Premise: In China, plain art is still a relatively new concept. This concept is derived from the concept of original art proposed by French artist Jean Dubuffi, which refers to the completely unconscious creation of people with mental disorders without external interference. This creation has attracted people's attention due to its purity and high autonomy. Later, this concept was derived. It covers a wider range, referring to the creation of ordinary people from outside the mainstream art world without systematic and professional art training. Their works have the characteristics of wild and show different artistic talents.

Hypothesis: The above text mainly introduces the similarities and differences in Chinese and Western contexts of plain art.


Premise: Philosopher: I think, so I exist. If I don't exist, then I don't think. If I think, then life means illusory.

Hypothesis: If life does not mean illusory is added to the above argument, the philosopher can come to 'I think'.


Premise: It is often said that high rates of inflation tend to diminish people's incentive to save and invest. This view must be incorrect, however, because people generally saved and invested more of their income in the 1970's when inflation rates were high than they did in the 1980's when inflation rates were low.

Hypothesis: The best criticism of the argument above is that it overlooks the possibility that the population was larger in the 1980's than it was in the 1970's.


Premise: The closest distance from the earth to Mars is about 55 million kilometers, and the farthest is more than 400 million kilometers. Only when the angle between the earth and Mars is 70° can the probe reach Mars as scheduled. Therefore, my country is expected to launch a Mars probe in 2020, and the following year. Landing on Mars, an aerospace expert commented: If this opportunity in 2020 cannot be seized, then the next suitable launch time will be delayed until at least 2022.

Hypothesis: The premise that needs to be supplemented for the above-mentioned expert's comment to be established is that the relative near point of Earth and Mars occurs about every 15 years, and the year when the two are close is the best time to land on Mars.


Premise: Integrity is the foundation of a person. However, when plagiarism, college entrance examination fraud, national fraud, official corruption and bribery are repeatedly exposed, once the moral system collapses, the society will not continue to operate normally. By querying the credit status in the credit record, the problem of social information asymmetry can be alleviated to a great extent and the dishonest can be psychologically deterred.

Hypothesis: Lack of integrity, the social moral system is on the verge of collapse can be inferred.


Premise: A lot of consumers complained about a brand of poor air-conditioning quality and poor refrigeration effect. In response, the brand's chief engineer said the air-conditioning is not working properly because the local air quality is too bad.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All air conditioners should be guaranteed to work properly in the area before they can be sold' would most effectively refute the engineer's argument.


Premise: Huizhou culture mainly refers to the specific life structure system which is based on Huizhou (called Xin'an County in ancient times) and originates from the sexual relationship between man and nature and between people in history. Like any culture, it also includes material culture, institutional culture, ideology, implicit mentality, value system and other cultural and psychological structures, and creates brilliant achievements with distinctive characteristics at all cultural levels,the impact spread all over the country.

Hypothesis: Huizhou culture develops from different cultural levels and influences all parts of the country with distinctive achievements is an incorrect understanding of Huizhou culture.


Premise: Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania' s currently improving economic situation, together with less restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because__.

Hypothesis: The improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Scientists found that men who underwent the same surgery and took the same painkillers experienced less pain relief and were less effective for less time than women.

Hypothesis: The meaning of expression in the above text is that the same painkiller works better for women than for men.


Premise: At the beginning of 2019, a unit recruited eight R & D personnel, all of whom are very excellent. Among them, Xiao Li, Xiao Kong and Xiao Chen, the R & D team of these three people is particularly outstanding. The atmosphere of the team is excellent. Xiao Chen, the team leader, is very concerned about Xiao Li and Xiao Kong, while Xiao Li admires Xiao Kong very much, and Xiao Kong admires Xiao Chen very much. At the end of the year, Xiao Chen got four invention patents and Xiao Li got five invention patents.


Premise: The number of crocodiles in the North Atlantic decreased, but the number of leopards increased significantly almost at the same time. Some people say that seals are responsible for the decline of crocodiles, which is not true because seals rarely feed on crocodiles.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Crocodiles only eat hairy scale fish, which is also the main food for seals' will most weaken the above argument if correct.


Premise: Some claim that migratory birds have an innate homing sense that allows them to return to the same areas year after year. However, there is little evidence to support this belief, since the studies testing whether the accuracy of birds' migratory patterns is due to such an innate ability are inconclusive. After all, birds may simply navigate using landmarks, just as humans do, and we do not say that humans have an innate sense of direction simply because they find their way home time after time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is as false to claim that humans have an innate sense of direction as it is to claim that birds have an innate homing sense' most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument.


Premise: An international team analyzed the genetic material decay rate of DNA extracted from an extinct MOA skeleton fossil and found that although the short DNA fragment may exist for 1 million years, the half-life of 30 or more base pair sequences under certain conditions is only about 158000 years. According to this, a scientist believes that reconstructing dinosaurs with ancient DNA is similar to the story of the film Jurassic Park is impossible to happen.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fossil samples studied above may be contaminated by human DNA' refutes the scientist's point of view most.


Premise: Lifelong education is an important part of community work. A community has set up some spare-time classes for the elderly. there are two types of spare-time classes, technical and interesting. Some elderly people have signed up for all the technical amateur classes, while others have signed up for all the interesting amateur classes.

Hypothesis: People signing up for every part-time class must be true.


Premise: Millions of homes are now using low-energy lighting, but millions more have still to make the switch, a fact that the government and the home lighting industry are eager to change. Although low-wattage bulbs cost more per bulb than normal bulbs, their advantages to the homeowner are enormous, and ttherefore everyone should use low-wattage bulbs.

Hypothesis: Information about the actual cost of burning low-wattage bulbs compared to that of burning normal bulbs would be LEAST useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Ecologist: Forest fires, the vast majority of which are started by lightning, are not only a natural phenomenon to which all forest ecosystems are well adapted, but are required for many forests to flourish. Forest fires facilitate the opening and spreading of seed pods, prevent an overabundance of insects, and promote the diversity of forests by preventing certain varieties of aggressive weeds from dominating other species. In view of this, systematic attempts by human beings to prevent or control forest fires are ill-advised and shortsighted; forest fires should be left alone and allowed to burn themselves out naturally.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed that protection of forests and their ecosystems is the only legitimate reason for attempting to prevent or control forest fires.


Premise: Spiritual support: It means that in family life, children understand, respect, care, consider their parents, and try their best to meet their spiritual needs.

Hypothesis: The statement "Although Lao Wu did not live with his parents, he has developed the habit of visiting every day for many years, taking care of their lives meticulously, and the elderly are very pleased" does not belong to spiritual support.


Premise: In a scientific and technological invention competition, an ashtray that will pop in the ash and make a heavy cough like that of patients with advanced lung cancer won the Creative Award. After the competition, a manufacturer bought out the idea and further promoted the product to the market, but the sales were not ideal.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, the most reasonable and sufficient reasons for the poor sales is that a manufacturer introduced a new type of lighter in the same period, which attracted many consumers.


Premise: In one experiment, a doctoral student and a robot independently answered a set of questions through a computer, and a group of scientists went to identify which answers on the computer screen were made by doctoral student and which answers were made by robot. The error rate of identification results is as high as 78%. Some people think that the set of questions raised in the experiment must be inadequate, since they can't get a group of scientists to tell which are from doctoral student and which are from the robot.

Hypothesis: The premise of these people's suspicions is that there was a considerable difference between the doctoral student and the robot.


Premise: Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%?

Hypothesis: The statement "Europe and the United States are suspected of plundering resources of Africa" is added and the official can conclude that China has not plundered the resources of Africa.


Premise: One of the advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t. ) toxins over chemical insecticides results from their specificity for pest insects. The toxins have no known detrimental effects on mammals or birds. In addition, the limited range of activity of the toxins toward insects means that often a particular toxin will kill pest species but not affect insects that prey upon the species. This advantage makes B. t. toxins preferable to chemical insecticides for use as components of insect pest management programs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Insects build up resistance more readily to B. t. toxins than to chemical insecticides' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Corporate social response means that enterprises are guided by social ethics and moral standards to meet some common needs of society

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, An enterprise donated 300 million enterprise shares to charity organizations to set up a special fund does not belong to corporate social response.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: The following statement is true about how many students can go to England together: 2.


Premise: The proliferation of private cars in a city aggravates the air pollution in the city, and often causes serious congestion on several road sections during the morning and evening rush hours. In order to solve this problem, the city government decided to impose round-the-clock traffic restrictions on private cars with single and even numbers, that is, only private cars with odd numbers are allowed to travel on odd-numbered days, and only even-numbered private cars are allowed to travel on even days.

Hypothesis: Private car owners in the city generally having two or more private cars most questions the decision of the municipal government.


Premise: In Hong Kong and Taiwan, where traditional characters are used, more and more young people's lifestyles are becoming more and more westernized; while mainland teenagers are exposed to modern fashion elements such as Hong Kong and Taiwan's computer games and popular songs, and most of them see traditional characters. But they have not been influenced by traditional culture. On the contrary, many people who use simplified characters every day are still influenced by traditional culture. If you read the same ancient text written in simplified and traditional characters, the same Tang poem, the text form is correct Readers interpretation of the cultural connotation of the work has little influence. Traditional culture can also be rooted in folk thoughts and lifestyles in various ways such as movies and television, without the use of traditional characters as a medium.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that traditional culture does not necessarily need to use traditional characters.


Premise: The first bicycle in the world was invented in 1847. Bicycles disappeared only a short time after the emergence of bicycles and did not reappear until 1860. why did this happen? A new technology will be accepted only when it is consistent with the concept of social values. So there must have been some change in social values between 1817 and 1860.

Hypothesis: The cause of the defect in the above reasoning is that this paper puts forward a question which has little to do with the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Now the Internet is full of software that can automatically translate. Even if the translator does not have a good foreign language level, it will not hinder the translation. Therefore, the translator does not have to take pains to improve his foreign language ability, but should pay attention to the cultivation of Chinese writing ability in the translation.

Hypothesis: Translators' computer skills are limited, and training institutions ignore computer teaching can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Time is the most unbiased, giving anyone 24 hours a day; time is also the most biased, giving no one 24 hours a day.

Hypothesis: The main point supported by this passage is that people who cherish their time can make good use of their time.


Premise: Food and drug safety traceability system is a system that relies on modern information technology to warn of possible hidden dangers of food and drug safety. The reason why it is widely used in some countries is that on the one hand, it can reduce the cost of obtaining information from regulators and improve regulatory efficiency; on the other hand, it can also force enterprises to improve their safety awareness and take the initiative to control risks. This system has been introduced into China for many years and is reflected in relevant laws and regulations as well as action planning. However, in practice, regional segmentation, departmental division and other problems are still relatively prominent, and there is no efficient local linkage and joint efforts of departments, which is lack of overall effect on solving food and drug safety problems.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the traceability system of food and drug safety in China still needs to be improved.


Premise: Three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. The concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. In explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. Market analysts predict that the decision of these three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market, will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Consumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard waste' most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts.


Premise: Mrs. Thatcher said before her death that China will not become a superpower in the world. Today, what China produces is TV sets, not ideas. She sees China from a Western-centrism standpoint and believes that China's knowledge system cannot participate in the world's knowledge system. China cannot become a big country of knowledge production. Even if China's economy is rapidly rising, it can only be a big material production country at best. It is still a small country that cannot be valued in terms of spiritual and cultural production, innovation and even output. It is sharp but reminds us that the West does not value the blind improvement of material wealth, but rather the ability of a major country to participate in international affairs and the intensity of cultural output.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that China's spiritual and cultural production export are still in a backward position.


Premise: French linguist Mayer said: what kind of culture, there is what kind of language. Therefore, the instrumentality of language itself is cultural. If we only pay attention to the training of listening, speaking, reading and writing or the teaching of language, vocabulary and grammar, thinking that we can understand English and communicate in English, we will often have word ambiguity because we do not understand the cultural background of the language. Pragmatic failures and other embarrassing phenomena.

Hypothesis: The main description of this text is causes of various pragmatic errors in communication.


Premise: As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, ttherefore, building with bamboo makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bamboo is unsuitable as a building material for multistory buildings' most helps to explain the exception noted above.


Premise: In an exam, there are three questions about tourist attractions in Beijing, requiring candidates to choose the name of a scenic spot as the only answer to each question. The answers of six candidates to the above three questions are as follows: the first candidate: Temple of Heaven, Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the second candidate: Tiananmen Square, Tiananmen Square; the third candidate: the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City; the fourth candidate: the Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the fifth candidate: Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City; the sixth candidate: the Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City. The examination results show that each examinee has answered at least one of the questions correctly.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, the order of answers to these three questions is Temple of Heaven, Temple of Heaven, Imperial Palace.


Premise: Motivational bias: refers to the attribution bias that occurs when processing information due to a particular motivation or need.

Hypothesis: Zhao Mou lamented that his recent poor health caused him to miss his position as a manager, even though his colleagues did not think so is an example of motivational bias.


Premise: Umbilical cord blood refers to the blood left in the placenta and umbilical cord after the fetus is delivered and the umbilical cord is ligated and severed. The hematopoietic stem cells contained in umbilical cord blood have significant curative effect on leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, some malignant tumors and other diseases, which is no longer a valuable self-saving resource in life. Parents preserve umbilical cord blood for their newborns, which can provide protection for their children's health for the rest of their lives.

Hypothesis: At present, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow have become the three major sources of hematopoietic stem cells does not weaken the conclusion discussed above.


Premise: The problems facing Venice are typical.  On the one hand, in order to solve the employment of citizens, increase the economic strength of the city. Its traditional industries must be preserved and developed, which was the basis for economic development that tourism could not replace.  On the other hand, in order to protect its unique ecological environment, industrial pollution must be eliminated, but the development of industry will not be avoided leading to industrial pollution.

Hypothesis: Venice will inevitably face stagnation in economic development or ecological damage is a conclusion that can be drawn.


Premise: Transitional exploration behavior refers to the interest of curiosity, which does not decrease with the increase of familiarity with new things, but continues to decrease, resulting in the destruction of the things you are fascinated with.

Hypothesis: Xiao Nan's behavior of playing with airplane models one by one every day belongs to transitional exploration behavior.


Premise: Zebra mussels, a nuisance when they clog the intake pipes of nuclear power plants and water plants along the Great Lakes, have some redeeming qualities. Since the mussels feed voraciously on algae that they filter from the water that passes by them, bags of zebra mussels suspended in the discharge streams of chemical plants significantly improve water quality, even removing some hazardous wastes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any hazardous waste the mussels remove from chemical-plant discharge will remain in the mussels, if they do not transform it, and they then must be regarded as hazardous waste' is most strongly supported on the basis of the statements above, if they are true.


Premise: Although the cold winter is the high incidence of cardiovascular disease, but in the hot and sultry Indian summer season, the humidity in the air is increased, oxygen content is reduced, usually suffering from hypertension, coronary heart disease often feel uncomfortable, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms. In addition, high temperature weather will make the human body sweat too much, blood concentration, if not timely supplement water, easy to form plaques; Acute myocardial infarction occurs when plaque breaks off and clots form, blocking blood vessels. In addition, people often do not get a good sleep on hot summer nights, which is also an important cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Sultry weather can also make people mood swings, mood irritability, which is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease. In this period of time, because of work overworked and lack of rest, especially to guard against sudden attack of myocardial infarction.

Hypothesis: The best heading for this paragraph is 'Cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases'.


Premise: It is probably within the reach of human technology to make the climate of Mars inhabitable. It might be several centuries before people could live there, even with breathing apparatuses, but some of the world' s great temples and cathedrals took centuries to build. Research efforts now are justified if there is even a chance of making another planet inhabitable. Besides, the intellectual exercise of understanding how the Martian atmosphere might be changed could help in understanding atmospheric changes inadvertently triggered by human activity on Earth.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that research efforts aimed at discovering how to change the climate of Mars are justified.


Premise: To perform an act that is morally wrong is to offend against humanity, and all offenses against humanity are equally bad. Because murder is morally wrong, it is just as bad to have murdered one person by setting off a bomb as it would have been to have murdered a hundred people by setting off that bond.

Hypothesis: If stealing is morally wrong, it is equally important to society to prevent people from stealing as it is to prevent them from committing murder is a judgment that conforms to the principles invoked above.


Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that China urgently needs to improve its own cultural innovation capabilities.


Premise: Only 1, 000 to 2, 000 species of fruit flies exist worldwide. Nowhere in the world are fruit flies more taxonomically diverse than in the Hawaiian islands, which host some 500 species. A subset of fruit flies called the picture-winged drosophilids is represented in Hawaii by 106 species. All of the fruit fly species now present in the Hawaiian archipelago are thought to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral females.

Hypothesis: All of the picture-winged drosophilids in Hawaii are believed to be the descendants of the same one or two ancestral female fruit flies can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: A certain meeting invited six people from a certain workplace: Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Sun, and Zhou to attend. However, due to work arrangements, all six people cannot go to the meeting at the same time. Among them: Only one person between Zhang and Zhao can attend the meeting; Also Only one person between Li and Zhao can attend the meeting; At least one person between Zhang and Wang can attend the meeting; Two of the three among Zhang, Sun, and Zhou can attend the meeting; Wang and Li either both attend the meeting or neither of them attend the meeting; if Zhao will not attend the meeting, then Sun will not attend the meeting either.

Hypothesis: Li and Zhao probably will not attend the meeting in the end according to this arrangement.


Premise: Gratuitous contract  is a contract in which one party only enjoys contractual rights without paying any price. In other words, one party to the contract gives a certain benefit to the other party, and the other party does not have to pay any price to obtain the benefit.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a contract where A invites B to work in his company and signs a contract with B, promising that if B has worked in the company for 5 years, he will get 10% of the company's shares is not part of a gratuitous contract.


Premise: French President Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced his re-election campaign, launched the campaign slogan of strong France and promised to lead France out of the economic crisis.Sarkozy's campaign advertisement on the streets of Paris reads: only a strong France can protect your family.

Hypothesis: A weak France can't protect your family is true according to the reasoning of this campaign slogan.


Premise: The researchers found that there are three types of nucleotide genes in humans: AA type, AG type and GG type. A person has a 36% chance of being AA, a 48% chance of being AG, and a 16% chance of being GG. Of the 1200 elderly people who took part in the study, those with the AA and AG genotypes all died before 11:00, while almost all those with the GG genotype died around 6 pm. Based on this, the researchers believe that people with the GG gene type will die an average of seven hours later than others.

Hypothesis: The comparison of the time of death is more important than which time of day is which year and which day would most question the above-mentioned researcher's point of view.


Premise: In order to promote the clean vegetables into thousands of homes activity, Wanjia Service Company asked market analysts to analyze the market prospects of this activity at two local universities. The report of market analysts believes that these two universities have gathered many national-level universities's senior intellectuals in China, providing washed and packaged vegetables can save them a lot of housework time and do a better job of teaching and research, so they will be welcomed by them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The variety of clean vegetables is less than the vegetables sold in the general market. I am afraid that it cannot satisfy the tastes of so many teachers in these two universities' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The only difference between genetically modified crops and ordinary plants is that there are more genes that make them produce extra traits. As early as 1983, biologists already knew how to transplant foreign genes into the deoxyribonucleic acid of a plant through biotechnology in order to produce some new properties that could not be obtained by hybridization: herbicide resistance, resistance to plant viruses, resistance to certain pests, etc. The genes used for transplantation can come from any living organism: bacteria, viruses, insects, etc.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the concept of genetically modified crops is a new hybrid crop formed by transplanting genes of other living organisms.


Premise: Taste buds were the primary tool early humans used for testing foods. Sour taste warns of possible spoilage of food while bitterness is a warning of many poisons. Early humans also recognized sweet foods and salty foods as meeting nutritional needs. So the fact that people can now clearly distinguish these four tastes-sour, bitter, sweet, and salty-is completely explained by people' s use of taste to test for the healthfulness of foods.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument takes what might be only a partial explanation of a phenomenon to be the complete explanation.


Premise: Just as Darwin discovered the law of the development of the organic world, Marx discovered the law of the development of human history, that is a simple fact always hidden by numerous and complicated ideologies: people must first eat, drink, live, and clothe. Then they can engage in politics, science, art, religion, etc., so that the direct production of material means of livelihood, thus a nation or an era of a certain stage of economic development. It forms the foundation on which people's national system, legal point of view, art and even religious ideas are developed. Therefore, it must be explained on this basis, not the opposite as in the past.

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is the law of the development of human history discovered by Marx and its significance.


Premise: Recent medical and anthropological data show that prohibitions on the use of certain foods served important social, economic, and medical functions in ancient cultures. But these data cannot explain the origin of the prohibitions involved, since those who originally adopted and enforced them did not have access to the same data as modern researchers.

Hypothesis: The origin of a food prohibition must be explained with reference to the understanding that the people who adopted and enforced the prohibition had is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Once, the radio station invited a business genius as a guest to host the way to success. He said, Let's test you with a question. A gold mine was found somewhere, so people rushed to mine it. However, a big river is in the way. What should you do if it is you?  Some people say they took a detour, but others said they swam across it. But he said, Why do we have to pander for gold? can't we buy a boat to operate? In that case, even if you kill all the ferry passengers, they will be willing, because there is a gold mine in front of them!

Hypothesis: A dilemma often means a potential opportunity in the eyes of a wise man, but we don't think of it is not the truth shown in this paragraph.


Premise: Desire projection: refers to projecting one's own subjective desires on others, believing that other people also regard hope as reality as one's expectations. As a result, they often make wrong evaluations of other people's emotions and intentions, distort others, and cause communication barriers .

Hypothesis: Considering what others consider (or considering things for others) and giving others what they need belongs to desire projection according to the above definition.


Premise: Chiu: The belief that a person is always morally blameworthy for feeling certain emotions, such as unjustifiable anger, jealousy, or resentment, is misguided. Individuals are responsible for only what is under their control, and whether one feels such an emotion is not always under one' s control.

Hypothesis: Chiu's conclusion follows logically if the assumption that individuals do not have control over their actions when they feel certain emotions is made.


Premise: Good hunter and bad hunter are standard terms in the study of cats. Good hunters can kill prey that weigh up to half their body weight. All good hunters have a high muscle-to-fat ratio. Most wild cats are good hunters, but some domestic cats are good hunters as well.

Hypothesis: Some cats that have a high muscle-to-fat ratio are domestic must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding and Wu travel by high-speed rail, and they happen to be sitting in the same row of seats A, B, C, D and F. It is known that: (1) if one of Jia or Yi sits in Block C, Bing sits in block B; (2) if Wu sits in block C, Ding sits in block F.

Hypothesis: If Ding is sitting in block B, Bing sits in seat C is correct.


Premise: The production of vineyard in Xinjiang has been increasing year by year and the oversupply of grapes has led to a decline in prices.If there are no restrictions on the cultivation of grapes on the vineyards, the price of grapes will fall further.To raise prices, the government idles the fields and provides direct compensation to the farmers. There is a definite ceiling on compensation for each estate. The government's plan, if implemented successfully, will not impose a net burden on the public finances.

Hypothesis: The best explanation is that the compensation for those unused fields is a small fraction of the profits from growing grapes.


Premise: A survey of address changes filed with post offices and driver' s license bureaus over the last ten years has established that households moving out of the city of Weston outnumbered households moving into the city two to one. Ttherefore, we can expect that next year' s census, which counts all residents regardless of age, will show that the population of Weston has declined since the last census ten years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most adults moving out of Weston were parents who had children living with them, whereas most adults remaining in or moving into the city were older people who lived alone' most helps strengthen the argument.


Premise: Operation Red Sea has aroused strong feelings among viewers, especially whether they can get timely and effective rescue when national lives are threatened. The army is the fist of national interests and the special support and guarantee to reflect the national image and realize national dignity, They are well displayed and interpreted, giving the audience a strong spiritual infection and aesthetic enjoyment.

Hypothesis: According to the materials, domestic military films can show the national image of great power style, moral responsibility, and so on.


Premise: Despite the best efforts of astronomers, no one has yet succeeded in exchanging messages with intelligent life on other planets or in other solar systems. In fact, no one has even managed to prove that any kind of extraterrestrial life exists. Thus, there is clearly no intelligent life anywhere but on Earth.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it confuses an absence of evidence for a hypothesis with the existence of evidence against the hypothesis.


Premise: Orientation refers to the perception of the spatial relationship, position and position of objects by animals or people. It is the result of various sensory coordination activities.

Hypothesis: In the game of hide-and-seek, Xiao Ming was blindfolded and could only tell where his friends were by their voices does not belong to the orientation according to this definition.


Premise: People with vigorous vitality are those who have the ability to laugh at themselves. Self-deprecating can fight cancer. How much rubbish must be thrown out of the room in one's life! However, people often cannot remove trash from their hearts. If people never throw trash out of their rooms, what would it be like?However, people often cannot be horrified by the blockage in their hearts.

Hypothesis: Desire is not terrible, but its harm cannot be ignored does not conform to the above content.


Premise: Politician: A major social problem is children hurting other children. The results of a recent experiment by psychologists establish that watching violent films is at least partly responsible for this aggressive behavior. The psychologists conducted an experiment in which one group of children watched a film of people punching Bobo the Clown dolls. A second group of children was not shown the film. Afterward, both groups of children played together in a room containing a Bobo doll. Most of the children who had seen the film punched the Bobo doll, while most of the other children did not.

Hypothesis: Some of the children who did not punch the Bobo doll, including some who had been shown the film, chastised those who did punch the doll most weakens the politician's argument.


Premise: World-class pianists practice the piano no less than eight hours a day, unless it's New Year's Day, Sunday, or the day of an important performance.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, a pianist who practiced the piano seven hours a day for three days without a performance is not a world-class pianist.


Premise: The market as a way and means of resource allocation is not omnipotent and flawless. Market allocation is generally adjusted spontaneously by the invisible hand, that is, the law of value, the law of supply and demand and the law of competition. This kind of regulation brings lag, that is to say, there is a certain time delay from the signal feedback of price formation to the effect of product output.

Hypothesis: Spontaneity and competitiveness are the defects of market as a resource allocation, according to the paragraph.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: 5 students can go to England together.


Premise: Wu Guanzhong put forward the artistic concept of Kite without stop in the 1980s, which has exerted an important influence on the history of Chinese contemporary art. It seems that this is an exposition of the inner connection between formal beauty and abstract beauty. In fact, it emphasizes that no matter how innovative and how self-flying art creation is, it cannot be far away from real life. In Wu Guanzhong's opinion, abstract painting is like flying a kite. The kite is a work, which is a certain art form abstracted into materials and feelings from life by the author with subtraction, division or other methods, and the audience is the sky. For the kite to fly, there must be a link between the work and the source of life in the artist's hand. Only when the kite is constantly on the line can art have a foundation and maintain communication with the audience.

Hypothesis: Artistic creation should be based on life is consistent with the idea of the kite constantly being on the line.


Premise: Several carefully conducted studies showed that 75 percent of strict vegetarians reached age 50 without developing serious heart disease. We can conclude from this that avoiding meat increases one' s chances of avoiding serious heart disease. Ttherefore, people who want to reduce the risk of serious heart disease should not eat meat.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by "Most people who exercise regularly are able to handle stress. This shows that exercising regularly decreases one's chances of being overwhelmed by stress. So people who want to be able to handle stress should regularly engage in exercise" is most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: Object administrative culture means that individuals, groups and organizations, as the objects of administrative management, make a reasonable evaluation of the behavior of administrative subjects (mainly administrative organs), and their evaluation criteria will be diverse due to their different interests.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the local environmental protection department's strengthening of the supervision of seriously polluting enterprises and its serious law enforcement attitude being highly praised by the local people belongs to object administrative culture.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: If J is the fourth speaker, G or L must be the third speaker.


Premise: The only asset of intermediary agencies is reputation. If the intermediary structure does not speak credibility, they will not be able to provide true information. In order to make the intermediary structure credible, the intermediary cannot become a statutory monopoly organization, nor should it be affiliated to the government. The current world The more authoritative third-party certification agencies, such as Jiadi and Fitch, are private in nature and do not belong to the government. The reason is that third-party certification agencies are far stronger than the government in terms of the authenticity and effectiveness of information disclosure.

Hypothesis: To ensure the accuracy of the information provided, intermediaries should stay away from monopolies and government intervention is what this text tells us.


Premise: Psychologist: Because of a perceived social stigma against psychotherapy, and because of age discrimination on the part of some professionals, some elderly people feel discouraged about trying psychotherapy. They should not be, however, for many younger people have greatly benefited from it, and people in later life have certain advantages over the young -- such as breadth of knowledge, emotional maturity, and interpersonal skills -- that contribute to the likelihood of a positive outcome.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the psychologist's argument is that elderly people should not be reluctant to undergo psychotherapy.


Premise: Commodities refer to labor products that meet the needs of others through exchange.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, clean water in mountain streams is a commodity.


Premise: Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or spring wheat next spring. Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally profitable. Because of new government restrictions on the use of Davison River water for irrigation, per acre yields for winter wheat, though not for spring wheat, would be much lower than average. Ttherefore, planting spring wheat will be more profitable than planting winter wheat, since__.

Hypothesis: The smaller-than-average size of a winter wheat harvest this year would not be compensated for by higher winter wheat prices most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: Those who claim that governments should not continue to devote resources to space exploration are wrong. Although most people' s lives are relatively unaffected by the direct consequences of space exploration, many modern technologies that have a tremendous impact on daily life -- e. g. , fiber optics, computers, and lasers -- are unexpected consequences of it. Society might have missed the benefits of these technologies if governments had not devoted resources to space exploration.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argument is that governments should not be prevented from allocating resources to projects whose intended consequences do not directly benefit most people.


Premise: There is a wonderful advertisement in a newspaper, but there are many falsehoods in the content of the advertisement. Therefore, consumers will not believe this advertisement.

Hypothesis: It is impossible for consumers to find anything false in it weakens the above point of view most.


Premise: Pollution-free vegetables refer to vegetables that use biological control measures such as microbial pesticides and agricultural antibiotics and chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue to comprehensively control vegetable diseases and insect pests, so that the pesticide residue is lower than the allowable edible standard stipulated by the state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, agricultural antibiotics are allowed.


Premise: Deep tillage is even more deleterious to the world' s topsoil supply than previously believed. For example, farmers who till deeply are ten times more likely to lose topsoil to erosion than are farmers who use no-till methods. Results like these make it clear that farmers who now till deeply should strive, by using other topsoil aeration techniques, to incorporate no-till methods instead.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that tilling by any method other than deep tillage is not a viable option.


Premise: Principle: If one does not criticize a form of behavior in oneself or vow to stop it, then one should not criticize that form of behavior in another. Application: If Shimada does not vow to stop being tardy himself, he should not criticize McFeney for tardiness.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Neither McFeney nor Shimada is regularly tardy, but Shimada criticizes McFeney for tardiness nonetheless' justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: Politician: A major social problem is children hurting other children. The results of a recent experiment by psychologists establish that watching violent films is at least partly responsible for this aggressive behavior. The psychologists conducted an experiment in which one group of children watched a film of people punching Bobo the Clown dolls. A second group of children was not shown the film. Afterward, both groups of children played together in a room containing a Bobo doll. Most of the children who had seen the film punched the Bobo doll, while most of the other children did not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The children who had been shown the film were found to be no more likely than the children who had not been shown the film to punch other children' most weakens the politician's argument.


Premise: Between 1980 and 2000 the sea otter population of the Aleutian Islands declined precipitously. There were no signs of disease or malnutrition, so there was probably an increase in the number of otters being eaten by predators. Orcas will eat otters when seals, their normal prey, are unavailable, and the Aleutian Islands seal population declined dramatically in the 1980s. Ttherefore, orcas were most likely the immediate cause of the otter population decline.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most of the surviving sea otters live in a bay that is inaccessible to orcas' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Under the conditions of social mass production, in order to meet the needs of the society for various use values, it is necessary to pay various labors of different natures, and it is necessary to allocate the total social labor according to the corresponding proportions of the various use value needs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The proportional distribution of total social labor does not depend on human will' mainly supports the view described in the passage.


Premise: Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Ttherefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.

Hypothesis: The first serves as an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes is the role of the two portions in boldface in the argument.


Premise: In 2013, a city science and technology museum sold a total of 30,000 tickets. In 2014, the city's new planetarium and nature museum opened, and a total of 95000 tickets were sold at the three venues that year. This shows that the investment in building planetariums and nature museums is worthwhile, because the number of people who go to these venues to receive popular science education has more than tripled.

Hypothesis: If which of the following statements is true, it will most weaken the above conclusion, the planetarium and nature museum actually sold fewer tickets than expected.


Premise: With the increasing importance of private power, there are more and more cases in which husbands and wives set each other's rights and obligations by contract. Most of these agreements have the same characteristics, that is, the right of identity and property rights are closely integrated, and they are often attributed to property interests. As the final legal consequence of the agreement, modern marriages have become so fragile, and people have lost their sense of security. People are more inclined to use contracts to maintain the safety of marriages to protect their property rights after the marriage breaks up.

Hypothesis: The main function is mainly about the contract between husband and wife in a marriage.


Premise: After analyzing the microorganisms in the intestinal tract of giant pandas, the researchers found that although the original carnivorous pandas, in order to adapt to the environment of food scarcity, they were transformed into eating bamboo in the past 2.4 million years.And have strong jaws, but they do not evolve a longer digestive tract or the ability to secrete special digestive enzymes, thus unable to effectively break down the vitamin.

Hypothesis: The option "What you say in your mouth is inconsistent with what you think in your heart" is suitable for text titles according to the above materials.


Premise: After the Revolution of 1911, there was a massive loss of old collections and palace relics in the Forbidden City. At this time, these used to be almost unknown outside China, even ordinary Chinese themselves do not know much about the official kiln porcelain continue to show in the world. Therefore, when some tourists visit several foreign museums and see some official kiln porcelain in the collection, they take it for granted that the lofty evaluation of Chinese porcelain in western history is aimed at the official kiln. This is really a historical misunderstanding.

Hypothesis: The cause of this historical misunderstanding is the most likely content to be discussed in this passage.


Premise: There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered to be great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together.

Hypothesis: Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: The corpus callosum is a cluster of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. On average, the corpus callosum of musicians is larger than that of non-musicians. Compared with adult non-musicians, adult musicians who began training around the age of 7 had a particularly significant difference in the size of the corpus callosum. Therefore, music training, especially from childhood, can lead to some change in the structure of the brain.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the argument depends is that for any two musicians who start training around the age of 7, their corpus callosum is about the same size.


Premise: In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) redefined the large planets in the solar system, resulting in Pluto being excluded from the nine planets in the solar system. Recently, astronomers have pointed out that Pluto is the ninth planet in the solar system because it operates in a special area of the solar system, the Kuiper Belt, and has proved to be the second most complex, most interesting and more dynamic object in the solar system than Mars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The orbits of the other eight planets in the solar system around the sun are basically on the same plane' would most question the above astronomers' conclusions.


Premise: While it might be expected that those neighborhoods most heavily patrolled by police have the least crime, the statistical evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim that such neighborhoods have the most crime. This shows that the presence of police does not decrease crime in a neighborhood.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument fails to consider the possibility that police presence in a particular area is often a response to the relatively high crime rate in that area.


Premise: At present, there are only three kinds of experimental robots in an intelligence research institute, A.B. and C. A cannot recognize colors, B cannot recognize shapes, and C can recognize neither colors nor shapes. Most laboratories of the intelligence research institute do experiments to identify colors and shapes.

Hypothesis: The intelligence research institute is developing new experimental robots must be false if the above statement is true.


Premise: People without cognitive impairments tend to read with ease. People with cognitive impairments tend to have great difficulty reading. Ttherefore, if people with cognitive impairments are taught to read with ease, the proportion of people with cognitive impairments will decrease.

Hypothesis: The reasoning error in the argument is that it confuses the relationship between the cause of something and the resulting effect.


Premise: Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li compare the heaviest weight. It is known that Zhao, Qian's weight is equal to sun and Li's weight. When Qian and Li are exchanged, Zhao and Li's weight is higher than Qian, Sun's weight, and money's weight is greater than Zhao and Sun's weight.

Hypothesis: If the above description is true, Li is the heaviest.


Premise: Archaeologists have studied human skeletons unearthed in the Andes from 900 to 2800 years ago. Some chemical isotopic compositions extracted from them reflect that people there ate corn at that time. The corn culture led to the population growth in the Andes. Several large-scale wars at that time were also related to the competition for scarce soil suitable for planting corn, The war led to the continuous change and development of the social system. Therefore, they concluded that agriculture promoted the development of ancient Andean society.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Social system of the Andean region has central and local governments, and then derived a variety of social forms' questions the above conclusion most.


Premise: Supply-induced demand refers to the fact that suppliers use information superior to consumers and prioritize their own interests to encourage consumers to buy more products and services.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when Ms. Lin went to a beauty shop with a free voucher, the beautician said that the whitening products were very effective and could make her 10 years younger. Ms. Lin then ordered a year of beauty service there is not classified as supply-induced demand.


Premise: Newspaper editor: Law enforcement experts, as well as most citizens, have finally come to recognize that legal prohibitions against gambling all share a common flaw: no matter how diligent the effort, the laws are impossible to enforce. Ethical qualms notwithstanding, when a law fails to be effective, it should not be a law. That is why there should be no legal prohibition against gambling.

Hypothesis: If no effective law is unenforceable, then the argument's conclusion can be properly drawn.


Premise: Founder effect refers to that a few individuals in a biological population reproduce and live in isolation from the original population due to geographical isolation or other reasons. Although the offspring population continues to expand, the genetic information of the whole population comes from the first migrating few individuals. Founder effect causes low genetic diversity, poor adaptability to the environment and easy to be eliminated by nature.

Hypothesis: The founder effect causes In order to preserve their own culture, Amish people do not intermarry with outsiders, resulting in frequent genetic diseases.


Premise: A microbe in Weiming Lake usually multiplies above freezing point. It is winter now, and the lake has frozen. Therefore, if Weiming Lake does have the kind of microbes we studied, they will not reproduce now.

Hypothesis: It is highly possible that the conclusion is true, but it may also be false if all the premises in the question are true.


Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Li went to a certain electrical appliance city in order to change his mobile phone, he consulted the salesperson in detail and bought a mobile phone that he liked is not classified as supply-induced demand.


Premise: The term boundary problem refers to various short-sighted behaviors of employees due to the short employment relationship in modern enterprises, and the harm caused by such behaviors to the enterprise

Hypothesis: The statement "Because he felt that it was impossible to become a regular worker,Xiao Wang worked hard every day to show himself" belongs to the term boundary problem.


Premise: Recently, some cities have launched taking random photos of traffic violations on Mini Program, where citizens can upload and report photos or videos of illegal parking and other illegal activities of motor vehicles running a red light through the Mini Program.Once the reported traffic violations are verified, the relevant departments will reward the whistleblowers. Some experts conclude from this that taking pictures of traffic violations can effectively expand the scope of traffic supervision and create a situation of co-governance between the police and the people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since the launch of Mini Program, shooting Traffic violations, relevant departments have received a large number of reports of traffic violations' can best support the above expert's conclusion.


Premise: Since the beginning of winter, haze, which contains a large number of toxic particles, has frequently attacked some areas of our country. Surveys show that continuous exposure to high concentrations of pollutants can cause 10% to 15% of people to suffer from chronic eye inflammation and xerophthalmia. Some experts believe that if urgent measures are not taken to improve air quality, the incidence of these diseases and related complications will increase.

Hypothesis: The statement '65% of the above surveyed patients with eye diseases are men between the ages of 20 and 40' best supports the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: The state is a political entity surrounded by boundaries, the area where the state power exercises power, and can be regarded as a kind of political division. However, this kind of political division surrounded by the boundary is only the form of the state, not the essence of the state. The real state means that the citizens within the boundary have formed a kind of cohesion, which can be called national consciousness. It is that everyone thinks that I am a certain countryman at the bottom of their hearts. A country that does not form such a consciousness, which cannot be called a country in nature, is very unstable. The real great power lies not only in its large territory and large population, but also in whether its citizens have formed national consciousness and national identity.

Hypothesis: The essential nature of the state tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: During an investment promotion activity in a certain county, the investor made it difficult for the inviting party to say: I have three projects: environmental projects, tourism projects and chemical projects. If you are correct, I will invest one of these projects in your county. But if what you say is wrong, I will not invest in a project.

Hypothesis: The saying of the inviting party is 'You will not invest in tourism and chemical projects in our county.'


Premise: Obviously, we cannot in any real sense mistreat plants. Plants do not have nervous systems, and having a nervous system is necessary to experience pain.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if it is assumed that only organisms that can experience pain can be mistreated.


Premise: The words we follow today to talk about ancient Chinese painting are all written by Chinese literati, and because of this, Chinese literati have dominated the discussion space of painting for a long time, and they have become accustomed to starting from their own point of view. choose a point of view that is good for literati and artists, and now-- or should have been-- it's time for us to compete with them. And we should also question what they call a good painter or good work. Many excellent non-literati artists do not get due recognition because of the prejudice of literati. Here, we should give them objective evaluation and due status one by one.

Hypothesis: The literati have been in a strong position in the field of Chinese painting theory for a long time is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Definite thing is one that has its own characteristics and cannot be replaced by others

Hypothesis: An unearthed cultural relic of the Han Dynasty is a definite thing according to this definition.


Premise: Scientists found that men who underwent the same surgery and took the same painkillers experienced less pain relief and were less effective for less time than women.

Hypothesis: The meaning of expression according to the above text is that the same painkiller works better for women than for men.


Premise: Mammals cannot digest cellulose and ttherefore cannot directly obtain glucose from wood. Mushrooms can, however; and some mushrooms use cellulose to make highly branched polymers, the branches of which are a form of glucose called beta-glucans. Beta-glucan extracts from various types of mushrooms slow, reverse, or prevent the growth of cancerous tumors in mammals, and the antitumor activity of beta-glucans increases as the degree of branching increases. These extracts prevent tumor growth not by killing cancer cells directly but by increasing immune-cell activity.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The greater the degree of branching of beta-glucans, the greater the degree of immune-cell activity it triggers in mammals' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Only by weakening economic growth indicators, strengthening public services and highlighting government responsibility indicators can we truly realize the transformation of government functions

Hypothesis: To truly realize the transformation of government functions, we must highlight the indicators of government responsibility does not accord with the meaning of the sentence.


Premise: No matter how rich and wonderful the original works are, the adaptation of literary classics into TV dramas is a re-creation. TV dramas should not only present the complex and heavy themes of the original as much as possible, but also integrate the stories into the fate of characters through adaptation. The historical changes of the ancient land, the life reflection of national survival, the glory and decline of Confucian culture, the suppression and publicity of human desire. The motif of literary classics must be reinterpreted through adaptation. Moreover, no matter how to change, the advance of the plot, the shaping of the characters and the development of the plot should conform to the inherent behavior logic of the characters.

Hypothesis: Regarding the principle of adapting literary classics into TV series, having reasonable internal logic is not covered.


Hypothesis: Dog food for sale in pet stores is a definite thing according to this definition.


Premise: Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania' s currently improving economic situation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __.

Hypothesis: The improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.

Hypothesis: According to this statement, the statement 'No other criterion can test the truth' is incorrect.


Premise: College student Xiao Wang took the Postgraduate Admission Test exam in four subjects: politics, English, major one, major two. The sum of the scores of political and professional subject one is equal to the sum of the scores of the other two subjects.The sum of the scores of the political and professional subjects two is greater than the sum of the scores of the other two subjects. The scores of the professional subject one are higher than the sum of the scores of the political and English subjects.

Hypothesis: The correct ranking of Xiao Wang's four subjects from high to low according to the above conditions is Major subject two, major subject one, English, politics.


Premise: Nowadays, the boundary and separation between natural science and social science have been broken. Multi-disciplines intersect and infiltrate each other, which is the result of highly differentiated and comprehensive scientific, technological, economic and social integration. Therefore, the rationality and diversification of knowledge structure is a new and higher requirement for scientific and technological practitioners in the development of science and technology.

Hypothesis: The main idea expressed by the author in this passage is that scientific and technological practitioners need to have the ability to comprehensively apply a wide range of knowledge.


Premise: A newspaper with a very large circulation actually ceased publication. The reason is that its readers are older men with low socioeconomic status. This group of people has low spending power, so the advertising effect is very unsatisfactory, which makes advertisers lose confidence in it. Without advertisers, it can no longer run.

Hypothesis: Relying on advertising revenue to run a newspaper is not conducive to the development of the newspaper industry can be inferred.


Premise: Economist: Although obviously cuts in personal income tax rates for the upper income brackets disproportionately benefit the wealthy, across-the-board cuts for all brackets tend to have a similar effect. Personal income tax rates are progressive (i. e. , graduated), and if total revenue remains constant, then across-the-board cuts in these taxes require increasing the amount of revenue generated through nonprogressive taxes, thereby favoring the wealthy. Yet if nonprogressive taxes are not increased to compensate for the cuts, then the budget deficit will increase, requiring more government borrowing and driving up interest rates. This favors those who have money to lend, once again benefiting primarily the wealthy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Cuts in personal income tax rates for upper income brackets benefit the wealthy more than they benefit others' most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the economist's argument.


Premise: In public speeches, some people talk long and talk endlessly; some people condense their meaning into one sentence, and this sentence is like a heavy stone, stirring up waves in the calm mind of the audience It is commendable and memorable. On October 19, 1936, at the meeting of people from all walks of life in Shanghai to sacrifice Lu Xun, my country's famous journalist, politician, and social activist Mr. Zou Taofen delivered a speech of only 33 words: Not too soon, I would like to commemorate Mr. with one sentence: Many people have fallen without a fight, and Mr. Lu Xun has fallen without a fight.

Hypothesis: The main expression of this text is that short speeches, such as Zou Taofen's one-sentence speech, have profound meaning and strong expressive effects.


Premise: Chemical deposition refers to the process of precipitation and accumulation of substances transported in the form of colloid solution and true solution in water medium after they reach the appropriate place when chemical conditions change. Among them, colloid solution refers to the solution containing a certain size of solid particles or polymer compounds, real solution refers to a higher transparency of aqueous solution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the formation of limestone from the bones of creatures in the lake is not chemical deposition.


Premise: Labor touches porcelain means that individual workers take advantage of the management loopholes of the enterprise to urge the enterprise to commit illegal acts, and then demand economic benefits such as double wages or economic compensation.

Hypothesis: After Lin applied to a company, he did not sign a labor contract with the company under various excuses. Three months later, Lin applied to the labor arbitration department on the grounds that the company refused to conclude a labor contract with him, asking the company to compensate for double wages during the period when the contract was not signed belongs to labor touches porcelain.


Premise: University president: Our pool of applicants has been shrinking over the past few years. One possible explanation of this unwelcome phenomenon is that we charge too little for tuition and fees. Prospective students and their parents conclude that the quality of education they would receive at this institution is not as high as that offered by institutions with higher tuition. So, if we want to increase the size of our applicant pool, we need to raise our tuition and fees.

Hypothesis: The university president's argument requires the assumption that the amount charged by the university for tuition has not increased in recent years.


Premise: Decision-making theory emphasizes that management is decision-making has a certain scientific significance, but it thinks that there is nothing else in management except decision-making, and defines the concept of decision-making as a unified concept of management, thus limiting management to a relatively narrow field. it's a bit of a partial generalization. The concept of management includes not only decision-making, but also accounting, statistics and other basic work, and lower-level personnel need to make more business decisions.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that decision-making theory emphasizes the scientific significance of decision-making.


Premise: Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __.

Hypothesis: The average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Legal results refer to the things generated by the original things in accordance with certain legal relations, and are the legal benefits that should be obtained by the owner of the original things for leasing, investment and other specific civil legal activities.

Hypothesis: A's dividend from investing in Treasury bonds is the legal result.


Premise: there may be 7000 Messi hidden among the Chinese people, some foreign media said of the talent potential inspired by the football reform plan. But only to find stars and train professional players as the yardstick, on the contrary, it deviates from the true meaning of campus football. Let football really take root, depends on the children's sense of achievement, happy football is more vitality than elite football.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of this passage is that the success or failure of campus football determines the future of Chinese football.


Premise: Umbilical cord blood refers to the blood left in the placenta and umbilical cord after the fetus is delivered and the umbilical cord is ligated and severed. The hematopoietic stem cells contained in umbilical cord blood have significant curative effect on leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, some malignant tumors and other diseases, which is no longer a valuable self-saving resource in life. Parents preserve umbilical cord blood for their newborns, which can provide protection for their children's health for the rest of their lives.

Hypothesis: At present, the probability of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation due to hematological diseases in China is very small, but it is expensive to preserve umbilical cord blood does not weaken the conclusion discussed above.


Premise: Criminologist: The main purpose of most criminal organizations is to generate profits. The ongoing revolutions in biotechnology and information technology promise to generate enormous profits. Ttherefore, criminal organizations will undoubtedly try to become increasingly involved in these areas.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the criminologist's argument is properly inferred if the assumption that most criminal organizations are willing to become involved in legal activities if those activities are sufficiently profitable is made.


Premise: After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith' s reasoning?

Hypothesis: Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, is in their best interest is consistent with Smith's statement that meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say.


Premise: A theory is either true or false. Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Ttherefore, since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory.

Hypothesis: The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable assumption that the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false.


Premise: Monopoly refers to the exclusive or joint control of a single enterprise or a few large enterprises over the production and sale of the products of the corresponding sector on the basis of the high development of concentrated profit and capital concentration.

Hypothesis: In order to curb industrial overcapacity, the government strictly restricts the establishment of new factories in related industries is the monopoly.


Premise: In some grass-roots units, the masses always talk back to cadres, and some even cause emotional antagonism between the cadres and the masses. The main reason is that some grass-roots cadres ignore the defensive psychology of the masses. Psychologists believe that when people are criticized by others, they instinctively develop a sense of defense, that is, the psychology of defense. Even if they have done obvious and unshirkable mistakes, some people will explain several objective reasons to justify themselves and dilute the adverse effects of their obsolescence. Generally speaking, defense psychology mainly has the following two manifestations: one is to explain the problem through defense and the other is to evade responsibility.

Hypothesis: According to the above text, grass-roots cadres should distinguish different situations and correctly deal with their defense towards the masses.


Premise: Zhang, Wang and Zhao work in the same department. One of them is the director, one is the secretary and one is an engineer. It is known that Wang, Zhao is taller than the engineer, Secretary is shorter than Wang, Zhang and secretary are not the same height.

Hypothesis: Zhang is the secretary, Wang is the director and Zhao is the engineer can be inferred.


Premise: Criminal motivation stereotypes, also known as criminal habits, are the implementation of the perpetrator's criminal behavior into an automated conditioned reflex system. It is the criminal psychology that has been strengthened due to the perpetrator's multiple successes in the crime, and the criminal behavior is stereotyped.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that the formation of criminal motivation stereotypes is due to the instigation and temptation of others, and the will to commit a crime is very weak is incorrect.


Premise: The business district is a business geographic area that can effectively attract customers to the store.It is divided into three levels: core business circle, sub - business circle and edge business circle.

Hypothesis: Shanghai No. 1 department store fits the concept of the business district.


Premise: The number of codfish in the North Atlantic has declined substantially as the population of harp seals has increased from two million to more than three million. Some blame the seal for the shrinking cod population, but cod plays a negligible role in the seal' s diet. It is ttherefore unlikely that the increase in the seal population has contributed significantly to the decline in the cod population.

Hypothesis: Cod feed almost exclusively on capelin, a fish that is a staple of the harp seal's diet most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: All of Professor Zhang's junior high school classmates are not doctorates; those who know his colleagues in the Institute of philosophy through Professor Zhang are doctorates; one of Professor Zhang's junior high school classmates met researcher Wang through Professor Zhang.

Hypothesis: Researcher Wang is not a colleague of Professor Zhang's Institute of philosophy can be inferred from the above assertion as a conclusion.


Premise: Since the founding of new China, China's higher education mechanism has changed several times, but it is basically managed by the government. Over the past ten years of reform and opening up, the reform of higher education system has taken important steps and made great achievements. However, on the whole, it still lags behind the process of economic system reform and social development.

Hypothesis: The original higher education system has never adapted to the needs of social development is the argument the above paragraph mainly supports.


Premise: Managers in a certain office have a doctoral degree, most of the Sichuan staff are under 30 years old, and a small number of Sichuan staff do not have a doctorate.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that some Sichuan employees are not managers.


Premise: Some psychologists claim that, in theory, the best way to understand another person would be through deep empathy, whereby one would gain a direct and complete grasp of that person' s motivations. But suppose they are right; then there would be no way at all to achieve understanding, since it is psychologically impossible to gain a direct and complete grasp of another person' s motivations. But obviously one can understand other people; thus these psychologists are wrong.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to adequately define the key phrase 'deep empathy'.


Premise: The genuine creative genius is someone who is dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs; thus these rare innovators tend to anger the majority. Those who are dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs tend to seek out controversy, and controversy seekers enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'People who enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints anger the majority' is required for the conclusion of the argument to logically follow.


Premise: In history, many people with lofty ideals have made extraordinary achievements in the struggle against setbacks. After being tortured in the palace, Sima Qian wrote a book angrily and wrote the masterpiece Historical Records, which was praised by Lu Xun as the last song of historians, no rhyme. Beethoven, a musician, suffered indescribable setbacks in his life. He lost his mother at 17, was deaf at 26, and then fell into the pain of being lovelorn. What a blow it is for a musician! But Beethoven, who was neither depressed nor discouraged, wrote in a letter: I will take fate by the throat, and it is delusional to bring me to my knees, this is absolutely impossible!  He always lived tenaciously, created hard, and became an immortal musician in the world.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that frustration can hone people's will.


Premise: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a self-determined behavior, which is not included in the formal job requirements of employees, but it will undoubtedly promote the effectiveness of the organization.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang often helps his colleague Xiao Li to take care of his sick father is an organizational citizenship behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: Gaia hypothesis holds that the earth's living and nonliving bodies form an interactive complex system. This hypothesis is divided into strong Gaia hypothesis and weak Gaia hypothesis. The weak Gaia hypothesis holds that various organisms on the earth effectively regulate the temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere. While biological objects affect the biological environment, The strong Gaia hypothesis further holds that the earth is a huge organism with the ability of self-regulation. For the health of this organism, it can even eliminate those harmful factors by itself.

Hypothesis: The weak Gaia hypothesis includes the belief that the importance of environmental protection is that the earth is the only planet suitable for human habitation.


Premise: In a study of commercial advertising, participants were divided into two groups and given the same snack. One group watched 10 minutes of a popular comedy video followed by five minutes of a commercial about food; the other group served as a control group, they have been watching 15 minutes of popular comedy shorts. The study found that the subjects who watched commercial food consumed significantly more snacks than the other group. Research suggests that food commercials can effectively increase people's consumption of snacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There was no significant difference between snack consumption and food advertisement when the subjects watched non-food advertisement' most weakens the conclusions of the study.


Premise: Some experts suggest that in order to revitalize land resources and effectively protect arable land, it is a good choice for farmers to live in buildings like urban residents, so that the farmers' existing houses can be stacked up, thereby saving a lot of land resources.

Hypothesis: If it is true that some farmers said that even if they move into a building, they will not demolish their existing house, it would most weaken the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Feedforward control is future-oriented and its goal is to prevent deviations before they occur.

Hypothesis: Banks are required to sign a series of documents, memos, and to be approved by their supervisors before making loans is feedforward control.


Premise: Administrative agency performance refers to the administrative decision made by the administrative organ according to law requiring the party to perform the obligations of removing obstacles and restoring the original state. If the party fails to perform within the time limit and still fails to perform after being urged, and the consequences have endangered or will endanger traffic safety, cause environmental pollution or damage natural resources, the administrative organ may perform on behalf of the party, or entrust a third party without an interest to perform on behalf of the party

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option that meets the provisions of administrative agent performance is the Urban Management Department urging a store to remove a billboard that affects driving safety and removing it on the store's behalf if it fails to do so within a time limit.


Premise: People may be divided into two classes: those who are a little ambitious and those who are not. For ordinary people, a little ambition is a firm motivation to pull them out of their ordinary lives. Without that ambition, can only be powerless and even ignorant, slowly submerged by the ordinary life. In times of change, that bit of ambition can lead to spectacular results.

Hypothesis: Liu Qin has neither ambition nor special talent, just by virtue of her natural beauty and the help of noble people in her life, she has accomplished many things constitutes a rebuttal to the above statement.


Premise: China's rare earth industry is facing a dilemma of internal and external attacks: at home, resources are consumed too fast, environmental pollution is serious, illegal mining has not been stopped repeatedly, and a large number of rare earths are exported and smuggled in disguise; abroad, the United States, Europe, Japan is constantly exerting pressure on China on the issue of rare earth exports. More than half a century of super-intensive mining has led to a continuous decline in the retained reserves and guarantee years of rare earth resources in China. Some experts pointed out that compared with the amount of human resources, China is already a country with a shortage of rare earths, but China has not yet completed its industrialization and needs more rare earths in the future.

Hypothesis: The main message of this passage is that it is necessary to comprehensively manage the development, production, and export of rare earths to break through the difficulties.


Premise: The harder the car's damping system is, the more stable the car body will be when running at high speed and crossing corners. Accordingly, the salesperson of Lutong automobile sales company suggested to the manufacturer that the damping system of cars sold by Lutong company should be designed harder in order to improve sales.

Hypothesis: The statement "Recently, more and more people like hard damping systems, especially young drivers" best supports the above proposal.


Premise: On the issue of the selection of the head of the personnel section, a bureau decided to vote by all the staff of the unit. The top three candidates were candidates. Each person only needed to tick the list of employees of the Bureau. The vote counting team found that Zhang Hao, who had just graduated, did not tick anyone; Wang Ming checked all those who checked Zhao Jie; Li Zilu ticked all those who didn't get the full vote

Hypothesis: Wang Ming and Li Zilu tick each other follows from this.


Premise: A report by American scientists pointed out that the comprehensive value created by the coastal wetland ecosystem per hectare is 4025 dollars per year, which is equivalent to twice the tropical rain forest in the same area, or 13 times that of other forests, 17 times that of grassland, or 44 times that of farmland!

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of value in the sentence is that coastal wetlands can create high national economic value for coastal areas.


Premise: College student Xiao Wang took the Postgraduate Admission Test exam in four subjects: politics, English, major one, major two. The sum of the scores of political and professional subject one is equal to the sum of the scores of the other two subjects.The sum of the scores of the political and professional subjects two is greater than the sum of the scores of the other two subjects. The scores of the professional subject one are higher than the sum of the scores of the political and English subjects.

Hypothesis: The correct ranking of Xiao Wang's four subjects from high to low, according to the above conditions, is Major subject two, major subject one, politics, English.


Premise: Just as Darwin discovered the law of the development of the organic world, Marx discovered the law of the development of human history, that is a simple fact always hidden by numerous and complicated ideologies: people must first eat, drink, live, and clothe. Then they can engage in politics, science, art, religion, etc., so that the direct production of material means of livelihood, thus a nation or an era of a certain stage of economic development. It forms the foundation on which people's national system, legal point of view, art and even religious ideas are developed. Therefore, it must be explained on this basis, not the opposite as in the past.

Hypothesis: The gist of the passage is that people's national system, legal point of view, art and even religious ideas must be explained on this basis.


Premise: Food and drug safety traceability system is a system that relies on modern information technology to warn of possible hidden dangers of food and drug safety. The reason why it is widely used in some countries is that on the one hand, it can reduce the cost of obtaining information from regulators and improve regulatory efficiency; on the other hand, it can also force enterprises to improve their safety awareness and take the initiative to control risks. This system has been introduced into China for many years and is reflected in relevant laws and regulations as well as action planning. However, in practice, regional segmentation, departmental division and other problems are still relatively prominent, and there is no efficient local linkage and joint efforts of departments, which is lack of overall effect on solving food and drug safety problems.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is multi-party cooperation as the key to solve the problem of food and drug safety.


Premise: U disk survival refers to the way of life that only depends on individual skills rather than on the identity of the organization, decides whether or not to participate in social cooperation, and its personal value is judged entirely by the market.

Hypothesis: After graduating from university, Xiao Han worked as a math teacher in a number of training institutions. She always felt that although the income was high, it was too hard. Not long ago, without consulting with her family, she took the initiative to enter a private middle school does not belong to U disk survival.


Premise: Harunia Province has a relatively dry climate and is attracting a fast-growing population that has put increasing demands on its water supply. The two companies that supply water to the region have struggled to keep up with demand and still remain profitable. Yet now they are asking Harunian authorities to write residential water-use regulations that could reduce their revenues and restrict their future flexibility in supplying water profitably.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The companies believe regulation is inevitable and that having it in place now will allow better planning and thus future profitability' would most logically help explain why the water supply companies are asking the authorities to regulate residential water use.


Premise: There are circumstances in which it is not immoral to make certain threats, and there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or some other favor. Ttherefore, there are circumstances in which it is not immoral to ask for money or a favor while making a threat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is usually easy to move a piano after you have convinced five people to help you, provided that you do not need to take it up or down stairs. Therefore, it is usually easy to move a piano' exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: A recent study involved feeding a high-salt diet to a rat colony. A few months after the experiment began, standard tests of the rats' blood pressure revealed that about 25 percent of the colony had normal, healthy blood pressure, about 70 percent of the colony had high blood pressure, and 5 percent of the colony had extremely high blood pressure. The conclusion from these results is that high-salt diets are linked to high blood pressure in rats.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'How many rats in the colony studied had abnormally high blood pressure before the study began?' is most relevant to evaluating the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: A researcher fed honeybee larvae separately with fresh royal jelly and royal jelly that had been stored for 30 days. The results showed that the larvae fed with fresh royal jelly grew into queens. Further research found that a protein called royalactin in fresh royal jelly can promote the secretion of growth hormone, making the larvae have the characteristics of queen bee, such as larger body size and well-developed ovaries. The researchers fed fruit flies with this protein, and the fruit flies also showed an increase in body length, number of eggs and lifespan, indicating that the effect of this protein on biological characteristics is cross-species.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is little genetic difference between bees and fruit flies, and they share many of the same biological characteristics' can support the above researchers' findings.


Premise: Since the 1950s, humans have discarded up to 1 billion tons of plastic, which may exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Recently, a scientific research team found a fungus called endophyte in the Amazon rainforest, which can degrade ordinary polyurethane plastics. Researchers believe that using the characteristics of this fungus will hopefully help humans eliminate the threat posed by plastic waste.

Hypothesis: Researchers should base their judgment on the precondition that this fungus can also survive and grow normally in other parts of the earth.


Premise: A computer equipped with signature-recognition software, which restricts access to a computer to those people whose signatures are on file, identifies a person' s signature by analyzing not only the form of the signature but also such characteristics as pen pressure and signing speed. Even the most adept forgers cannot duplicate all of the characteristics the program analyzes.

Hypothesis: In many cases even authorized users are denied legitimate access to computers equipped with the software can be logically concluded from the passage above.


Premise: The manager said, with self-confidence, you don't necessarily win. the chairman responded, but without self-confidence, you will lose.

Hypothesis: Only self-confidence, can we not lose is closest to the chairman's meaning.


Premise: The artist who can create beauty must have a high starting point. If the starting point is very low, it is easy to flow with the secular. Most of the older modern artists started in the early 1930s, taking lessons from Lu Xun's realism and jumping into the Chinese revolution with a solid foundation. Their accumulated experience can be taught by future generations.

Hypothesis: An artist with a high starting point of learning, like Lu Xun, does not conform to the secular world does not fit the meaning of the passage.