Premise: If the city council maintains spending at the same level as this year' s, it can be expected to levy a sales tax of 2 percent next year. Thus, if the council levies a higher tax, it will be because the council is increasing its expenditures.

Hypothesis: The statement "If house-building costs are not now rising, builders cannot be expected to increase the prices of houses. Thus, if they decrease the prices of houses, it will be because that action will enable them to sell a greater number of houses" exhibits a pattern of reasoning most closely similar to that of the argument above.


Premise: In some ill-considered popularizations of interesting current research, it is argued that higher apes have the capacity for language but have never put it to use -- a remarkable biological miracle, given the enormous selectional advantage of even minimal linguistic skills. It is rather like claiming that some animal has wings adequate for flight but has never thought to fly.

Hypothesis: The argument that the human brain has telekinetic powers that no humans have ever exercised is most similar in its reasoning to the argument that some insect has legs but never uses them to walk.


Premise: Albinism is a rare genetic condition that inhibits the production of melanin, or pigmentation, in the skin and hair. People born with albinism are unusually susceptible to sunburn, melanoma, and a range of other health issues that are generally connected to excessive exposure to the sun.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, provide the most support for the conclusion that people born with albinism develop other biological protections against melanoma and other sun-related health issues.


Premise: Advertising means that for commercial purposes, the commodity operator or service provider bears the cost, through a certain medium or certain form, such as newspapers, television, street signs, shop windows, etc., directly or indirectly promotes the goods or services provided by oneself,Public promotion activities carried out.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Li Ning brand clothing sponsored the French sports delegation to go to the Olympic Games, and obtained good social and economic benefits' is an example of an advertising campaign.


Premise: Only poetry cannot be translated well, and ttherefore it is poets who preserve languages, for we would not bother to learn a language if we could get everything written in it from translation. So, since we cannot witness the beauty of poetry except in the language in which it is composed, we have motivation to learn the language.

Hypothesis: The information above provides the least support for the statement that one purpose of writing poetry is to preserve the language in which it is written.


Premise: X: Since many chemicals useful for agriculture and medicine derive from rare or endangered plant species, it is likely that many plant species that are now extinct could have provided us with substances that would have been a boon to humanity. Ttherefore, if we want to ensure that chemicals from plants are available for use in the future, we must make more serious efforts to preserve for all time our natural resources. Y: But living things are not our resources.  Yours is a selfish approach to conservation. We should rather strive to preserve living species because they deserve to survive, not because of the good they can do us.

Hypothesis: X and Y disagree on whether humans should make efforts to prevent the extinction of living species.


Premise: Common sense tells us that the more elegant art, the more classics that can stand the test of history. At the beginning, they can't appreciate it. To learn to appreciate, we have to rely on edification. From never understanding to understanding, from never appreciating to learning to appreciate, from unconsciously understanding knowledge and reason, to consciously entering the school to receive preaching and teaching, is the step of civilization. In the final analysis, the process of aesthetics, it is a process from not understanding to understanding. Reading is the same. Common sense also tells us that reading a difficult and good book, especially a classic, is better than reading many ordinary books. Traditional Chinese education pays attention to reading an reciting, and old-style private schools asked the students to read, recite and may be punished. Now it seems that in addition to be punished, reading can be discussed. There is no need to say more about the benefits of reciting.

Hypothesis: The author's intention, as inferred from the above words, is to persuade everyone to read something they don't understand.


Premise: Lifelong education is an important part of community work. A community has set up some spare-time classes for the elderly. there are two types of spare-time classes, technical and interesting. Some elderly people have signed up for all the technical amateur classes, while others have signed up for all the interesting amateur classes.

Hypothesis: People must sign up for every part-time class.


Premise: It's impossible for all the witnesses to tell the truth.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, witnesses in criminal cases must tell the truth.


Premise: In recent years, many e-commerce companies have been working on the digital reading market for a long time, creating a reading boom for all people. Government support, the rapid economic development of the digital publishing industry, the increase in the utilization rate of online literature services for mobile Internet users, and the advancement of technology for multimedia information. It provides good environmental support for mobile reading. According to the results of the twelfth national national reading survey, the contact rate of adult citizens in my country's digital reading method has increased year by year in the past three years, and the digital reading rate has exceeded the reading rate of traditional books for the first time.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that E-commerce has created a digital reading boom.


Premise: We ought to pay attention only to the intrinsic properties of a work of art. Its other, extrinsic properties are irrelevant to our aesthetic interactions with it. For example, when we look at a painting we should consider only what is directly presented in our experience of it. What is really aesthetically relevant, ttherefore, is not what a painting symbolizes, but what it directly presents to experience.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if it is added to the premises that it is possible in theory for an artwork to symbolize nothing.


Premise: In general, Parkinson's disease is mostly caused by the death of dopamine - producing cells in the human brain. Researchers at the University of Washington experimented with genetically modified Diptera fruit flies, which gradually die off their dopamine cells as they age. Scientists were surprised to find that when  they juiced tobacco and coffee and fed it to the fruit flies,the flies' dopamine cells increased and the flies became more active. As a result, the researchers point out that smokers and coffee drinkers are less likely to develop Parkinson's disease.

Hypothesis: Most diptera insects produce dopamine cell proliferation after acquiring new food species cannot be challenged if it is true.


Premise: Philosopher: I think, so I exist. If I don't exist, then I don't think. If I think, then life means illusory.

Hypothesis: If life does not mean illusory is added to the above argument, the philosopher can come to the conclusion that "I don't think."


Premise: In recent years, some young people from other cities who work and live in these cities have set off a Flight from Beishangguang craze, go back to his hometown of small and medium-sized cities for development. However, the latest survey data shows that a large proportion of those who originally chose to Flee from Beishangguang chose to Return to Beishangguang and other big cities to seek work and life opportunities again.

Hypothesis: It is often more difficult to overcome difficulties in big cities than in small and medium-sized cities does not account for the above phenomenon.


Premise: Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.

Hypothesis: According to this statement, the statement "There must be other criterion to test the truth" is incorrect.


Premise: A hotel announced that although the newly developed oil fume emission system has not completed the test and inspection for six months, it has not failed so far, so the company decided to install it in the hotel back kitchen. After all, this system can solve the oil fume problem more effectively. the chef of the hotel said: we can't use the oil fume emission system that hasn't completed the test. Let's talk about it in six months.

Hypothesis: New systems that can deal with oil fume more effectively may also have new problems best supports the chef's objection.


Premise: The parents' committee of the Green Leaf Kindergarten recommends that the kindergarten reduce the management fee by 5% to 10%, which is risky if implemented. Although parents can reduce their monthly childcare fees, they may have to pay more to cope with the problems caused by the decline in the quality of kindergarten services.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the above argument is most likely to be that the management fee of Green Leaf Kindergarten is already lower than the average level of the same industry.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: G and X cannot be assigned to the sales department.


Premise: The harder the car's damping system is, the more stable the car body will be when running at high speed and crossing corners. Accordingly, the salesperson of Lutong automobile sales company suggested to the manufacturer that the damping system of cars sold by Lutong company should be designed harder in order to improve sales.

Hypothesis: Many people think that the hard damping system will make the car bumpy, so it's better to be soft best supports the above proposal.


Premise: Medical reporter: Studies have consistently found that taking an aspirin a day thins the blood slightly, thereby helping to prevent or reduce the severity of heart disease. Since heart disease is one of the most common types of ill health in industrialized nations, most people in such nations would ttherefore be in better health if they took an aspirin a day.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the doctor's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that even if a disease is one of the most common in a nation, most people in that nation are not in significant danger of developing that disease.


Premise: The purpose of advertising is to convince consumers that the goods they buy are good value for money, and no merchant will deliberately emphasize the high price of their products.

Hypothesis: If true, advertisements can persuade consumers to buy goods that are cheap best reinforces the above assertion.


Premise: Scientist Cheek found that there is a clear link between body mass index (BMI, a method of measuring fat and thin by the ratio of height to weight) and memory loss. In the experiment, participants with higher BMI performed worse. Cheek's research results show that obesity may cause brain atrophy and memory decline.

Hypothesis: A medical school reported that the hippocampus is located deep in the brain and is responsible for learning and memory functions. Middle-aged people with high abdominal fat content have a smaller hippocampus than thin people would most question the above conclusion.


Premise: A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children' s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children' s beds in such areas.

Hypothesis: The statement that "The pesticides that are most effective against mosquitoes in regions where malaria is common have significant detrimental effects on human health" provides the strongest grounds for the public health officials' reluctance.


Premise: In the process of urbanization in some areas, due to the excessive development of labor-intensive enterprises and private enterprises, urban economic construction is strongly dependent on the floating population. Although the floating population has brought vigor and vitality to the city and increased fiscal and tax income, because their cultural level is generally low and their comprehensive quality is not high, they have created an amazing number of small merchants and hawkers and a large team of migrant workers. With the continuous upgrading of industries in these areas, the demand for simple labor is bound to be less and less, and the floating population will face the danger of unemployment, which is bound to cause more serious problems, thus hindering the process of urbanization in these areas.

Hypothesis: The main point of the above is that the existence of a large number of low-quality floating population is not conducive to the development of urbanization.


Premise: At present, there are 3 kinds of GM rice waiting for commercial planting approval, each involving at least 12 foreign patents; 5 kinds of GM rice are in the process of research and development, each involving 10 foreign patents. Some experts believe that rice is the main food crop in China, and if GM rice is allowed to be planted commercially, the state's control over the main food crops may be threatened.

Hypothesis: If GM rice is grown commercially in China, foreign patent holders will prohibit Chinese farmers from keeping seeds, forcing them to buy seeds at high prices every sowing season would most strongly support the expert's view.


Premise: A mechanized factory with over 3000 separate conveyor belts wants to minimize the cost associated with maintenance, repair, and replacement of these belts. The conveyer belts currently are composed vulcanized rubber around a cotton web base, but the factory owners are investigating new plastic polymer design. For any given size belt, the costs for belts of the two compositions are comparable. Compared to the current rubber/cotton belts, the plastic polymer belts are lighter and easier to move, so operating the conveyor belts made of plastic polymer would consume less electric energy. A change from rubber/cotton belts to plastic polymer belts would require minor modification to some of the drive cylinders of the conveyor belts, but the costs of these changes are negligible.

Hypothesis: Whether a typical plastic polymer conveyor belt has an approximate serviceable life as least as long as the typical rubber/cotton belt of the same size and shape would be most useful to know in determining whether switching to the plastic polymer conveyor belts would be likely to help minimize the factory's cost related to its conveyor belt system.


Premise: Some TV ads take the same words, repeated many times in order to deepen the audience's impression, so that the audience remember the product to be promoted. In fact, this is unwise.Surveys show that many long-term such advertising businesses. Lately, they've been in economic trouble, with a huge backlog of products. It can be seen that the business not only did not achieve the desired purpose, but also produced a negative effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although some TV viewers don't care about the same ad being repeated, many viewers feel it's best to take more of the art of advertising into account' best emphasizes the above argument.


Premise: In mountainous regions, the timberline is the highest altitude at which trees grow. In the Rocky Mountains, the current timberline is at the altitude above which growing season temperatures remain cooler than 10 degrees centigrade. Fossilized remains of trees that grew 10, 000 years ago have been found 100 meters above the current Rocky Mountain timberline. Clearly, ttherefore, the climate of the Rocky Mountains is cooler now than it was 10, 000 years ago.

Hypothesis: No trees grew 10,000 years ago at altitudes higher than the ones at which fossilized tree remains have been found is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: One-door government service: For the convenience of the masses, it refers to the service behavior of concentrating into one service center or simplifying to one window for the convenience of the people.

Hypothesis: A school-age children with non-local household registration in a certain city used to require guardians to submit household registration, housing, work certificates and other materials on the spot. Now they can submit all materials with one click through the online registration system specially set up by the education department is a one-door government service.


Premise: According to China's current laws and regulations, neighbors in the same building throw objects at high altitude, causing damage to other people's lives or property, if the person who throws objects cannot be found out, the residents of the same building who may cause damage shall jointly bear the liability for compensation. Such laws and regulations protect the rights of the victims, safeguard public safety, colleagues and allow the possible perpetrators to share the responsibility, which can enhance their awareness of supervision and prevention.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that the state has set up a special relief fund to provide certain relief to victims of accidents best supports the above argument.


Premise: When encountering high temperatures, the building materials will make unique sounds. The sound sensor alarm will detect these sounds and provide an early warning of a house fire, so that the occupants can escape before being fainted by the smoke. Because the smoke is The most common factor causing casualties, so the installation of sound sensor alarm will effectively reduce the casualties of house fires.

Hypothesis: Many fires start in indoor sofa cushions or mattresses, which produce a lot of smoke but no sound can best refute the above statement if it is correct.


Premise: Plant scientists have been able to genetically engineer vegetable seeds to produce crops that are highly resistant to insect damage. Although these seeds currently cost more than conventional seeds, their cost is likely to decline. Moreover, farmers planting them can use far less pesticide, and most consumers prefer vegetables grown with less pesticide, ttherefore, for crops for which these seeds can be developed, their use is likely to become the norm.

Hypothesis: Knowing whether plant scientists have developed insect-resistant seeds for every crop that is currently grown commercially would be most useful in evaluating the argument above.


Premise: According to a widely held economic hypothesis, imposing strict environmental regulations reduces economic growth. This hypothesis is undermined by the fact that the states with the strictest environmental regulations also have the highest economic growth. This fact does not show that environmental regulations promote growth, however, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement "those states with the strictest environmental regulations invest the most in education and job training" provides evidence that most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Pundit: For many high school graduates, attending a university would be of no help in getting a corporate job. The attributes corporations value most in potential employees are initiative, flexibility, and the ability to solve practical problems. Many new high school graduates have these attributes already.

Hypothesis: The statement "fails to establish that university graduates do not have initiative, flexibility, and the ability to solve practical problems" is the grounds on which the pundit's argument is most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: Modern hot pot was first introduced into the Central Plains with the northern nomads and gave birth to different shapes. Beijing instant-boiled meat hot pot, mutton is as thin as paper, eat hot pot tender. Yunnan fungus hot pot, mushroom sweet and delicious, eat hot pot fragrance. Chaoshan beef hot pot, beef balls succulent, eat is tough. Hot pot is the most concentrated embodiment of the Chinese people's yearning for reunion. However, no one can compare with Chongqing people's love of hot pot. In the mountain city, there are more than 20,000 hot pot restaurants and one out of every 30 people in Chongqing is engaged in a hot pot-related career. The meeting of pepper and chilli is not only the flint collision between taste buds and nerves, but also the transoceanic gathering between Asia and America.

Hypothesis: The option 'Human migration promotes the development and integration of food' is inconsistent with the meaning of the original text.


Premise: From Yu'e Bao to P2P and then to various crowdfunding models, we have to admit that Internet finance is not only changing the traditional industry, but also subverting people's lives. Crowdfunding, for example, not only gives ordinary people an additional channel to participate and get excess returns, but also makes it possible for young people with dreams to realize their dreams at a low cost.

Hypothesis: The discussion of how the Internet changes people's concept of investment is most likely to be discussed in the next part of the article.


Premise: A lot of consumers complained about a brand of poor air-conditioning quality and poor refrigeration effect. In response, the brand's chief engineer said the air-conditioning is not working properly because the local air quality is too bad.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All air conditioners should be guaranteed to work properly in the area before they can be sold' would most effectively refute the engineer's argument.


Premise: X: Since many chemicals useful for agriculture and medicine derive from rare or endangered plant species, it is likely that many plant species that are now extinct could have provided us with substances that would have been a boon to humanity. Ttherefore, if we want to ensure that chemicals from plants are available for use in the future, we must make more serious efforts to preserve for all time our natural resources. Y: But living things are not our resources.  Yours is a selfish approach to conservation. We should rather strive to preserve living species because they deserve to survive, not because of the good they can do us.

Hypothesis: The issue about which X and Y disagree is whether the benefits humans derive from exploiting nonhuman species provide a good reason for preserving nonhuman species.


Premise: John likes rock climbing and shooting. None of his college classmates likes both rock climbing and shooting, but all his middle school and college classmates like swimming.

Hypothesis: If the conclusion is true, then it cannot be true that half of John's middle school classmates also like all the sports he likes.


Premise: Migraines are caused by changes in certain blood vessels of the brain that result in a local disturbance in the action of a specific nerve-activating chemical. Two migraine remedies, drug K and drug L, have exactly the same restorative effects on the local action of this chemical, but L also disrupts the action of several other chemicals in the brain that governmental activity and the body' s metabolism.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the hypothesis that people whose migraines are treated with L are likely to experience a wider range of effects beyond the cessation of migraines than are people whose migraines are treated with K.


Premise: Digital dilemma refers to the phenomenon that the elderly are not familiar with the use of digital products because of their living habits, cultural level and other factors, which brings trouble to their daily life.

Hypothesis: Xiao Gao installed the Internet TV for his parents. Because the operation was too complicated, the parents always couldn't find the channel they wanted to watch, so they had to move out the old TV again is not a digital dilemma.


Premise: One seminar had 18 participants. It is known that :(1) At least 5 young teachers are female; (2) At least 6 female teachers are over middle age; (3) At least seven young women are teachers;

Hypothesis: If two of the three statements above are true and one is false, there are at least five young teachers.


Premise: Yan Zi, Zeng Yin, Meng Shen and Xun Chen apply for a Chinese traditional culture construction project. According to the regulations, the moderator of the project can only have one, and it is selected from the above 4 applicants; No more than two project team members, including the moderator. In addition, all applicants make the following statements when applying for defense: (1) Yan Zi: If I become the host, I will invite Zeng Yin or Xun Chen as members of the project team; (2) Zeng Yin: If I become the host, I will invite Yan Zi or Meng Shen as members of the project team; (3) Xun Chen: I can be the host only if Yan Zi becomes a member of the project team; (4) Meng Shen: ONLY Xun Chen or Yan Zi become a member of the project team, I can become the host.

Hypothesis: It is impossible that Zeng Yin and Xun Chen are both members of the project team, assuming that all four statements are true.


Premise: When introducing a kind of tea to the guests, a tea dealer said: this kind of tea is produced in Yunshan, and the famous Yunshan tea is produced in Yunshan, so this is authentic Yunshan tea.

Hypothesis: The logic of the dealer when introducing tea is most similar to the statement 'A good doctor needs superb medical skills and noble medical ethics. Xiao Chen has both, so he is a good doctor'.


Premise: In chemistry class, Mr. Zhang demonstrated two simultaneous teaching experiments: one is that O2 is produced slowly after KCIO3 heating; the other is that KCIO3 is heated and a small amount of MnO2 is quickly sprinkled into it, and a large amount of O2 is produced immediately. Teacher Zhang pointed out that MnO2 is the reason for the rapid production of O2.

Hypothesis: Put the alarm clock in the glass cover to ring the bell, you can hear the bell; then empty the air in the glass cover, and then make the alarm clock ring, the bell will not be heard. Thus it can be seen that air is the medium of sound transmission is similar to Mr. Zhang's conclusion.


Premise: The water of Lake Laberge, in Canada, currently contains high levels of the pesticide toxaphene. Authorities are puzzled because toxaphene was banned in North America in the early 1980s and now is used only in a few other parts of the world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Toxic chemicals become more readily detectable once they enter organisms the size of fish' does most to explain why the water of Lake Laberge currently contains high levels of toxaphene if true.


Premise: Shell oil company ranks first in the total net profit of 500 major companies in the world for three consecutive years, mainly because it has a lot of international business.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "the prices of oil and refined oil have been very stable in the past three years" best supports the above statement.


Premise: Although personnel incentives are important to the company, a study shows that the personnel department is not so important because the personnel department does not participate in strategic decision-making meetings, and hiring senior managers has CEO decisions, and the personnel department often only plays a supporting and supporting role.

Hypothesis: The statement "The personnel headquarters of Coca-Cola Company is one of the decision-making teams of the company, which controls the decision-making power of personnel" weakens the above argument most strongly.


Premise: Children fall into three groups -- nontasters, regular tasters, and supertasters -- depending on how strongly they experience tastes. Supertasters strongly prefer mild cheddar cheese to sharp, regular tasters weakly prefer mild to sharp, and nontasters show no preference. Also, the more bitter a food tastes, the less children like it. Thus, supertasters experience sharp cheddar as tasting more bitter than mild cheddar, but nontasters experience sharp cheddar as tasting no more bitter than mild cheddar.

Hypothesis: Assuming that nontasters tend to like a wider variety of foods than do regular tasters, who in turn like a wider variety of foods than do supertasters enables the conclusion above to be properly inferred.


Premise: A, B and C traffic police have come to the following conclusion after the safety check of the city's passenger cars during this spring festival: A: all the passenger cars are overloaded. B: there is no overload problem on all the city's passenger buses. C: both Ruyi's and Jixiang's buses are overloaded.

Hypothesis: Both Ruyi's passenger cars and Jixiang's passenger cars were overloaded must be true if only one of the above three conclusions is wrong.


Premise: A research institution took 9 years to track 63 thousand healthy people's eating habits, including meat consumption, meat cooking and meat cooking. The research group was divided into 5 groups according to the amount of meat consumed. By the end of the study, a total of 208 people had pancreatic cancer, most of which were concentrated in two groups with the highest usage of barbecue meat. Therefore, researchers have found that eating lots of roast meat is more susceptible to pancreatic cancer.

Hypothesis: Study shows that the proportion of people who eat meat cooked for a long time and those who eat barbecue for a long time are quite similar weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: According to the ancient Chinese literature, the word rice has appeared in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty, and millet and rice have been mentioned in the Book of songs. Before the Spring and Autumn period, because of the small amount of rice planted in the north of China, rice was classified as five Grains: he, Yu, Gu, wheat, rice. However, in the Song Dynasty, it was upgraded because of the large amount of planting, and the saying that SuZhou and HuZhou ripe and the world is sufficient spread among the people. In the Ming Dynasty, rice became the main food in China.

Hypothesis: Rice has long been one of the five grains in ancient China is correct.


Premise: A new study in the United States has found that the rhythm of human physiological response is consistent with the alternation of day and night. Once this rhythm is destroyed, the disease resistance of people's immune system will be reduced.

Hypothesis: Drinking a lot of water immediately after long-distance running is easy to destroy the metabolic balance in the body and cause disease weakens the above view most.


Premise: A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The warehouse where P is stored is next to the warehouse where L is stored' must be false.


Premise: Spurred by the global smart trend and related policies, many places in China have proposed the slogan of smart city, taking the construction of smart city as an important strategy to cultivate competitiveness, cope with the financial crisis, expand the employment of citizens and seize the commanding heights of future science and technology. Shall see, however, the current practice more in the concept of wisdom city construction period, people's understanding of wisdom city is not confined to the Internet, the Internet, cloud computing and other smart cities or digital city level, the emergence of the wisdom city in the media have made it difficult to distinguish which is a means of city marketing, which is the live of city construction.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is still a long way to go to build smart cities' illustrates the meaning of the text.