Premise: In one study, scientists analyzed population data from 1964 to 2007 in the United States and 39 European countries. They found that between 1964 and 1975, the birth rate of boys was higher than that of girls in all countries. A similar phenomenon occurred in many Eastern European countries after 1986. Scientists have analyzed that this phenomenon is closely related to nuclear power plant leakage and nuclear testing caused by radiation leakage. The former appears mainly related to atomic experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, while the latter is likely to be linked to the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Experimental results show that nuclear radiation particles have some damage to the x chromosome in sperm. After exposure to radiation, male offspring have a higher birth rate than females' best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: Consumer advocate: The manufacturer' s instructions for assembling a product should be written in such a way that most consumers would find it much easier to put the product together if the instructions were available than if they were not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Usually a consumer who is trying to assemble a product using the manufacturer's instructions has no difficulty understanding the instructions' would provide the strongest reason for thinking that the principle advanced by the consumer advocate cannot always be followed.


Premise: Babies learn by touching objects, playing around and observing the behavior of adults, but robots usually learn only according to programmed procedures. As a result, some scientists try to develop robots that learn more like babies. They think that since babies are the most efficient learners on earth, why not design robots that can learn as effortlessly as babies?

Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the above-mentioned scientist's point of view is that if robots can learn like babies, they may be smarter than humans.


Premise: The experiment found that when mice were suddenly exposed to loud sound (fear), specific cells in the brain amygdala of mice were more active, and a special fear protein in the brain would increase. The content of this fear protein lies in a substance called glual. Mice lacking glual would maintain the fear memory related to loud sound, while other mice would not. Therefore, the experiment concluded that glual was developed These drugs can help people delete bad memories such as pain or fear, leaving only happy times.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amygdala is responsible for the generation and regulation of negative emotions such as anxiety, impatience, fear and fear' cannot challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: Safeguarding personal interests is the only motivation for personal behavior. Therefore, safeguarding personal interests is the main factor affecting personal behavior.

Hypothesis: Sometimes motivation cannot be the main factor affecting individual behavior weakens the argument of the stem.


Premise: The frequently expressed view that written constitutions are inherently more liberal than unwritten ones is false. No written constitution is more than a paper with words on it until those words are both interpreted and applied. Properly understood, then, a constitution is the sum of those procedures through which the power of the state is legitimately exercised and limited. Ttherefore, even a written constitution becomes a liberal constitution only when it is interpreted and applied in a liberal way.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument above is that written constitutions are no more inherently liberal than are unwritten constitutions.


Hypothesis: The main point of the argument above is that liberal constitutions are extremely difficult to preserve.


Premise: Publishers, like all private businesses, have always been concerned about profitability. But, while it used to be at least possible to get a book published that was unlikely to be popular, and hence unlikely to be a moneymaker, profitability is now the sole criterion. Thus, no matter how much literary merit a book possesses, it will not be published in today' s market if it looks like it will not be popular.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that good books are published now only if they are also likely to be popular.


Premise: Philosopher: The eighteenth-century thesis that motion is absolute asserts that the change in an object' s position over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. A well-respected physicist, however, claims that this thesis is incoherent. Since a thesis that is incoherent cannot be accepted as a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.

Hypothesis: The argument uses generalizing from what is true in one region of space to what must be true in all regions of space as an argumentative technique.


Premise: Public service refers to the general term for the service industry in which the public sector and the quasi-public sector jointly provide public products to meet the public needs of the society. It is mainly produced by the public sector dominated by government agencies, and is a social service that all citizens of the whole society consume together and that all consumers enjoy equally.

Hypothesis: A city spending money to build a golf course is not a public service.


Premise: If you close all the wrong doors, truth will be shut out.

Hypothesis: To accept the truth, we must reject wrong is closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: In the first half of this year, Beijing Kaihua Taxi Company received twice as many passenger complaint calls as Beijing Anda Taxi Company, which shows that Anda Taxi Company has more standardized management and higher service quality than Kaihua Taxi Company.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The complaint call to Kaihua Taxi Company usually takes longer than the complaint call to Anda Taxi Company' best supports the conclusion if it is true.


Premise: Sharing requires equal concepts and mechanisms, equality, caring for others, and even the spirit of caring for strangers. Daily interactions and common connections between people need institutional guarantees. This system is based on morality, rather than market exchange. , Only on the basis of equality can a caring community relationship be formed. When the residents of the community build their own sharing system, the community in the sense of value can be realized.

Hypothesis: The construction of the sharing system is very important for realizing the community in the sense of value is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: A serious safety accident occurred in a coal mine. As for the cause of the accident, the four responsible persons A, B, C, and D have the following conclusions: A: If the direct cause of the accident is equipment failure, then someone must have violated the operating rules. B: It is true that someone has violated the operating rules, but the direct cause of the accident is not the equipment failure. C: The direct cause of the accident is indeed the equipment failure, but no one has violated the operation. D: The direct cause of the accident is the equipment failure.

Hypothesis: C is true is the determination that is true if only one of the above determinations is true.


Premise: Lifelong education is an important part of community work. A community has set up some spare-time classes for the elderly. there are two types of spare-time classes, technical and interesting. Some elderly people have signed up for all the technical amateur classes, while others have signed up for all the interesting amateur classes.

Hypothesis: People must sign up for every part-time class.


Premise: Anthropologist: It was formerly believed that prehistoric Homo sapiens ancestors of contemporary humans interbred with Neanderthals, but DNA testing of a Neanderthal' s remains indicates that this is not the case. The DNA of contemporary humans is significantly different from that of the Neanderthal.

Hypothesis: The DNA of prehistoric Homo sapiens ancestors of contemporary humans was not significantly more similar to that of Neanderthals than is the DNA of contemporary humans is an assumption required by the anthropologist's argument.


Premise: Narcissistic personality disorder is a complex personality disorder that is often misunderstood, which is characterized by exaggeration of self-worth and lack of public perception towards others. People with this personality disorder often have a sense of privilege and expect to receive special treatment, and their friendships are mostly based on interests.

Hypothesis: Xiaolin has always persevered in his own goals and doesn't care about the comments of others is not a manifestation of narcissistic personality disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: Nano is a unit of measurement of geometric dimensions. 1 nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter, that is, 1 nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. Nanostructure usually refers to a microstructure with a size below 100 nanometers.

Hypothesis: Nano usually refers to structures with very tiny dimensions is the correct statement about nano.


Premise: The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, which was built in 1968, has a clearance height of 24 meters in the high water area and can theoretically carry ships of up to 3,000 tons. In today's rapid economic development, it has become a building that cuts the Yangtze River in half and obstructs the smooth passage of large ships. The Nanjing Yangtze Bridge must be demolished and rebuilt if the Yangtze's golden waterway is to be fully dredged, a bridge expert has asserted.

Hypothesis: The statement "99% of international ships entering the Yangtze River are berthed at ports below Nanjing Bridge, and few large foreign ships are berthed at dozens of foreign trade docks above Nanjing" casts the greatest doubt on the expert's claim.


Premise: The reverse flow of talents refers to the phenomenon that professionals who used to work in well-known big cities actively choose to work in small and medium-sized cities.

Hypothesis: The option "The post-80s white-collar Xiao Li worked in the headquarters of a financial institution in Shanghai. A few days ago, he decided to change jobs to a nearby insurance company. Unexpectedly, he found that his decision coincided with the choice of many colleagues" belongs to the reverse flow of talents.


Premise: In ancient times, due to the restrictions of the development level of politics, economy and culture, there were not as many books and so complicated as today. Therefore, the need for reference books is far less urgent than today.

Hypothesis: Too many reference books, too complicated is an option that can be inferred.


Premise: At Happywell, Inc. , last year the average annual salary for dieticians was $50, 000, while the average annual salary for physical therapists was $42, 000. The average annual salary for all Happywell employees last year was $40, 000.

Hypothesis: At least one Happywell employee earned less than the average for a physical therapist last year if the information above is correct.


Premise: In some grass-roots units, the masses always talk back to cadres, and some even cause emotional antagonism between the cadres and the masses. The main reason is that some grass-roots cadres ignore the defensive psychology of the masses. Psychologists believe that when people are criticized by others, they instinctively develop a sense of defense, that is, the psychology of defense. Even if they have done obvious and unshirkable mistakes, some people will explain several objective reasons to justify themselves and dilute the adverse effects of their obsolescence. Generally speaking, defense psychology mainly has the following two manifestations: one is to explain the problem through defense and the other is to evade responsibility.

Hypothesis: The reason why the masses defend themselves is to let the cadres find out the real situation is correct according to the above text.


Premise: Studies have found that men on a low-fat diet are more likely to suffer from testosterone deficiency than other men.

Hypothesis: Obesity makes men prone to testosterone deficiency, while men on a low-fat diet can lose weight can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Entrusted by the student union, a school newspaper conducted a sampling survey among the teachers and students of the school and selected the most popular student union cadres. As a result, Yao Jun received more than 65% support and won the most votes. Therefore, the Student Union believes that Yao Jun is the most popular student union cadre.

Hypothesis: The statement 'This questionnaire puts Yao Jun in the first place in the design of the survey' weakens the student union's conclusion.


Premise: Lactose, a sugar found in milk, aids in the absorption of calcium, which in turn is required for bone repair. In addition to there being shortages of milk in tropical areas, inhabitants of these areas lose the ability to absorb lactose, unlike people from nontropical areas. Yet inhabitants of tropical areas have no more problems with bone repair than do people who inhabit nontropical areas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The extent to which people living in tropical areas lose the ability to absorb lactose depends on a genetic predisposition' most helps to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: Alsophila spinulosa, a plant of the same age as dinosaurs, was found in the primeval forest at the bottom of Dashiwei, the largest Tiankeng in Leye Tiankeng. Some people speculated that Dashiwei should have been formed in the dinosaur era, that is, 65 million years ago.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Alsophila spinulosa still exists today' can best refute the above speculation if the followings are true.


Premise: Marketization and informationization have become an irresistible trend in the globalization of the world economy. today's struggle for cultural positions, especially among young people, is related to the rise and fall of the Chinese nation and the ruling position of the Communist Party of China.At present, we must deeply understand the strategic significance of strengthening the construction of youth culture from the perspective of comprehensively building a well-off society and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Firmly grasp the direction of advanced culture and the characteristics of the times to keep pace with the times, and adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of three represents to lead the construction of youth culture.

Hypothesis: The contention for the position of youth culture is related to the rise and fall of the Chinese nation is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Achievement motivation is an individual's motivation to pursue important and valuable work, to set high standards for themselves, to achieve success as the goal, and try to make the work to achieve the perfect state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang is an enterprise leader who often tells his employees to finish their work consciously and with high quality is not show achievement motivation.


Premise: Common sense tells us that the more elegant art, the more classics that can stand the test of history. At the beginning, they can't appreciate it. To learn to appreciate, we have to rely on edification. From never understanding to understanding, from never appreciating to learning to appreciate, from unconsciously understanding knowledge and reason, to consciously entering the school to receive preaching and teaching, is the step of civilization. In the final analysis, the process of aesthetics, it is a process from not understanding to understanding. Reading is the same. Common sense also tells us that reading a difficult and good book, especially a classic, is better than reading many ordinary books. Traditional Chinese education pays attention to reading an reciting, and old-style private schools asked the students to read, recite and may be punished. Now it seems that in addition to be punished, reading can be discussed. There is no need to say more about the benefits of reciting.

Hypothesis: The author's intention of the above words can be inferred as persuading everyone to read something they don't understand.


Premise: Intellectual property is the right of people to enjoy the wealth created by intellectual labor in the fields of science, technology, culture, education and art.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, portrait rights are not an intellectual property.


Premise: Enceladus is one of the three stars observed in geological eruptions in the solar system so far, and it is also one of the most important research objects in astrobiology. With the help of analytical instruments on the Cassini Saturn probe, German scientists found that the particles emitted by Enceladus contained sodium salts. Based on this, it can be inferred that there is liquid water on Enceladus, and there may even be an underground sea.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Liquid water cannot exist alone on Enceladus. It can only exist in the form of underground sea" can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Tanya is a lawyer. Nearly all lawyers dutifully represent their clients' best interests, but a few unethical ones charge exorbitant and fraudulent fees for services. Some lawyers become millionaires, while others work in the best interest of the public. However, all lawyers are bound by extensive ethical codes, which vary slightly by jurisdiction.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, Tanya works for the public sector must also be true.


Premise: If it is said that the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the vulgar side of life in the Song Dynasty, Xiyuan Ya Collection is the symbol of elegance. Xiyuan Ya Ji, which was widely told in the Northern Song Dynasty, showed the banquet scenes of many literati at that time. Su Shi, Li Gonglin and Mi Fu gathered together to recite poems and lyrics, or to caress the piano and sing, or to meditate and ask Zen, forming a literati circle with Su Shi as the center. The painter Li Gonglin depicts the elegant collection in a realistic way, with a preface to rice, saying, the gurgling of water and stone, the swallowing of wind and bamboo, the square curl of furnace smoke, and the self-sweetness of vegetation. The joy of emptiness in the world, but so much. Xiyuan Ya Collection is a classic motif in the history of ancient painting, and many future generations of painters have copies or imitations, which is also a continuation of the spirit of the Song Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is explaining the literati's interest and spiritual value in the Xiyuan Ya Collection.


Premise: In an exam, there are three questions about tourist attractions in Beijing, requiring candidates to choose the name of a scenic spot as the only answer to each question. The answers of six candidates to the above three questions are as follows: the first candidate: Temple of Heaven, Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the second candidate: Tiananmen Square, Tiananmen Square; the third candidate: the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City; the fourth candidate: the Temple of Heaven, Tiananmen Square; the fifth candidate: Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City; the sixth candidate: the Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, the Forbidden City. The examination results show that each examinee has answered at least one of the questions correctly.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, the order of answers to these three questions is The Imperial Palace, Tiananmen Square, Tiananmen Square.


Premise: The blue ocean strategy means that across the existing competitive boundaries, a buyer's demand will be realized, the buyer's value elements in different markets will be screened and reordered, and the positioning choice under the given structure will be changed to change the market structure itself.

Hypothesis: Facing squarely the current situation of muddy water quality and lack of nutrition in the industry circle, an enterprise decided to consolidate its fishnet, everyone participated in the market competition, and strive to stand out from the crowd within a year belongs to the Blue Ocean Strategy.


Premise: All Anxi people are vegetarians, while all Zhenyuan people are ascetics. Ascetics and vegetarians are irreconcilable. And Guo Zhi is an asceticist.

Hypothesis: Guo Shu is not from Anxi is correct.


Premise: Don't do it because it's a minor bad thing and don't stop doing it because it's a minor good thing.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of it is that the development of things is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change and that Daizen and the great evil come from very small things.


Premise: Today, with the prevalence of professionalism, the interview work of journalists is increasingly becoming an assembly line, and the step-by-step framework of news production masks the necessity and importance of many principles. However, this earthquake has to a large extent revived the moral requirements in news reports-the morality here is not only a simple judgment of right and wrong, good and evil and the observance of professional ethics, but also extensive and strong humanistic care, and the courage behind the care.

Hypothesis: The option 'News reporting needs to have moral requirements' best summarizes the above paragraph.


Premise: Although bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye, they do play a key role in breaking down dead branches and leaves. They can break down tree trunks and branches that absorb carbon dioxide and other nutrients and release them into the atmosphere. Without bacteria, the earth's carbon dioxide can only be used by plants for 40 years, because carbon will be locked in plants and will not be involved in the material cycle. Because of this effect of bacteria, it maintains the green color of the whole forest and even the whole earth.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If there were no bacteria to decompose dead branches and fallen leaves, the earth would not be able to maintain its green color' is incorrect in interpreting key role in the text.


Premise: Public products refer to products provided by the public sector to meet the public needs of society. Among them, pure public products refer to the consumption of a certain item by any one person without reducing the consumption of other people.

Hypothesis: The free gifts provided by the mall is a pure public product.


Premise: Scientist Cheek found that there is a clear link between body mass index (BMI, a method of measuring fat and thin by the ratio of height to weight) and memory loss. In the experiment, participants with higher BMI performed worse. Cheek's research results show that obesity may cause brain atrophy and memory decline.

Hypothesis: A medical school reported that the hippocampus is located deep in the brain and is responsible for learning and memory functions.Middle-aged people with high abdominal fat content have a smaller hippocampus than thin people would most question the above conclusion.


Premise: People like to look out at the ideal view from a semi-enclosed, safe house. If they can choose freely, the home environment they choose is always both. On the one hand, it is a safe shelter, on the other hand, it has a broad vision to develop outward and forage. People of different genders may have slightly different choices, at least among Western landscape painters: female painters emphasize safe housing and the prospect is usually small, while male painters emphasize open prospects. In addition, female painters seem to prefer to place their characters in or near their homes, while male painters often put their characters in an endless space.

Hypothesis: The option 'It can be seen that the author appreciates the preference of male painters for the open prospect of housing' misunderstands this passage.


Premise: When China was still in the culture of classical localism, on the one hand, the concept of hometown firmly restricted population movement, on the other hand, population movement was free. The migration of the population may not necessarily lead to the development of the relocated area. However, looking at human history, it can be concluded that any developed area must be the result of population migration. With the migration of the population of West Asia, there is the glory of ancient Greece. Only with the immigration of the population of the European continent did the rise of the British Isles come into being. With the tide of going to the east of Shanhaiguan to make a living, the northeast was rich after the late Qing Dynasty. The prosperity of the region is inseparable from the creation and construction of the migrating population.

Hypothesis: An accurate understanding of the passage is that people who migrate should not be discriminated against or excluded.


Premise: Gaia hypothesis holds that the earth's living and nonliving bodies form an interactive complex system. This hypothesis is divided into strong Gaia hypothesis and weak Gaia hypothesis. The weak Gaia hypothesis holds that various organisms on the earth effectively regulate the temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere. While biological objects affect the biological environment, The strong Gaia hypothesis further holds that the earth is a huge organism with the ability of self-regulation. For the health of this organism, it can even eliminate those harmful factors by itself.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The ozone hole in the atmosphere is caused by excessive human activities' belongs to the weak Gaia hypothesis.


Premise: When introducing a kind of tea to the guests, a tea dealer said: this kind of tea is produced in Yunshan, and the famous Yunshan tea is produced in Yunshan, so this is authentic Yunshan tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All drivers must have a driver's license. Xiao Zheng has a driver's license, so Xiao Zheng is the driver' is most similar to the dealer's logic when introducing tea.


Premise: A recent study found that snoring, though not common in either group, is more common among smokers than among nonsmokers. On the basis of this evidence, the author hypothesized that smoking by itself can induce snoring.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Stress induces both snoring and smoking in certain individuals' casts the most doubt on the author's hypothesis.


Premise: In 1964, the famous Genovese case occurred in New York, the United States. A girl named Genovese was killed by a ruffian with a knife on her way home. Within 30 minutes of the crime, 38 neighbors heard the victim's call for help. Many people even walked to the window and watched for a long time, but no one went to help her. And no one called the police in time. As a result, a tragedy that shouldn't have happened became a reality.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate explanation for the phenomenon is that people witnessed the incident but did not give a hand due to the presence of others, which inhibited their motivation to help and led to the dispersion of social responsibility.


Premise: On May 4, 2015, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued a document that the tobacco consumption tax was increased from 5% to 11% and the specific tax was increased. Some experts believe that the linkage between tax and price will increase the price of cigarettes with the increase of tax rate and reduce the number of people buying cigarettes. From the perspective of tobacco control, this is undoubtedly a good thing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The increase of income level makes people less sensitive to the price of cigarettes' weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: Research shows that in college classrooms, 90% of people with severe insomnia often work until 2 am. Zhang Hong is a university teacher and often works until 2 o'clock in the morning, so Zhang Hong is likely to be a severe insomniac.

Hypothesis: The statement "It relies on an unconfirmed assumption that 90% of college teachers who often work until 2 am are severely insomniacs" most accurately indicates the error in the above reasoning.


Premise: Professional socialization refers to the process in which individuals choose occupations according to social needs, master the knowledge and skills to engage in a certain occupation, and update and retrain their knowledge and skills after engaging in a certain occupation

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Chen, a laid-off female worker, accumulating rich knowledge and experience while raising children and later opening a kindergarten on the suggestion of her friends belongs to professional socialization.


Premise: Recreational sports is a kind of highly recreational physical activity that people do in their spare time. It is not only a means of entertainment, but also a means of physical exercise.

Hypothesis: In order to promote the development of Chinese basketball, the Chinese Basketball Association holds CBA competitions every year is not the recreational sport according to the above definition.


Premise: Unless negotiations begin soon, the cease-fire will be violated by one of the two sides to the dispute. Negotiations will be held only if other countries have pressured the two sides to negotiate; an agreement will emerge only if other countries continue such pressure throughout the negotiations. But no negotiations will be held until international troops enforcing the cease-fire have demonstrated their ability to counter any aggression from either side, thus suppressing a major incentive for the two sides to resume fighting.

Hypothesis: The cease-fire has not been violated by either of the two sides must also be true EXCEPT if the statements above are true, and if negotiations between the two sides do begin soon.


Premise: Attention is the window of knowledge. Without it, the sunlight of knowledge will not come in. That is derived from the experience of a famous scholar, and it vividly illustrates that a high concentration of attention is an important condition of achievements in academics and science.

Hypothesis: Not everyone can concentrate is correct.


Premise: A car factory claims that its new car has passed various crash tests. When a car accident occurs, the safety of the passengers can be fully protected. But there are also questions about whether crash tests alone will not prove the car is safe.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Tests are usually conducted in the laboratory rather than on crash prone roads' cannot support this challenge.


Premise: Dr. Z: Many of the characterizations of my work offered by Dr. Q are imprecise, and such characterizations do not provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of my work.

Hypothesis: At least one of Dr. Q's characterizations of Dr. Z's work fails to provide an adequate basis for sound criticism of that work can be properly inferred from Dr. Z's statement.


Premise: <b> Several of a certain bank's top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. </b> This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know the bank's true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the bank's condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company's condition. <b> On balance, ttherefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example. </b>

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion in the argument describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses, and the second boldfaced portion states the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: On average, people who are educated today spend significantly less time reading than those who were educated 50 years ago, yet the number of books sold per day is much higher today than it was 50 years ago.

Hypothesis: People 50 years ago preferred to borrow books from libraries than they do now does not help to explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: The use of irises to identify airline passengers is actually not new. Why is iris scanning better than other biologically-based ways of identifying fakes, such as fingerprints and face recognition? To put it this way, iris scanning, like all recognition technology, must strike a balance between allowing the wrong person through and stopping the right one. Therefore, the system needs to find as much as possible point of comparison in order to reduce the probability of the first kind of circumstance happening - will imposter wrong considered legitimate users and made him pass smoothly, but also ensure these comparisons are as unique as possible, in order to reduce the chances of getting the latter - misinterpreted as a legitimate user imposter.

Hypothesis: Iris recognition technology is convenient and accurate, which can be widely used in other fields does not belong to the passage.


Premise: Debate coach: Britta' s command of the historical facts was better than Robert' s, and that led to the distinct impression that Britta won the debate. But it' s also important to evaluate how reasonable the debaters arguments were, regardless of their ability to bring the facts to bear in those arguments. When you take that into consideration, Robert' s debate performance was as good as Britta' s.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Britta's arguments were quite unreasonable is required by the debate coach's argument.


Premise: The use of space-based satellites to study environmental conditions on Earth is an important development in the conservation movement' s history. Environmental problems may now be observed long before they otherwise would be noticed, allowing for intervention before they reach the crisis stage. It is no wonder that environmentalists fail to consider both that spacecraft may damage the ozone layer and that this damage could be serious enough to warrant discontinuing spaceflight.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that people tend to ignore possible objectionable consequences of actions that support their activities.


Premise: If Li Jia passes the exam, Li Hua, Sun Tao and Zhao Lin must also pass.

Hypothesis: If Zhao Lin fails, Li Hua and Sun Tao are not both pass the exam can be inferred.


Premise: Under the conditions of social mass production, in order to meet the needs of the society for various use values, it is necessary to pay various labors of different natures, and it is necessary to allocate the total social labor according to the corresponding proportions of the various use value needs.

Hypothesis: The proportional distribution of total social labor does not depend on human will is the view that this passage mainly supports.


Premise: Conventional wisdom suggests vaccinating elderly people first in flu season, because they are at greatest risk of dying if they contract the virus. This year' s flu virus poses particular risk to elderly people and almost none at all to younger people, particularly children. Nevertheless, health professionals are recommending vaccinating children first against the virus rather than elderly people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Children are particularly unconcerned with hygiene and therefore are the group most responsible for spreading the flu virus to others' provides the strongest reason for the health professionals' recommendation.


Premise: Complements means that there is a certain consumption dependency between two commodities, that is, the consumption of one commodity must be matched with the consumption of another commodity. They can be divided into two categories. Ordinary complemens means that there is no fixed proportion of two commodities used at the same time; Complete complements that two commodities must be used at the same time in a fixed proportion.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, spectacle frames and lenses are completely complements.


Premise: With the further increase of global meat production, the impact of animal husbandry on Greenhouse Effect of the world will also increase. At present, animal husbandry land has accounted for 30% of the earth's land area. As one of the fastest growing sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry also takes up more land for feed and grazing. In Latin America, 70% of forests have been cut down to make room for pastures. At present, animal husbandry threatens 306 of the world's 825 terrestrial ecosystems and threatens 1699 endangered species.

Hypothesis: The environmental cost of developing animal husbandry is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: China is one of the countries with the richest biological species in the world, and higher plants and wildlife species account for about 10% of the world. However, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have led to the destruction of the living environment of animals and plants, the number of species has decreased sharply, and some species have become extinct. According to statistics, about 200 species of higher plants have become extinct in the past 50 years, with an average of 4 species per year, and about 400 species of wild animals are endangered or threatened.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that higher plants need more protection than wild animals.


Premise: There are about 75 brands of microwave popcorn on the market; altogether, they account for a little over half of the money from sales of microwave food products. It takes three minutes to pop corn in the microwave, compared to seven minutes to pop corn conventionally. Yet by weight, microwave popcorn typically costs over five times as much as conventional popcorn. Judging by the popularity of microwave popcorn, many people are willing to pay a high price for just a little additional convenience.

Hypothesis: More money is spent on microwave food products that take three minutes or less to cook than on microwave food products that take longer to cook must also be true if the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: Goronian lawmaker: Goronia' s Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency' s cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.

Hypothesis: Knowing the answer to the question "Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?" would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument.


Premise: A survey report in 2017 showed that more than 80% of households believe that reading is an important way for children to understand the world and acquire knowledge, and more than 60% believe that reading is of great significance for children to develop loving learning habits and develop a healthy personality. Among them, more than 30% of the minor children from households surveyed are able to read every day, and over 60% of the children spend between half an hour and one hour in each reading. However, only 30% of the parents surveyed often read with their children, and nearly 6 Adult families are for children to read by themselves. What's interesting is that although parents themselves have taken up too much time by mobile phones, computers, and TV, 13.63% of parents hope to use reading to squeeze their children's time to play electronic products and watch TV.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this text is 'Just put down your phone to read with your child'.


Premise: If the history of the earth is condensed into one hour, in the last 15 minutes, life will appear. When there are 6 minutes left, the figures of animals will start to flash on the land, and when the 58th minute arrives, the overall situation is settled.

Hypothesis: The intention of this passage is that the history of life on earth is very long.


Premise: Agricultural production, mainly planting and aquaculture, is an important project for industrial poverty alleviation and a major source of income for farmers in deep poverty-stricken areas. Agricultural production is an open-air factory, which has the limitation of relying on heaven for a living. Most of the deep poverty-stricken areas have poor natural conditions, high frequency and wide range of disasters, coupled with the impact of diseases and insect pests, which bring great challenges to agricultural production. Therefore, the development of planting and aquaculture in deep poverty-stricken areas needs the help of agricultural insurance, which is the basic means of risk management under the condition of market economy.

Hypothesis: Agricultural insurance can intervene in advance and effectively prevent natural disasters does not meet the meaning of the above.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E went to Shanghai to participate in the World Expo together. One day, five people had a dispute over the choice of visitors.D is a fan of the United States and must go to the U.S. Pavilion. C is D's daughter. There was a quarrel, and A was determined not to go with D. In the case of B and E, where there is B, there must be E. In the end, three of the five people visited the U.S. Pavilion.

Hypothesis: A, B, and E visited the U.S. Pavilion.


Premise: As an ancient revived Oriental power, China is very mysterious to the west. It is just like Marco Polo's description after coming to China which shows that gold and silver are everywhere in China. Westerners read his travel notes and just think that China is very rich, but how rich it is only depends on imagination. The West's view of China now includes both real evaluation and imagination.

Hypothesis: There is still a deviation between Westerners' understanding of the Chinese people and Chinese reality is mainly explained in the above paragraph.


Premise: If the Malaysia Airlines plane did not break down and was not hijacked by a terrorist group, it must have been shot down by a missile. If the passenger plane is shot down by a missile, it will certainly be detected by the satellite; if the satellite finds that the passenger plane has been shot down by a missile, it will certainly be announced to the media.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There were no reports of missiles shooting down the airliner, nor did it break down' needs to be added if we are to come to the conclusion that the plane was hijacked by a terrorist organization.


Premise: In recent years, with the rise of large wildlife parks, it has been proposed that traditional urban zoos are no longer necessary. However, the traditional urban zoo has the advantages of low ticket price and convenient transportation, so it is very convenient for primary and secondary schools to organize visits, so it has a very strong educational function, so traditional urban mobilization is indispensable.

Hypothesis: By default, zoos that are convenient for primary and secondary schools to visit have strong educational functions is not a flaw in the above argument.


Premise: A country's demographic agency predicts that by 2031, the country's population will fall below 127 million, and the population will decrease by 24 million in the next 40 years. To this end, the country's government has introduced a series of policies to encourage childbirth. In recent years, the total population of the country has stabilized. As of June 1, 2014, the population was 146.1 milli. The population growth from January to May 2014 was 59,100, with a growth rate of 0.04%. Therefore, some experts believe that the country's policy of encouraging childbirth has achieved the desired effect.

Hypothesis: If the country's government introduces a more effective policy to encourage childbirth, it can improve the quality of the population would best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: Integration of resources: A series of measures are taken to optimize the allocation and comprehensive utilization of all kinds of resources for specific purposes.

Hypothesis: A company sells idle equipment and inventory materials, and the proceeds are used to buy stocks, which is very profitable is not the integration of resources.


Premise: After ten years of success and failure, we have a correct understanding of centering on economic construction and have found a development path to promote reform and opening up. Everyone knows that this understanding and this path have come from It is not easy, we must cherish it, and we must not be shaken at any time. However, since the first day of reform and opening up, we have attached great importance to economic construction while also attaching great importance to the construction of spiritual civilization. If there is only the former without the latter, It is not socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Hypothesis: The statement "Socialism with Chinese characteristics must insist on taking economic construction as the center" mainly supports the argument of this passage.


Premise: Sensory marketing means that enterprises take products or services as carriers and use people's receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, etc.) to directly respond to light, color, sound, smell and other basic stimuli to create a kind of psychological comfort and spiritual satisfaction for consumers, so as to achieve the purpose of marketing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'People tend to fill the missing parts of the graphics, such as hidden text or graphics, and many companies use this to encourage people to participate in activities and promote their products' does not belong to sensory marketing.


Premise: Those who claim that governments should not continue to devote resources to space exploration are wrong. Although most people' s lives are relatively unaffected by the direct consequences of space exploration, many modern technologies that have a tremendous impact on daily life -- e. g. , fiber optics, computers, and lasers -- are unexpected consequences of it. Society might have missed the benefits of these technologies if governments had not devoted resources to space exploration.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argument is that governments should continue to support those projects that have, in the past, produced unintended benefits.


Premise: In the weather forecast of the Central Meteorological Station, the computer is used to solve the equations describing the evolution of the weather and calculate the future weather. Weather forecasters analyze weather charts, meteorological satellites and other data, and then make specific weather forecasts for the next 3-5 days according to the accumulation of experience. At 8 o'clock every morning, the Central Meteorological Observatory connects local meteorological stations for weather consultation. After summarizing everyone's forecast opinions, the chief forecaster makes a forecast conclusion on the development and changes of the weather in the future.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that weather forecast is the crystallization of the collective wisdom of scientists.


Premise: The term sex and gender are often used interchangeably. But sex more properly refers to biological differences of male and female, while gender refers to society' s construction of a system that identifies what is masculine and feminine. Unlike the set of characteristics defining biological sex, the set of traits that are associated with gender does not sort people into two nonoverlapping groups. The traits characterize people in a complex way, so that a person may have both masculine and feminine traits.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that gender traits are not determined at birth.


Premise: Karl Polanyi said that if the market mechanism is allowed to become the sole guide of the destiny of mankind, its natural environment, and the amount and use of purchasing power, it will lead to the destruction of society. As far as commodities are concerned, labor cannot be arbitrarily driven and used. Even abandon without affecting the individual who happens to be the bearer of this special commodity. That is to say, when disposing of a person's labor, the system always faces the unity of body, psychology and morality under the title of person.

Hypothesis: The gist of the statement above is that unregulated markets will destroy society.


Premise: G, H, J, K, L, M and O travel together. During their four-day camping life, two people were arranged to be on duty to cook for everyone every day. The arrangement of the personnel required for these four days cannot be repeated, and there happens to be one person on duty for two days.In addition, the following conditions must be met for those on duty: (1)J is arranged to be on duty the day after H.(2) the person who is on duty for two days must be on the fourth day, not the third day. (3) G must be arranged on the same day as one of J and O. (4) K is arranged to be on duty on at least one day on the first or second day. (5) O must be on the third day.

Hypothesis: M must be on the same day as L if L is arranged to be on a two-day.


Premise: Canadian scientists have developed a device that allows people to generate electricity and store it through jaw movement when talking or eating. The subjects chewed gum for 60 seconds after wearing the device. The cord close to the chin generated about 10 to 18 microwatts of electricity, while each chewing during meals produced an average of about 7 microwatts. It is expected that this improved power generation method may be used to charge small electronic devices such as hearing aids, intelligent hearing protectors and even mobile phones in the future.

Hypothesis: People can generate electricity by talking or eating is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: University president: We will be forced to reduce spending next year if we do not increase our enrollment. So, if we are to maintain the quality of the education we provide, we must market our programs more aggressively. Without such marketing we will be unable to increase our enrollment.

Hypothesis: The university will not maintain the quality of the education it provides if it reduces spending next year is an assumption required for the conclusion of the university president's argument to be properly drawn.


Premise: Joint liability: refers to when there are several creditors or debtors, each creditor can request the debtors to perform all the debts, and each debtor has the obligation to perform all the debts; and all the debts are eliminated due to the full performance at one time.

Hypothesis: The responsibiliies of each shareholder to making up the capital contributions if shareholders fail to make capital contributions in accordance with regulations before the establishment of a limited liability company is not joint liability.


Premise: The Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights stipulates that patents for certain inventions shall not be granted simply because their national laws prohibit the commercial implementation of certain inventions.

Hypothesis: In country A, the commercial implementation of an eavesdropping device is prohibited by law, so it is not allowed to grant a patent is inconsistent with the above provisions of the Agreement on Trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights (trips).


Premise: Plantings of cotton bioengineered to produce its own insecticide against bollworms, a major cause of crop failure, sustained little bollworm damage until this year. This year the plantings are being seriously damaged by bollworms. Bollworms, however, are not necessarily developing resistance to the cotton' s insecticide. Bollworms breed on corn, and last year more corn than usual was planted throughout cotton-growing regions. So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms.

Hypothesis: Establishing whether plantings of cotton that does not produce the insecticide are suffering unusually extensive damage from bollworms this year would be most useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: In the process of China's move towards a market economy, we found that the number of policies that need to be changed and adjusted is huge. It can be said that the transformation of the economic system has led to a comprehensive transformation of production policies, distribution policies, and consumption policies, and its impact has even gone far beyond. In terms of economic policy, the influence of the market economy system on public policy has become an important topic of academic discussion.

Hypothesis: With the improvement of the market economy system, my country's public policies are becoming mature in the constant change and reorganization, but the task is still arduous is the most accurate repetition of the above paragraph of text.


Premise: Meteorological service economy includes two meanings. First, it refers to use meteorological services to prevent and resist disasters in order to avoid risks and losses. Second, it refers to the use of powerful meteorological conditions to create benefits. People can use meteorological information as one of the decision-making bases for engaging in economic activities. They can arrange production and operation activities according to the information provided by meteorological services, reduce economic losses and improve economic benefits.

Hypothesis: Fishermen cancelled their sea operations according to the typhoon warning belongs to meteorological service economy according to the above definition.


Premise: Inez: The book we are reading, The Nature of Matter, is mistitled. A title should summarize the content of the whole book, but nearly half of this book is devoted to discussing a different, albeit closely related subject: energy. Antonio: I do not think that the author erred; according to modern physics, matter and energy are two facets of the same phenomenon.

Hypothesis: The statement "Inez believes that the book's title should not mention matter without mentioning energy" is most strongly supported by the conversation above.


Premise: The attitude towards intellectuals marks the degree of civilization of a nation, while the attitude towards workers and peasants tests the conscience and conscience of the nation. So _

Hypothesis: Intellectuals can be treated twice as much as workers and peasants can best complete the above argument.


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, <b> any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. </b>Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year's record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year's start-ups. So clearly, <b> the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year's record. </b>

Hypothesis: The two portions in boldface play the roles of an obvious truth on which the argument is based and the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Prevention cost refers to the cost paid to prevent the occurrence of defective products or services. It includes planning and management system, personnel training, quality control process, and strengthening attention to the two stages of design and production to reduce the probability of defective products. Such costs generally occur before production.

Hypothesis: The advertising cost of printing brochures or video materials during the regular preferential activities held by a shopping website is not a prevention cost according to the above definition.


Premise: An elementary school applied to the local administrative department of education to purchase an additional school bus to strengthen the ability to transport teachers and students. The administrative department of education rejected this application on the grounds that the number of school buses must match the size of the school and the number of teachers and students .According to the current number and scale of the school's teachers and students, the existing school buses are enough.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the education administrative department has no plan to expand the scale of teachers and students of the school can best support the decision of the education administrative department.


Premise: There are five staff in the sales department of a company, of which two undergraduate majors are marketing, two undergraduate majors are computer science, and one undergraduate major is physics. Also know that there are two women in the five people, their undergraduate majors The background is different.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, the inference that the sales department has two men from different undergraduate majors is most likely to be established.


Premise: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a self-determined behavior, which is not included in the formal job requirements of employees, but it will undoubtedly promote the effectiveness of the organization.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang often helps his colleague Xiao Li to take care of his sick father is an organizational citizenship behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: Until 1990, an oil exploration team in Mexico's Gocatan Peninsula stumbled upon a huge crater. Most of the crater is submerged at the bottom of the sea near the Yucatan Peninsula, with a width of about 160 to 240 kilometers. The age of the crater-covered sediment suggests that the giant crater was formed about 65 million years ago, coinciding with the extinction of the dinosaurs. The discovery of this evidence basically reached a consensus among scientists that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by the impact of the meteorite on the earth.

Hypothesis: The point that this paragraph is trying to make is that the discovery of the crater made scientists more consistent with the cause of dinosaur extinction.


Premise: Tax incentives refer to the government's use of a variety of methods in the tax system design and tax collection and management process to induce the behavior choices of microeconomic entities through the adjustment of tax burdens, and encourage taxpayers to occur or not, participate or not to participate in certain economic behaviors, in order to achieve the government's strategic goal of coordinated social and economic development.

Hypothesis: In the trial stage of products, the enterprise still faces high risk, and at this time, tax preferences are provided for carry-over of losses is not a tax incentive according to the above definition.


Premise: When scientists cloned a housefly, they changed a single gene of the housefly. The cloned houseflies did not have ultraviolet vision because they lacked the eye cells that make the houseflies have ultraviolet vision. At the same time, the flies cloned in the conventional way (without changing the gene) had normal vision. The scientists thus showed that the housefly, which does not have ultraviolet vision, must have some kind of defect or damage in this gene.

Hypothesis: Aside from the lack of UV vision cells, altering this gene had no other effect on the flies is an assumption required by this argument.


Premise: Gaia hypothesis holds that the earth's living and nonliving bodies form an interactive complex system. This hypothesis is divided into strong Gaia hypothesis and weak Gaia hypothesis. The weak Gaia hypothesis holds that various organisms on the earth effectively regulate the temperature and chemical composition of the atmosphere. While biological objects affect the biological environment, The strong Gaia hypothesis further holds that the earth is a huge organism with the ability of self-regulation. For the health of this organism, it can even eliminate those harmful factors by itself.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the importance of environmental protection is that the earth is the only planet suitable for human habitation belongs to the weak Gaia hypothesis.


Premise: Newspaper editorial: Many pharmaceutical companies develop me too drugs, drugs designed to duplicate, more or less, the effect of another company' s product that is already on the market. Some critics object that such development constitutes an unnecessary, redundant use of resources that provides no new benefits to consumers. However, the entry of me too drugs into the market can result in a price reduction for the drugs they resemble. Ttherefore, me too drugs can indeed benefit consumers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some me too drugs turn out to be more effective than the drugs they were designed to imitate' most strengthens the editorial's argument.


Premise: Siphon refers to filling an inverted U-shaped tubular structure with liquid by using the force phenomenon of liquid level height difference, placing the high end of the opening in the container filled with liquid, and the liquid in the container will continue to flow out of the opening at a lower position through the siphon.

Hypothesis: Xiao Liu's tap water coming from the secondary water supply is not a siphon phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: Researchers have found that Bird's egg color is strongly correlated with temperature. The results of the study showed that darker Bird's egg were more common in areas with lower sunlight intensity, while Bird's egg were generally lighter in areas with higher and warmer sunlight. The team believes that a darker shell means more heat can be absorbed, giving it a survival advantage in colder environments. Because the embryo in the egg needs a stable ambient temperature, but it does not have the ability to regulate temperature itself.

Hypothesis: The statement "The eggs of snakes and tortoises are mostly buried in the ground and are concealed, so they are white. However, when birds' eggs are exposed to the environment, they need markings and colors to confuse natural enemies" best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Whether in the urban area of Wenzhou, or in Qiaotou and Baixiang Town, you always feel an extremely strong atmosphere and vitality around you, which is the unique atmosphere and vitality of commodity economy in Wenzhou. In urban and rural areas of Wenzhou, you can see that thousands of households are engaged in commodity management, there are workshops, workshops, professional markets, free markets and retail stalls everywhere, there are goods of all sizes, and there are a wide variety of new products everywhere. Millions of Wenzhou people are either busy with production or sales. There is a famous painting in ancient times called along the River during the Qingming Festival. The picture shown by Wenzhou's commodity economy is the modern along the River during the Qingming Festival, which is a hundred times more prosperous and a thousand times more prosperous than that depicted in ancient paintings.

Hypothesis: Wenzhou is full of prosperous commodity trading and commodity production, which makes people feel its unique atmosphere and vitality of commodity economy is the most accurate summary of the main point of this passage.


Premise: Aversion therapy is to help people combine the behavior or symptoms they want to quit with some disgusting behavior or punitive stimulation, and achieve the purpose of quitting or reducing the occurrence of behavior through aversive conditioned reflex.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, aversion therapy is the practice of Lao Zhao not liking doing housework and loving to drink, and his wife stipulating that as long as he is drunk, he must undertake all the housework the next day.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: X is the accompaniment of F and H, Y is the accompaniment of L and M, and W is the accompaniment of G and K is a possible combination of an accompanist and a singer.


Premise: Desk workers read and write with their heads down for a long time, which is easy to suffer from lumbar and cervical diseases. In order to help these people prevent and alleviate lumbar and cervical diseases, the trade union of a unit printed and distributed brochures for employees to teach them some methods to prevent and treat lumbar and cervical diseases

Hypothesis: People who don't often work at their desk may also suffer from lumbar and cervical diseases can most question the above publicity effect.


Premise: Pastoral complex refers to a new, cross-industry, multi-functional agricultural production and management system, which integrates with characteristic advantageous industries, leisure tourism and rural communities.

Hypothesis: The option 'A township plans to build a new modern rural community within three years. There are no high-rise buildings, small bridge and flowing water is everywhere, and the service facilities are complete' belongs to the pastoral complex.


Premise: Glass curtain wall is widely used in public buildings, which is determined by the aesthetics of a specific historical period. nowadays, this kind of wall form is changing to the direction of low cost and high popularity. The initial modernity, international color and mysterious aura of the glass curtain wall are gradually fading, and the energy crisis has accelerated this process to a certain extent. For most cities located in subtropical and temperate regions, the large area of glass curtain wall gradually exposed its light pollution and high energy consumption.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate the current low energy consumption orientation of the development of building materials.


Premise: If he has the courage to take responsibility, then he will face the media directly rather than choose to escape; If he has no responsibility, he will hire a lawyer to defend his dignity. But in fact, he not only didn't hire a lawyer, but now he even disappeared.

Hypothesis: The correct option according to the above statement is 'Not only does he have responsibility, but he doesn't have the courage to take responsibility.'


Premise: Orientation refers to the perception of the spatial relationship, position and position of objects by animals or people. It is the result of various sensory coordination activities.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, "We can see that the sun is round and shiny" does not belong to the orientation.


Premise: Analogical argument is based on the sameness or similarity of two objects in some attributes, and infers that the two objects are also the same or similar in other attributes. Its logical form is that object A has the attributes of a, b, c and d. Object B has properties of a, b, c. So object B has the property of d.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, analogical argument belongs to the statement 'Silver and copper are both metals with electrical conductivity, but the resistivity of silver is lower, so silver is more suitable to be a conductive material than copper'.


Premise: Institutionalized procedures refer to a process in which people internalize and habituate certain behavior patterns and behavior norms. It is manifested in certain social life norms, customs and rituals. It is a phenomenon in which people consciously or unconsciously act according to this behavior pattern and behavior when they appear in a certain social role.

Hypothesis: Every year in a certain village, a respected chief priest is selected from the village to preside over the event is not an institutionalized procedure.


Premise: Zebra mussels, a nuisance when they clog the intake pipes of nuclear power plants and water plants along the Great Lakes, have some redeeming qualities. Since the mussels feed voraciously on algae that they filter from the water that passes by them, bags of zebra mussels suspended in the discharge streams of chemical plants significantly improve water quality, even removing some hazardous wastes.

Hypothesis: If the mussels spread to areas of the Mississippi River where native clams provide the basis for a cultured-pearl industry, that industry will collapse, since the mussels are unsuitable for such use and would displace the clams is most strongly supported on the basis of the statements above, if they are true.


Premise: A theory is either true or false. Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites showed that the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Ttherefore, since the Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account, Galileo' s observations of Jupiter' s satellites proved the truth of the Copernican theory.

Hypothesis: The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable assumption that the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be based on exactly the same evidence.


Premise: China is one of the countries with the highest degree of agricultural openness in the world. with the deepening of opening up to the outside world, the domestic market and the international market will be further integrated, and the degree of agricultural openness will be further improved. In the future, we will face competition not only from developed countries with a high level of agricultural modernization, but also from developing countries with obvious labor advantages. At present, the production cost of domestic agricultural products is still in the rising channel, land rental, labor costs and machinery operating costs continue to rise, grain and other agricultural products lack price advantages, while international agricultural prices decline, imports increase, and the pressure on domestic grain inventory increases, which will have a huge impact on China's market and will directly lead to a narrowing of the space for domestic price increases. The production of domestic agricultural products will face the double squeeze of price ceiling and cost floor, and the comparative benefit will decline.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that it is urgent to solve the development dilemma of domestic agricultural products.


Premise: Geneticist: Genes, like viruses, have a strong tendency to self-replicate; this has led some biologists to call genes selfish.  This term is, in this instance, intended to be defined behaviorally: it describes what genes do without ascribing intentions to them. But even given that genes are ascribed no intentions, the label selfish as applied to genes is a misnomer. Selfishness only concerns bringing about the best conditions for oneself; creating replicas of oneself is not selfish.

Hypothesis: The assumption that creating replicas of oneself does not help bring about the best conditions for oneself allows the geneticist's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: A public good, also known as a public good, is a non - exclusive item or service.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Affordable Housing is public good.


Premise: Detective: Because the embezzler must have had specialized knowledge and access to internal financial records, we can presume that the embezzler worked for XYZ Corporation as either an accountant or an actuary. But an accountant would probably not make the kind of mistakes in ledger entries that led to the discovery of the embezzlement. Thus it is likely that the embezzler is one of the actuaries.

Hypothesis: Each of the following weakens the detective's argument EXCEPT: An independent report released before the crime took place concluded that XYZ Corporation was vulnerable to embezzlement.


Premise: All the landscape rooms can see the landscape, but it can not see the landscape from the Li Wenbing's house, so the Li Wenbing's house is not a landscape house.

Hypothesis: The statement "Lin Yingrui is an employee of Jiutian Company, so Lin Yingrui can speak English" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Uncertainty avoidance means that in any society, people will feel that they are facing a threat to uncertain, ambiguous, and uncertain scenarios, and they always try to prevent them.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The school called on graduate students to go abroad for further study. Xiao Wang felt that his life was relatively stable and didn't want to go out. He said, my foreign language level is not good. I'd better give the opportunity to other students' is not uncertainty avoidance.


Premise: Society exists not only because of transmission and communication, but more accurately, it exists in transmission and communication.

Hypothesis: A misunderstanding of this passage is that transmission and communication exist independently of society.


Premise: Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about 45 days. No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as 45 days. Synthetic herbicides, on the other hand, although not any longer-lasting, can be reapplied as the crop grows. Clearly, ttherefore, for major agricultural crops, plowing rye into the soil can play no part in effective weed control.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to allow for the possibility that plants other than rye, handled the same way, might have the same effect.


Hypothesis: Expressway is a public good according to the above definition.


Premise: Turkey has applied to join the EU since 1987, and the two sides are still engaged in difficult negotiations. For strategic reasons, the EU needs Turkey, and a categorical no to Turkey would deprive the EU of Turkish cooperation in security, justice, energy and other areas. However, if Turkey joins the EU, it will bring a series of problems to the EU, such as the disharmony of cultural and religious views, the heavy burden of economic subsidies, and the impact of the influx of immigrants on the job market.

Hypothesis: In the long run, the EU cannot both obtain Turkey's full cooperation and completely avoid the difficult problems of Turkish membership can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: For thousands of years, food has been moving and changing with people's footsteps. No matter how far the footsteps is, in people's mind, only the taste of hometown is familiar and stubborn. It is like a taste positioning system, one end locked thousands of miles away and the other forever hindered the hometown in the depths of memory.

Hypothesis: The word "it" refers to food.


Premise: When taking a polygraph test, as long as a small amount of a certain common sedative is taken, people will not be noticed when lying. Because the psychological stress response detected by the polygraph can be suppressed by drugs without significant side effects Inferred from this, this drug will also be very effective in reducing the psychological stress in daily life.

Hypothesis: The hypothetical premise of this paragraph is that people who lie on a polygraph test often show signs of psychological stress.


Premise: The law should respect and guarantee the supervisory power of the media. However, as a media, we must exercise the right of supervision in accordance with the law. If there is a mistake or fault in the process of supervision, or even cause a loss to the supervised object, we must have the courage to bear the responsibility.

Hypothesis: The statement 'While the law protects the rights of the media, it should also supervise them' is the gist of this passage.


Premise: People who listen to certain recordings of music are in danger of being unduly influenced by spoken messages that have been recorded backwards on the records or tapes.

Hypothesis: If such messages must be comprehended to exert influence, then people must be able to comprehend spoken messages recorded backwards is a consequence of the view above.


Premise: In 2014, in order to welcome the APEC meeting, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and other places implemented the APEC governance model and adopted the strictest emission reduction measures in history. Sure enough, the intoxicating APEC basket appeared. However, with the end of the meeting, the APEC blue gradually disappeared. In this regard, some people expressed confusion, since the government can implement the APEC governance model in the short term to achieve good results, why not adhere to this model for a long time?

Hypothesis: Except for 'If haze occurs frequently in Beijing during the APEC meeting, it will affect the image of our country,' all other explanations can explain people's confusion.


Premise: Proposals for extending the United States school year to bring it more in line with its European and Japanese counterparts are often met with the objection that curtailing the schools' three-month summer vacation would violate an established United States tradition dating from the nineteenth century. However, this objection misses its mark. True, in the nineteenth century the majority of schools closed for three months every summer, but only because they were in rural areas where successful harvests depended on children' s labor. If any policy could be justified by those appeals to tradition, it would be the policy of determining the length of the school year according to the needs of the economy.

Hypothesis: Accepting the principle that appeals to tradition should be disregarded would provide the strongest justification for the conclusion.


Premise: John: It was wrong of you to blame me for that traffic accident. You know full well that the accident was due to my poor vision, and I certainly cannot be held responsible for the fact that my vision has deteriorated. Michiko: But I can hold you responsible for your hazardous driving, because you know how poor your vision is. People are responsible for the consequences of actions that they voluntarily undertake, if they know that those actions risk such consequences.

Hypothesis: The principle that Michiko invokes, if established, would justify the judgment that Colleen was not responsible for losing her job because she did everything possible to preserve it.


Premise: At an international conference, five representatives from four countries were arranged to sit at a round table. In order to enable them to talk freely, they learned the following in advance: A is Chinese and can speak English; B is German and can speak Chinese; C is English and speaks French; D is Japanese and speaks French; E is Japanese and speaks German

Hypothesis: The arrangement ABCDE is the correct way to arrange it.


Premise: The construction workers on the scaffolding, the couriers in the cold wind, the busy restaurant waiters, and the sanitation workers who add luster to the city's construction, there are rivers in the humble bones. Pay attention to these individuals who may be submerged in big words, face up to the solution with feelings, and constantly improve the level of social governance. I believe that in a large country of migrant workers, we can find a more leisurely, safer, more just way to protect their rights and interests, so that they can go to tomorrow with a smile and dignity.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to explain from multi-dimensions, omni-directional, the whole process of empowering the group of migrant workers.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: experiments about mad scientists and ferocious monsters. In the horror stories about monsters, monsters symbolize the psychological confusion of the protagonist. The horror stories about mad scientists typically express the author's feelings: scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human exploration. Despite these differences, these two types of horror stories have the following characteristics in common: they describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature: they both want to frighten the reader.

Hypothesis: If the statement "Some stories that use symbolism describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature" is true, then the statement "All descriptions of monsters describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature" must be true.


Premise: Administrative reconsideration: Administrative reconsideration is when citizens, legal persons or other organizations believe that a specific administrative act or administrative omission of an administrative agency infringes their lawful rights and interests, and the act or omission is filed for administrative reconsideration.

Hypothesis: A food factory has its production license revoked due to illegal operations, and the factory filed an application for reconsideration with the people's government is not subject to administrative reconsideration.


Premise: The obesity invariably associated with some high-fat diets is caused by an absence in these diets of certain nutrients that are necessary for an active metabolism, not by excessive caloric intake. Hence, people on these high-fat diets do not consume too many calories.

Hypothesis: The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in the statement 'The disorientation observed in airline pilots after transoceanic flights is caused not by sleep deprivation but by disruption in their exposure to daylight. Hence, transoceanic pilots do not suffer from sleep deprivation.'


Premise: The genuine creative genius is someone who is dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs; thus these rare innovators tend to anger the majority. Those who are dissatisfied with merely habitual assent to widely held beliefs tend to seek out controversy, and controversy seekers enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if it is assumed that people who anger the majority enjoy demonstrating the falsehood of popular viewpoints.


Premise: Raphaela: Forcing people to help others is morally wrong. Ttherefore, no government has the right to redistribute resources via taxation. Anyone who wants can help others voluntarily. Edward: Governments do have that right, insofar as they give people the freedom to leave and hence not to live under their authority.

Hypothesis: Raphaela and Edward disagree about the truth of the statement 'Every government should allow people to help others voluntarily.'


Premise: A study of 86 patients, all of whom suffered from disease T and received the same standard medical treatment, divided the patients into 2 equal groups. One group' s members all attended weekly support group meetings, but no one from the other group attended support group meetings. After 10 years, 41 patients from each group had died. Clearly, support group meetings do not help patients with disease T live longer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the group that attended weekly support group meetings lived 2 years longer, on average, than the members of the other group' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Administration according to law means that the administrative agency shall, in accordance with the provisions of the law, within the statutory authority, and in accordance with the legal procedures, perform actions with conclusive and sufficient evidence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the action of a city government proposing to a household to establish a cultural relic protection demonstration site in the household's courtyard, requesting the household to move out within limited time, and deciding to give them a certain amount of compensation meets the requirements of the administration according to law.


Premise: If the magazine' s circulation continues to rise as it has over the last ten years, in another ten years it will be the largest-selling martial arts magazine in the world. Unfortunately, it has now become clear that the magazine' s publisher will not allow the managing editor to make the changes she has proposed, and without these changes, the magazine' s circulation will not rise as quickly over the next ten years as it has over the last ten. So the magazine will not be the largest-selling martial arts magazine ten years from now.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it identifies some changes required for the magazine's circulation to continue its rapid increase and concludes from this that no other changes are needed.


Premise: Dietitian: High consumption of sodium increases some people' s chances of developing heart disease. To maintain cardiac health without lowering sodium consumption, ttherefore, these people should eat fresh, rather than canned or frozen, fruit and vegetables, since the potassium in plant foods helps to prevent sodium' s malign effects.

Hypothesis: Fresh fruits and vegetables contain more potassium than sodium is an assumption required by the dietitian's argument.


Premise: A group of unusual meteorites was found in Shergotty, India. Their structure indicates that they originated on one of the geologically active planets, Mercury, Venus, or Mars. Because of Mercury' s proximity to the Sun, any material dislodged from that planet' s surface would have been captured by the Sun, rather than falling to Earth as meteorites. Nor could Venus be the source of the meteorites, because its gravity would have prevented dislodged material from escaping into space. The meteorites, ttherefore, probably fell to Earth after being dislodged from Mars, perhaps as the result of a collision with a large object.

Hypothesis: The argument derives its conclusion by offering a counterexample to a theory.


Premise: Last year, the composite El-Hi education (CEHE) ranking for Silver County was its lowest score on record, since composite were first calculated in 1964. The CEHE ranking is a sophisticated weighed average of standardized testing results from Grade 1 to Grade 12. This year, the testing result for grades 1-6 in Silver County are about the same as they were last year, and the testing results for high school (grades 9-12) in Silver County are lower than last year' s high school results in Silver County. <b> Surely the middle school testing results (grades 7-9) in Silver County will also be as low as, or lower than, last year' s results. </b> Ttherefore, <b> Silver County will undoubtedly establish a new low in its CEHE ranking. </b>

Hypothesis: In the argument, the first portion in boldface plays the role of a prediction that, if accurate, would provide support for the main conclusion of the argument, while the second portion in boldface plays the role of a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion.


Premise: Patients often don't understand that when seeing a doctor, even minor problems are required to do a lot of examinations, which leads to excessive costs. In fact, if the doctor does not conduct a detailed examination of the patient, it may miss some serious problems, which is difficult for the doctor. Judge exactly to what extent they should be meticulous. Therefore, it is generally unwise for patients to go for medical examinations when they feel that they are not sick.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Patients who lack medical expertise cannot judge the appropriate level of meticulousness of the doctor's examination' most severely weakens the above argument.


Premise: A computer game publisher has recently released its latest adventure game. The game' s inventive puzzles and compelling plot induce even casual players to become preoccupied with completing it. The game can be purchased from retail outlets or rented for two-day intervals. The publisher offers a rebate equal to the cost of one rental for renters who go on to purchase the game, saving them a significant portion of the purchase price. Since the rate of sales now meets expectations and rentals are exceeding expectations, the publisher predicts that soon sales of the game will also exceed expectations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It takes several weeks for most players to complete the game' most helps to justify the publisher's prediction.


Premise: Parents who consistently laud their children for every attempt to accomplish something, whether successful or not, actually erode the youngsters' sense of self-esteem. Children require commendation for their achievements, but if uniformly praised for both what they have accomplished and what they have merely attempted, they will eventually discount all words of commendation. In effect, such children never hear any praise at all.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Children whose actions are praised undeservedly eventually learn to discount all words of praise' most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Fresh fish tastes delicious and nutritious, but the fish has less fat and more water, which is not easy to preserve and easy to decay. Once dehydrated and dead, it is very easy to be affected by bacteria and decompose rapidly to produce trimethylamine and piperidine. Trimethylamine is a gas and is easily soluble in water; Piperidine is liquid and stinks of ammonia. So many people think of fishy smell when they mention fish. There is a kind of oily fish in Italian food, which has a strong smell after fermentation, but many people like it. It is used to mix salad sauce and make pasta sauce. It is often seen that it should be a distant relative of fish sauce, the seasoning of ancient Greece and Rome.

Hypothesis: Many people are sensitive to the smell of fish is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: In Berinia, the age at which people could begin to drink alcohol legally used to be 18. In 1990, in an attempt to reduce alcohol consumption and thereby to reduce alcohol-related traffic deaths among Berinians under 21, the legal drinking age was raised to 21. Alcohol-related traffic deaths among people under 21 have decreased significantly since 1990. Nevertheless, surveys show that people in that age-group drink just as much alcohol as they did before 1990.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Alcohol-related traffic deaths among people over 21 have increased slightly since 1990' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information about Berinia.


Premise: The use of irises to identify airline passengers is actually not new. Why is iris scanning better than other biologically-based ways of identifying fakes, such as fingerprints and face recognition? To put it this way, iris scanning, like all recognition technology, must strike a balance between allowing the wrong person through and stopping the right one. Therefore, the system needs to find as much as possible point of comparison in order to reduce the probability of the first kind of circumstance happening - will imposter wrong considered legitimate users and made him pass smoothly, but also ensure these comparisons are as unique as possible, in order to reduce the chances of getting the latter - misinterpreted as a legitimate user imposter.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Iris recognition technology is convenient and accurate, which can be widely used in other fields' does not belong to the passage.


Premise: In the troposphere, the lowest level of the earth' s atmosphere, the temperature decreases as one progresses straight upward. At the top, the air temperature ranges from -50 degrees Celsius over the poles to -85 degrees Celsius over the equator. At that point the stratosphere begins, and the temperature stops decreasing and instead increases as one progresses straight upward through the stratosphere. The stratosphere is warmed by ozone. When an ozone particle absorbs a dose of ultraviolet sunlight, heat is generated.

Hypothesis: The temperature in the middle part of the stratosphere over the North Pole is at least as great as the temperature in the middle part of the stratosphere over the equator must be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Astronomer: Proponents of the hypothesis that life evolved extraterrestrially and drifted here in spores point out that, 3. 8 billion years ago, Earth was bombarded by meteorites that would have destroyed any life already here. Yet 3. 5 billion years ago, Earth had life forms complex enough to leave fossil remains. Such life could not have evolved here in the 0. 3 billion years following the meteorite bombardments, they claim. There is good reason to regard their hypothesis as false, however, for they merely offer empirical arguments against the view that life evolved on Earth; neither they nor anyone else has provided positive support for the extraterrestrial-spore theory of the origin of terrestrial life.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because the argument concludes, simply because there is no evidence in favor of a hypothesis, that there is evidence against that hypothesis.


Premise: Seven athletes (No. 1 to No. 7) participated in the final of the 100 meter race, and no two reached the end at the same time. It is known that 1. No. 7 ran faster than No. 1, and No. 1 was faster than No. 2. 2. No. 3 reached the end most, and No. 5 ran the slowest. 3. No. 4 ran to the end sixth, and No. 2 ran to the end fifth.

Hypothesis: Athlete No. 1 won the third or fifth place is a correct option.


Premise: When driving on the road, one needs not only a good sense of abiding by the law, but also a special rational calculation. In the congested traffic, as long as there is a jam, your car must give way to it; you drive straight on the road normally, and there is a car that suddenly comes across near you without a direction light to bump into you. It turns out that it wants to change lanes, and then you have to give way to it.

Hypothesis: Blindly giving way will bring great danger to driving, which may hurt not only yourself, but also the innocent, can all question the above-mentioned rational calculation view.


Premise: It is probably within the reach of human technology to make the climate of Mars inhabitable. It might be several centuries before people could live there, even with breathing apparatuses, but some of the world' s great temples and cathedrals took centuries to build. Research efforts now are justified if there is even a chance of making another planet inhabitable. Besides, the intellectual exercise of understanding how the Martian atmosphere might be changed could help in understanding atmospheric changes inadvertently triggered by human activity on Earth.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that it would take several centuries to make Mars even marginally inhabitable.


Premise: Marketing chief: The aggressive sales campaign of Product J has made it the most popular product in the sector. Every individual move we made in that campaign was wildly successful, and sales of the product continuously rose. If we mount a similar style sales campaign with Product S, we are likely to vault this into popularity in its own sector, with a similarly robust sales trajectory. Consultant: The popularity of Product J preceded the sales campaign and was responsible for it.

Hypothesis: The consultant uses the technique of pointing out that the same premises might support an opposing conclusion in responding to the marketing chief.


Premise: Building a space station, in which astronauts would live for a considerable time, is essential even if the space station project were to contribute no new knowledge about space or Earth that could not otherwise be obtained. For future missions to explore Mars, we will need the medical knowledge that the space station project will give us about the limits of human capacities to live in spacecraft for an extended time.

Hypothesis: The argument makes the assumption that the exploration of Mars will be carried out by people traveling in spacecraft and not by robots alone.


Premise: In the modern practice of developing countries in the contemporary world, one has come to the empirical conclusion that a country's per capita gross national product (GNP) from $300 to $4,000 is a period of social shock. In this period, the contradiction between traditional society and modern society erupts, and the whole social structure will be completely updated. In fact, even the developed countries in Europe and the United States have experienced similar periods.

Hypothesis: Many developing countries have experienced violent social shocks in the process of their modernization is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: Scientist Cheek found that there is a clear link between body mass index (BMI, a method of measuring fat and thin by the ratio of height to weight) and memory loss. In the experiment, participants with higher BMI performed worse. Cheek's research results show that obesity may cause brain atrophy and memory decline.

Hypothesis: Some scientists have found that people who are distracted at lunch have a vague memory of lunch, which causes them to feel more hungry and eat more at dinner. This concludes that memory deficits can cause weight gain would most question the above conclusion.


Premise: Chronic fatigue syndrome, a condition that afflicts thousands of people, is invariably associated with lower-than-normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood. Further, malabsorption of magnesium from the digestive tract to the blood is also often associated with some types of fatigue. These facts in themselves demonstrate that treatments that raise the concentration of magnesium in the blood would provide an effective cure for the fatigue involved in the syndrome.

Hypothesis: It offers no evidence that fatigue itself does not induce lowered concentrations of magnesium in the blood is the criticism to which the argument is most vulnerable.


Premise: Car accidents that happen at excessive speeds are more likely than other car accidents to result in fatalities. However, the majority of accidents that happen at excessive speeds do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address car accidents at excessive speeds as being distinct from other kinds of car accidents.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in which overweight people are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than other people. However, more than half of all overweight people never develop heart disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients.