Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: The statement "The airliner broke down and no missile shot down the airliner" needs to be added if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: For many centuries it was believed that only classical Euclidean geometry could provide a correct way of mathematically representing the universe. Nevertheless, scientists have come to believe that a representation of the universe employing non-Euclidean geometry is much more useful in developing certain areas of scientific theory. In fact, such a representation underlies the cosmological theory that is now most widely accepted by scientists as accurate.

Hypothesis: The usefulness of a mathematical theory is now considered by scientists to be more important than its mathematical correctness is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Researchers in a certain country recruited college students to study their emotions and brain activity. first, they were asked to read stories that inspire jealousy and schadenfreude, and then the changes of brain blood flow were measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). They found that jealousy was related to the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, schadenfreude was associated with the activity of the striatum, and that the more active the anterior cingulate cortex was when jealousy occurred, the more active the striatum.

Hypothesis: People who like to be schadenfreude have higher striatal activity than those who like jealousy is most likely to be inferred from the above research.


Premise: A study of 86 patients, all of whom suffered from disease T and received the same standard medical treatment, divided the patients into 2 equal groups. One group' s members all attended weekly support group meetings, but no one from the other group attended support group meetings. After 10 years, 41 patients from each group had died. Clearly, support group meetings do not help patients with disease T live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the group that attended weekly support group meetings lived 2 years longer, on average, than the members of the other group' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In a broad sense, collective memory is the memory of a group with its own specific cultural cohesion and unity. This group can be a political and religious group, a regional cultural community, a nation or a country. This memory can be scattered, fragmented, oral, centralized, official and written, It can be a memory of a recent event or a trace of the deeds of ancient ancestors.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the legend of Emperor Yu taming the flood is an example of collective memory.


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: If F and M are not in charge of the same department, I and P are in charge of the same department must be correct.


Premise: Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania' s currently improving economic situation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: According to the general principle of a person's character, the behavior of a person in social life always changes with the environment, no matter how high the other status is and how long the education is.There are both good and evil sides in human nature. Everyone actually has a self-interested plot or tendency, and they are called rational economic men.

Hypothesis: Some institutional factors should be designed to restrict the behavior of government officials is not an implied meaning or a conclusion that can be drawn.


Premise: On the issue of the selection of the head of the personnel section, a bureau decided to vote by all the staff of the unit. The top three candidates were candidates. Each person only needed to tick the list of employees of the Bureau. The vote counting team found that Zhang Hao, who had just graduated, did not tick anyone; Wang Ming checked all those who checked Zhao Jie; Li Zilu ticked all those who didn't get the full vote

Hypothesis: Wang Ming didn't choose Li Zilu, but Li Zilu chose Wang Ming follows from this.


Premise: Almost all advances in genetic research give rise to ethical dilemmas. Government is the exclusive source of funding for most genetic research; those projects not funded by government are funded solely by corporations. One or the other of these sources of funding is necessary for any genetic research.

Hypothesis: If all the statements above are true, then most genetic research funded by government results in advances that give rise to ethical dilemmas must be true.


Premise: Geologist: A geological fault in the mountain under which the proposed nuclear waste storage facility would be buried could, after a few thousand years, cause the contents to seep out or water to seep in. Since nuclear waste remains dangerous for up to 25, 000 years, such seepage would be disastrous. So we should not place a nuclear waste storage facility under this mountain until scientists investigate whether this mountain has any geological faults.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The scientists' investigation would conclusively show whether or not the mountain has any geological faults' most strengthens the geologist's argumentation.


Premise: Pit vipers are so called because of the small pits on the sides of their heads which function as infrared sensors, giving the viper a thermal impression of objects in its vicinity. Because all species of pit vipers are predators, scientists have long thought that these sensors were used to find prey. One researcher has hypothesized, however, that the infrared sensor serves primarily to assist the viper in judging the size of approaching predators and how far away they are.

Hypothesis: The statement "The rattle of the diamondback rattlesnake, one of the most common kinds of pit viper, functions as a defense mechanism to intimidate predators" would most support the researcher's hypothesis.


Premise: According to China's current laws and regulations, neighbors in the same building throw objects at high altitude, causing damage to other people's lives or property, if the person who throws objects cannot be found out, the residents of the same building who may cause damage shall jointly bear the liability for compensation. Such laws and regulations protect the rights of the victims, safeguard public safety, colleagues and allow the possible perpetrators to share the responsibility, which can enhance their awareness of supervision and prevention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Worried about taking responsibility, the residents of the community spontaneously publicized the harm of high-altitude throwing and actively reported relevant behaviors' best supports the above argument.


Premise: Scientists, just like Earth, Venus also has a hot lava core inside. With the autobiography and rotation of Venus, huge heat is released. The earth releases internal heat through volcanic eruptions caused by plate tectonics. It is puzzling that there is no volcanic eruption like plate tectonics in Venus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The autobiography of Venus is slow and its outer shell is much thinner than that of Earth, which makes it easy to release internal heat to the outside' gives the best explanation for the confusion of the scientist.


Premise: T-type management refers to the free sharing of knowledge (the horizontal part of T) within an organization, while focusing on the improvement of the performance of a single business unit (the vertical part of T). T-type management learns across business units, shares resources, and communicates ideas. To create horizontal value (the horizontal part of T), and at the same time, through the close cooperation of each business unit, the performance of a single business unit (the vertical part of T) can be well developed.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a company that often convenes sales staff for experience exchange meetings, where everyone introduces their successful sales experience and methods, and whose sales performance improves after each exchange meeting, does not use T-type management methods or uses it in the wrong way.


Premise: Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008, the United States, Japan, Europe and other developed economies have fallen into the dilemma of weak economic growth, and their economic growth has always been significantly lower than the pre-crisis level. According to the secular stagnation theory, this is because the equilibrium real interest rate continues to decline and has fallen into the negative range. The central bank is constrained by the zero zero limit and it is difficult to lower the real interest rate to the equilibrium real interest rate. Therefore, the relatively high real interest rate leads to the continuous suppression of aggregate demand (especially investment demand). That is why, even with zero interest rates in the US, Japan and Europe, output gaps remain negative and recovery is hard to achieve. According to this theory, some argue that China's economy also faces a lack of investment demand and a prolonged period of stagnation.

Hypothesis: The statement "The sharp decline in China's investment growth is at odds with the theory's emphasis on deficient investment demand" most refutes the above view.


Premise: Credit quality blacklist refers to the disclosure of certain individuals or units' breach of contract and law violations in economic activities within a certain range through a certain information system, thereby recording taints, criticism and supervision, and punishment and inhibition of such behaviors. Management methods.

Hypothesis: The People's Bank of China has added credit delinquents to its personal credit information database since October 1 does not meet the above definition.


Premise: Why are the brain sizes of some primates larger than other animals? The reason is usually considered to be social behavior, that is, primates live in larger and more complex social groups. In order to better handle various social relationships, they Need a bigger brain.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is easier to predict the size of the brain through the dietary characteristics of primates rather than the complexity of the community' if true, means that the above point of view cannot be questioned.


Premise: According to the work performance of the employees Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang, the leaders of a company put forward two compatible options for sending them abroad for training: [1] neither Xiao Zhang nor Xiao Li has been sent abroad for training; (2) Xiao Wang abroad for training.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Wang is not sent abroad for training, both Zhang and Li will be sent is the meaning of the two options together.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: Guo Yanran must be selected.


Premise: Psychologist: Because of a perceived social stigma against psychotherapy, and because of age discrimination on the part of some professionals, some elderly people feel discouraged about trying psychotherapy. They should not be, however, for many younger people have greatly benefited from it, and people in later life have certain advantages over the young -- such as breadth of knowledge, emotional maturity, and interpersonal skills -- that contribute to the likelihood of a positive outcome.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the psychologist's argument is that certain psychotherapists practice age discrimination.


Premise: A, B and C traffic police have come to the following conclusion after the safety check of the city's passenger cars during this spring festival: A: all the passenger cars are overloaded. B: there is no overload problem on all the city's passenger buses. C: both Ruyi's and Jixiang's buses are overloaded.

Hypothesis: The passenger cars of Ruyi Company are overloaded, but the passenger cars of Jixiang company are not overloaded if only one of the above three conclusions is wrong.


Premise: In general, young children's body temperature rises less as a result of sun exposure than adults'. However, it has been found that heat stroke is more likely to occur in young children if the temperature is high in a car compartment, and almost infrequently in adults. You won't get sunstroke even if you stay in a car for an hour at 45 degree. Which of the following, if true, best explains these findings?

Hypothesis: Heat stroke usually occurs when you lose your body weight in water. Young children have a larger body surface area to absorb heat more quickly, and because they have the same number of sweat glands as adults, they lose water more quickly best explains these findings.


Premise: A good behavior must have both good motivation and good effect. If it is intentional or unintentional to hurt others, but the possibility of such harm is predictable, in both cases, the act of causing harm to others is an evil act.

Hypothesis: Mr. J used his spare time to solve the backlog of medical claims in order to show himself in front of the new leader and compete for a promotion, which was good because miss s's medical claims were compensated in time, is consistent with the conclusion of the stem.


Premise: G2B (BusinesstoGovemment) is a kind of e-government mode, which means that the government and enterprises use modern information technology such as computer and Internet to carry out related business transactions beyond the restrictions of time, space and department separation. It helps to realize the optimization and reorganization of government organizations and work processes, and improve the efficiency of government work.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li declared and paid his company's tax last month in a city's online tax collection system belongs to the G2B service mode.


Premise: Underdeveloped countries still have to import food and are powerless in the face of natural disasters. Agriculture and animal husbandry, mining is the main sector of the economy, the labor force mainly works in this sector. The level of culture and education and people's standard of living are very low.

Hypothesis: The view of the above-mentioned underdeveloped countries is primarily supported by the option 'Helpless in the face of natural disasters'.


Premise: Many media said China's male-to-female ratio a serious imbalance. By 2020, there will be 30 million to 40 million more men of marriageable age in China than women, meaning that on average one in five men will be unable to find a spouse and ten million will be without a wife.

Hypothesis: The spread of sex selection technology best supports the above statement.


Premise: During the period of frequent earth tectonic activities, the new ocean basins around Africa, South America and Europe began to expand, creating new spaces. A large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacted with photosynthetic organisms, and the dead organisms were then buried in seabed sediments, forming shales rich of carbon element. The carbon in the atmosphere is fixed and the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, reducing the greenhouse effect and lowering the global temperature. This is a very important consequence for marine life. So some scientists believe that  there would be the consequence whether the global climate gets cold or warm.

Hypothesis: The statement "The natural changes in large-scale growth period or the great changes in the global greenhouse effect caused by human activities in the short term have an impact on the whole system" can best support scientists' judgment if it is true.


Premise: Some office decided to send cadres in the office, and set up by the party commission office, personnel department, employment department composed of cadres in Xinjiang recommended group, also set zhao mou, Li Mou, Zhou Mou three recommended candidates. Party commission office, personnel department, employment department three departments respectively put forward their recommendations: Party commission office: Zhao mou, Li Mou can only go to one. Personnel department: if not selected zhao mou, not selected zhou Mou. Employment department: only not selected li mou or Zhao mou, just selected Zhou Mou.

Hypothesis: The scheme that satisfies the three departments at the same time is to send Zhao Mou, do not send Li Mou, and do not send Zhou Mou.


Premise: Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about 45 days. No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as 45 days. Synthetic herbicides, on the other hand, although not any longer-lasting, can be reapplied as the crop grows. Clearly, ttherefore, for major agricultural crops, plowing rye into the soil can play no part in effective weed control.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to allow for the possibility of combining the two weed-control methods it mentions.


Premise: Professional socialization refers to the process in which individuals choose occupations according to social needs, master the knowledge and skills to engage in a certain occupation, and update and retrain their knowledge and skills after engaging in a certain occupation

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang, the canteen administrator, saw that translation talents were urgently needed in many fields. He studied in his spare time and worked in a company after obtaining the translation qualification certificate belongs to professional socialization.


Premise: There is a scientific experiment conducted on 500 women aged 25 to 35. Two experimental groups were set up, with the first group of experimenters taking aspirin for a long time, and the second group not. The results showed that the corners of the eyes of those who took aspirin for a long time appeared wrinkles later than those who did not take aspirin, and their skin was smoother and softer. This experiment shows that aspirin may become a cheap and effective anti-wrinkle, rejuvenating drug.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The eye corner skins of the two groups of subjects were comparable before the experiment' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: In many bird samples, it is first discovered that the predator's bird makes a warning call, so the flock of birds disperses. There is a theory that the calling bird saves its companion by attracting attention to itself, that is, to Self-sacrifice for the benefit of the flock.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When danger comes, the yelling bird may be in a safer position than its companion. It yells to remind its mate' can most directly weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Recently, a company launched an air conditioner that uses less electricity than all other similar products on the market. As a result, the company's management believes the air conditioner will sell more than any other product on the market.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The service life of this air conditioner is lower than the average of similar products' best challenges the judgment of the company's management.


Premise: For thousands of years, people have always been prejudiced against the night of the full moon, because in some legends, someone will become a werewolf on the night of the full moon. However, a recent study showed that patients with heart disease not only have the lowest incidence during the full moon, but also the death rate will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The latest statistics show that patients with heart disease spend longer in hospitals during the full moon period than other lunar cycle phases' cannot support the above conclusion.


Premise: Entrepreneurs should have the ability of communication and persuasion, which is an essential ability for successful entrepreneurship. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to make the public recognize and buy your products and services. Therefore, the ability of communication and persuasion is as important as execution.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that successful entrepreneurs are those who have the ability to communicate, persuade and execute cannot be drawn from the above point of view.


Premise: Shake to make friends, Shake to find a restaurant and Shake to sing have become a new way of life for people in the smartphone era. However, the location to come out in the process of shaking is often quite different from the actual location, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. This often brings users the trouble of looking for it in big cities with dense buildings. With the development of Internet technology, cloud computing may provide a solution to this problem. Experts believe that cloud computing can provide positioning accuracy correction services, which are generated by the combination of cloud computing and positioning navigation, but the positioning accuracy is up to 1 meter. As the main theme of the information industry, cloud computing brings unexpected changes to people's lives. It serves various groups more and more deeply, and even changes the consumption pattern of the whole society.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is that location service affects the pattern of social consumption.


Premise: A, B the editorial department of both newspapers have a special proofreading staff. Last year, there were some written errors in newspaper A, and there were no written errors in newspaper B. Therefore, in last year's proofreading work, the school staff of newspaper B is more effective than the work of the school clerk of newspaper A.

Hypothesis: The number of written errors in the manuscripts received by newspaper A is no less than that of newspaper B is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must establish a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: Ren Xiangyang must be selected.


Premise: Although China's disaster relief capacity has been greatly improved after many large-scale natural disasters, disaster prevention education is still backward. China Poverty Alleviation Foundation conducted a survey on the disaster prevention awareness of the Chinese public in 2015. The results show that only 24.3% of urban residents expressed concern about the relevant knowledge of disaster response, which is only 11% in rural areas. In addition, less than 4% of urban residents have made basic disaster prevention preparations in their daily life, and more than half of rural residents have never participated in any disaster prevention training. The nominal disaster prevention education cannot improve people's self-help ability. They start to organize learning after the disaster, and the lost lives are irreparable.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to highlight that there is a serious imbalance between urban and rural disaster prevention education.


Premise: Synesthesia: refers to the mutual communication between various sensory organs in literary and artistic creation and appreciation.

Hypothesis: I seem to see rain flowing into the ground, into the orchard, into the hearts of people is not synaesthesia.


Premise: Nearly all employees of the factory who have completed their high school diploma have earned their factory safety certificate, having easily completed the eight week training course. The high school graduates who haven' t earned the certificate are ones who have evening obligations that have prevented them from taking the course. Overall, though, most of the factory workers have not earned the certificate.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, most of the workers who have earned the certificate must be high school graduates.


Premise: A famous entrepreneur summed up the ice cream philosophy from his indomitable struggle experience, that is, selling ice cream must start in winter, because there are few customers in winter, which will force you to reduce costs and improve services. If you can survive in winter, you will no longer be afraid of competition in summer.

Hypothesis: According to this paragraph, ice cream philosophy mainly emphasizes reducing costs and improving service quality for enterprises.


Premise: When politicians resort to personal attacks, many editorialists criticize these attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. Everyone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. Political commentators, however, cannot be. Political commentators should be engaged in sustained and serious debate about ideas and policies. In such a context, personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that political commentators should not resort to personal attacks on their opponents.


Premise: All international students from Australia live in the east side international student apartment. All students living in the east side international student apartment must participate in this year's international exchange meeting. Some overseas students from Australia have joined the Chinese Club. Some students majoring in civil engineering have also joined the Chinese Club. All civil engineering students did not attend this year's international exchange meeting.

Hypothesis: Some Chinese club members did not attend this year's international exchange meeting cannot be deduced from the above information.


Premise: Only when all countries in the world recognize the need to respect the sovereignty of any country and truly implement this treaty can the world be truly peaceful. However, because some countries hold a hegemonic attitude and adopt dual principles towards their own countries and other countries, they do not respect the sovereignty of some countries.

Hypothesis: A country with a hegemonic attitude is shameful can be seen.


Premise: Generally speaking, the increase in the price of a product will lead to a decrease in sales, unless the increase in price is accompanied by an improvement in the quality of the product. In China, foreign brands of wine are an exception. Seven increases in the price of wine from many foreign brands often lead to an increase in sales, although the quality of those brands has not changed.

Hypothesis: Consumers often judge the quality of wine according to the price of wine best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Enterprises in the booming period, often tense and busy, there is no time and energy to design and build qionglou Yuyu; When all the important work is done, time and energy are focused on building office buildings. So the more perfectly designed and lavishly decorated a company's office buildings, the closer it is to dissolution; When a company's building design and construction are perfected, its existence gradually becomes meaningless. This is known as the office Building Rule.

Hypothesis: The more dilapidated the office building, the more vitality and vitality the enterprise has, most questions the above statement.


Premise: If a person increases the number of meals a day but does not increase the amount of food he eats, his cholesterol levels will obviously drop. However, most people eat more food while eating more often.

Hypothesis: The statement "For most people, increasing the number of food he eats will not lead to a significant reduction in cholesterol levels" will most strongly support the statement above.


Premise: Until 1990, an oil exploration team in Mexico's Gocatan Peninsula stumbled upon a huge crater. Most of the crater is submerged at the bottom of the sea near the Yucatan Peninsula, with a width of about 160 to 240 kilometers. The age of the crater-covered sediment suggests that the giant crater was formed about 65 million years ago, coinciding with the extinction of the dinosaurs. The discovery of this evidence basically reached a consensus among scientists that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by the impact of the meteorite on the earth.

Hypothesis: The point that this paragraph is trying to make is that before 1990, no one would have thought that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by meteorites hitting the earth.


Premise: In order to promote the clean vegetables into thousands of homes activity, Wanjia Service Company asked market analysts to analyze the market prospects of this activity at two local universities. The report of market analysts believes that these two universities have gathered many national-level universities's senior intellectuals in China, providing washed and packaged vegetables can save them a lot of housework time and do a better job of teaching and research, so they will be welcomed by them.

Hypothesis: Most families in these two universities hire part-time workers to do all kinds of housework, and the remuneration paid to part-time workers is less than the increase in expenses for buying clean vegetables can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The root of economic recovery is industrial recovery, especially under the framework of the global division of labor system, the economies of various countries are no longer committed to building a large and comprehensive production system, but focus on strengthening the worldwide comparative advantage. And in the process of global transmission of the crisis along the industrial chain, there are differences in the degree of damage to different industries. Therefore, timely, moderate and specific industrial policies are of great significance for countries to get out of the crisis.

Hypothesis: The gist of the passage is to introduce the methods and ways to promote economic recovery.


Premise: Investigators of the fire at the Shelburne factory have determined that the traces of gasoline on the property resulted from a leaking truck and were not, as they previously thought, the work of an arsonist. The investigators had originally maintained that the fire could have resulted from arson, faulty wiring, or an explosion of factory equipment. However, in light of all the evidence collected so far, they are currently exploring only the faulty-wiring theory.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The investigators have physical evidence that the wiring in the Shelburne factory was faulty' provides the most support for the inference that the investigators believe that the fire was not caused by an explosion of factory equipment.


Premise: In order to avoid predators and the hot sun, many migratory birds choose to fly at night when they migrate. When they have to fly over some natural geographical barriers such as the Gulf of Mexico, they even fly endlessly for 24 hours. Like humans, long-term lack of sleep can make birds extremely tired and less flexible, which inevitably leads to greater risk when they take a break. However, a new study shows that migratory birds have a clever solution. The scientists observed seven captured Sven's night thrushes and found that the migratory birds that used to fly at night were not completely relaxed during the day and usually had one eye open. Brain waves also showed that only half of their brains were in a standard dormant state.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Between half dreaming and half waking up'.


Premise: Newspaper report: The government' s health department is unable to explain the recent finding that over time a 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes caused a 5 percent reduction in the number of smokers. This is a surprising finding because cigarettes are known to be highly addictive and numerous studies have demonstrated that an increase in the price of cigarettes almost never causes people to quit smoking.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Previous price increases have also, over time, caused a reduction in the number of smokers' most helps to explain the finding that the increase in the price of cigarettes reduced the number of smokers.


Premise: Nowadays, the boundary and separation between natural science and social science have been broken. Multi-disciplines intersect and infiltrate each other, which is the result of highly differentiated and comprehensive scientific, technological, economic and social integration. Therefore, the rationality and diversification of knowledge structure is a new and higher requirement for scientific and technological practitioners in the development of science and technology.

Hypothesis: The main point expressed by the author through this passage is that science and technology practitioners should not only have solid professional knowledge, but also have a wide range of knowledge.


Premise: The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon that patients unknowingly take fake drugs that have no effect at all, but can get the same or even better effect as the real drug. The placebo effect is supported by many clinical studies. One explanation for this phenomenon is that people's expectations for the future will change the physiological state of the brain, which in turn causes physiological changes in the whole body.

Hypothesis: Placebo has no effect on Alzheimer's patients who have lost the ability to anticipate the future does not support the above explanation.


Premise: The researchers found that there are three types of nucleotide genes in humans: AA type, AG type and GG type. A person has a 36% chance of being AA, a 48% chance of being AG, and a 16% chance of being GG. Of the 1200 elderly people who took part in the study, those with the AA and AG genotypes all died before 11:00, while almost all those with the GG genotype died around 6 pm. Based on this, the researchers believe that people with the GG gene type will die an average of seven hours later than others.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The calculation of the average life span should be based on the length of life of the experimental subject, not the time of death of the experimental subject' would most question the above-mentioned researcher's point of view.


Premise: Soft violence refers to the behavior people seek illegal interests or illegal, in others or in the workplace nuisance, entanglement and schoolroom, and organizing a mob to spin, is enough to make others fear, panic and psychological coercion, or enough to affect, restrict the personal freedom, endangers one's personal property safety, affect the normal life, work, production, management of illegal and criminal means.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, online loan company collectors using group calling, group texting, exposing privacy and other means to disturb the debtors and their emergency contacts, contacts in the address book is sub-soft violence.


Premise: Cool Games Corporation derives all of its revenues through the sales of video games. Last year, it fell just short of making a profit although it had strong revenues of $200 million worldwide, half from children and half from adults. This year, the company's sales to children rose 20% to $120 million, but its sales to adults dropped 40% to a disappointing $60 million. One of the most renowned Wall Street analysts had forecasted that Cool Games Corporation would need to at least match its revenues of last year in order to have a chance to make a profit on video games this year. Upon hearing the news of the Cool Games Corporation's revenue, the analyst concluded that it was not possible for the company to have made a profit this year.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the average sales of all video game companies decreased significantly this year is the basis of the analyst's conclusion.


Premise: The modernization of organ administration refers to the democratization of organ administrative concepts, the humanization of rules and regulations and the scientization of management means. Organ administration is the objective need of the development of modern society and the progress of science and technology. It is an important part of economic and social development. Now, the administrative environment has undergone fundamental and epoch-making changes,

Hypothesis: With the development of science and technology and computer network technology, administrative organs must realize office automation and networking complements the above best.


Premise: Two numbers or letters arranged in order are called sequence pairs, such as 2a, e3, dm, etc., the first number or letter in the sequence pair is called the preceding item, and the second is called the subsequent item. Function is a finite sequence composed of several pairs, where the front term of each pair is a letter, and the back term is a number, and for any pair, if the front term is the same, the back term must be the same.

Hypothesis: The statement 'a3,b5,d6,p1,e3' is a function according to the above definition.


Premise: Social contraction refers to the continuous loss of population in human settlements, which leads to the spatial decline of the economic and social environment and culture of the corresponding region. According to whether the contraction behavior is a planning strategy or management measure actively adopted by the settlement actors, it can be divided into active social contraction and passive social contraction.

Hypothesis: A city's urban population has declined due to the relaxation of the core area functions is an active social contraction according to the above definition.


Premise: Based on data collected from policyholders, life insurance companies have developed tables that list standard weight ranges for various heights. Policyholders whose weight fell within the range given for their height lived longer than those whose weight fell outside their given range. Ttherefore, if people whose weight falls outside their given range modified their weight to fall within that range, their overall life expectancies would improve.

Hypothesis: People's efforts to modify their weight to conform to a given range would not damage their health enough to decrease their overall life expectancies is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Technological innovation can bring about changes in the way of reading. The invention of printing makes reading more popular and convenient, while the development of electronic technology creates a new form of books and periodicals and gives birth to the free reading mode of anytime, anywhere. Due to the pressure of work and life, people have less and less time to concentrate on reading. Micro-reading with fragmented time solves this problem to some extent.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis in this paragraph is on the development of technology promoting the evolution of reading style.


Premise: Publisher: The new year is approaching, and with it the seasonal demand for books on exercise and fitness. We must do whatever it takes to ship books in that category on time; our competitors have demonstrated a high level of organization, and we cannot afford to be outsold.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the publisher's argument is that the company will be outsold if it does not maintain its competitors' high level of organization.


Premise: Field dependence means that external references are used as the basis for information processing, so it is difficult to get rid of the influence of environmental factors. Their attitude and self-perception are more easily influenced and disturbed by the people around them, especially the authorities, and they are good at observing words and emotions, paying attention to and remembering the social contents in verbal messages.

Hypothesis: Doing things is dominated by intrinsic motivation belongs to field dependence according to the above definition.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The most cancer-prone organs of the human body, including the lungs, stomach, large intestine, breast, etc., are all parts of the body with low body temperature, and high temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get cancer. Therefore, you can  raise your body temperature to fight cancer by doing exercise, drinking hot water, bathing and other ways.

Hypothesis: Hyperthermia may help radiotherapy or some chemotherapy to play a better role, but research data to prove its reliability is still insufficient can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: Confirmation bias refers to the fact that once a belief is established, people try to find examples that are consistent with it and ignore those that are not.

Hypothesis: Xiaodong's increased trust in the prophet after a brush with another vehicle is the most likely confirmation bias based on the definition above.


Premise: This semester, the administration major of a university set up five elective courses, requiring every student to take at least two, and it was found that some students took all the courses.

Hypothesis: All courses are taken by students can be derived.


Premise: Complex sentence refers to a sentence composed of two or more clauses whose meanings are related and do not contain each other in structure.

Hypothesis: New materials play a more and more important role in the change of a country's economic growth rate, industrial structure layout and people's lifestyle is not a complex sentence according to the above definition.


Premise: In the process of accompanying their children, many parents will encounter the problem of their children lying or concealing the truth. Lying is almost what many parents are most worried about. Their children's bad behavior is even more frightening and angry than their children's poor academic performance.If we say that many parents have not solved the problem of their children lying well, at least most of them should pay attention to it, while the problem of children concealing their own situation from their parents is not only worse solved, but also not given enough attention.

Hypothesis: Children's behavior of concealing their own situation has not attracted the attention of parents is true of the original text.


Premise: A county held a comparison of civilized townships. Four judges predicted the possibility of Qinglian Township, Xiahe Township and Furong Town winning the title of civilized Township. Judge A said: if Qinglian Township can win the title of 'civilized Township', then Xiahe Township and Furong Town can also get this title. Judge B said: if Qinglian Township and Xiahe Township can get the title of 'civilized Township'. Then Furong Town will definitely not get this title. Judge C said, No matter whether Qinglian Township gets the title of 'civilized Township' or not, it is impossible for both Xiahe Township and Furong Town to get this title. Judge Ding said: I think Qinglian Township can get the title of 'civilized Township', but if Xiahe Township can get this title. Furong Town can't get this title. After the announcement of the results, it was found that only one of the four judges' prediction was valid.

Hypothesis: Qinglian Township cannot be awarded the title of civilized Township, while Xiahe Township and Furong Town can get this title can be inferred based on the information provided.


Premise: Modern information network technology, microelectronics technology and virtual technology have expanded people's horizons to a whole new field. People can not only use computer technology to establish combat laboratories, but also integrate historical experience and predictions of the future. Computer automatic reasoning is combined with expert experience guidance, and it can create a realistic combat environment by synthesizing dynamic artificial battlefields, opening up new channels and broad space for strategic theoretical research. Many countries use this as a basis to propose new combat principles On this basis, the country's national security strategy was formed, thus realizing the transformation of national security planning from empirical decision-making to scientific decision-making.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to emphasize that combat principles and theories depend on the innovation and development of science and technology.


Premise: Government statistics show that the real (adjusted for inflation) average income for families has risen over the last five years. Ttherefore, since this year the Andersen family' s income is average for families, the family' s real income must have increased over the last five years.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to consider the possibility that the Andersen family's real income was above average in the recent past.


Premise: Lydia: Red squirrels are known to make holes in the bark of sugar maple trees and to consume the trees' sap. Since sugar maple sap is essentially water with a small concentration of sugar, the squirrels almost certainly are after either water or sugar. Water is easily available from other sources in places where maple trees grow, so the squirrels would not go to the trouble of chewing holes in trees just to get water. Ttherefore, they are probably after the sugar. Galina: It must be something other than sugar, because the concentration of sugar in the maple sap is so low that a squirrel would need to drink an enormous amount of sap to get any significant amount of sugar.

Hypothesis: Lydia's argument proceeds by rejecting a possible alternative explanation for an observed phenomenon.


Premise: If an artist receives a public subsidy to support work on a specific project -- e. g. , making a film -- and if this project then proves successful enough to allow the artist to repay the subsidy, is the artist morally obliged to do so? The answer is clearly yes, since the money returned to the agency distributing the subsidies will be welcome as a source of support for other artists deserving of public subsidies.

Hypothesis: The artist's obligation is established by arguing that this person had in fact, at an earlier time, made a tacit promise to act this way.


Premise: Relationship association refers to the relationship between whole and part because of the various relationships of things. Causality, association established by genus.

Hypothesis: You associate apple with orange is a relationship association.


Premise: Letter to the editor: The Planning Department budget increased from $100, 000 in 2001 to $524, 000 for this year. However, this does not justify your conclusion in yesterday' s editorial that the department now spends five times as much money as it did in 2001 to perform the same duties.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A restructuring act, passed in 2003, broadened the duties of the Planning Department' most helps to support the claim made in the letter regarding the justification of the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: The manager said, with self-confidence, you don't necessarily win. the chairman responded, but without self-confidence, you will lose.

Hypothesis: The closest option to the chairman's meaning is "Only self-confidence, can we not lose."


Premise: The harder the car's damping system is, the more stable the car body will be when running at high speed and crossing corners. Accordingly, the salesperson of Lutong automobile sales company suggested to the manufacturer that the damping system of cars sold by Lutong company should be designed harder in order to improve sales.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Many people think that the hard damping system will make the car bumpy, so it's better to be soft" best supports the above proposal.


Premise: At present, there are 3 kinds of GM rice waiting for commercial planting approval, each involving at least 12 foreign patents; 5 kinds of GM rice are in the process of research and development, each involving 10 foreign patents. Some experts believe that rice is the main food crop in China, and if GM rice is allowed to be planted commercially, the state's control over the main food crops may be threatened.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the introduction of genetically modified seeds in the United States, the prices of corn, cotton, soybeans and other seeds rose sharply' would most strongly support the expert's view.


Premise: Medical researcher: As expected, records covering the last four years of ten major hospitals indicate that babies born prematurely were more likely to have low birth weights and to suffer from health problems than were babies not born prematurely. These records also indicate that mothers who had received adequate prenatal care were less likely to have low birth weight babies than were mothers who had received inadequate prenatal care. Adequate prenatal care, ttherefore, significantly decreases the risk of low birth weight babies.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Women who receive adequate prenatal care, are less likely to give birth prematurely than are women who do not receive adequate prenatal care' most weakens the medical researcher's argument.


Premise: Why lose weight and rebound? Scientists first fed the mice with a high-fat diet. After the mice became obese, they fed some of them to a normal diet, and then they returned to their original body shape. After repeated cycles of the above-mentioned feeding method. Researcher It was found that every time when mice on a high-fat-normal diet returned to their original weight, their oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and other obesity indicators returned to normal values, but their net gain in each diet cycle was more than the mice maintained a high-fat diet. What causes excess weight gain? Scientists have found that the cycle of high-fat and low-fat diets will change the balance of the intestinal flora of mice, destroying beneficial flavonoids, resulting mice more likely to gain weight.

Hypothesis: Studies have found that the flora of obese mice uses fewer flavonoids, if true, the above conclusion cannot be supported.


Premise: A township office purchased a batch of ballpoint pens, which were equally divided among five staff members, each with three, and there were still three left.

Hypothesis: There are 18 ballpoint pens in this batch.


Premise: Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness: the greater a comet' s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the material of which Halley' s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Previous estimates of the mass of Halley's comet which were based on its brightness were too low' gives the most support to the statement above.


Premise: When politicians resort to personal attacks, many editorialists criticize these attacks but most voters pay them scant attention. Everyone knows such attacks will end after election day, and politicians can be excused for mudslinging. Political commentators, however, cannot be. Political commentators should be engaged in sustained and serious debate about ideas and policies. In such a context, personal attacks on opponents serve not to beat those opponents but to cut off the debate.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that personal attacks on opponents serve a useful purpose for politicians.


Premise: In 1980 there was growing concern that the protective ozone layer over the Antarctic might be decreasing and thereby allowing so much harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth that polar marine life would be damaged. Some government officials dismissed these concerns, since statistics indicated that global atmospheric ozone levels remained constant.

Hypothesis: The relevance of the evidence cited by the government officials in support of their position would be most seriously undermined if it were true that decreases in the amount of atmospheric ozone over the Antarctic ice cap tend to be seasonal rather than constant.


Premise: The subject is the subject of the action or action of the sentence, the predicate is the statement or explanation of the action or state of the subject, and the object is the receiver of an action.When the predicate part of a sentence contains two verbs and corresponds to two different subjects. That is, the subject of the former predicate, and at the same time as the subject of the latter predicate, is equal to a dynamic structure and the main predicate structure linked together, and there is no speech pause, in line with this format of the sentence called synonym statements.

Hypothesis: One cannot step into the same river twice is not a synonym statement according to the above definition.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: experiments about mad scientists and ferocious monsters. In the horror stories about monsters, monsters symbolize the psychological confusion of the protagonist. The horror stories about mad scientists typically express the author's feelings: scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human exploration. Despite these differences, these two types of horror stories have the following characteristics in common: they describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature: they both want to frighten the reader.

Hypothesis: Some stories that use symbolism describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Traditional Chinese medicine is composed of traditional medicine of han, Tibetan, Mongolian and other nationalities. It has the mysterious place of Oriental traditional medicine, often contains the ingredients of myth and legend. Many of its principles cannot be scientifically explained by modern medical theories. But this mysterious medicine, but often has a magical effect. Tibetan medicine, for example, has for a long time treated patients with plants, animals, minerals and food unique to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has a good effect on many diseases that make modern medicine difficult, including cancer and stroke.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Traditional Chinese medicine has magical effects' illustrates the meaning of the text.


Premise: Office manager: I will not order recycled paper for this office. Our letters to clients must make a good impression, so we cannot print them on inferior paper. Stationery supplier: Recycled paper is not necessarily inferior. In fact, from the beginning, the finest paper has been made of recycled material. it was only in the 1850s that paper began to be made from wood fiber, and then only because there were no longer enough rags to meet the demand for paper.

Hypothesis: The stationer's response does not recognize that the office manager's prejudice against recycled paper stems from ignorance in the ways that it fails to address the office manager's objection.


Premise: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.

Hypothesis: We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The frequently expressed view that written constitutions are inherently more liberal than unwritten ones is false. No written constitution is more than a paper with words on it until those words are both interpreted and applied. Properly understood, then, a constitution is the sum of those procedures through which the power of the state is legitimately exercised and limited. Ttherefore, even a written constitution becomes a liberal constitution only when it is interpreted and applied in a liberal way.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that written constitutions are no more inherently liberal than are unwritten constitutions.


Premise: Social contraction refers to the continuous loss of population in human settlements, which leads to the spatial decline of the economic and social environment and culture of the corresponding region. According to whether the contraction behavior is a planning strategy or management measure actively adopted by the settlement actors, it can be divided into active social contraction and passive social contraction.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a manufacturing base with a high vacancy rate due to industrial upgrading is an active social contraction.


Premise: There are frequent theft cases in a residential community. At the request of the residents of the community, the property installed a multi-function anti-theft system for the community at the beginning of last year, and as a result, the incidence of theft cases in the community has dropped significantly. It shows that the multi-function anti-theft system can effectively lower the incidence of theft cases.

Hypothesis: Last year, there was a significant increase in theft cases in residential communities that did not install this anti-theft system can best strengthen the above conclusion.


Premise: Through clinical and animal experiments, Chinese researchers have found that Cornus officinalis is a new immunosuppressant with high efficiency and low toxicity, which can resist transplantation immune rejection and treat autoimmune diseases. A medical journal published a paper on this result for the first time. More or less regrettably, there was a six-week interval between the receipt of the paper by the magazine and its publication. If this paper is published as soon as possible, many of these patients will be able to avoid the disease within six weeks.

Hypothesis: Only oral administration of Cornus officinalis for more than 2 months can play an immunosuppressive effect weakens the above argument most.


Premise: Technological innovation can bring about changes in the way of reading. The invention of printing makes reading more popular and convenient, while the development of electronic technology creates a new form of books and periodicals and gives birth to the free reading mode of anytime, anywhere. Due to the pressure of work and life, people have less and less time to concentrate on reading. Micro-reading with fragmented time solves this problem to some extent.

Hypothesis: The development of technology promotes the evolution of reading style is intended to be emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: Although Damon had ample time earlier in the month to complete the paper he is scheduled to present at a professional conference tomorrow morning, he repeatedly put off doing it. Damon could still get the paper ready in time, but only if he works on it all evening without interruption. However, his seven-year-old daughter' s tap-dance recital takes place this evening, and Damon had promised both to attend and to take his daughter and her friends out for ice cream afterward. Thus, because of his procrastination, Damon will be forced to choose between his professional and his family responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by demonstrating that two situations cannot both occur by showing that something necessary for one of those situations is incompatible with something necessary for the other situation.


Premise: Those who silently read TV news and advertising program manuscripts can remember and recall more information than those who watch the TV program itself; If you despise the value principle of a magazine, you can still read it with interest. If this happens to the TV program, you can't watch it and change the channel quickly. In this case, we don't want to spend time on disagreeing views, so it's impossible to reflect. In fact, there will be fewer doubts about everything. If we put the two written records together, it's easy to find inconsistencies, It can even distinguish the difference of authority between information; Comparing two video reports is troublesome. When asked to choose from two conflicting TV reports, the audience either depends on intuition or what they believe before watching.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who like reading are calmer than those who like watching TV' is intended to illustrate the topic of the paragraph.


Premise: Large and small planets are suspended at the edge of the solar system and are easily affected by the gravity of nearby stars. Researchers calculate that these forces sometimes pull comets out of the Oort Nebula. In this way, they are more likely to be close to the sun. Based on this, the two researchers made two different conclusions: first, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits or expelled them from the solar system; second, Jupiter's gravity either pushed them into smaller orbits. or drive them out of the solar system.

Hypothesis: If only one of the above two assertions is true, the conclusion that can be inferred is that Jupiter's gravitational pull neither pushed them into smaller orbits nor drove them out of the solar system.


Premise: Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania' s currently improving economic situation, together with less restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Backyard gardeners who want to increase the yields of their potato plants should try growing stinging nettles alongside the plants, since stinging nettles attract insects that kill a wide array of insect pests that damage potato plants. It is true that stinging nettles also attract aphids, and that many species of aphids are harmful to potato plants, but that fact in no way contradicts this recommendation, because __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the types of aphids that stinging nettles attract do not damage potato plants' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: People like to look out at the ideal view from a semi-enclosed, safe house. If they can choose freely, the home environment they choose is always both. On the one hand, it is a safe shelter, on the other hand, it has a broad vision to develop outward and forage. People of different genders may have slightly different choices, at least among Western landscape painters: female painters emphasize safe housing and the prospect is usually small, while male painters emphasize open prospects. In addition, female painters seem to prefer to place their characters in or near their homes, while male painters often put their characters in an endless space.

Hypothesis: The option 'It can be inferred that the author believes that the prospect of an ideal house cannot be a forest' misunderstands this passage.


Premise: To strengthen the construction of socialist material civilization, we must vigorously develop socialist productivity. Only by further reforming the production relations that restrict the development of productivity can we vigorously develop socialist productivity. Without establishing a firm consciousness of taking the road of reform, it is impossible to reform the production relations that restrict the development of productivity.

Hypothesis: To develop the productivity of socialism, it is not necessary to take the road of reform can be deduced from the above.


Premise: In recent years, monosodium glutamate, a family essential product, has been questioned by people. It has been proposed that adding monosodium glutamate in the cooking process has a great harmful effect on the human body. Eating too much monosodium glutamate will lead to hair loss, vision loss, zinc deficiency, and even cancer or other visceral diseases. However, according to research, monosodium glutamate can enhance people's appetite, Improve the human body's ability to absorb other things and have a certain tonic effect on the human body.

Hypothesis: Monosodium glutamate is safe and safe to eat is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fund-raisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.

Hypothesis: Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president.


Premise: In recent years, with the development of mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence technology, a lot of new business type has emerged. For example, the very popular live broadcast with goods, and so on, many new products and even traditional products have achieved good results through the promotion of these new business type. Similar to new technologies such as push and live broadcast, new business type can stimulate those potential consumption. It shows that there is room for further exploration in the re-saturated market, and the key is whether consumers can find and meet more levels of needs other than the simple material needs of consumers, such as fruits, which can also be bought in supermarkets, but products with live broadcast are pushed from poor areas, and buying on the platform has an extra layer of social significance.

Hypothesis: The most important part of this passage is the statement 'The push platform highlights the social significance of goods and is conducive to sales.'


Premise: The prawn is a large extinct invertebrate marine animal and the largest known Cambrian animal. The fossils show that the mouthparts of this animal have more than a dozen rows of teeth, 25 cm in diameter, and the fecal fossil is 10 cm long. It is 5 cm thick. It is speculated that the body length of the odd shrimp may exceed 2 meters.

Hypothesis: Marine shrimps in the Cambrian period had a relatively fixed ratio of teeth and body length, if true, can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Spurred by the global smart trend and related policies, many places in China have proposed the slogan of smart city, taking the construction of smart city as an important strategy to cultivate competitiveness, cope with the financial crisis, expand the employment of citizens and seize the commanding heights of future science and technology. Shall see, however, the current practice more in the concept of wisdom city construction period, people's understanding of wisdom city is not confined to the Internet, the Internet, cloud computing and other smart cities or digital city level, the emergence of the wisdom city in the media have made it difficult to distinguish which is a means of city marketing, which is the live of city construction.

Hypothesis: At present, the definition of smart city is not clear illustrates the meaning of the text.


Premise: National wealth refers to the sum of various tangible production assets, intangible production assets, natural resources (proven or income used) and external financial net assets owned by a country at a specific point in time.

Hypothesis: 50,000 yuan worth of cloth produced by a garment factory is not national wealth.


Premise: British scientists claim that they have found an alternative to the Global Positioning System (GPS) without resorting to any space technology. Studies have found that lasers can confine and cool atoms placed in vacuum, reducing the temperature to above absolute zero. One millionth of a degree. At this temperature, atoms are extremely sensitive to changes in the Earth's magnetic and gravity fields. Researchers can use these results to confine atoms on a small device, study their fluctuations, and locate them Movement, and accurately find out where they are. At this time, the tracking and positioning work will be completed by a device that is only 1 meter long. The key is how to make it a miniature device so that it can be installed on a smartphone. middle.

Hypothesis: The text mainly introduces the principle of using atoms for positioning.


Premise: Three new young teachers, Cai, Zhu and Sun, came to a school. Each of them taught two of the six subjects of biology, physics, English, politics, history and mathematics. Among them, three had the following relationships: (1) the physics teacher and the politics teacher were neighbors; (2) Cai is the youngest of the three; (3) Miss sun, biology teacher and political teacher often go home from school together; (4) Biology teachers are older than math teachers; (5) On weekends, English teacher, math teacher and Cai often play volleyball together.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, teacher Zhu teaches English and Biology.


Premise: When people discuss place names, they often ignore their time meaning and concepts, because the definition of a place name from the scope of space, without argument or surface, is demarcated by geographical coordinates and specific boundaries. But any space range, in fact, is related to a certain time range, this time range is long and short, and in this time range, place names are associated with many things and factors other than place names. Therefore, in addition to the original intention, place names also have their historical, cultural, social, national and other aspects of significance.

Hypothesis: The topic of the article is most likely to be the history and culture of place names.


Premise: AI assistant has obvious advantages in medical application: radiologists read and analyze a large number of images every day, doctors will be inefficient due to fatigue, AI assistant will not, it can even faster than the human eye to find suspicious lesions in the image to help doctors make a preliminary diagnosis.

Hypothesis: The radiology department of C Hospital can use AI technology to complete the imaging diagnosis of more than 200 patients in half a day can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Before the final of the men's team division of the World Table Tennis Championships, the coach of country S was lining up. If the No. 4 player is in good competitive condition and the injury has healed, then let the No. 4 player play; only when the No. 4 player cannot play, will the No. 6 player play.

Hypothesis: If the No. 4 player has recovered from his injury, then his competitive form is not good must be true if player No. 6 is present in the final.


Premise: Trying to make others view oneself positively is acquired impression management; and the defensive measure to minimize one's own deficiencies or avoid making others view oneself negatively is protective impression management.

Hypothesis: Xiao Chen doesn't like to talk because he sometimes stutters belongs to protective impression management according to the above definition.


Premise: It is probably within the reach of human technology to make the climate of Mars inhabitable. It might be several centuries before people could live there, even with breathing apparatuses, but some of the world' s great temples and cathedrals took centuries to build. Research efforts now are justified if there is even a chance of making another planet inhabitable. Besides, the intellectual exercise of understanding how the Martian atmosphere might be changed could help in understanding atmospheric changes inadvertently triggered by human activity on Earth.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that research efforts aimed at discovering how to change the climate of Mars are justified.


Premise: A publisher believes that processing costs have increased by 10% to 12% in the past five years; raw material costs have increased by 10% to 13%; sales and advertising costs have increased by more than 10%. Adding all these together, the total cost has risen by at least 30%. This is only for large publishing houses. If it is a small publishing house, the total cost has risen by at least 40%. It can be seen that the increase in book prices is mainly caused by the increase in costs. So I am opposed to increasing the copyright income of writers.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate evaluation for the above argument is that no concrete evidence of the increase in processing costs was provided.


Premise: Water bear is a common name for the phylum of slow-walking animals. More than 900 species have been recorded, most of which are distributed all over the world. They are extremely small, the smallest is only 50 microns and the largest is only 1.4 millimeters. They can only be seen clearly with a microscope. They can survive in a frozen, boiled, air-dried state, or even in a vacuum or radioactive rays, and once they are put back to normal conditions, they can still return to normal.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the water bear bug is very small, making it easy to survive in extreme conditions.


Premise: The researchers report that a survey of more than 10,000 people over the age of 70 showed that people who slept more than nine hours or less than five hours a day had lower average cognitive levels than those who slept about seven hours a day. Accordingly, the researchers believe that in order to improve the cognitive ability of the elderly, it is necessary to use relevant tools to detect their sleep time, and to intervene in their sleep time to maintain an appropriate amount of sleep time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who sleep more than 9 hours or less than 5 hours a day are people over the age of 80' can best question the views of the above researchers.


Premise: The Internet of things application standing at the tuyere was actually a bicycle in 2016. The sharing economy has brought bicycles back to the city. Because of its flexibility and convenience, low-carbon environmental protection has become a common short-distance walking artifact in many cities, realizing resource sharing to the greatest extent. However, the resulting problem of random parking of shared bicycles can be seen everywhere in the green belt, sidewalk and in front of shopping malls; Throw away the garbage at will. There are many rivers and rivers; Park in your garage and take it for yourself; There are some people who steal QR codes to make money... Citizens have a weak awareness of rules, lack of social credit system, and inadequate urban infrastructure... The original win-win situation is likely to cause lose more because a few people do not abide by the rules.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is Sharing bicycles and asking about the short board of sharing economic development.


Premise: The lotus leaf is the leaf of the perennial aquatic herb lotus, and its chemical constituents are mainly nuciferine, citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid and other anti-mitotic alkaline components. Lotus leaf contains a variety of alkaloids, brass glycosides, lotus leaf glycosides and other components, which can effectively reduce cholesterol and triglyceride, and has a good effect on patients with hyperlipidemia and obesity. The extract and decoction of lotus leaf can dilate blood vessels, clear heat and relieve summer heat, and have the effect of lowering blood pressure. Some experts point out that lotus leaf is a good medicine for weight loss.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "After soaking in water, lotus leaf tea becomes a liquid food, which is quickly absorbed in the stomach, with a short time, high concentration and greater stimulation" can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Li Shi, Wang Yue, Du Shu, and Liu Mo are lovers of Tang poetry and Song Ci. Among the Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei, and Liu Yuxi, four people each liked one of them, and each of the favorite Tang poetry authors did not have the same surname as their own. . Regarding the four of them, it is known that: (1) If you like Wang Wei's poems, you also like Xin Qiji's poems; (2) If you like Liu Yuxi's poems, you also like Yue Fei's poems; (3) If you like Du Fu's poems, Then I also like Su Shi's words;

Hypothesis: If Li Shi doesn't like Su Shi and Xin Qiji's words, it can be inferred that Li Shi likes Yue Fei's words.


Premise: Marketization and informationization have become an irresistible trend in the globalization of the world economy. today's struggle for cultural positions, especially among young people, is related to the rise and fall of the Chinese nation and the ruling position of the Communist Party of China.At present, we must deeply understand the strategic significance of strengthening the construction of youth culture from the perspective of comprehensively building a well-off society and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Firmly grasp the direction of advanced culture and the characteristics of the times to keep pace with the times, and adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of three represents to lead the construction of youth culture.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, it is correct to deeply understand the strategic significance of strengthening the construction of youth culture.


Premise: Zhang, Wang and Zhao work in the same department. One of them is the director, one is the secretary and one is an engineer. It is known that Wang, Zhao is taller than the engineer, Secretary is shorter than Wang, Zhang and secretary are not the same height.

Hypothesis: Zhang is the engineer, Wang is the director and Zhao is the secretary can be inferred.


Premise: Climatologist: Over the coming century, winter temperatures are likely to increase in the Rocky Mountains due to global warming. This will cause a greater proportion of precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow. Ttherefore, the mountain snowpack will probably melt more rapidly and earlier in the season, leading to greater spring flooding and less storable water to meet summer demands.

Hypothesis: The statement 'On average, in the regions of the world with the mildest winters, there is more spring flooding and less storable water than in regions of the world with much colder winters' most strengthens the climatologist's argument.


Premise: Poor writers often express mundane ideas with elaborate syntax and esoteric vocabulary. Inattentive readers may be impressed but may well misunderstand the writing, while alert readers will easily see through the pretentiousness. Thus, a good principle for writers is: __.

Hypothesis: A writing style should not be more complex than the ideas expressed completes the passage most logically.


Premise: There are more users of the cable TV pay channels in city X than in city Y, so citizens of city X are more aware of international current affairs than citizens of city Y.

Hypothesis: The monthly rental fee of the cable TV pay channels in city X is lower than that of similar channels in city Y will weaken the above argument.


Premise: In order to implement the cultural strategy of strengthening the city, a city built two libraries in 2008 and 2010. At the end of 2008, a total of 70,000 citizens' library cards were issued, and a total of 130,000 citizens' library cards were issued by the end of 2010. In 2011, the city established a third library in the new district, which was completed and opened in early 2012. As of the end of 2012, the city had handled more than 200,000 library cards for citizens. The city government therefore believed that this measure was effective, because in just four years, the number of citizens coming into the libraries has nearly tripled.

Hypothesis: Many citizens who applied for the library card for the first library also applied for the library card for the other two libraries, if true, can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith' s reasoning?

Hypothesis: Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, is in their best interest is consistent with Smith's statement that meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say.


Premise: People who have habitually slept less than six hours a night and then begin sleeping eight or more hours a night typically begin to feel much less anxious. Ttherefore, most people who sleep less than six hours a night can probably cause their anxiety levels to fall by beginning to sleep at least eight hours a night.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument "Usually, the financial situation of a small company that has never advertised on the Internet will improve only if that company starts to advertise on the Internet. Therefore, a typical small company that has never advertised on the Internet can probably improve its financial situation by doing so" is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Advertisement: Ten years ago, the Cormond Hotel' s lobby was carpeted with Duratex carpet while the lobby of a nearby hotel was being carpeted with our competitor' s most durable carpet. Today, after a decade in which the two hotels have had similar amounts of foot traffic through their lobbies, that other hotel is having to replace the worn-out carpeting near its lobby entrances, whereas the Cormond' s Duratex carpeting has years of wear left in it.

Hypothesis: The statement that the lobby of the Cormond Hotel has five different entrances but the lobby of the other hotel has only two most seriously weakens the force of the advertisement's evidence for concluding that Duratex carpet is more durable than the carpet of its competitor.


Premise: Game theory seems to the layman to be just a bunch of mathematical formulas, but fortunately, game theory is concerned with the problems of daily economic life. In fact, this theory is a term borrowed from chess, poker and war, which brings the nature of competition, confrontation and decision-making. it sounds a bit esoteric, but it actually has important practical significance.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the above text is that game theory can explain many practical problems in economy and society with vivid and easy-to-understand game language.


Premise: Professor Wang said: my students gave me a lot of wrong words and many sentences are not smooth, so the Chinese level of college students is relatively poor.

Hypothesis: The reason for the relatively poor language proficiency of college students is the problem of middle school teaching plans can weaken Professor Wang's argument most.


Premise: According to historical records, in the 19th year of Zhenguan, Tang Dynasty, after returning from India, Xuanzang personally designed and built the Dayan Pagoda to worship the Buddhist scriptures, gold and silver Buddha statues, relic and other treasures brought back by Xuanzang. But until now, no one knows where the treasures brought back by Xuanzang are hidden. Archaeologists believe that, just as there is an underground palace under the ancient pagoda of Famen Temple, there must be an underground palace under the Dayan Pagoda, but it hasn't been excavated yet. It is speculated that the underground palace under the Dayan Pagoda may contain the treasures brought back by Xuanzang.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No treasures were found in the underground palaces under several other ancient towers that have been excavated' cannot question the above speculation most.


Premise: Some jurists are graduates of the economics department of some universities. Therefore, some graduates of the economics department of some universities are people who have a good study of the law business.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All jurists are people who have a good knowledge of lawyers' business' can guarantee the correctness of the above statement.


Premise: Dr. Zhong: usually, important achievements in medical research need to be reviewed anonymously before the journal is published, which takes a lot of time. If researchers can give up this waiting time and publish their results in advance, our public health level can be improved more quickly with medical discoveries. Because the timely release of new medical information will allow people to use this information to improve their health.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'People often adjust their lifestyles according to newly published medical information' would weaken Dr. Zhong's argument the most.


Premise: Scientists are sometimes said to assume that something is not the case until there is proof that it is the case. Now suppose the question arises whether a given food additive is safe. At that point, it would be neither known to be safe nor known not to be safe. By the characterization above, scientists would assume the additive not to be safe because it has not been proven safe. But they would also assume it to be safe because it has not been proven otherwise. But no scientist could assume without contradiction that a given substance is both safe and not safe; so this characterization of scientists is clearly wrong.

Hypothesis: The technique of reasoning used above is showing that there are as many specific instances in which a general statement is false as there are instances in which it is true, in order to demonstrate that the statement is uninformative.


Premise: Insurance means that the policy-holder pays the insurance premium to the insurer according to the contract agreement, and the insurer bears the liability of indemnity for the property loss caused by the accident agreed upon in the contract, or when the insured dies or becomes disabled or reaches the age agreed upon in the contract, the commercial insurance act that bears the responsibility of paying the insurance money within the time limit.

Hypothesis: The village chief assured the villagers that using the wheat seed provided by the village committee will definitely yield a good harvest, otherwise everyone can dismiss him and demand compensation for the loss is not covered by insurance.


Premise: The mobile phone usage of the administrative department of a company is as follows: 1. Xiao Wang dialed the phone of everyone in the administrative department; 2. Xiao Li once called Xiao Zhao, but Xiao Zhao never called anyone else; 3. People who have never answered calls from others in the administration department have never called others.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang answered the phone from everyone in the administration department can be inferred.


Premise: It takes 365. 25 days for the Earth to make one complete revolution around the Sun. Long-standing convention makes a year 365 days long, with an extra day added every fourth year, and the year is divided into 52 seven-day weeks. But since 52 times 7 is only 364, anniversaries do not fall on the same day of the week each year. Many scheduling problems could be avoided if the last day of each year and an additional day every fourth year belonged to no week, so that January 1 would be a Sunday every year.

Hypothesis: The proposal above, once put into effect, would be most likely to result in continued scheduling conflicts for employed people who have three-day breaks from work when holidays are celebrated on Mondays or Fridays.


Premise: The public opinion image of entrepreneurs will have a direct impact on the companies they represent, and in corporate public opinion incidents, the words and actions of entrepreneurs will receive the most concentrated attention from the media and netizens. In response to corporate public opinion, a positive attitude is most helpful to alleviate negative public opinion. Entrepreneurs have generally performed well in response to public opinion, but there are also those who have responded improperly, resulting in an increase in negative public sentiment and damaging personal and corporate reputation.

Hypothesis: The focus of the above sentence is entrepreneurs' respond to public opinion.


Premise: Flash effect is a term in psychology, also known as flash memory. It refers to the phenomenon that individuals are easy to leave a deep and accurate memory of shocking events, and the accuracy of memory does not weaken with the passage of time. Most of the events recorded by flash memory are important events related to individuals.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang, who survived the Wenchuan earthquake, still remembers the scene eight years later is an example of flash effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Vicious boycott refers to the uncivilized, irrational and potentially serious boycott behavior taken by the parties when their legitimate rights are damaged for a long time and cannot be resolved after repeated negotiations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A community has been harassed by psoriasis advertisements for a long time, so it bought a call you to death software and called the mobile phone numbers on the advertisements one by one, which soon solved this old and difficult problem' is a vicious boycott.


Premise: In July 2018, the State Sports General Administration issued the Notice on Holding the 2018 National E-sports Open, listing some well-known online games as official competitions, and the champions and runners-up of the finals will be eligible for national training. The country is calling on students to boycott Internet addiction and issued the notice at the same time, and it seems to be contradictory.

Hypothesis: Professional e-sports training is essentially different from entertaining online games can best explain this seemingly contradictory phenomenon.


Premise: Divergent thinking method is a thinking mode that takes a certain real thing as the starting point, makes full use of the original knowledge and experience, and induces all kinds of strange ideas through imagination, association and analogy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Sweater - Cotton wool - Fiber is not divergent thinking method.


Premise: Mammals cannot digest cellulose and ttherefore cannot directly obtain glucose from wood. Mushrooms can, however; and some mushrooms use cellulose to make highly branched polymers, the branches of which are a form of glucose called beta-glucans. Beta-glucan extracts from various types of mushrooms slow, reverse, or prevent the growth of cancerous tumors in mammals, and the antitumor activity of beta-glucans increases as the degree of branching increases. These extracts prevent tumor growth not by killing cancer cells directly but by increasing immune-cell activity.

Hypothesis: The greater the degree of branching of beta-glucans, the greater the degree of immune-cell activity it triggers in mammals is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Dual-trend conflict: refers to the conflict of motivations in which two kinds of needs and goals that are attractive to the individual appear at the same time, but due to conditional constraints, the individual cannot take two at the same time.

Hypothesis: Cherry is good to taste but the tree is hard to plant belongs to dual-trend conflict according to the above definition.


Premise: Lucy, the skeleton of a female hominin species, was discovered in 1974 in Africa. Scientists think the skeleton is about 3. 2 million years old. For six years, Lucy' s remains were part of an exhibition called Lucy' s Legacy: The Hidden Treasures of Ethiopia. However, there was much opposition to the exhibition for fear that Lucy' s fossils would be damaged. It' s a good thing that they started using casts instead; the preservation of these fossils should be the number one concern of excavators and scientists.

Hypothesis: The statement "The exhibition of Lucy is an important step in raising an awareness of where humans originated and the studies thereof. Keeping the fossils isolated from the public will certainly preserve the remains; however, we might risk the deterrence of public knowledge" would be used in opposition to the passage.


Premise: We should accept the proposal to demolish the old train station, because the local historical society, which vehemently opposes this, is dominated by people who have no commitment to long-term economic well-being. Preserving old buildings creates an impediment to new development, which is critical to economic health.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by the argument 'Documents of importance to local heritage should be properly preserved and archived for the sake of future generations. For, if even one of these documents is damaged or lost, the integrity of the historical record as a whole will be damaged.'


Premise: Yan Zi, Zeng Yin, Meng Shen and Xun Chen apply for a Chinese traditional culture construction project. According to the regulations, the moderator of the project can only have one, and it is selected from the above 4 applicants; No more than two project team members, including the moderator. In addition, all applicants make the following statements when applying for defense: (1) Yan Zi: If I become the host, I will invite Zeng Yin or Xun Chen as members of the project team; (2) Zeng Yin: If I become the host, I will invite Yan Zi or Meng Shen as members of the project team; (3) Xun Chen: I can be the host only if Yan Zi becomes a member of the project team; (4) Meng Shen: ONLY Xun Chen or Yan Zi become a member of the project team, I can become the host.

Hypothesis: It is impossible for Zeng Yin and Xun Chen to be part of the project team together, assuming that all four statements are true.


Premise: Since the reform and opening up, the structure of China's family has gradually changed from a large family of several generations to a nuclear family dominated by a family of three. In many cases, raising children and doing housework are difficult to solve through the division of labor within the family and need to seek help in the market. At the same time, with the improvement of people's living standards, the previous extensive child-rearing of adding a pair of chopsticks and a bowl is no longer feasible, and people's demand for high-level domestic service is becoming more and more normal. In particular, with the continuous emergence of new business models represented by Internet + and chain operation, the purchase of domestic service can be completed with the flick of a finger on the mobile phone, which brings a great opportunity for the development of the domestic service industry.

Hypothesis: The change of society promotes the development and growth of domestic service industry is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: International economic law is the general term of international law and domestic law that regulate the relationship between countries, international organizations, legal persons and natural persons engaged in transnational economic exchanges.

Hypothesis: The statement "International economic law contains agreements between states on maritime territorial delimitation" is wrong according to the definition provided above.


Premise: No matter what kind of discipline or what kind of human exploration, non-empirical hypotheses and theories are of some degree of value. This value is the wing of imagination, which can not only guide people to broaden their thinking, but also help people find ways and means to solve problems.

Hypothesis: The intention in the above paragraph is to emphasize that imagination expands the ideas and methods of exploration.


Premise: When scientists cloned a housefly, they changed a single gene of the housefly. The cloned houseflies did not have ultraviolet vision because they lacked the eye cells that make the houseflies have ultraviolet vision. At the same time, the flies cloned in the conventional way (without changing the gene) had normal vision. The scientists thus showed that the housefly, which does not have ultraviolet vision, must have some kind of defect or damage in this gene.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The housefly doesn't need other genes to make UV vision cells' is an assumption required by this argument.