Premise: President of Central Supply Company: Profits are at an all-time low this fiscal year because of decreased demand for our products. If this situation continues, the company may have to declare bankruptcy. So it is important to prevent any further decrease in profits. Consequently, the only options are to reduce planned expansion or to eliminate some less profitable existing operations.

Hypothesis: It does not take into account that there may be other ways to stop the decrease in profits most accurately describes a flaw in the company president's reasoning.


Premise: Cyclamen is a famous ornamental flower, which is difficult to grow in hot climate. It is difficult to grow rice in dry areas. In most parts of a country, cyclamen is easy to grow, or it is easy to grow rice.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, the statement 'Half of the country is dry and hot' must be false.


Premise: If the diversity of tree species in a forest is very rich, then the loss of one species at this time will not have much impact on the productivity of the entire forest; but when the species diversity is scarcer, the number of tree species will continue to decrease, which will affect the productivity of the entire forest. The hit to the productivity of the entire forest will be bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: Forest-wide productivity won't be affected unless tree species diversity plummets can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Policies and systems bring people's subjective will to a considerable extent, or are the result of people's will. Therefore, in the process of macroeconomic management, whether administrative adjustment methods are used rationally and scientifically depends mainly on people's subjective understanding of objective things. The correctness depends on people's understanding and mastery of objective laws and complex economic activities.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is the limitations of administrative adjustment methods in objective economic management.


Premise: Novice bird-watcher: I don' t know much about animal tracks, but I do know that birds typically have four toes, and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward. Since this track was made by an animal with four toes, of which three point forward and one points backward, we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed because it does not establish that only a bird could have made the track.


Premise: High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yields of the same crop year after year, pollute water supplies. Experts ttherefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their plantings yearly. To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for the past several years.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, best support the conclusion that farmers can continue to make a profit by rotating diverse crops, thus reducing costs for chemicals, but not by planting the same crop each year.


Premise: Lao Wang is a university teacher and has written many philosophical papers, so he must be a teacher in the department of philosophy.

Hypothesis: This determination is based on the fact that among university faculty, only those in the philosophy department have written many philosophical essays.


Premise: A famous entrepreneur summed up the ice cream philosophy from his indomitable struggle experience, that is, selling ice cream must start in winter, because there are few customers in winter, which will force you to reduce costs and improve services. If you can survive in winter, you will no longer be afraid of competition in summer.

Hypothesis: According to this paragraph, ice cream philosophy mainly emphasizes that adversity is very important to cultivate the competitiveness of enterprises.


Premise: After Xiaoding presented fan with his 2005 annual statistical report, Fan saw at once that one of the statistics was flawed. He said to xiaoding: This statistic is wrong, please check whether the original data is wrong or the calculation is wrong?After Xiaoding carefully calculated, the result shows that the calculation is wrong.

Hypothesis: It is not certain whether the original data is wrong can be inferred accordingly.


Premise: Xiao He is either a teacher or a civil servant.

Hypothesis: The above judgment is either true or false.


Premise: Looking back at the Chinese nation, because of those gleaming colorful poems, the long change of dynasties is no longer monotonous and the Chinese civilization is more and more brilliant. Today, when we are talking about protecting the environment and building ecological civilization, we might as well first feel beauty from ancient poetry and cultivate and improve aesthetic ability. Needless to say, poetry is becoming smaller and smaller and those who can have a deep understanding from it are not in the majority, which cannot be forced. However, through popular packaging, it is undoubtedly a positive energy thing for more people to get close to nature, feel changes and experience the rhythm of life through poetry, so as to appreciate the beauty of nature and give rise to a sense of responsibility to love and protect nature.

Hypothesis: The Chinese nation has a tradition of loving poetry and caring for nature is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Researchers have developed a membrane that quickly removes the oxygen from a refrigerator, thereby killing bacteria and enabling food to be stored almost indefinitely. Since food need not be kept as cold to prevent spoilage, energy costs will be greatly reduced. Thus, over the long run, oxygen-removing refrigerators will prove far less expensive than current models.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it does not take into account the effectiveness of current refrigerator technology in preventing food spoilage.


Premise: Xiao Ming forgot what day it was today, so he asked O, P, and Q. O replied I also forgot what day it is today, but you can ask P and Q both. P replied Yesterday It's the day when I lied. Q's answer is the same as P. It is known that 1.O never lied; 2.P lied on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, and told the truth the rest of the time; 3.Q on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday Lie for three days and tell the truth the rest of the time.

Hypothesis: Today is Tuesday based on the above conditions.


Premise: Requiring that passwords conform to rules of length, complexity, and unpredictability increases the likelihood of someone gaining unauthorized access to a user' s account. Since most user accounts are automatically locked after a certain number of incorrect password guesses, it is usually impossible to gain access by guessing a password. However, because complex passwords can be hard to remember, users often write them down.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion of the argument is strongly supported if the assumption that people who use mnemonic devices to help remember their passwords are able to easily remember passwords that are long, complex, and unpredictable is made.


Premise: The orchid in spring is beautiful, even if no one appreciates it.

Hypothesis: The refutation of the above words is that people can only see what they want to see.


Premise: In July 2018, the State Sports General Administration issued the Notice on Holding the 2018 National E-sports Open, listing some well-known online games as official competitions, and the champions and runners-up of the finals will be eligible for national training. The country is calling on students to boycott Internet addiction and issued the notice at the same time, and it seems to be contradictory.

Hypothesis: For students, studies are far more important than online games can best explain this seemingly contradictory phenomenon.


Premise: Information system outsourcing refers to the information system construction mode of information system development and construction with the help of external forces, that is, on the basis of the specified service level, an enterprise entrusts all or part of the information system operations supporting production and operation to a professional company in the form of contract, which will stably manage and provide the information technology services required by the enterprise within a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an information system operator continuously improving the application software system in order to provide better services for customers does not belong to information system outsourcing.


Premise: The blues is a modern musical form whose lyrics usually address such topics as frustration, anger, oppression, and restlessness. Yet blues musicians claim to find joy in performing, and the musicians and fans alike say that the blues' overall effect is an affirmation of life, love, and hope.

Hypothesis: Blues musicians who do not draw on their personal tragedies are no more successful than blues musicians who do, which does not help to resolve the apparent conflict in the passage.


Premise: The 2010 Shanghai World Expo is an unprecedented event, with more than 200 national pavilions and enterprise theme pavilions. College student Wang Gang decided to visit the World Expo on the second day of his summer vacation. The night before last, he specially went online to check the netizens' suggestions on the selection of relevant popular venues. Among them, three attracted Wang Gang most: (1) if you visit the Saudi Arabia Pavilion, you won't visit the Oil Pavilion. (2) The Petroleum Museum and the China National Pavilion are optional. (3) Not both the China National Pavilion and the Petroleum Museum. In fact, Wang Gang had a very tight schedule for the World Expo the next day. He did not accept any of the above three suggestions.

Hypothesis: Saudi Arabia Pavilion, petroleum Pavilion and China National Pavilion were all visited is correct.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The offending driver said to the traffic police, I have something urgent. I didn't see the traffic sign line clearly' contains a typical subtext based on the above definition.


Premise: Among the employees of a software company, three Cantonese, one Beijinger, three northerners, four are only responsible for software development, and two are only responsible for product sales.

Hypothesis: It could be at least 6 people, and it could be 12 people at most if the above introduction involves all the employees of the company.


Premise: Several carefully conducted studies showed that 75 percent of strict vegetarians reached age 50 without developing serious heart disease. We can conclude from this that avoiding meat increases one' s chances of avoiding serious heart disease. Ttherefore, people who want to reduce the risk of serious heart disease should not eat meat.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument 'Studies have shown that cigarette smokers have a greater chance of incurring heart disease than people who do not smoke. Since cigarette smoking increases one's chances of incurring heart disease, people who want to try to avoid heart disease should give up cigarette smoking' is most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: The Chinese surname has a very big characteristic, that is, it is the same Han surname, but it is likely to have a very big difference in consanguinity. Generally speaking, taking Wuyishan-Nanling as the boundary, the consanguinity of Chinese surnames is obviously divided into two branches: the north and the south.The consanguinity of the Han nationality between the two places is quite different, even greater than that between the Han nationality in the north and south and the local ethnic minorities. This shows that with the expansion of the population, the Han nationality continued to go south and crossed the Yangtze River into Huguang more than 2000 years ago, and finally crossed the strait to Hainan Island. During this process, the Han people who moved south continued to integrate with many ethnic minorities who spoke Dong-Tai, South Asian and Miao languages, thus diluting the consanguinity of the Han nationality in the north.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ethnic minorities in the south may have been the northerners who migrated to the south a long time ago' can best refute the above argument.


Premise: Journalism' s purpose is to inform people about matters relevant to the choices they must make. Yet, clearly, people often buy newspapers or watch television news programs precisely because they contain sensationalistic gossip about people whom they will never meet and whose business is of little relevance to their lives. Obviously, then, the sensationalistic gossip contained in newspapers and television news programs__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'is at least sometimes included for nonjournalistic reasons' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: American five-star Admiral MacArthur commanded millions of divisions and galloped battlefield, but he was distressed by the disobedience of his youngest son, not reading well, and having no hope of entering West Point. The general can't discipline his son, let alone ordinary people. Modern teenagers are different from MacArthur's son in their times and thoughts, but they are more and more rebellious and unruly and more and more difficult to control.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that no one is perfect, you can't control your children, and you don't have to blame yourself.


Premise: The law should respect and guarantee the supervisory power of the media. However, as a media, we must exercise the right of supervision in accordance with the law. If there is a mistake or fault in the process of supervision, or even cause a loss to the supervised object, we must have the courage to bear the responsibility.

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is that the media must supervise and bear the corresponding responsibility in accordance with the law.


Premise: In ancient times, the Chinese dragon was an auspicious beast, and the Western dragon was a loyal guard. As early as 4000 years ago, a monster called Dragon appeared in Western myths and stories, and this monster was the dragon of the West. In the Neolithic Age more than 7000 years ago, the Chinese began to worship the primitive dragon totem. In the Middle Ages, the Chinese dragon became a symbol of the emperor, and the European dragon fell into the incarnation of the devil. In modern times, the Chinese dragon was once printed with the national flag, and the western dragon became a derogatory term. When the Qing government dealt with the West, they painted dragons on the flags as the national flag. After the fall of the Qing government, the dragon is still the incarnation of the Chinese ancestors and the cultural symbol of the Chinese nation.

Hypothesis: The dragon of the West and China must not be equated can be derived from this text.


Premise: The role of the Uplandian supreme court is to protect all human rights against abuses of government power. Since the constitution of Uplandia is not explicit about all human rights, the supreme court must sometimes resort to principles outside the explicit provisions of the constitution in justifying its decisions. However, human rights will be subject to the whim of whoever holds judicial power unless the supreme court is bound to adhere to a single objective standard, namely, the constitution. Ttherefore, nothing but the explicit provisions of the constitution can be used to justify the court' s decisions. Since these conclusions are inconsistent with each other, it cannot be true that the role of the Uplandian supreme court is to protect all human rights against abuses of government power.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that leads to the conclusion that the first sentence in the passage is false is flawed because the argument ignores data that offer reasonable support for a general claim and focuses on a single example that argues against that claim.


Premise: Essayist: When the first prehistoric migrations of humans from Asia to North America took place, the small bands of new arrivals encountered many species of animals that would be extinct only 2, 000 years later. Since it is implausible that hunting by these small bands of humans could have had such an effect, and since disease-causing microorganisms not native to North America were undoubtedly borne by the new arrivals as well as by the animals that followed them, these microorganisms were probably the crucial factor that accounts for the extinctions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Very few species of North American animals not hunted by the new arrivals from Asia were extinct 2,000 years after the first migrations' most weakens the essayist's argument.


Premise: Once, the radio station invited a business genius as a guest to host the way to success. He said, Let's test you with a question. A gold mine was found somewhere, so people rushed to mine it. However, a big river is in the way. What should you do if it is you?  Some people say they took a detour, but others said they swam across it. But he said, Why do we have to pander for gold? can't we buy a boat to operate? In that case, even if you kill all the ferry passengers, they will be willing, because there is a gold mine in front of them!

Hypothesis: It is this casual idea that will make you solve the problem inadvertently is not the truth shown in this paragraph.


Premise: G, H, J, K, L, M and O travel together. During their four-day camping life, two people were arranged to be on duty to cook for everyone every day. The arrangement of the personnel required for these four days cannot be repeated, and there happens to be one person on duty for two days.In addition, the following conditions must be met for those on duty: (1)J is arranged to be on duty the day after H.(2) the person who is on duty for two days must be on the fourth day, not the third day. (3) G must be arranged on the same day as one of J and O. (4) K is arranged to be on duty on at least one day on the first or second day. (5) O must be on the third day.

Hypothesis: J must be on the same day as L if L is arranged to be on a two-day.


Premise: The complex modern nation-state system suggests that every backward country trying to rise from weak to strong: the strengthening of national hard and soft power is not a problem of external competition, but a problem of internal straightening out. As long as a country has many internal problems, ignoring the construction of the basic economic mechanism, ignoring the serious choice of the political regime, and obliterating the social and cultural value identity, then such a country will always be in a weak position of nation-state competition, even if it occasionally gets the opportunity to become a great power or even a powerful country, its long-term maintenance capacity is seriously insufficient.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that the internal problems of the country are more important than the external ones.


Premise: The fundamental reason for the development of things is not outside of things but inside things, and lies in the contradictions within things. There are contradictions within everything.

Hypothesis: Everything is in constant movement and development is the answer to the question "So?"


Premise: Because the Chinese delegation did not have a thorough understanding of the rules of the Olympic Games, there was no success in several complaints at the London Olympic Games, whether it was criticism and suggestions on the rules of the competition system, or doubts about the enforcement of the referees.

Hypothesis: The premise that 'The delegations that have succeeded in appealing about the rules and regulations of the Olympic Games have thoroughly understood the rules of the game of the Olympic Games' must be added in order to make the above reasoning valid.


Premise: A deadly virus that has claimed the lives of local villagers has been traced to the spotted fruit bat, in which the virus resides between periodic outbreaks. Biologists speculate that the bat might also be one of the reservoirs for a number of other viruses that have led to village fatalities. The local government has proposed to eliminate the spotted fruit bat by cutting off passageways that allow the bat to emerge from its caves. Once the bat is unable to emerge from the caves, the government will have achieved its objective of reducing the number of village deaths attributable to viruses.

Hypothesis: Many villagers who would have otherwise succumbed to a viral disease have been cured after ingesting a serum derived from a local flower whose only means of germinating is via the fur of the spotted fruit bat would best indicate that the government's plan will not lead to its objective.


Premise: Through clinical and animal experiments, Chinese researchers have found that Cornus officinalis is a new immunosuppressant with high efficiency and low toxicity, which can resist transplantation immune rejection and treat autoimmune diseases. A medical journal published a paper on this result for the first time. More or less regrettably, there was a six-week interval between the receipt of the paper by the magazine and its publication. If this paper is published as soon as possible, many of these patients will be able to avoid the disease within six weeks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Oral administration of Cornus officinalis may cause discomfort in the digestive system' can weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Social management is not to strengthen control. It is flexible, collaborative and interactive. This is the fundamental difference between it and the traditional unit system management model, and it is also the essence of big management. For a long time, the unit is the society and it takes over All of us. The unit system and identity system constitute the basic characteristics of social operation in the era of planned economy in our country. The state and government manage employees and urban residents through a strict unit system and neighborhood system. The important feature of the unit system is that Controllability, closure and unity are typical small management. Perhaps, under the conditions at the time, the unit system has its reasonable side, but the corresponding thing is the shrinking of society, so that we live But in society, I am very confused about society. What is society? Where is the society?

Hypothesis: The statement 'The management mode of unit system weakens people's understanding of society' corresponds to this paragraph.


Premise: The same words, spoken by different people, can sometimes have quite different effects. In a college class, the same sentence will be applauded by some teachers and booed by others. The main reason is that the former has earned himself the right to speak by his actions, while the latter has not. It is often not what is said that matters, but by whom it is said.

Hypothesis: The main idea is to attack the phenomenon of seeking fame and fortune.


Premise: In a study of commercial advertising, participants were divided into two groups and given the same snack. One group watched 10 minutes of a popular comedy video followed by five minutes of a commercial about food; the other group served as a control group, they have been watching 15 minutes of popular comedy shorts. The study found that the subjects who watched commercial food consumed significantly more snacks than the other group. Research suggests that food commercials can effectively increase people's consumption of snacks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There was no significant difference between snack consumption and food advertisement when the subjects watched non-food advertisement' most weaken the conclusions of the study.


Premise: Seemingly inconsequential changes in sea temperature due to global warming eventually result in declines in fish and seabird populations. A rise of just two degrees prevents the vertical mixing of seawater from different strata. This restricts the availability of upwelling nutrients to phytoplankton. Since zooplankton, which feed upon phytoplankton, feed the rest of the food chain, the declines are inevitable.

Hypothesis: It is offered as one reason that global warming must be curtailed accurately describes the role played in the argument by the statement that zooplankton feed upon phytoplankton.


Premise: The growth rate of somniosus microcephalus in the northern Arctic Ocean is very slow, even less than 1cm a year, and their adult body length is very large, so its life span has become a very attractive topic. Researchers found that somniosus microcephalus have almost no tissue that can be used to determine their age like bony fish, but others use their eyes when studying the age of whales, Therefore, the researchers believe that the age of somniosus microcephalus can be measured by their eyes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The lens of the eye is constantly growing, and the lens of the growing somniosus microcephalus is larger than that of the young' best supports the above view.


Premise: Situation: In the island nation of Bezun, the government taxes gasoline heavily in order to induce people not to drive. It uses the revenue from the gasoline tax to subsidize electricity in order to reduce prices charged for electricity. Analysis: The greater the success achieved in meeting the first of these objectives, the less will be the success achieved in meeting the second.

Hypothesis: The analysis provided for the situation above would be most appropriate in the situation where the highway administration charges a toll for crossing a bridge in order to get motorists to use other routes. It uses the revenue from that toll to generate a reserve fund in order to be able one day to build a new bridge.


Premise: The only asset of intermediary agencies is reputation. If the intermediary structure does not speak credibility, they will not be able to provide true information. In order to make the intermediary structure credible, the intermediary cannot become a statutory monopoly organization, nor should it be affiliated to the government. The current world The more authoritative third-party certification agencies, such as Jiadi and Fitch, are private in nature and do not belong to the government. The reason is that third-party certification agencies are far stronger than the government in terms of the authenticity and effectiveness of information disclosure.

Hypothesis: To win a place in the competition, intermediary agencies must grasp the magic weapon of reputation is what this text tells us.


Premise: Barnum effect: refers to people often think that a general, general personality description very accurately reveals their own characteristics.

Hypothesis: Some people often doubt the correctness of their decisions or actions, like changes in their lives, and hate being restricted by others belong to the barnum effect.


Premise: Editorial: It has been suggested that private, for-profit companies should be hired to supply clean drinking water to areas of the world where it is unavailable now. But water should not be supplied by private companies. After all, clean water is essential for human health, and the purpose of a private company is to produce profit, not to promote health.

Hypothesis: The mere fact that something actually promotes human health is not sufficient to show that its purpose is to promote health would most help to justify the reasoning in the editorial.


Premise: The preference of pain empathy refers to the individual's perception, judgment and emotional response to the pain of others.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li jumping on the stage to hold Xi Er while watching the opera The White-Haired Girl does not have a preference of pain empathy.


Premise: A person from the human resources management department of a company pointed out: due to the limited recruitment positions in our company, it is impossible for all candidates to be hired in this recruitment examination.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that 'there are bound to be candidates who will not be hired' in the recruitment examination can be inferred from the person's statement.


Premise: Chiu: The belief that a person is always morally blameworthy for feeling certain emotions, such as unjustifiable anger, jealousy, or resentment, is misguided. Individuals are responsible for only what is under their control, and whether one feels such an emotion is not always under one' s control.

Hypothesis: Chiu's conclusion follows logically if the assumption that 'if a person is morally blameworthy for something, then that person is responsible for it' is made.


Premise: Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40' most strongly supports the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: The proposal to extend clinical trials, which are routinely used as systematic tests of pharmaceutical innovations, to new surgical procedures should not be implemented. The point is that surgical procedures differ in one important respect from medicinal drugs: a correctly prescribed drug depends for its effectiveness only on the drug' s composition, whereas the effectiveness of even the most appropriate surgical procedure is transparently related to the skills of the surgeon who uses it.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it does not consider that new surgical procedures might be found to be intrinsically more harmful than the best treatment previously available.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release authoritative information and openly and transparently respond to the concerns of the masses, which can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain the stability of the overall social situation. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization techniques to launch products such as real-time epidemic dynamics, epidemic map, co-ride patient inquiry system and fever clinic map, which simultaneously popularize the knowledge of scientific protection and effectively meet the information needs of the public. Guide the masses to treat the epidemic rationally and enhance their awareness and ability of self-protection.

Hypothesis: The openness and transparency of information contribute to the prevention of epidemic situation is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: In the 1950s, some scientists found that bacteria would fall off the cell wall and no longer show a unique shape, causing the immune system to miss. After a period of time, these bacteria will regain the cell wall and return to their original shape. once again have the ability to infect the human body. Recently, researchers first used an antibiotic to break through the cell wall of E. coli and change its shape. Another antibiotic was then administered against a drug called MreB. Even if the bacteria proliferate, they can no longer recover their original shape, no longer have the ability to infect, and eventually die out naturally. This study can explain the causes of bacterial drug resistance, deepen the understanding of the cell wall construction process, and is expected to lead to better planning for the use of antibiotics.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that MreB, the protein dominates the variation of bacterial cell wall is correct.


Premise: Since the 1950s, the average number of large tornadoes that erupt each year in the world has risen from about 10 to 15. At the same time, human activities have surged, and the global climate has become significantly warmer. According to this, some people believe that climate warming leads to tornado outbreaks increasing in frequency.

Hypothesis: Despite global warming, tornadoes still occur most often in the Midwest of the United States, and tornadoes in other regions are rare would not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Anselm of Canterbury (1033 -- 1109) was a medieval theologian. According to Anselm' s ontological argument for the existence of God, accidental beings are all those things -- essentially all sense objects -- whose non-existence could be imagined without inherent contradiction, and necessary beings are those things whose existence is guaranteed precisely by what they are. Because accidental beings could not have guaranteed that they ever would come into existence, there must be a necessary being upon whom all the accidental beings depends to bring them into existence; and this necessary being Anselm identifies with God, who ttherefore clearly must exist.

Hypothesis: The conclusion supports facts that directly contradict the evidence given to support it is the criticism that the eleventh century argument is most vulnerable to in our modern analysis.


Premise: In the modern military, the position of strategic deterrence is becoming more and more important. The strength of strategic deterrence is composed of two parts: the standing army and the reserve force. To ensure the normal operation and development of these two forces, in addition to the mobilization of the national economy, the support of an invisible force is also needed. This is exactly the strategic task undertaken by the war of news and public opinion in the information warfare. Because without media propaganda, others will not be able to fully feel your powerful, and its deterrent effect will be greatly reduced. From the Gulf War to the Iraq War, the United States used the media to wield the stick of deterrence and launched it before the war. The large-scale offensive of public opinion caused the opponent to lose a game first. It can be seen that through the battle of public opinion to seize the right to speak, preemptively control the enemy, and form a war environment beneficial to oneself, it is helpful to achieve strategic goals.

Hypothesis: The text is meant to illustrate that media propaganda is the link between the standing army and the reserve force.


Premise: Professor Wang said: my students gave me a lot of wrong words and many sentences are not smooth, so the Chinese level of college students is relatively poor.

Hypothesis: The reason for the relatively poor language proficiency of college students being the problem of middle school teaching plans can weaken Professor Wang's argument the most.


Premise: With people's life and work gradually entering high-rise buildings, people have less chance to contact with sunlight. The study found that sunlight is a necessary condition for the synthesis of vitamin D, and vitamin D is the key factor to promote calcium absorption. Therefore, it was concluded that modern people are more likely to suffer from diseases caused by calcium deficiency such as osteoporosis.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Osteoporosis patients are exposed to sunlight for the same length of time as others' if true, questions the above conclusion most.


Premise: 3D stereoscopic technology represents the cutting-edge level of the current film technology, because the film to achieve a highly credible sense of space, it may become the mainstream of future films. Although the screen characters in 3D movies are computer-generated, the performances of computer characters that include actions and expressions are based on the performances of real actors, just like makeup technology in the digital age. This has also aroused the concern of some actors: with the development of computer technology, computer-generated images and animations will replace live-action performances in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The film story can only be expressed by the heart and emotion of the actor, and its form of expression has nothing to do with the preferences of the director' can most reduce the actor's worries if it is true.


Premise: Judges in some states in the United States are elected. Elections usually require financial support from interest groups, which may directly or indirectly affect the administration of justice. A study shows that 65% of Louisiana Supreme Court justices supported campaign sponsors in cases where the party involved was their own campaign sponsor. This shows that there is a correlation between campaign funding for judicial supervision in favour of patrons.

Hypothesis: The argument ignores the fact that when campaign funding and judicial decisions are completely transparent, judicial supervision by the media is everywhere is an option that best points out the problems in the above argument.


Premise: Albinism is a rare genetic condition that inhibits the production of melanin, or pigmentation, in the skin and hair. People born with albinism are unusually susceptible to sunburn, melanoma, and a range of other health issues that are generally connected to excessive exposure to the sun.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, provide the most support for the conclusion that in humans, melanin plays a role in protecting the skin from developing sunburn and other sun-related ailments.


Premise: Honesty plays an important role in Chinese Confucian philosophy. It is the category of heaven and humanity. In terms of the way of heaven, honesty is the noumenon, attribute and function of the universe, as well as the life and power of the universe. Mencius said, 'He who is most sincere and immovable has not yet been; Not sincere not to move also. From the aspect of humanity, honesty is the criterion of moral life and the supreme value goal. Xunzi pointed out: Honesty of the husband, the gentleman to defend also, and the foundation of the government. Confucianism raises honesty to the height of political affairs to recognize, and its political ethics also plays a warning role in contemporary times.

Hypothesis: Keep your word and keep your promise is good faith.


Premise: Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fund-raisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives' most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president.


Premise: Astronomer: Proponents of the hypothesis that life evolved extraterrestrially and drifted here in spores point out that, 3. 8 billion years ago, Earth was bombarded by meteorites that would have destroyed any life already here. Yet 3. 5 billion years ago, Earth had life forms complex enough to leave fossil remains. Such life could not have evolved here in the 0. 3 billion years following the meteorite bombardments, they claim. There is good reason to regard their hypothesis as false, however, for they merely offer empirical arguments against the view that life evolved on Earth; neither they nor anyone else has provided positive support for the extraterrestrial-spore theory of the origin of terrestrial life.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the astronomer's argument is flawed because it concludes that there is evidence against a hypothesis simply because there is no evidence in favor of it.


Premise: In the Copenhagen naval battle between Britain and Denmark in 1801, the British naval hero Colonel Nelson was in danger during the fierce battle and received a signal to retreat. Captain Frey asked him what to do, and he raised the telescope to a blind eye. Said:'I didn't see the signal.' So he bravely continued to command the battle, and the result was a victory, and Denmark was forced to cease the war.

Hypothesis: The theme of this passage is that Nelson judges the situation and decides whether to execute the order according to his actual situation.


Premise: Tanner: The public should demand political debates before any election. Voters are better able to choose the candidate best suited for office if they watch the candidates seriously debate one another. Saldana: Political debates almost always benefit the candidate who has the better debating skills. Thus, they don' t really help voters determine which candidate is most qualified for office.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Tanner and Saldana disagree over the idea that political candidates with strong debating skills are more likely to win elections than those with weak debating skills.


Premise: Income Gap is big, not necessarily cause social unrest, the key lies in the cause of large gap in what place. By keeping the accounts straight, differences can be avoided and exploitation is no longer possible. In the economic association the muddle-headed account, often becomes the internal friction the reason.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this article is that the phenomenon of exploitation is bound to appear in the process of economic communication.


Premise: In a university, graduates majoring in mathematics, physics, chemistry, management, secretarial science and law need to be employed. At present, Fengyun, Jardine and Hongyu come to the school for recruitment. It is known that each company only recruits graduates from the above two or three majors, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) companies that recruit chemistry majors also recruit mathematics majors; (2) Jardines recruit majors. Fengyun company also recruits; (3) only one company recruits secretarial majors, and the company does not recruit physics majors. (4) if Jardine recruits a management major, then it also recruits a secretarial major; (5) if Hongyu does not recruit a secretarial major, then Jardine recruits a secretarial major.

Hypothesis: If there is only one company recruiting a physics major, Jardine recruits physics majors can be derived.


Premise: Linda says that, as a scientist, she knows that no scientist appreciates poetry. And, since most scientists are logical, at least some of the people who appreciate poetry are illogical.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that "as a father of four children, [Franz] knows that no father wants children to eat candy at bedtime" and "since most fathers are adults, at least some of the people who want children to eat candy at bedtime are children" is most parallel to the flawed reasoning above.


Premise: Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline' s fares.

Hypothesis: Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Consumer advocate: The manufacturer' s instructions for assembling a product should be written in such a way that most consumers would find it much easier to put the product together if the instructions were available than if they were not.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'For the typical product, most consumers who assemble it do so very easily and without ever consulting the manufacturer's instructions' is true, it would provide the strongest reason for thinking that the principle advanced by the consumer advocate cannot always be followed.


Premise: In recent years, the postgraduate entrance examination continues to heat up. Correspondingly, all kinds of tutoring classes for postgraduate entrance examination emerge as the times require, especially English and political tutoring classes are almost a necessary choice for those who take the postgraduate entrance examination. Xiaozhuang, who has just started the job, is also going to take the postgraduate entrance examination, so Xiaozhuang must attend an English tutoring class.

Hypothesis: Attending an English tutoring class can help you pass the postgraduate entrance examination, which strengthens the above argument.


Premise: Glass curtain wall is widely used in public buildings, which is determined by the aesthetics of a specific historical period. nowadays, this kind of wall form is changing to the direction of low cost and high popularity. The initial modernity, international color and mysterious aura of the glass curtain wall are gradually fading, and the energy crisis has accelerated this process to a certain extent. For most cities located in subtropical and temperate regions, the large area of glass curtain wall gradually exposed its light pollution and high energy consumption.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that the abuse of glass curtain walls will cause urban pollution and energy waste.


Hypothesis: If you do not attend the English tutoring class, you will not be able to pass the postgraduate entrance examination, which can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: In essence, the competitiveness of a city depends not only on the quality of the hard environment-the level of infrastructure, the strength of the economic strength, the quality of the industrial structure, the friendliness of the natural environment, but also on the quality of the soft environment. This soft environment is composed of many humanistic elements, such as social order, public morality, cultural atmosphere, educational level, spiritual civilization and so on. And all this mainly depends on the overall quality of the citizens.

Hypothesis: Improving the overall quality of citizens will help improve the city's competitiveness is correct.


Premise: Collective bargaining refers to the face-to-face negotiation between lender representatives and employee representatives on wages, working hours, and working conditions.

Hypothesis: Collective bargaining is when a tannery selects a worker representative to have an interview with the factory owner on issues such as improving working conditions.


Premise: When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, No.  Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.

Hypothesis: The challenge of 'Why are the observed facts in need of any special explanation?' indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above.


Premise: Seven athletes (No. 1 to No. 7) participated in the final of the 100 meter race, and no two reached the end at the same time. It is known that 1. No. 7 ran faster than No. 1, and No. 1 was faster than No. 2. 2. No. 3 reached the end most, and No. 5 ran the slowest. 3. No. 4 ran to the end sixth, and No. 2 ran to the end fifth.

Hypothesis: Athlete No. 6 won the third or fourth place may be correct.


Premise: Uncertainty avoidance means that in any society, people will feel that they are facing a threat to uncertain, ambiguous, and uncertain scenarios, and they always try to prevent them.

Hypothesis: The graduation defense date is approaching. Xiao Li is very nervous about the questions that the teacher may ask at the defense, is not uncertainty avoidance according to the above definition.


Premise: Adults who work outside the home spend, on average, 100 minutes less time each week in preparing dinner than adults who do not work outside the home. But, contrary to expectation, comparisons show that the dinners eaten at home by the two groups of adults do not differ significantly with respect to nutritional value, variety of menus, or number of courses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Adults who do not work outside the home tend to prepare breakfast more often than adults who work outside the home' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Animals with a certain behavioral disorder have unusually high levels of aluminum in their brain tissue. Since a silicon-based compound binds to aluminum and prevents it from affecting the brain tissue, animals can be cured of the disorder by being treated with the compound.

Hypothesis: The argument is based on the assumption that animals with the disorder have unusually high but invariable levels of aluminum in their brain tissue.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement "The weatherman on TV said: the highest temperature today is 24 degrees celsius and it is cloudy" contains a typical subtext.


Premise: Soft violence refers to the behavior people seek illegal interests or illegal, in others or in the workplace nuisance, entanglement and schoolroom, and organizing a mob to spin, is enough to make others fear, panic and psychological coercion, or enough to affect, restrict the personal freedom, endangers one's personal property safety, affect the normal life, work, production, management of illegal and criminal means.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, spreading unfavorable information about competitors is a sub-soft violence.


Premise: In Chinese history, officials were generally paid less so that the emperor could control them. Because when the salary is low, the officials will definitely be corrupt. The emperor could seize this one and treat him as he pleased. If the salary is high and the official is not corrupt, the emperor can not govern him.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument relies is that forcing officials to corrupt was the emperor's best way to control them.


Premise: A smoker trying to quit is more likely to succeed if his or her doctor greatly exaggerates the dangers of smoking. Similar strategies can be used to break other habits. But since such strategies involve deception, individuals cannot easily adopt them unless a doctor or some other third party provides the warning.

Hypothesis: Most of the techniques that help people quit smoking can also help people break other habits is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Because of steep increases in the average price per box of cereal over the last 10 years, overall sales of cereal have recently begun to drop. In an attempt to improve sales, one major cereal manufacturer reduced the wholesale prices of its cereals by 20 percent. Since most other cereal manufacturers have announced that they will follow suit, it is likely that the level of overall sales of cereal will rise significantly.

Hypothesis: Establishing whether the prices that supermarkets charge for these cereals will reflect the lower prices the supermarkets will be paying the manufacturers would be most useful in evaluating the argument.


Premise: The Ixazyiquo tribe are believed to be one of the few remaining tribes in the country of Malugiato to have never had any contact with the Lamandians, settlers who arrived in Malugiain during the last hundred years. Using satellite imagery, a team of anthropologists determined that the Ixazyiquo land is covered with thriving banana plantations. The anthropologists conclude that the Ixazyiquo tribe has in fact had direct contact with the Lamandians.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Maintaining banana plantations requires sophisticated knowledge that only the Lamadians possess' would best support the anthropologists' conclusion.


Premise: Taxi drivers, whose income is based on the fares they receive, usually decide when to finish work each day by setting a daily income target; they stop when they reach that target. This means that they typically work fewer hours on a busy day than on a slow day.

Hypothesis: The facts described above provide the strongest evidence against the statement that people work longer when their effective hourly wage is high than when it is low.


Premise: A microbe in Weiming Lake usually multiplies above freezing point. It is winter now, and the lake has frozen. Therefore, if Weiming Lake does have the kind of microbes we studied, they will not reproduce now.

Hypothesis: It is highly possible that the conclusion is true, but it may also be false if all the premises in the question are true.


Premise: The similarity between modern chemistry and alchemy is to create new things from the molecular level. As for the creation of new elements, it is actually the task of nuclear physicists. They use some cyclotrons to blast the new elements out and fill them in the periodic table as chemistry. The fruits of home victory. Classical alchemy actually has the idea of elements and atoms, but it does not possess rational thinking. For example, Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that light, heavy, dry, and wet are the basic physical properties. Dry and light are fire, dry and heavy are soil, wet and light are air, and wet and heavy are water. Any matter is the result of the synthesis of the four basic elements of water, fire, earth, and air in different proportions, which is obviously different from the current concept of the known world. At the same time, the understanding of material nature in other civilizations was also between mystery and rationality.

Hypothesis: The starting point of modern chemical rational thinking is most likely to talk about next.


Premise: The crux of creativity resides in the ability to manufacture variation on a theme. If we look at the history of science, for instance, we see that every idea is built upon a thousand related ideas. Careful analysis leads us to understand that what we choose to call a new theme or a new discovery is itself always and without exception some sort of variation, on a deep level, of previous themes.

Hypothesis: Some new scientific discoveries do not represent, on a deep level, a variation on previous themes. If all of the statements in the passage are true, this must not be true.


Premise: While it might be expected that those neighborhoods most heavily patrolled by police have the least crime, the statistical evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim that such neighborhoods have the most crime. This shows that the presence of police does not decrease crime in a neighborhood.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument fails to consider the possibility that police presence in a particular area is often a response to the relatively high crime rate in that area.


Premise: Crisis public relation refers to a series of self-rescue actions taken by an enterprise in response to a crisis caused by mismanagement, peer competition or even malicious sabotage or the influence of special external events, including eliminating the influence and restoring the image.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after a chain store of a large catering group was exposed due to poor sanitation, the leader of the group apologized to the public through the media and took this opportunity to issue new corporate sanitation management standards is a crisis public relation.


Premise: In recent years, China has implemented a series of reforms to create an institutional environment for mass entrepreneurship and innovation. The rise of the New Fourth Army of college students, overseas returnees, large enterprise executives and continuous entrepreneurs, and scientific and technological personnel can be seen as a strong signal for entrepreneurial subjects to move from the elite to the public. However, due to the imperfect mechanism and system, there are contradictions in some laws, regulations and policies. There are still many obstacles to the final realization of human value. If human value is not fully guaranteed for a long time, the release of innovation and entrepreneurship talents is bound to be affected, many scientific and technological achievements may rot in the drawer, and many scientific and technological enterprises may die for lack of innovation.

Hypothesis: Reform should create an institutional environment for mass entrepreneurship and innovation is intended to be emphasized.


Premise: One of the direct consequences of inflation is the reduced purchasing power of cash. A retired Russian female scientist complains that the money she and her family have accumulated in the bank for decades, but inflation has left them with only enough money to buy a kilogram of sausages. An honest worker who suffers such an unfair loss will naturally feel angry and even break the law. When there are many people who think so in the society, the moral level of the society will be greatly reduced and the stability of the society will be destroyed.

Hypothesis: One of the serious consequences of inflation is to undermine social stability is the main point of this passage.


Premise: The coach of a national football team found that the best cooperation characteristics of players U, V, W, X, Y and Z in the process of training are: (1) V and X cannot both be on the field or not on the field. (2) only U is not on the field, V is not on the field. (3) if W is on the field, X should also be on the field. (4) if Y and Z are on the field, W must also be on the field.

Hypothesis: In order to maintain the best cooperation between players on the court, neither V nor Y is on the court. This is true according to the given information.


Premise: People without cognitive impairments tend to read with ease. People with cognitive impairments tend to have great difficulty reading. Ttherefore, if people with cognitive impairments are taught to read with ease, the proportion of people with cognitive impairments will decrease.

Hypothesis: A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument confuses the relationship between the cause of something and the resulting effect.


Premise: Digital control is accurate and efficient; it is not only suitable for simple batch work, but also for complex single-room work; it not only stresses standards and procedures, but also stresses norms and credits. Once the operation violates the designed route, the digital control will automatically respond, and the various links of the command in the working state come to an abrupt halt. The system is to standardize behavior, unify the direction, and improve efficiency. Management relies on systems, such as digital control.

Hypothesis: Without a system, it leads to doing things in their own way, far from or even deviating from the pre-set goals can be derived from this.


Premise: Operation Red Sea has aroused strong feelings among viewers, especially whether they can get timely and effective rescue when national lives are threatened. The army is the fist of national interests and the special support and guarantee to reflect the national image and realize national dignity, They are well displayed and interpreted, giving the audience a strong spiritual infection and aesthetic enjoyment.

Hypothesis: Domestic military films should go to the international market is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: According to historical records, in the 19th year of Zhenguan, Tang Dynasty, after returning from India, Xuanzang personally designed and built the Dayan Pagoda to worship the Buddhist scriptures, gold and silver Buddha statues, relic and other treasures brought back by Xuanzang. But until now, no one knows where the treasures brought back by Xuanzang are hidden. Archaeologists believe that, just as there is an underground palace under the ancient pagoda of Famen Temple, there must be an underground palace under the Dayan Pagoda, but it hasn't been excavated yet. It is speculated that the underground palace under the Dayan Pagoda may contain the treasures brought back by Xuanzang.

Hypothesis: According to historical records, all the treasures brought back by Xuanzang have been dedicated to the imperial palace cannot question the above speculation most.


Premise: Xiao Li bought a new watch and checked it with the wall clock at home. He found that the watch walked three minutes slower than the wall clock a day. Later, he proofread the wall clock at home with the standard time of the radio station and found that the wall clock walked three minutes faster than the standard time of the radio station. Therefore, Xiao Li inferred that his watch was on time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Li's inference is correct, because the watch is three minutes slower than the wall clock, and the wall clock is three minutes faster than standard time, which shows that the watch is on time' is the correct evaluation of Xiao Li's inference.


Premise: Pediatrician: Child psychologists recommend that mothers of one-year-olds not only name objects in the immediate environment, but that they include the color of the object, when applicable. For instance, if a mother hands her child a red ball, she should say, This is a red ball.  Nonetheless, even if mothers began to name the color, instead of simply saying, This is a ball,  no real benefit will be conferred to the child, because studies have shown that children under 18-months old do not grasp the notion of color.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Psychologists have conducted studies showing that most children under the age of 30 months often utter the names of colors even when that color is not present in their environments' makes the pediatrician's argument most vulnerable.


Hypothesis: The topic that is most likely to be discussed next is various ideas about elements in the knowable world.


Premise: A middle school has tried out the evaluation system of students' behavior since 2010. Recently, the student affairs office of the school investigated students' satisfaction with the evaluation system. The data show that the students with high scores have high satisfaction with the evaluation system. As a result, the student affairs office has come to the conclusion that all the students with good performance are satisfied with the evaluation system.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the conclusion of the student affairs office of the school is based on is that the students with high scores were inspired by the evaluation system and consciously improved their behavior.


Premise: On the eve of the Minsk meeting of the Coordination Group of the Ukrainian authorities, the issuers of the Donetsk people's Republic and Luhansk people's Republic announced their negotiating position: if the Ukrainian authorities do not recognize their territory and the special status of the Russian language, and without halting its military operations in the south-east, the conflict cannot be resolved. In addition, the two republics have insisted on amnesty for all armed militia participants and political prisoners. Some Ukrainian observers commented: can we resolve the conflict by recognizing the special status of these two so-called republics and pardoning the militia?

Hypothesis: The comments of Ukrainian observers are best used to refute the statement that the conflict can be resolved as long as the Ukrainian authorities recognize the special status of the territories of the two republics and the Russian language, and pardon all armed militia participants and political prisoners.


Premise: If logic comes from a priori, that is, logic transcends experience and exists before experience, then whether there is abstract logic that transcends concrete things if there is, how can we infer that many logicians often prove the transcendental nature of logic with propositions such as the sum of interior angles of triangles equal to 180 degrees-nature, especially as a symbolic system of mathematical logic.It seems that logical forms can have the self-consistency and eternal correctness of reasoning without relying on people's experience, and things in the objective world must be arranged through logical arrangement in order to make people have a clear and systematic understanding. If this is the case, we cannot help but ask how human beings, as empirical beings, know that there is no doubt that there is a logic that transcends experience, and that acknowledging the existence of transcendental logic is bound to fall into the quagmire of dogmatism or the rut of mysticism.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that explaining the objective world is sometimes illogical.


Premise: Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

Hypothesis: The statement 'One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food' contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: At present, there are only three kinds of experimental robots in an intelligence research institute, A.B. and C. A cannot recognize colors, B cannot recognize shapes, and C can recognize neither colors nor shapes. Most laboratories of the intelligence research institute do experiments to identify colors and shapes.

Hypothesis: If the statement "there are only robots A and C in half of the laboratories" is true, then the statement "there are only robots B and D in the other half of the laboratories" must be false.


Premise: The immersed tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge is the first deep-water immersed tunnel in the world in the history of the World Island Tunnel Project, which is of epoch-making significance. The design life of the bridge's main structure is as long as 120 years, which means that for more than a century, the core structure of the bridge body, especially the 6.7-kilometer-long immersed tunnel, cannot have the slightest quality problem. The tunnels of the bridge are connected by 33 sections of immersed tubes, each of which is equivalent to a fully loaded Liaoning aircraft carrier. Such a huge immersed tube also has to ensure the strict error limit of less than 0.5 mm, which makes it impossible to have the slightest error in the transportation process. Therefore, engineers specially built a prefabrication factory for immersed pipe sections in Niutou Island, Guishan, not far from the bridge, and used the most advanced assembly line for production.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this article regarding the Zhuhai-Hong Kong-Macao Bridge is measures to ensure the quality of the core structure.


Premise: It has been said that authors who write in order to give pleasure cannot impart to their readers the truth of their subject matter. That claim cannot be true. If it were, one could determine the truthfulness of a book simply by looking at its sales figures. If the book were very popular, one could reasonably conclude that it gave people pleasure and ttherefore that at least some of what is written in the book is not true.

Hypothesis: A book can be popular for reasons other than its ability to give readers pleasure is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The Fieldpark nuclear power plant, cited three years ago by a governmentally led safety commission for exceeding safe levels of radiation, has recently allowed the media access to its facilities. A spokesperson for the plant has claimed that the media has full access to the plant and is not prohibited from taking pictures on the premises. The spokesperson promises that, as a result, the citizens of Fieldpark can rest assured that, until next year's governmental inspection, the facility will not exceed the federal regulations on the amount of sieverts, or radiation, to which a person can be exposed.

Hypothesis: Photos can establish with the same reliability what a government safety commission can is an assumption upon which the spokesperson's conclusion depends.


Premise: Kim: In northern Europe during the eighteenth century a change of attitude occurred that found expression both in the adoption of less solemn and elaborate death rites by the population at large and in a more optimistic view of the human condition as articulated by philosophers. This change can be explained as the result of a dramatic increase in life expectancy that occurred in northern Europe early in the eighteenth century. Lee: Your explanation seems unlikely, because it could not be correct unless the people of the time were aware that their life expectancy had increased.

Hypothesis: An increase in life expectancy in a population often gives rise to economic changes that, in turn, directly influence people's attitudes provides the strongest defense of Kim's explanation against Lee's criticism.


Premise: The corpus callosum is a cluster of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. On average, the corpus callosum of musicians is larger than that of non-musicians. Compared with adult non-musicians, adult musicians who began training around the age of 7 had a particularly significant difference in the size of the corpus callosum. Therefore, music training, especially from childhood, can lead to some change in the structure of the brain.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that before musicians start training, their corpus callosum is no larger than that of non-musicians of the same age.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: Four students can go to England together.


Premise: Scientists are sometimes said to assume that something is not the case until there is proof that it is the case. Now suppose the question arises whether a given food additive is safe. At that point, it would be neither known to be safe nor known not to be safe. By the characterization above, scientists would assume the additive not to be safe because it has not been proven safe. But they would also assume it to be safe because it has not been proven otherwise. But no scientist could assume without contradiction that a given substance is both safe and not safe; so this characterization of scientists is clearly wrong.

Hypothesis: The technique of reasoning used above is a statement that is argued to be false by showing that taking it to be true leads to implausible consequences.


Premise: For many types of crops, hybrid strains have been developed that have been found in test plantings to produce significantly higher yields than were produced by traditional nonhybrid strains of those crops planted alongside them. However, in many parts of the world where farmers have abandoned traditional nonhybrid strains in favor of the hybrid strains, crop yields have not increased.

Hypothesis: Many governments subsidize farmers who plant only hybrid strains of staple crops most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Bicycle wheels are turning again in China, and the lifestyle of cycling is becoming popular among young people in China.This fashion has moved many foreign well-known bicycle manufacturers, who are very optimistic that the Chinese market will come to China to open stores to sell their bicycles.

Hypothesis: The statement that foreign famous brand bicycles are expensive in China, which exceeds the affordability of ordinary Chinese people can best question the views of these well-known foreign bicycle manufacturers.


Premise: one-door government service refers to the service behavior of centralizing the tasks that need to be done by multiple government departments into one service center or simplifying it to one window for the convenience of the masses.

Hypothesis: The one-door government service includes a service station for the disabled that has recently been set up in a certain city. In the past, when the disabled applied for living allowance, they had to bring the application form to the disabled Persons' Federation at all levels for examination and approval, but now they only need to apply at the service station. The examination and approval departments at all levels will immediately see it and deal with it.


Premise: Finnish author Jaakko Mikkeli was accused by Norwegian author Kirsten Halden of plagiarizing a book that she had written and that had been published 20 years before Mikkeli' s. The two books, although set in different periods and regions, contain enough plot similarities to make coincidental resemblance unlikely. Mikkeli' s defense rests on his argument that plagiarism was impossible in this case because Halden' s book has been published only in Norwegian, a language Mikkeli does not understand, and because no reviews of Halden' s book have ever been published.

Hypothesis: The assumption that nobody related the plot of Halden's book in detail to Mikkeli before Mikkeli wrote his book is the basis of Mikkeli's defense.


Premise: In recent years, many e-commerce companies have been working on the digital reading market for a long time, creating a reading boom for all people. Government support, the rapid economic development of the digital publishing industry, the increase in the utilization rate of online literature services for mobile Internet users, and the advancement of technology for multimedia information. It provides good environmental support for mobile reading. According to the results of the twelfth national national reading survey, the contact rate of adult citizens in my country's digital reading method has increased year by year in the past three years, and the digital reading rate has exceeded the reading rate of traditional books for the first time.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that e-commerce has created a digital reading boom.


Premise: In Europe, many large animal species, such as mammoths, became extinct soon after humans first migrated to the animals' areas of habitation. The spread of such extinctions closely followed the pattern of human migration. However, since humans tended to migrate to areas as the climate in those areas began to warm, the extinctions might have been precipitated by the climatic warming rather than by human migration.

Hypothesis: Many animal species that became extinct in Europe survived longer in areas that were isolated from human populations but that experienced intense climatic warming, if true, provides the best evidence that it was human migration and not climatic change that precipitated the extinctions.


Premise: In June this year, the water level of Dongting Lake rose rapidly, inundating large areas of lakes and beaches, and about 2 billion voles inhabited here flooded the farmland near people. Yueyang and Yiyang along the Dongting Lake suffered the worst rodent disaster in more than 20 years. Experts say that the ecological environment of Dongting Lake has been destroyed, and the rat disaster has sounded the alarm.

Hypothesis: If the following option is true, human activities such as reclaiming land from the lake and building dikes to kill snails have separated the waters of Dongting Lake does not support the expert's point of view.


Premise: Perceptual defense refers to the tendency of people to protect themselves. This tendency makes it easier for people to pay attention to those things that can meet their needs, and to ignore those things that can not satisfy their needs.

Hypothesis: Being the first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself is not a perceptual defense.


Premise: The root of economic recovery is industrial recovery, especially under the framework of the global division of labor system, the economies of various countries are no longer committed to building a large and comprehensive production system, but focus on strengthening the worldwide comparative advantage. And in the process of global transmission of the crisis along the industrial chain, there are differences in the degree of damage to different industries. Therefore, timely, moderate and specific industrial policies are of great significance for countries to get out of the crisis.

Hypothesis: The need to specify targeted industrial policies for economic recovery is the gist of this passage.


Premise: In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is ttherefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The assumption that during the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase is required by the argument.


Premise: In a go competition, the contestant Chen Hua squeezed his knuckles from time to time, and the sound interfered with the opponent's thinking. During the interval between the closures of the game, the referee warned Chen Hua that if he squeezed his knuckles and made a sound again during the game, he would be ruled against the rules. In response, Chen Hua retorted that squeezing his knuckles was habitual and not intentional, so he should not be convicted of violating the rules.

Hypothesis: In the go match, only the player's deliberate behavior can become the basis for punishment can best support Chen Hua's rebuttal to the referee.


Premise: The goal of education is not to teach students how to implement the norms set for themselves by others, but to help them understand how norms should be formed and how to participate in the creation of reasonable social norms. In other words, we should not teach them how to be obedient, but how to manage themselves, how to challenge unreasonable social norms and how to create new systems.

Hypothesis: The option 'Do not provide students with opportunities for social practice' is most likely to criticize this passage.


Premise: The empirical hypothesis is a speculative explanation of the phenomena and laws of things based on the results of observation or experiment and the existing scientific principles, while the theoretical hypothesis is a speculative explanation of the phenomena and laws of things through the thinking process of intuition, imagination, abstraction and so on.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Goldbach's conjecture belongs to the theoretical hypothesis.


Premise: Scientists propose placing seismic stations on the floor of the Pacific Ocean to warn threatened coastal communities on the northwestern coast of the United States of approaching tidal waves caused by earthquakes. Since forewarned communities could take steps to evacuate, many of the injuries and deaths that would otherwise occur could be avoided if the government would implement this proposal.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Would there be enough time after receiving warning of an approaching tidal wave for communities to evacuate safely?' would be most important in determining whether implementing the proposal would be likely to achieve the desired result.


Premise: If you close all the wrong doors, truth will be shut out.

Hypothesis: If the truth is not shut out, then the door to all wrong must not be closed is closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: An ingredient in marijuana known as THC has been found to inactivate herpes viruses in experiments. In previous experiments researchers found that inactivated herpes viruses can convert healthy cells into cancer cells. It can be concluded that the use of marijuana can cause cancer.

Hypothesis: If chemists modify the structure of THC, THC can be safely incorporated into medications to prevent herpes most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Mr. Tian believes that the reason why most laptops run slowly is not because the CPU performance is too poor, nor is it because the memory capacity is too small, but because the hard disk speed is too slow, and replacing old laptops with new solid state drives can greatly improve the user's gaming experience.

Hypothesis: The statement "A small number of old laptops have poor CPU performance and small memory capacity" would most question Mr. Tian's point of view.


Premise: Typhoon is a tropical cyclone that occurs in the western Pacific region of the northern hemisphere and develops to a certain intensity (the maximum wind force near the center is not less than 2).

Hypothesis: A tropical cyclone with the largest wind force of 11 near the center that makes landfall in Fujian is a typhoon.


Premise: Rush-off anxiety refers to the phenomena that families or schools, worried about their children's lack of competitiveness, are eager to carry out advanced education, deepen teaching content and violate the basic laws of education and teaching.

Hypothesis: The option 'On the eve of the math competition for middle school students in the city, a certain school repeatedly hired university professors to take up the time of other courses to carry out intensive training for the contestants' is not the Rush-off anxiety.


Premise: A special education program for 3-and 5-year-olds in the study increases their chances of success in school education in the future, according to a study. Therefore, similar educational programmes for all children will improve their chances of success in future school education.

Hypothesis: Many parents mistakenly believe that early formal education will take up time when children can better explore the world on their own most weakens the above point of view.


Premise: For thousands of years, the Dragon Boat Festival has always been full of strong historical flavor, heavy humanistic feelings and profound ethical connotations, constantly permeating rich spiritual culture, nourishing us with a mellow and long soul, and giving the nation an endless driving force. As a result, the more modernization and urbanization scour the traditional culture, the more we should have the self-consciousness and self-confidence to continue our own culture. The inherent rituals that place emotional and cultural symbols may be simplified, and rich folk expressions may evolve, but the solemn value of Dragon Boat Festival cannot be erased, the awe of you and me can not fade, and the respect for history and culture can not be abandoned.

Hypothesis: The thick cultural connotation of Dragon Boat Festival should be deeply explored tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: Technological innovation can bring about changes in the way of reading. The invention of printing makes reading more popular and convenient, while the development of electronic technology creates a new form of books and periodicals and gives birth to the free reading mode of anytime, anywhere. Due to the pressure of work and life, people have less and less time to concentrate on reading. Micro-reading with fragmented time solves this problem to some extent.

Hypothesis: Micro-reading caters to people's way of life at present is intended to be emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: Either with an extraordinary performance this year, or with the 30 years of working experience in company, can one receive this year's special allowance. Mr. Huang received this year's special allowance, but he has only worked in the company for 10 years, indicating that Mr. Huang's performance of this year is extraordinary resembles the most to the above.


Premise: Pathological nostalgia refers to always indulging in the recollection of the past, tirelessly repeating the narrative of the past and the past environment and conditions.

Hypothesis: I am a stranger in a foreign land, and I miss my relatives every festival does not belong to pathological nostalgia.


Premise: Yan Zi, Zeng Yin, Meng Shen and Xun Chen apply for a Chinese traditional culture construction project. According to the regulations, the moderator of the project can only have one, and it is selected from the above 4 applicants; No more than two project team members, including the moderator. In addition, all applicants make the following statements when applying for defense: (1) Yan Zi: If I become the host, I will invite Zeng Yin or Xun Chen as members of the project team; (2) Zeng Yin: If I become the host, I will invite Yan Zi or Meng Shen as members of the project team; (3) Xun Chen: I can be the host only if Yan Zi becomes a member of the project team; (4) Meng Shen: ONLY Xun Chen or Yan Zi become a member of the project team, I can become the host.

Hypothesis: It is impossible that Yan Zi and Meng Shen are both on the project team, assuming that all four statements are true.


Premise: Obviously, we cannot in any real sense mistreat plants. Plants do not have nervous systems, and having a nervous system is necessary to experience pain.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if it is assumed that any organism that can experience pain can be mistreated.


Premise: Nylon industry spokesperson: Even though cotton and nylon are used for similar purposes, some people have the mistaken notion that cotton is natural but nylon is not. However, nylon' s main components come from petroleum and from the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Clearly the atmosphere is natural. And petroleum comes from oil, which in turn comes from ancient plants -- a natural source.

Hypothesis: The principle 'A substance is natural if the origins of its main components are natural' most helps to justify the nylon industry spokesperson's reasoning.


Premise: A convenience store has newly introduced a batch of personalized products, such as sour beer, mustard-flavored biscuits, etc. These personalized products are placed in a separate area for sale. After three months, the store manager found that: and before the introduction of personality Compared with the merchandise, the total sales in the store have increased significantly, so the store manager believes that the main reason for the increase in sales is the introduction of these personalized products.

Hypothesis: The statement "In the past three months, the store has re-planned and adjusted the display of goods, and the display of goods is more orderly and eye-catching" best supports the store manager's point of view.


Premise: Professor: Many introductory undergraduate science courses are intended to be proving grounds,  that is, they are designed to be so demanding that only those students most committed to being science majors will receive passing grades in these courses. However, studies show that some of the students in these very demanding introductory courses who are least enthusiastic about science receive passing grades in these courses. Hence, designing introductory science courses to serve as proving grounds has not served its intended purpose.

Hypothesis: None of the students in the very demanding introductory science courses who are least enthusiastic about science are among the students most committed to being science majors is an assumption that the professor's argument requires.


Premise: Retailers that excel in neither convenience nor variety of merchandise tend not to be very successful. Yet many successful retailers excel in just one of the areas and meet competitors' standards for the other. Hence, a retailer' s success need not depend on excellence in both areas.

Hypothesis: The structure of the reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to that in the statement: 'Apples that are neither especially firm nor especially flavorful are unsuitable for baking; yet while flavor is essential for both baking and eating, many flavorful apples that are soft are suitable for eating. Hence, the apples that are best for eating need not be both firm and flavorful.'


Premise: Some psychologists claim that, in theory, the best way to understand another person would be through deep empathy, whereby one would gain a direct and complete grasp of that person' s motivations. But suppose they are right; then there would be no way at all to achieve understanding, since it is psychologically impossible to gain a direct and complete grasp of another person' s motivations. But obviously one can understand other people; thus these psychologists are wrong.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it confuses a theoretically best way of accomplishing something with the only way of accomplishing it.


Premise: In the micro world, neutrinos have always been an omnipresent and unpredictable passer-by. Neutrinos are produced in many ways, such as nuclear reaction in stars, supernova explosion, cosmic ray impact with the earth's atmosphere, and even the decay of rocks and other substances on the earth. Although they may be one of the most common particles in our universe. But because of its strong penetration and almost no interaction with other substances, it is the least known of the basic particles.

Hypothesis: Neutrinos are not the most common particles in our universe is not an accurate understanding of neutrinos.


Premise: A recent study of several hundred female physicians showed that their tendency to develop coronary disease was inversely proportional to their dietary intake of two vitamins, folate and B6. The researchers concluded that folate and B6 inhibit the development of heart disease in women.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is very unlikely that a chemical compound would inhibit coronary disease in women but not in men' would, if true, most weaken the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: If there is a strong electron or a field around the instrument, the instrument can detect all fields and buzz. The existence of strong electrons leads to the existence of at least one field. The instrument does not buzz when there are only strong electrons around it.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there are no strong electrons around the instrument now that the device is not buzzing.


Premise: The crime of dereliction of duty refers to the behavior that the staff of state organs are seriously irresponsible, fail to perform or incorrectly perform their duties, resulting in heavy losses to public property, the interests of the state and the people.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the judge's failure to perform his statutory enforcement duties and resulting damage to the interests of the parties is an example of the crime of dereliction of duty.


Premise: Even though she thought the informant was untrustworthy, the journalist promised not to reveal his identity so long as the information he provided did not tum out to be false. However, she will publicly reveal the informant' s identity if she is ordered to do so by a judge or her editor. After all, the information concerns safety violations at the power plant. Thus, the journalist will surely reveal the informant' s identity even if the information is accurate.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the assumption is made that the journalist's editor will not order her to reveal the informant's identity unless the information is accurate and concerns public safety.


Premise: The subtext is originally a dramatic word, which refers to an opinion that is actually contained in the line but not clearly stated. Rich subtext can often make the performance more intriguing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The offending driver said to the traffic police, I have something urgent. I didn't see the traffic sign line clearly' contains a typical subtext based on the above definition.


Premise: Simple substance are pure substances composed of the same element. A compound is a pure substance composed of atoms of two or more elements (atom species of different elements). A mixture refers to a substance that is mechanically mixed by two or more different simple substance or compounds. There is no fixed chemical formula. There is no chemical reaction between the various components of the mixture. The mixture can be separated by physical methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and air have all three of the above substances.


Premise: Plant Manager: We could greatly reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide our copper-smelting plant releases into the atmosphere by using a new process. The new process requires replacing our open furnaces with closed ones and moving the copper from one furnace to the next in solid, not molten, form. However, not only is the new equipment expensive to buy and install, but the new process also costs more to run than the current process, because the copper must be reheated after it has cooled. So overall, adopting the new process will cost much but bring the company no profit. Supervisor: I agree with your overall conclusion, but disagree about one point you make, since the latest closed furnaces are extremely fuel-efficient.

Hypothesis: The point about which the supervisor expresses disagreement with the plant manager is whether closed copper-smelting furnaces are more fuel-efficient than open furnaces.


Premise: Defensive listening refers to the self-protective response, such as denial, defense, attack, etc., when the recipient of the message is aware of the accusation in the other party's discourse in the process of communication.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, You know I always take things seriously does not belong to defensive listening when A is accused by B of not taking things seriously.


Premise: 3D stereoscopic technology represents the cutting-edge level of the current film technology, because the film to achieve a highly credible sense of space, it may become the mainstream of future films. Although the screen characters in 3D movies are computer-generated, the performances of computer characters that include actions and expressions are based on the performances of real actors, just like makeup technology in the digital age. This has also aroused the concern of some actors: with the development of computer technology, computer-generated images and animations will replace live-action performances in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement "The film story can only be expressed by the heart and emotion of the actor, and its form of expression has nothing to do with the preferences of the director" can most reduce the actor's worries if it is true.


Premise: People who listen to certain recordings of music are in danger of being unduly influenced by spoken messages that have been recorded backwards on the records or tapes.

Hypothesis: A consequence of the view above is that if such messages must be comprehended to exert influence, then people must be able to comprehend spoken messages recorded backwards.


Premise: The faculty of Grey County Public Schools will shortly go on strike unless the school board increases their salary. As the school board president is well aware, however, in order to increase the faculty' s salary, Grey County Public Schools would have to cut some of its after-school programs. So, some of Grey County Public Schools' after-school programs will be cut.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the faculty of Grey County Public Schools will not accept a package of improved benefits in place of their desired wage increase is required for the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: When evaluating a project, an investment company said: we select investment projects mainly based on the technical threshold and future market demand of the project, rather than the current business growth rate. Now that there are so many new investable projects, they are developing rapidly in the short term, but many of them are soon overtaken by other projects, which is obviously not what we want. The turnover of the project has increased fivefold in a year, but it is necessary to doubt its future.

Hypothesis: The logic used by the investment company to evaluate the project is most similar to the statement "It is not reliable to evaluate a film by the box office. No matter how high the box office is, the audience may not have a good reputation."


Premise: The restoration of ancient books is a very practical work, if you can not get in touch with ancient books, even if you have learned the relevant knowledge, it is difficult to improve the practical ability. Although the restoration of ancient books can be regarded as a skill, it requires literature, bibliography, and even background knowledge of science and engineering such as materials and chemistry to work better and requires a higher level of education. Libraries, museums and other recruitment units usually have high academic requirements for candidates for the restoration of ancient books, requiring bachelor's degree or above, but at present, the academic education of ancient books restoration major in our country is mainly higher vocational college education. This makes the talent needs of cultural and cultural institutions can not be met, and people with some practical skills are useless.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the cultivation of talents for the restoration of ancient books is seriously out of touch with the actual needs.