtuous and talented. Some people have Virtue but lack Talent, and some people have Talent but not Virtue. Although the former does not contribute much to the society, it does no harm to the society.The  talent is the greater ,  the harm to society is the greater.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that we should enable more people to be both virtuous and talented.


Premise: The results of the survey show that a considerable number of ethnic minority cadres have high-level technical titles, and some young people have a tendency to chase stars. Among those with high-level technical titles, there are star chasers, and women account for a considerable proportion of star chasers.

Hypothesis: Someone in the star chaser has a senior technical title can be inferred.


Premise: The so-called religious complex of scientists means that scientists believe in religion or have religious feelings, are full of respect and awe for religious belief itself, and hold a positive attitude towards the significance and value of religious belief. It should be noted that although some scientists also respect and understand religious belief, an important phenomenon and thing in human life. They affirm its significance and value to a certain extent, but hold a thorough rationalist or empirical attitude towards the universe and do not recognize the existence of transcendence. Obviously, such scientists cannot be regarded as having religious complex.

Hypothesis: A scientist who holds a thorough rationalist or empirical attitude towards the universe and does not recognize the existence of transcendence cannot be regarded as a scientist with religious complex from this passage.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through the tissue like an infectious disease. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions, rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from this paragraph that diseases caused by prions can be effectively treated.


Premise: After induction, scientists found that the existence of life on earth has at least the following conditions: first, the existence of liquid water; Second, keep a certain distance from the heat source to produce an appropriate and stable temperature difference range; In other parts of the universe, it is almost impossible for these two conditions to occur at the same time, so there can be no life on other planets like on earth.

Hypothesis: Scientists found that liquid water existed on a planet for a long time refutes the above view best.


Premise: Price demand elasticity: refers to the responsiveness or sensitivity of demand to price changes, which is expressed by the absolute value of the coefficient EP = demand change (%)  divided by  price change (%).

Hypothesis: According to the law of supply and demand, there can be no commodity with EP < 1 is correct.


Premise: Semantic generalization refers to a word that originally refers to a specific thing or phenomenon, and later can generally refer to a number of related things or phenomena.

Hypothesis: The statement "The snot before the Han Dynasty originally refers to tears, but later it generally refers to snot, and sometimes it can also refer to tears" belongs to semantic generalization.


Premise: The growth rate of somniosus microcephalus in the northern Arctic Ocean is very slow, even less than 1cm a year, and their adult body length is very large, so its life span has become a very attractive topic. Researchers found that somniosus microcephalus have almost no tissue that can be used to determine their age like bony fish, but others use their eyes when studying the age of whales, Therefore, the researchers believe that the age of somniosus microcephalus can be measured by their eyes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The lens nucleus at the core of the eye lens was found when somniosus microcephalus was a cub' best supports the above view.


Premise: The popular germicidal soap is not suitable for use in winter. It will destroy the protective fat film on the skin surface to keep the skin moist. In cold weather, the air humidity will be greatly reduced and the moisture will be more easily lost.

Hypothesis: The point of this passage is that germicidal soap is not suitable for winter use.


Premise: Political Advertisement: Mayor Delmont' s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont' s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but each year since Delmont took office the average pay for the new jobs created has been higher than that year' s average pay for jobs citywide. So it stands to reason that throughout Delmont' s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Hypothesis: Most of the jobs eliminated during Mayor Delmont's tenure were in declining industries, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement.


Premise: Rural culture is a set of contextual production and life experience system, which is determined by the production and living conditions of the society. in any case, the import of advanced culture from the outside to such a society is divorced from reality.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the meaning of contextual in this paragraph is that it means adapting to the actual development and changes in rural areas.


Premise: Researchers have found that children in large families -- particularly the younger siblings -- generally have fewer allergies than children in small families do. They hypothesize that exposure to germs during infancy makes people less likely to develop allergies.

Hypothesis: The statement "Children whose parents have allergies have an above-average likelihood of developing allergies themselves" most supports the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: Some experts suggest that in order to revitalize land resources and effectively protect arable land, it is a good choice for farmers to live in buildings like urban residents, so that the farmers' existing houses can be stacked up, thereby saving a lot of land resources.

Hypothesis: After the farmers live in the building, they are far away from the fields, which affects agricultural production and reduces the use of land resources from the benefit would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: The sandwich layer refers to groups who are unable to buy houses outside of government guarantees and the market.Some of them do not meet the conditions of low-rent housing but have no money to buy affordable houses, and some are not eligible to buy affordable houses but cannot afford commercial houses.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li, Xiao Wang and Xiao Liu who have just been recruited by the company live in a temporary warehouse of the company is most likely to be a sandwich layer.


Premise: Society exists not only because of transmission and communication, but more accurately, it exists in transmission and communication.

Hypothesis: Transmission and communication are meaningful because of society is a misunderstanding of this passage.


Premise: Within the earth's core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Ttherefore, the actual temperature at the boundary of the earth's outer and inner cores-the melting temperature of iron there -- can be determined, since__.

Hypothesis: The depth beneath the earth's surface of the boundary between the outer and inner cores is known and most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: The current income tax rate for domestic and foreign-funded enterprises is 33%. A preferential tax rate of 24% and 15% is applied to some foreign-funded enterprises and 27% to domestic low-profit enterprises. To set the tax rate of the Enterprise income tax Law (draft) at 25% is to reduce the tax burden on domestic enterprises and to control the reduction in fiscal revenue within an affordable range, and to consider the tax rates of the international community, especially those of neighboring countries (regions). The average tax rate of 159 countries (regions) that implement enterprise income tax is 28.6%, while the average tax rate of 18 countries (regions) around China is 26.7%. The new tax rate is moderately low internationally, which is conducive to improving the competitiveness of enterprises and attracting foreign investment.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is New measures of tax rate: from internal and external differences to equal treatment.


Premise: The first electric car was on the road as early as 1990. Although some well-known automakers have launched their own pure electric concept cars in recent years, this has not narrowed the gap between electric vehicles and real life. The reason is that the research and development of electric vehicles is not as simple as replacing traditional engines with motors, but a huge research topic. Only vehicle batteries have many problems, such as battery capacity, storage capacity, stability and so on. In addition, the body design, traditional system and electrical system will have subversive changes after using motor instead of traditional engine. To solve this series of problems, automobile manufacturers need to have strong R & D capability.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the research and development process of electric vehicles depends on the R & D strength of manufacturers.


Premise: Phoebe: There have been many reported sightings of strange glowing lights, but a number of these sightings have a straightforward, natural explanation. They occurred clustered in time and location around the epicenters of three earthquakes, and so were almost certainly earthquake lights, a form of ball lightning caused by stresses in the ground. Quincy: I am skeptical that the association between the lights and the earthquakes is anything more than a coincidence. The theory that ground stresses related to earthquakes can cause any kind of lightning is extremely speculative.

Hypothesis: In responding to Phoebe, Quincy criticizes Phoebe's explanation as unsubstantiated.


Premise: The subject is the subject of the action or action of the sentence, the predicate is the statement or explanation of the action or state of the subject, and the object is the receiver of an action.When the predicate part of a sentence contains two verbs and corresponds to two different subjects. That is, the subject of the former predicate, and at the same time as the subject of the latter predicate, is equal to a dynamic structure and the main predicate structure linked together, and there is no speech pause, in line with this format of the sentence called synonym statements.

Hypothesis: Jin Yugong sent Yang Chu Fu to catch up with Baili, Meng Ming and others is not a synonym statement according to the above definition.


Premise: Broken window effect is a psychological phenomenon, that is, if the window of a house is broken and no one repair it, and soon other windows will also be broken.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Once there is rubbish in a very clean place, people will throw their rubbish away without hesitation and will not feel ashamed' does not belong to broken window effect.


Premise: By examining fossilized beetles, a research team has produced the most detailed description yet of temperatures in Britain over the past 22, 000 years. Fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. When individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period, the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determine the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period.

Hypothesis: The procedure of the researchers assumes that the temperature tolerances of the beetle species did not change significantly during the 22,000-year period.


Premise: Sociologist: The more technologically advanced a society is, the more marked its members' resistance to technological innovations. This is not surprising, because the more technologically advanced a society is, the more aware its members are of technology' s drawbacks. Specifically, people realize that sophisticated technologies deeply affect the quality of human relations.

Hypothesis: The claim that the more technologically advanced a society is, the more aware its members are of technology's drawbacks is offered as an explanation of why people's resistance to technological innovations is more marked the more technologically advanced the society in which they live is.


Premise: A deposit is a certain amount paid in advance by one party to the contract to the other party in accordance with legal provisions or agreements in order to prove the establishment of the contract and guarantee the performance of the contract.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the deposit in the contract between Aetna Trading Company and the printing and dyeing factory is 1.56 million yuan.


Premise: Xiao Li bought a new watch and checked it with the wall clock at home. He found that the watch walked three minutes slower than the wall clock a day. Later, he proofread the wall clock at home with the standard time of the radio station and found that the wall clock walked three minutes faster than the standard time of the radio station. Therefore, Xiao Li inferred that his watch was on time.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li's inference is wrong, because the wall clock is three minutes faster than the standard time, which is the standard three minutes. The watch is three minutes slower than the wall clock, which is not equivalent is the correct evaluation of Xiao Li's inference.


Premise: Whether a person is drowsy or refreshed after a meal has something to do with the protein in the food they eat. Most proteins contain an amino acid called tyrosine, which enters the brain to stimulate the formation of dopamine and neo-adrenaline. Birds and fish contain the most tyrosine, but not all foods containing tyrosine excite the brain. Meat contains tyrosine, but fat interferes with its absorption.

Hypothesis: Fish are rich in dopamines can be inferred from the above description.


Premise: The researchers used genetic manipulation to enable the experimental mice to metabolize glucose and fatty acids, but not acetic acid, and then compared the physical conditions of these experimental rats and normal experimental rats when they were fed bait and fasted for 48 hours. In the state of being forced to go on a hunger strike for a long time, the body temperature and endurance of the experimental mice that cannot metabolize acetic acid are significantly reduced. Acetic acid is the basic substance in life, and the body structure of the experimental mice is very close to the human body.

Hypothesis: Acetic acid plays a vital role in maintaining the body's energy supply can be derived from this.


Premise: Only 1, 000 to 2, 000 species of fruit flies exist worldwide. Nowhere in the world are fruit flies more taxonomically diverse than in the Hawaiian islands, which host some 500 species. A subset of fruit flies called the picture-winged drosophilids is represented in Hawaii by 106 species. All of the fruit fly species now present in the Hawaiian archipelago are thought to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral females.

Hypothesis: Picture-winged drosophilids are found only in the Hawaiian islands can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: The rise in the prosperity of England subsequent to 1840 can be attributed to the adoption of the policy of free trade, since economic conditions improved only when that policy had been implemented.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the above argument most closely parallels that in the statement 'Since the improvement in the company's profitability began to occur after the vice president's new morale-building program was put in place, that program can be credited with the improved result.'


Premise: One should never sacrifice one' s health in order to acquire money, for without health, happiness is not obtainable.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the assumption that 'Money should be acquired only if its acquisition will not make happiness unobtainable' is made.


Premise: All the Wei gatherers were not the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and some of the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not the descendants of Guzhu.

Hypothesis: All the subjects of the Western Zhou Dynasty were not Wei gatherers, according to the given information.


Premise: When we promote car free day with great fanfare, we do not realize that its birthplace, European car free day, is already at a dead end. It is reported that European cities hosting car-free days and the scale of their activities have been greatly reduced. Across France, 98 cities participated in car-free days in 2003, down to 72 in 2004 and 56 in 2005. Berlin, the capital of Germany, and Rome, the capital of Italy, both withdrew from car free day in 2003. So much so that the French Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development had to regret that car free day is a meaningful activity, but it is not in line with reality and is not enough to change people's driving habits.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No matter how much we expect from car free day, its meaning is still very limited' conforms to the context.


Premise: At present, there are only three kinds of experimental robots in an intelligence research institute, A.B. and C. A cannot recognize colors, B cannot recognize shapes, and C can recognize neither colors nor shapes. Most laboratories of the intelligence research institute do experiments to identify colors and shapes.

Hypothesis: If the statement that all laboratories have either robots A and B or robots B and C is true, then the statement that there are only robots A and C in half of the laboratories must be false.