Premise: In Chinese traditional concept, sculpture has always been regarded as the same art form as painting. In Chinese traditional academics, there is only painting but not sculpture. This lack of attention in history led to the loss of a large number of stone carving works with high historical data research value overseas at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Today, emerging collectors only focused on the wealth of art products, so the price of copper gilded Buddha statues in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties soared. It is a pity that when faced with those high ancient stone carvings that truly reflect the cultural and historical features of Chinese sculpture, they are somewhat timid and indecisive.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this paragraph is to pay attention to the significance of sculpture art in concept.


Premise: With the development of agriculture in our country today, it is very difficult to advance by leaps and bounds in any one of them. Now structural adjustment has attracted great attention, but supporting reforms in other aspects should not be ignored, especially market-oriented reform must be speeded up. We should establish a unified market throughout the country and promote the free flow of rural elements and products. If the market mechanism does not develop as it should be, then the market-oriented structural adjustment will lose the most important foundation and it will be impossible to give full play to the regional layout and comparative advantages.

Hypothesis: The main problem discussed in this paragraph is that the market-oriented reform of agriculture needs to be speeded up.


Premise: When the market competition is very fierce, if an enterprise does not advance bravely and create competitive products, and also retreats in time, voluntarily abandons the favorite, and abandons the market that has no prospects, then the enterprise will eventually fall into crisis. .

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it can be inferred that in the context of fierce competition, a company may not be eliminated if it abandons a declining industry and turns to the development of new products.


Premise: Our parents pay more and more attention to children's reading. Most parents want their children to read more and read better books. In 2018,70.3 percent of families in one city had the habit of parents reading with their children. The amount of books read by parents and children increased by 1.8 percentage points compared to 2017 and the length of books read also increased compared to last year. But in 2018, the city's children read just 4.72 books per person, down 0.6 percentage points from 2017.

Hypothesis: The statement "In recent years, children have a heavy burden of schoolwork and many people want to read extracurricular reading but do not have enough time" best explains the phenomenon.


Premise: The cafeteria of a certain elementary school provides a free lunch every day to the entire student body - a significant expense in the school' s annual budget. A vice principal was exploring cost-reducing measures that would not compromise nourishment. A local Italian restaurant offered the school a large number of pizzas at a vastly reduced bulk rate. The pizzas were served one day, and afterward, the vice principal calculated that the cost of the pizza and delivery was slightly more than the average cost of typical cafeteria lunch day. Ttherefore, he concluded that the school could not save money by replacing a day of cafeteria lunch with a day of pizza from this restaurant.

Hypothesis: How many pizzas were uneaten at the end of that day's lunch would be most useful for evaluating the conclusion drawn by the vice principal.


Premise: Typhoon is one of the most destructive disasters in nature. Some studies have shown that by spraying seawater droplets into the air to increase the reflection of clouds over the typhoon formation area to sunlight, the typhoon will not gather enough energy. This practice will effectively prevent the typhoon from moving forward and avoid greater damage.

Hypothesis: The driving force of typhoon comes from the heat generated by sunlight on the surface of sea water should be added as a prerequisite for the establishment of the above conclusion.


Premise: Situation: For five years the Souper restaurant chain has maintained rapid sales growth in Danport, primarily by opening new restaurants that draw patrons away from other restaurants in their vicinity. Goal: Souper wishes to achieve continued rapid sales growth in Danport over the next two years. Proposal for consideration: Continue to open new restaurants in Danport during the next two years at the same rate as in the last two years.

Hypothesis: Virtually all potential sites for new Souper restaurants in Danport are located in the vicinity of existing Souper restaurants most strongly argues that adopting the proposal would be an ineffective way of achieving the goal.


Premise: Labor touches porcelain means that individual workers take advantage of the management loopholes of the enterprise to urge the enterprise to commit illegal acts, and then demand economic benefits such as double wages or economic compensation.

Hypothesis: More than 10 workers recruited by a company did not sign a written labor contract. They were collectively dismissed because of continuous demands for increased wages. A few days later, they applied for labor arbitration on the grounds of the company's refusal to sign the labor contract and the first fault, requesting permission for them to return to the company to continue working belongs to labor touches porcelain.


Premise: Network crime refers to the perpetrator using computer technology, with the help of the network to attack and destroy the system or information, deliberately implement the relevant legal norms of the behavior.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiang mou is the manager of a website, he often uses his position as a network service provider or other methods to open the personal mailbox of net friends and see their personal mail is not network crime.


Premise: Advertisement: Auto accidents are the most common cause of whiplash injury, a kind of injury that is caused by a sudden sharp motion of the neck. However, many other types of accidents can produce a sudden sharp motion of the neck and thereby result in whiplash injury. A sudden sharp motion of the neck can be caused by a fall, a bump on the head, or even by being shoved from behind. That is why you should insist on receiving Lakeside Injury Clinic' s complete course of treatment for whiplash after any accident that involves a fall or a bump on the head.

Hypothesis: It is very uncommon for falling or being bumped on the head to result in a sudden sharp motion of the neck provides the strongest basis for criticizing the reasoning in the advertisement.


Premise: For decades, there was a belief in dinosaur research that some dinosaurs could tell sex by their skeletal differences. Males, for example, differed from females in that they had wider head shields and larger nose protuberances.

Hypothesis: The statement 'At present, the dinosaur data sample is very scattered, some dinosaur species fossil also did not obtain the sufficient quantity' best supports the above view.


Premise: The water of Lake Laberge, in Canada, currently contains high levels of the pesticide toxaphene. Authorities are puzzled because toxaphene was banned in North America in the early 1980s and now is used only in a few other parts of the world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Levels of pesticides in the environment often continue to be high for decades after their use ends' does most to explain why the water of Lake Laberge currently contains high levels of toxaphene.


Premise: When the old types of art, such as novels and dramas, gradually deviate from the focus of the world's attention and give way to the upstart artists such as film and television, a kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism. In the face of strong industrial culture, cultural criticism has almost become a promotional advertisement.

Hypothesis: The taste of all kinds of cultural criticism is declining means that a kind of cultural poverty is shrouded in all kinds of criticism in this passage.


Premise: A survey of 178 countries around the world by the British New Economics Foundation shows that people in emerging countries such as China are happier than those in Japan, South Korea and the United States, of course, according to a survey by the University of Erasmus in the Netherlands and the Institute of Social Studies at the University of Michigan in the United States. since the brief rise in 1995, Chinese happiness has also begun to decline. People around the world are beginning to realize the fact that economic growth is not the same as development, because the latter also includes a series of indicators such as ecological leisure, social welfare and fairness and justice, and happiness not only refers to sensory happiness, because it is also about people's positive experience and overall evaluation of the meaning of life.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that cultural background has an important influence on the formation of the concept of national happiness based on the information provided.


Premise: We ought to pay attention only to the intrinsic properties of a work of art. Its other, extrinsic properties are irrelevant to our aesthetic interactions with it. For example, when we look at a painting we should consider only what is directly presented in our experience of it. What is really aesthetically relevant, ttherefore, is not what a painting symbolizes, but what it directly presents to experience.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the statement 'What an artwork symbolizes involves only extrinsic properties of that work' is added to the premises.


Premise: While it might be expected that those neighborhoods most heavily patrolled by police have the least crime, the statistical evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim that such neighborhoods have the most crime. This shows that the presence of police does not decrease crime in a neighborhood.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument fails to consider the possibility that criminals may commit crimes in more than one neighborhood.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through the tissue like an infectious disease. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions, rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: The statement that prions can cause disease can be inferred from this paragraph.


Premise: Pecan growers get a high price for their crop when pecans are comparatively scarce, but the price drops sharply when pecans are abundant. Thus, in high-yield years, growers often hold back part of their crop in refrigerated warehouses for one or two years, hoping for higher prices in the future. This year' s pecan crop was the smallest in five years. It is nonetheless quite possible that a portion of this year' s crop will be held back, since __.

Hypothesis: Each of the last two years produced record-breaking pecan yields most logically completes the passage.


Premise: It's impossible for the Lakers to make it to the finals. If the Lakers reach the finals, then the sun will come out from the west.

Hypothesis: Language cannot create wealth, and if it could, then the boastful person would be the richest in the world is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: A bank was stolen and four people, A, B, C and Ding, were detained for trial. The detection results show that the criminal is one of them. A said, C stole it. B said, I didn't steal it. C said, I didn't steal it either. D said,'if B didn't steal it, then I stole it. it has been found out that only one of them is telling lies.

Hypothesis: It was D who stole the bank is true according to the conditions mentioned above.


Premise: Kite continuous Line is an artistic concept put forward by Wu Guanzhong around the 1980s, which has exerted an important influence on the history of contemporary Chinese art. It seems that this is an exposition of the internal relationship between formal beauty and abstract beauty. In fact, it emphasizes that no matter how innovative art creation is, no matter how free it is, it can not be far away from real life. In Wu Guanzhong's view, abstract painting is like flying a kite. A kite is a work, an art form abstracted by materials and feelings from life, abstracted by the author by subtraction, division or other methods, and the audience is the sky. In order for a kite to fly into the sky, the artist must have a thread of connection between the work and the source of life. Only by kite continuous thread can art have its foundation and can it maintain communication with the audience.

Hypothesis: The statement "Art comes from life and is higher than life" is in line with the concept of kite continuous line.


Premise: In a university, graduates majoring in mathematics, physics, chemistry, management, secretarial science and law need to be employed. At present, Fengyun, Jardine and Hongyu come to the school for recruitment. It is known that each company only recruits graduates from the above two or three majors, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) companies that recruit chemistry majors also recruit mathematics majors; (2) Jardines recruit majors. Fengyun company also recruits; (3) only one company recruits secretarial majors, and the company does not recruit physics majors. (4) if Jardine recruits a management major, then it also recruits a secretarial major; (5) if Hongyu does not recruit a secretarial major, then Jardine recruits a secretarial major.

Hypothesis: Fengyun Company recruits maths major if all three companies recruit several graduates from three majors.


Premise: Garbage recycling refers to the way in which garbage is sorted and treated, and then becomes a non-polluting recycled raw material, and then processed and transformed into renewable resources.

Hypothesis: A city is carrying out a new way of garbage disposal: separating organic matter such as kitchen waste into organic fertilizer, and separating inorganic matter such as bricks and tiles and glass ceramics to make a new type of unfired brick belongs to garbage recycling.


Premise: Antinuclear activist: The closing of the nuclear power plant is a victory for the antinuclear cause. It also represents a belated acknowledgment by the power industry that they cannot operate such plants safely. Nuclear power plant manager: It represents no such thing. The availability of cheap power from nonnuclear sources, together with the cost of mandated safety inspections and safety repairs, made continued operation uneconomic. Thus it was not safety considerations but economic considerations that dictated the plant' s closing.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the manager's argument is flawed because the argument overlooks the possibility that the sources from which cheap power is available might themselves be subject to safety concerns.


Premise: President of Central Supply Company: Profits are at an all-time low this fiscal year because of decreased demand for our products. If this situation continues, the company may have to declare bankruptcy. So it is important to prevent any further decrease in profits. Consequently, the only options are to reduce planned expansion or to eliminate some less profitable existing operations.

Hypothesis: It does not take into account that there may be other ways to stop the decrease in profits most accurately describes a flaw, in the company president's reasoning.


Premise: Anyone who went to elementary school in Huangtu Village, as long as they are under 25 years old, is a student of teacher Xin. No one in the village does not know teacher Xin. Zhao Da knows teacher Xin. Li Lan from Huangtu Village is Zhao Da's wife, she is 24 years old and graduated from elementary school when he was 14.

Hypothesis: Li Lan is a student of teacher Xin can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Xiao Zhou, Xiao Wu, Xiao Zheng three, one is a worker, one is a farmer, a person is an intellectual. Xiao Zheng is known to be older than intellectuals. Zhou is of different age than farmers. The farmer is younger than Wu Xiao.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhou is a worker, Xiao Wu is a farmer, and Xiao Zheng is an intellectual is correct based on the above.


Premise: Novice bird-watcher: I don' t know much about animal tracks, but I do know that birds typically have four toes, and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward. Since this track was made by an animal with four toes, of which three point forward and one points backward, we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed because it does not establish that only a bird could have made the track.


Premise: Evidence refers to all the facts that can prove the facts of the case.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when the public security officers investigated A's neighbor and said that A has the habit of petty theft, and he is domineering, often beats and scolds pedestrians, and said that on the night of the crime, he did not see A near his home, it is not evidence.


Premise: In the past five years, the average price per square meter of new commercial housing has increased by 25%. In the average household budget over the same period, the proportion of the cost of purchasing commercial housing remained unchanged. So, the average household budget must have also increased by 25% over the past five years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The area of new commercial housing purchased by an average household remained unchanged' is an assumption on which the above discussion is based.


Premise: When people experience throbbing in their teeth or gums, they have serious dental problems, and if a dental problem is serious, it will be a problem either of tooth decay or of gum disease. Ttherefore, since throbbing in the teeth or gums is a sign of serious dental problems, and neither Sabina' s teeth nor her gums are throbbing, Sabina can be suffering from neither tooth decay nor gum disease.

Hypothesis: The following statement contains an error of reasoning most similar to that made in the argument above: "People who drink a lot of coffee are said to have jittery nerves. Therefore, medical students who drink a lot of coffee should not become neonatologists or surgeons since neither neonatology nor surgery should be practiced by people with jittery nerves."


Premise: Community correction refers to placing qualified criminals in the community. Special state agencies, with the assistance of relevant social groups, non-governmental organizations and social volunteers, correct their criminal psychology and behavioral vices within the time limit determined by the ruling. , And promote its smooth return to society in non-custodial penalty enforcement activities. Simply put, it is to allow criminals who meet the legal conditions to execute their sentences in the community.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, it will help to increase the punishment of criminals does not belong to the role of community correction.


Premise: It is precisely because there are sufficient dairy products as a source of food that the herders living in the Hulunbuir prairie can take in enough calcium. Obviously, this kind of sufficient calcium is essential for the herders in the Hulunbuir prairie having a strong body.

Hypothesis: The situation 'Some herders in the Hulunbuir prairie do not have a strong body, but they have sufficient dairy products as a source of food' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: For decades, there was a belief in dinosaur research that some dinosaurs could tell sex by their skeletal differences. Males, for example, differed from females in that they had wider head shields and larger nose protuberances.

Hypothesis: Marrow bone is rich in calcium, which can be used as raw material for eggshell production and storage. It exists only in the long bones of oviparous female dinosaurs, if true, best supports the above view.


Premise: As for Einstein, in addition to his theory of relativity, he also had philosophical thoughts on science, social governance, cultural issues and incisive remarks, which are sometimes absent from the popular science which traditionally only pays attention to the dissemination of specific scientific knowledge. It cannot be said that this is not a regrettable thing.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of this passage is that real scientists have a wide range of interests in research.


Premise: New research shows that improving the reflectivity of urban roofs and road surfaces may reduce the temperature of the earth's atmosphere at a very low cost. Although the reduction is small, it can be measured. Because roofs and roads account for more than 60% of the city's surface area, the use of light-colored materials can increase the average reflectivity to a certain extent, reducing the global average temperature by as much as 0.07 degrees Celsius, according to researchers in the Environmental Research report.

Hypothesis: People are exploring new ways to alleviate global warming is understood correctly according to this passage.


Premise: A computer equipped with signature-recognition software, which restricts access to a computer to those people whose signatures are on file, identifies a person' s signature by analyzing not only the form of the signature but also such characteristics as pen pressure and signing speed. Even the most adept forgers cannot duplicate all of the characteristics the program analyzes.

Hypothesis: Nobody can gain access to a computer equipped with the software solely by virtue of skill at forging signatures can be logically concluded from the passage above.


Premise: How did ancient sages affect scientists with subversive innovations such as Einstein? On the surface, these ancients' cognition of physics and the whole field of science was naive and full of mistakes, and they knew almost nothing about science. However, they asked many fundamental questions and had a serious discussion. If contemporary scientists want to get rid of the shackles of conventional thinking, these ancient sages will be the source of inspiration: they are subversive in pursuing the forefront of knowledge. At the same time, the childish problem will guide people into Xinjiang.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to argue that science should continue to advance on the basis of sublating the thoughts of ancient sages.


Premise: Newspaper report: The government' s health department is unable to explain the recent finding that over time a 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes caused a 5 percent reduction in the number of smokers. This is a surprising finding because cigarettes are known to be highly addictive and numerous studies have demonstrated that an increase in the price of cigarettes almost never causes people to quit smoking.

Hypothesis: The statement "As cigarette prices rise, the annual number of deaths of smokers surpasses the annual number of new smokers" most helps to explain the finding that the increase in the price of cigarettes reduced the number of smokers.


Premise: Psychologist: Because of a perceived social stigma against psychotherapy, and because of age discrimination on the part of some professionals, some elderly people feel discouraged about trying psychotherapy. They should not be, however, for many younger people have greatly benefited from it, and people in later life have certain advantages over the young -- such as breadth of knowledge, emotional maturity, and interpersonal skills -- that contribute to the likelihood of a positive outcome.

Hypothesis: Elderly people should not be reluctant to undergo psychotherapy most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the psychologist's argument.


Premise: G, H, J, K, L, M and O travel together. During their four-day camping life, two people were arranged to be on duty to cook for everyone every day. The arrangement of the personnel required for these four days cannot be repeated, and there happens to be one person on duty for two days.In addition, the following conditions must be met for those on duty: (1)J is arranged to be on duty the day after H.(2) the person who is on duty for two days must be on the fourth day, not the third day. (3) G must be arranged on the same day as one of J and O. (4) K is arranged to be on duty on at least one day on the first or second day. (5) O must be on the third day.

Hypothesis: If L is arranged to be on a two-day, M must be on the same day as L.


Premise: President of Central Supply Company: Profits are at an all-time low this fiscal year because of decreased demand for our products. If this situation continues, the company may have to declare bankruptcy. So it is important to prevent any further decrease in profits. Consequently, the only options are to reduce planned expansion or to eliminate some less profitable existing operations.

Hypothesis: It does not take into account that there are alternatives to declaring bankruptcy most accurately describes a flaw, in the company president's reasoning.


Premise: During the month of May, crabs arrive on Delaware' s beaches to lay eggs. Certain shorebirds depend on these eggs for food during their annual spring migration to their northern breeding grounds. Delaware' s crab population has declined recently. This decline, however, poses no serious threat to the migrating shorebird populations: by remaining longer in Delaware, the birds will be able to eat enough crab eggs to allow them to complete their migration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The decline in the number of crabs on Delaware's beaches is due to the harvesting of crabs by humans' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Research suggests that compounds in meat may trigger wheezing in some children, which can lead to asthma or other respiratory problems. These compounds, known as advanced glycation end products, are released when meat is grilled at high temperatures. So eating a vegetarian diet or eating less meat can protect children from asthma risk.

Hypothesis: The statement "Scientists have shown that advanced glycation end products in the body come mainly, but not exclusively, from meat" most questions the above statement.


Premise: For several centuries there have been hairless dogs in western Mexico and in coastal Peru. It is very unlikely that a trait as rare as hairlessness emerged on two separate occasions. Since the dogs have never existed in the wild, and the vast mountainous jungle separating these two regions would have made overland travel between them extremely difficult centuries ago, the dogs must have been transported from one of these regions to the other by boat, probably during trading expeditions.

Hypothesis: The assumption that most of the trade goods that came into western Mexico centuries ago were transported by boat is required by the argument.


Premise: Sensory marketing means that enterprises take products or services as carriers and use people's receptors (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, etc.) to directly respond to light, color, sound, smell and other basic stimuli to create a kind of psychological comfort and spiritual satisfaction for consumers, so as to achieve the purpose of marketing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'People tend to fill the missing parts of the graphics, such as hidden text or graphics, and many companies use this to encourage people to participate in activities and promote their products' does not belong to sensory marketing.


Premise: If this year's drought continues and people are not able to fight the drought, this year's crops will be reduced and farmers' incomes will decrease. However, many evidences show that farmers' incomes this year will not decrease, but will increase instead.

Hypothesis: This year's drought did not last, or people have been able to resist drought can be inferred based on the information given.


Premise: The government provides insurance for individuals' bank deposits, but requires the banks to pay the premiums for this insurance. Since it is depositors who primarily benefit from the security this insurance provides, the government should take steps to ensure that depositors who want this security bear the cost of it and thus should make depositors pay the premiums for insuring their own accounts.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'government-backed security for investors, such as bank depositors, should be provided only when it does not reduce incentives for investors to make responsible investments' would do most to justify drawing the conclusion of the argument on the basis of the reasons offered in its support.


Premise: T-type management refers to the free sharing of knowledge (the horizontal part of T) within an organization, while focusing on the improvement of the performance of a single business unit (the vertical part of T). T-type management learns across business units, shares resources, and communicates ideas. To create horizontal value (the horizontal part of T), and at the same time, through the close cooperation of each business unit, the performance of a single business unit (the vertical part of T) can be well developed.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when Wang was newly appointed as the department head of a grain production enterprise, he knew very little about the business of grain storage, so he specially seconded several colleagues from other departments to help him formulate perfect grain storage rules and regulations does not use T-type management methods or use it in wrong way.


Premise: There is a wonderful advertisement in a newspaper, but there are many falsehoods in the content of the advertisement. Therefore, consumers will not believe this advertisement.

Hypothesis: Consumers are bound to find something false in it weakens the above point of view most.


Premise: Logical thinking is the stage of human rational cognition and the cognitive process of human reflecting the essence and law of things. Logical thinking involves not only the form of logical thinking and the rules of logical methods, but also the basic laws of logical thinking. Logical thinking forms and logical method rules refer to the abstract generalization of natural language into formal language to form initial symbols or rules, which are used to study concepts, judgment and reasoning, and only work in a local scope. The basic law of logical thinking is the fundamental criterion and basis for correct logical thinking, which is generally applicable to people's thinking.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, confusing different concepts or changing the meaning of the same concept violates the rules of logical thinking form and logical method.


Premise: We should accept the proposal to demolish the old train station, because the local historical society, which vehemently opposes this, is dominated by people who have no commitment to long-term economic well-being. Preserving old buildings creates an impediment to new development, which is critical to economic health.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning exhibited by the argument above is most similar to that exhibited by the argument 'You should have your hair cut no more than once a month. After all, beauticians suggest that their customers have their hair cut twice a month, and they do this as a way of generating more business for themselves.'


Premise: At an international conference, five representatives from four countries were arranged to sit at a round table. In order to enable them to talk freely, they learned the following in advance: A is Chinese and can speak English; B is German and can speak Chinese; C is English and speaks French; D is Japanese and speaks French; E is Japanese and speaks German

Hypothesis: ACDEB is the correct arrangement.


Premise: Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by elderly people who suffer from diseases that afflict the elderly. Premiums for the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Ttherefore, Company X is concerned that the income from the policies would not be sufficient to pay for the claims that would be made.

Hypothesis: Insuring only those individuals who are wealthy enough to pay for the medical services would be most likely to minimize Company X's losses on the policies.


Premise: The stems of trees and the stems of many plants usually contain a large amount of lignin that is difficult to decompose, so the efficiency of using them to extract bio-fuels will be greatly reduced. At present, people have discovered a kind of bacteria called Rhodococcus. It has the ability to decompose lignin in wood and other plants. Therefore, it is believed that Rhodococcus can be widely used in mostly discarded stalks, thereby greatly improving the utilization rate of bio-fuels.

Hypothesis: The statement "Some fungi also have the ability to decompose lignin. Studies have found that the growth of these fungi requires a specific temperature and humidity" best supports the conclusion that Rhodococcus can be used to produce enzymes that decompose lignin on a large scale.


Premise: In Chinese history, officials were generally paid less so that the emperor could control them. Because when the salary is low, the officials will definitely be corrupt. The emperor could seize this one and treat him as he pleased. If the salary is high and the official is not corrupt, the emperor can not govern him.

Hypothesis: Forcing officials to corrupt was the only way the emperor could control them is the assumption on which the above argument relies.


Premise: The reason why a large number of spitters spit at will and without scruples is that the previous punishment measures are far from being a warning and it is more difficult to touch the heart of the spitters. They had no sense of shame when they spited and no shame after being punished.

Hypothesis: The author thinks that we need to specify the punishment measures for people who spit everywhere.


Premise: Attention is the window of knowledge. Without it, the sunlight of knowledge will not come in. That is derived from the experience of a famous scholar, and it vividly illustrates that a high concentration of attention is an important condition of achievements in academics and science.

Hypothesis: Be sure to concentrate when you study is the correct option.


Premise: Migraines are caused by changes in certain blood vessels of the brain that result in a local disturbance in the action of a specific nerve-activating chemical. Two migraine remedies, drug K and drug L, have exactly the same restorative effects on the local action of this chemical, but L also disrupts the action of several other chemicals in the brain that governmental activity and the body' s metabolism.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the hypothesis that neither treatment with L nor treatment with K is likely to have a significant effect on the symptoms of a migraine.


Premise: As we all know, western medicine can solve many diseases that cannot be solved by traditional Chinese medicine by using modern scientific and technological means, and traditional Chinese medicine has also cured many problems that make western medicine helpless by relying on the special understanding of human meridians and Qi and blood. Therefore, for some complex diseases, many people believe that the treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine is necessary.

Hypothesis: The assumption that these diseases cannot be effectively treated by traditional Chinese medicine alone or western medicine alone is made by these people in their judgment.


Premise: Cynthia: Corporations amply fund research that generates marketable new technologies. But the fundamental goal of science is to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the workings of the universe. The government should help fund those basic scientific research projects that seek to further our theoretical knowledge of nature. Luis: The basic goal of government support of scientific research is to generate technological advances that will benefit society as a whole. So only research that is expected to yield practical applications in fields such as agriculture and medicine ought to be funded.

Hypothesis: Cynthia's and Luis's statements provide the most support for the contention that they would disagree with each other about the truth of the statement 'Knowledge gained through basic scientific research need not be expected to lead to new and useful technologies in order for the research to merit government funding.'


Premise: Cool Games Corporation derives all of its revenues through the sales of video games. Last year, it fell just short of making a profit although it had strong revenues of $200 million worldwide, half from children and half from adults. This year, the company's sales to children rose 20% to $120 million, but its sales to adults dropped 40% to a disappointing $60 million. One of the most renowned Wall Street analysts had forecasted that Cool Games Corporation would need to at least match its revenues of last year in order to have a chance to make a profit on video games this year. Upon hearing the news of the Cool Games Corporation's revenue, the analyst concluded that it was not possible for the company to have made a profit this year.

Hypothesis: The total cost and expenses of Cool Games Corporation did not decrease by more than the decrease in revenue for the corporation is the assumption on which the analyst's conclusion is based.


Premise: Beverage company representative: The plastic rings that hold six-packs of beverage cans together pose a threat to wild animals, which often become entangled in the discarded rings and suffocate as a result. Following our lead, all beverage companies will soon use only those rings consisting of a new plastic that disintegrates after only three days' exposure to sunlight. Once we all complete the switchover from the old to the new plastic rings, ttherefore, the threat of suffocation that plastic rings pose to wild animals will be eliminated.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that wild animals will not become entangled in the new plastic rings before the rings have had sufficient exposure to sunlight to disintegrate.


Premise: Some people who are not educated in college become good writers, while more good writers are educated in college. Excellent writers are sensitive and imaginative people, and only sensitive and imaginative people can write works that touch people's hearts.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then some sensitive and imaginative writers are not good writers.


Premise: Studies have found that men on a low-fat diet are more likely to suffer from testosterone deficiency than other men.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The trial found that men on the low-fat diet of the Mediterranean diet had lower testosterone levels than other men' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: The similarity between modern chemistry and alchemy is to create new things from the molecular level. As for the creation of new elements, it is actually the task of nuclear physicists. They use some cyclotrons to blast the new elements out and fill them in the periodic table as chemistry. The fruits of home victory. Classical alchemy actually has the idea of elements and atoms, but it does not possess rational thinking. For example, Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that light, heavy, dry, and wet are the basic physical properties. Dry and light are fire, dry and heavy are soil, wet and light are air, and wet and heavy are water. Any matter is the result of the synthesis of the four basic elements of water, fire, earth, and air in different proportions, which is obviously different from the current concept of the known world. At the same time, the understanding of material nature in other civilizations was also between mystery and rationality.

Hypothesis: The starting point of modern chemical rational thinking is most likely to be talked about next.


Premise: The fact that people who run marathons are ill less often than other people does not prove that running marathons prevents illness, for whether one runs marathons or not depends in part on one' s preexisting state of health.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the argument that musical and mathematical skills are often produced by the same talent for perceiving abstract patterns, so the fact that some mathematicians are not skilled musicians does not prove that they lack the talent that can produce musical skill.


Premise: A, B, C and D predict the items in the four drawers. A: there are no books in some drawers. B: there are books in all drawers. C: there is no pen in the second drawer. D: there are letters in the third drawer.

Hypothesis: There are no books in the four drawers if only one of the four people's conclusions is true.


Premise: In 2010, the Ministry of Health launched a new national standard for dairy industry, which reduced the protein content of raw milk from 2.95% to 2.8%. An industry insider explained: if our milk testing standard sets the protein content too high, dairy farmers will add something to improve the protein content of the milk, such as melamine in order to meet the standard. The melamine incident in 2008 showed that the original standards were too high.

Hypothesis: The statement "If the typhoon makes landfall at Haikou, the flight to Haikou will be cancelled. Now the flight to Haikou has not been cancelled, indicating that the typhoon did not make landfall in Haikou" contains the same logical error as the reasoning of the industry.


Premise: The city of Carina is considering implementing an Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) for taxpayers earning more than 90% of the population, those individuals who earn more than $350, 000 annually. Under this tax plan, Carina citizens in the AMT bracket would be exempt from paying taxes on the first $80, 000 of their income and be taxed at a flat rate on the income thereafter. People paying the AMT would not be given allowances regular taxpayers are, such as deductions for children, healthcare expenses, or college tuition.

Hypothesis: The average dollar value of Carina citizens' tax payments for the previous year would be most important to determine in order to evaluate whether implementing the AMT plan would be profitable for the city of Carina.


Premise: Marketization and informationization have become an irresistible trend in the globalization of the world economy. today's struggle for cultural positions, especially among young people, is related to the rise and fall of the Chinese nation and the ruling position of the Communist Party of China.At present, we must deeply understand the strategic significance of strengthening the construction of youth culture from the perspective of comprehensively building a well-off society and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Firmly grasp the direction of advanced culture and the characteristics of the times to keep pace with the times, and adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of three represents to lead the construction of youth culture.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, it is correct to deeply understand the strategic significance of strengthening the construction of youth culture.


Premise: Geneticist: Genes, like viruses, have a strong tendency to self-replicate; this has led some biologists to call genes selfish.  This term is, in this instance, intended to be defined behaviorally: it describes what genes do without ascribing intentions to them. But even given that genes are ascribed no intentions, the label selfish as applied to genes is a misnomer. Selfishness only concerns bringing about the best conditions for oneself; creating replicas of oneself is not selfish.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Creating replicas of oneself does not help bring about the best conditions for oneself' allows the geneticist's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: In the Copenhagen naval battle between Britain and Denmark in 1801, the British naval hero Colonel Nelson was in danger during the fierce battle and received a signal to retreat. Captain Frey asked him what to do, and he raised the telescope to a blind eye. Said:'I didn't see the signal.' So he bravely continued to command the battle, and the result was a victory, and Denmark was forced to cease the war.

Hypothesis: The theme of this passage is that Nelson judges the situation and decides whether to execute the order according to his actual situation.


Premise: Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or spring wheat next spring. Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally profitable. Because of new government restrictions on the use of Davison River water for irrigation, per acre yields for winter wheat, though not for spring wheat, would be much lower than average. Ttherefore, planting spring wheat will be more profitable than planting winter wheat, since__.

Hypothesis: The smaller-than-average size of a winter wheat harvest this year would not be compensated for by higher winter wheat prices most logically completes the argument.


Premise: When the cohesion of group members is high, group members tend to keep their views consistent with the group, while other controversial, creative or even more objective and reasonable views will be ignored or suppressed. This may lead to unreasonable or even bad decisions made by the group. A similar phenomenon may appear in the process of expressing public opinion on the Internet. People are more likely to be attracted to their own consensus forums and deepen their original views. In this way, it is possible to give rise to group myths, incorrect but dominant opinions supported by the majority and dissidents are represented and controlled.

Hypothesis: The inspiration for government management from this paragraph is that online public opinion may not be able to represent the true thoughts of netizens, which should be discriminated by the government when soliciting public opinion.


Premise: The blues is a modern musical form whose lyrics usually address such topics as frustration, anger, oppression, and restlessness. Yet blues musicians claim to find joy in performing, and the musicians and fans alike say that the blues' overall effect is an affirmation of life, love, and hope.

Hypothesis: The sharing of blues music serves to create a cohesive, sympathetic social network helps to resolve the apparent conflict in the passage EXCEPT.


Premise: After long-term observation of a parking lot in a shopping mall, psychologists found that when a car is quietly waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 39 seconds to get out of the parking space; when the owner waiting to enter the parking space honks impatiently, the driver takes an average of 51 seconds to get out of the parking space; when there is no car waiting to enter the parking space, the driver takes an average of 32 seconds to get out of the parking space. This shows that the driver is still possessive of the parking space that is about to leave, and the possessiveness increases with the increase of other drivers' expectations of the parking space.

Hypothesis: As far as there are vehicles waiting to enter parking spaces, compared with other parking lots in the vicinity, the cases of leaving and entering parking spaces in shopping malls may not be representative, most powerfully weakens the above conjecture.


Premise: In the future, the intersection and integration of technologies will become more and more obvious. The direction of the new round of technology and industrial revolution will not only depend on one or two disciplines or a single technology, but the high degree of intersection and deep fusion of multi-disciplinary and multi-technical fields. The trend of technological integration determines that strategic emerging industries cannot and should not develop in isolation, but they must not only help promote the innovation of traditional industries, but also facilitate the rise of emerging industries in the future. Moreover, strategic emerging industries and other industries in the meantime, the internal integration of strategic emerging industries is also the general trend, which will make the boundaries between industries more and more blurred, and the comprehensive competitiveness will become more and more fierce.

Hypothesis: Improving comprehensive competitiveness will be the main goal of future industrial development is mainly illustrated by the following options.


Premise: We cannot simply think that the editors of the lexicon are wrong. They will not make changes to the usage of the vocabulary randomly, and must have been carefully researched. However, the lexicographers cannot ignore a basic fact and the basic requirements derived from it : Spoken and written languages are commonly used by the broad masses of the people and have a very broad social nature. Therefore, the standardization of spoken and written languages cannot be carried out in the ivory tower, but must follow the mass line.

Hypothesis: The basic requirements in this passage is that standardization of spoken and written languages must serve the broad masses of people.


Premise: Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.

Hypothesis: The false presupposition that either you know what you are exploring, or you do not know what you are exploring accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument.


Premise: Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __.

Hypothesis: RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Astronomer: Does a recent meteorite from Mars contain fossilized bacteria? Professor Tagar, a biologist, argues that the bacteria-like structures found in the meteorite cannot be fossilized bacteria, on the grounds that they are one-tenth of 1 percent the volume of the smallest earthly bacteria. However, Tagar' s view cannot be right. Tagar does not accept the views of biologists Swiderski and Terrada, who maintain that Martian bacteria would shrink to one-tenth of 1 percent of their normal volume when water or other nutrients were in short supply.

Hypothesis: The argument provides no justification for giving preference to the views of one rather than the other of two competing sets of authorities most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in the astronomer's argument.


Premise: According to the work performance of the employees Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang, the leaders of a company put forward two compatible options for sending them abroad for training: [1] neither Xiao Zhang nor Xiao Li has been sent abroad for training; (2) Xiao Wang abroad for training.

Hypothesis: As long as one of Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li is sent abroad for training, Xiao Wang will be sent is the meaning.


Premise: At present, there are still a large number of bricklayers, steel bar workers, boiler workers, painters and other types of blue-collar jobs in our country, but under the influence of professional disciplinization, only relevant ones can be found in the professional catalogue of secondary vocational education in our country. and all with a strong discipline color of professional names. These professional names make it difficult for students to match future jobs with the above-mentioned blue-collar jobs, resulting in a big discount for graduates who actually enter the above-mentioned blue-collar jobs.

Hypothesis: The disconnection between the setting of professional names and the actual educational content makes it difficult for secondary vocational school students to obtain employment is intended to be pointed out in this paragraph.


Premise: Since 2013, a group has launched the industry's first high-end talents tailored specifically for PhDs? Day-Future Leaders Program, which aims to cultivate industry leaders. According to the survey, some of the group's new employees have overseas study experience All employees of the group with overseas study experience have been individually received by the chairman of the group, and all employees of the group in Province A have not been individually received by the chairman.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, all newly hired employees are from Province A must also be true.


Premise: Debate coach: Britta' s command of the historical facts was better than Robert' s, and that led to the distinct impression that Britta won the debate. But it' s also important to evaluate how reasonable the debaters arguments were, regardless of their ability to bring the facts to bear in those arguments. When you take that into consideration, Robert' s debate performance was as good as Britta' s.

Hypothesis: The debate coach's argument depends on the assumption that Robert's arguments were more reasonable than Britta's.


Premise: Currently, the U. S. Highway Transportation Division is liable for any car accident that occurs because of a highway in need of physical upkeep or repairs. However, the U. S. highway system is so vast that it is impossible to hire a large enough road crew to locate and eliminate every potential danger in its highways. It is proposed that the Transportation Division should be liable for accidents on the highway only if they knew about the hazard beforehand and carelessly failed to manage it. Which one of the following describes any accidents for which the U. S.

Hypothesis: According to the proposed change cited above, the Highway Transportation Department should not be liable for an accident where a person merging onto the highway hits a car that was in his blind spot.


Premise: Arson refers to the behavior of deliberately igniting a fire on a condition that one knows that it will cause losses to others, the state and collective property or even threaten the life safety of others.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhang was dissatisfied with the manager's deduction of the bonus, and he secretly set fire in the manager's kitchen at a night is an act of arson.


Premise: One should never sacrifice one' s health in order to acquire money, for without health, happiness is not obtainable.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the assumption that 'Money should be acquired only if its acquisition will not make happiness unobtainable' is made.


Premise: The public is well aware that high blood cholesterol levels raise the risk of stroke caused by blood clots. But a recent report concludes that people with low blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of the other lethal type of stroke -- cerebral hemorrhage, caused when a brain artery bursts. The report suggests that because blood cholesterol plays a vital role in maintaining cell membranes, low blood cholesterol weakens artery walls, making them prone to rupture. The conclusion thus supports a long-standing contention by Japanese researchers that Western diets better protect against cerebral hemorrhage than do non-Western diets.

Hypothesis: The argument is based on the assumption that Western diets result in higher blood cholesterol levels than do non-Western diets.


Premise: Conscientiousness is high on most firms' list of traits they want in employees. Yet a recent study found that laid-off conscientious individuals are less likely to find jobs within five months than are their peers who shirked their workplace responsibilities.

Hypothesis: People who shirk their workplace responsibilities are less likely to keep the jobs they have, so there are more of them looking for jobs does not help to resolve the apparent paradox above.


Premise: After the plant leaves are injured, green juice will emerge, and the fragrance of the leaves will become stronger. This green fragrance can lure the natural enemies of pests to eliminate pests. Researchers use transgenic methods to introduce the gene of green pepper aroma synthesis enzyme into Arabidopsis thaliana of Cruciferae. Once the larvae of Pieris rapae eat the leaves, the fragrance of Arabidopsis thaliana will be enhanced, The parasitoid lays its eggs on the larvae of Pieris rapae, which can eat all the larvae before they form pupae. Therefore, the researchers conclude that if this research result is applied to the formula of vegetables, the use of pesticides can be greatly reduced

Hypothesis: At present, pesticides used in vegetable cultivation are mainly used to eliminate pests must be added in order to make the researcher's conclusion valid.


Premise: In recent years, monosodium glutamate, a family essential product, has been questioned by people. It has been proposed that adding monosodium glutamate in the cooking process has a great harmful effect on the human body. Eating too much monosodium glutamate will lead to hair loss, vision loss, zinc deficiency, and even cancer or other visceral diseases. However, according to research, monosodium glutamate can enhance people's appetite, Improve the human body's ability to absorb other things and have a certain tonic effect on the human body.

Hypothesis: Monosodium glutamate can improve people's food and martial arts, and has a certain tonic effect on the human body is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: In the past, in the countryside, only boys had the right to study. Zhang Fei came out of the countryside and successfully entered the university.

Hypothesis: Zhang Fei is a girl and is valued by the family can be inferred from the statement.


Premise: A bank was stolen and four people, A, B, C and Ding, were detained for trial. The detection results show that the criminal is one of them. A said, C stole it. B said, I didn't steal it. C said, I didn't steal it either. D said,'if B didn't steal it, then I stole it. it has been found out that only one of them is telling lies.

Hypothesis: It was D who stole the bank is true from the above conditions.


Premise: Community correction refers to placing qualified criminals in the community. Special state agencies, with the assistance of relevant social groups, non-governmental organizations and social volunteers, correct their criminal psychology and behavioral vices within the time limit determined by the ruling. , And promote its smooth return to society in non-custodial penalty enforcement activities. Simply put, it is to allow criminals who meet the legal conditions to execute their sentences in the community.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, it will help to increase the punishment of criminals does not belong to the role of community correction.


Premise: Evidence refers to all the facts that can prove the facts of the case.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The public security officers found a letter from A's friend. In the letter, A said that he kiiled the store duty officer had been killed for stealing a fur coat, and that he was very scared' is not evidence.


Premise: No one with a serious medical problem would rely on the average person to prescribe treatment. Similarly, since a good public servant has the interest of the public at heart, __.

Hypothesis: The statement "public servants should base decisions on something other than the average person's recommendations" would most reasonably complete the argument.


Premise: Which is the important role of congenital genetic factors or acquired environmental effects on human development? The study of twins plays an important role in answering this question. Only environmental impact determinists predict that when a pair of twins are raised completely separately and a pair of unrelated babies are raised together, then, when they grow up, in terms of personality and other characteristics, there will never be more similarities between the first two than between the latter two. The actual statistics do not support this extreme view, but nor does it support the other extreme view, that is, genetic determinism.

Hypothesis: Environmental impact and genetic factors play an important role in human development can be extrapolated from the above point of view.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E are brothers and sisters of a family. It is known that A is a boy with three sisters; B has a brother and a brother; C is a girl with a sister and a sister; D is the oldest of all; E is a girl, but she has no sister; He has neither brother nor sister.

Hypothesis: A ranks third among the six brothers and sisters can be drawn from the above description.


Premise: In recent years, with the continuous increase in the number of IT manufacturers, the competition in the IT market has become increasingly fierce. Users of IT products require not only the choice of the product itself, but also the choice of good service has become an important factor in the purchase decision of users.Survey data show that for high-tech products, such as computers, users are willing to spend 10% more on services and good goods of the same quality.

Hypothesis: The statement "After sales service of IT products is very important" can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Unless negotiations begin soon, the cease-fire will be violated by one of the two sides to the dispute. Negotiations will be held only if other countries have pressured the two sides to negotiate; an agreement will emerge only if other countries continue such pressure throughout the negotiations. But no negotiations will be held until international troops enforcing the cease-fire have demonstrated their ability to counter any aggression from either side, thus suppressing a major incentive for the two sides to resume fighting.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, and if negotiations between the two sides do begin soon, at the time those negotiations begin, international troops enforcing the cease-fire have not demonstrated that they can counter aggression from either of the two sides.


Premise: Letter to the editor: I have never seen such flawed reasoning and distorted evidence as that which you tried to pass off as a balanced study in the article Speed Limits, Fatalities, and Public Policy.  The article states that areas with lower speed limits had lower vehicle-related fatality rates than other areas. However, that will not be true for long, since vehicle-related fatality rates are rising in the areas with lower speed limits. So the evidence actually supports the view that speed limits should be increased.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the letter writer's argument is flawed because the argument fails to consider the possibility that automobile accidents that occur at high speeds often result in fatalities.


Premise: For many types of crops, hybrid strains have been developed that have been found in test plantings to produce significantly higher yields than were produced by traditional nonhybrid strains of those crops planted alongside them. However, in many parts of the world where farmers have abandoned traditional nonhybrid strains in favor of the hybrid strains, crop yields have not increased.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The hybrid strains were tested under significantly better farming conditions than are found in most areas where farmers grow those strains' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy.


Premise: Mr. Tian believes that the reason why most laptops run slowly is not because the CPU performance is too poor, nor is it because the memory capacity is too small, but because the hard disk speed is too slow, and replacing old laptops with new solid state drives can greatly improve the user's gaming experience.

Hypothesis: If the statement "The game experience of users depends largely on the graphics card of the laptop, while the graphics card of the old laptop is poor" is true, it would most question Mr. Tian's point of view.


Premise: Lawmaker: Raising taxes is not the only means of reducing government debt. The government' s stockpile of helium is worth 25 percent more, at current market prices, than the debt accumulated in acquiring and storing it. Ttherefore, by selling the helium, the government can not only pay off that debt but reduce its overall debt as well.

Hypothesis: The government has no current need for helium is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: A sign at the entrance to a forest farm reads clearly,No destruction of forests, fines for violators. One day, a nearby villager Yang a to the forest cut down a tree, is going down the hill by ranger Zhang a found. Zhang not only criticized Yang, but also imposed a fine on Yang, Yang did not accept, the two sides launched a fierce debate. Yang said, I cut down a tree, not a forest, you should not punish me for money.

Hypothesis: According to Zhang's logic, those who break the ring forest will be fined and a tree you cut is also a forest.


Premise: Despite the best efforts of astronomers, no one has yet succeeded in exchanging messages with intelligent life on other planets or in other solar systems. In fact, no one has even managed to prove that any kind of extraterrestrial life exists. Thus, there is clearly no intelligent life anywhere but on Earth.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it fails to consider that there might be extraterrestrial forms of intelligence that are not living beings.


Premise: Donna claims to have found the museum' s current exhibition of bronzes from Benin less interesting than many of the other exhibitions recently put on by the museum. According to all the critical reviews, however, the Benin exhibition is more interesting than any other exhibition that the museum has put on in years. Ttherefore, Donna' s claim must be false.

Hypothesis: Loren claims to like the taste of the fish at the Diggin's Diner. However, since according to everyone who knows anything about food, the fish at the Diggin's Diner tastes dreadful. Loren's claim must be false contains flawed reasoning that is most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Psychologists divide human intelligence into crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence. Crystal intelligence refers to cognitive ability based on learned experience, which is greatly affected by acquired experience. It is mainly manifested in the ability to use existing knowledge and skills to absorb new knowledge and solve new problems. These abilities generally do not decline with age. Fluid intelligence is a cognitive ability based on physiology, It decreases with age

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang is called a child prodigy because he can recite hundreds of ancient poems at the age of 4 and a half, and never forget digital information such as telephone numbers doesn't belong to crystal intelligence according to the above definition.


Premise: The traditional theory believes that due to climate change, human ancestors were forced to leave the arboreal environment and chose to walk upright on the ground due to climate change. The terrain was formed by volcanic eruptions and tectonic plate movement during the Pliocene. Human ancestors were attracted by rocky terrain and canyons, which can provide good sheltered habitats and have the opportunity to trap prey; this environment requires early humans to be upright The ability to walk and climb, so human ancestors eventually evolved to walk upright on two legs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Changes in geological conditions changed the way human ancestors walked' can be derived from this.


Premise: The application of the law refers to the specialized activities of the state judiciary organs to deal with cases by applying the law in accordance with the statutory powers and procedures.

Hypothesis: The Public Security Bureau director convenes the working meeting for improving the quality of police handling cases is the application of the law according to the above definition.


Premise: Owners of deeply indebted and chronically unprofitable small businesses sometimes try to convince others to invest money in their companies. Since the money thus acquired will inevitably be used to pay off debts, rather than to expand operations, this money will not stimulate sales growth in such companies. Thus, most people are reluctant to make these investments. Surprisingly, however, such investments often earn handsome returns in the very first year they are made.

Hypothesis: The statement "Investors usually choose to reinvest their returns on such investments" most helps to explain the surprising results of such investments.


Premise: When politicians describe their opponents' positions, they typically make those positions seem implausible and unattractive. In contrast, scholars try to make opposing positions seem as plausible and attractive as possible. Doing so makes their arguments against those positions more persuasive to their professional colleagues. Politicians should take note: they could persuade more voters with their arguments if they simply followed the scholars in charitably formulating their opponents' positions.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it focuses on the differences between two styles of argumentation even though those styles might be suited to similar audiences.


Premise: Operational activities refer to the process of investing a certain amount of resources. After a series of various forms of transformation, its value is increased, and finally a certain form of output is provided to the society.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Shoe factory produces shoes' is not an operational activity.


Premise: Researcher: People who participate in opinion surveys often give answers they believe the opinion surveyor expects to hear, and it is for this reason that some opinion surveys do not reflect the actual views of those being surveyed. However, in well-constructed surveys, the questions are worded so as to provide respondents with no indication of which answers the surveyor might expect. So if a survey is well constructed, survey respondents' desire to meet surveyors' expectations has no effect on the survey' s results.

Hypothesis: Many opinion surveyors have no expectations whatsoever regarding the answers of people who respond to surveys is an overlooked possibility in the researcher's argument, making the reasoning questionable.


Premise: A special education program for 3-and 5-year-olds in the study increases their chances of success in school education in the future, according to a study. Therefore, similar educational programmes for all children will improve their chances of success in future school education.

Hypothesis: Many parents mistakenly believe that early formal education will take up time when children can better explore the world on their own most weakens the above point of view.


Premise: A county held a comparison of civilized townships. Four judges predicted the possibility of Qinglian Township, Xiahe Township and Furong Town winning the title of civilized Township. Judge A said: if Qinglian Township can win the title of 'civilized Township', then Xiahe Township and Furong Town can also get this title. Judge B said: if Qinglian Township and Xiahe Township can get the title of 'civilized Township'. Then Furong Town will definitely not get this title. Judge C said, No matter whether Qinglian Township gets the title of 'civilized Township' or not, it is impossible for both Xiahe Township and Furong Town to get this title. Judge Ding said: I think Qinglian Township can get the title of 'civilized Township', but if Xiahe Township can get this title. Furong Town can't get this title. After the announcement of the results, it was found that only one of the four judges' prediction was valid.

Hypothesis: Based on this, all three towns can be inferred to be awarded the title of civilized townships.


Premise: Lea: Contemporary art has become big business. Nowadays art has less to do with self-expression than with making money. The work of contemporary artists is utterly bereft of spontaneity and creativity, as a visit to any art gallery demonstrates. Susan: I disagree. One can still find spontaneous, innovative new artwork in most of the smaller, independent galleries.

Hypothesis: Lea's and Susan's remarks provide the most support for holding that they disagree about whether some smaller art galleries still exhibit creative new artwork.


Premise: Scale is one of the important methods of industrial modernization. Whether China's agricultural development adapts to the large-scale agricultural production model is still debatable. Years of large farm production methods in the United States have proven that intensive agricultural production will cause the degradation of the agricultural ecological environment and biodiversity. It is destroyed, which in turn affects food security. At present, my country's per capita arable land area is only 1.52 acres, which is only the world average and far lower than the U.S. per capita level. Therefore, the U.S. large farm model is not necessarily suitable for China's development. At the same time, my country's agricultural modernization started relatively late. Compared with developed countries such as the United States, there is still a certain gap in agricultural technology and management methods. The steps of modernization are suddenly too large, which is likely to cause disconnection between the upper and lower levels.

Hypothesis: The disconnection of production links is the bottleneck of the large-scale development of agriculture is the most likely to be described in this passage.


Premise: Mimicry refers to the adaptation phenomenon that some animals imitate other biological or abiotic environments in terms of appearance, shape, color, markings or behavior, so as to confuse the enemy's vision and avoid enemy predation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, mimicry is the phenomenon where inchworm is the larva of the foot moth, perches on the branch and doesn't move, resembling a small branch growing on the trunk, causing the insectivorous bird to not even look at it.


Premise: Symbolic phenomenon refers to two things, A and B, which are not related in ideology. When we use thing A to represent thing B, thing A can be regarded as a symbol of thing B.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the sirens of fire trucks is not a symbolic phenomenon.


Premise: Wittgenstein was a student of Moore, a famous philosopher at Cambridge University. One day, philosopher Russell asked Moore, who is your best student? Moore said without hesitation: Wittgenstein. why? because among all the students, only he always showed a blank look when listening to the class, and there were always endless questions. later, Wittgenstein is more famous than Russell. Someone asked, why did Russell fall behind? Wittgenstein said: he has no problem.

Hypothesis: Appreciation is an important factor in success is intended to be illustrated by this paragraph.


Premise: Fresh fish tastes delicious and nutritious, but the fish has less fat and more water, which is not easy to preserve and easy to decay. Once dehydrated and dead, it is very easy to be affected by bacteria and decompose rapidly to produce trimethylamine and piperidine. Trimethylamine is a gas and is easily soluble in water; Piperidine is liquid and stinks of ammonia. So many people think of fishy smell when they mention fish. There is a kind of oily fish in Italian food, which has a strong smell after fermentation, but many people like it. It is used to mix salad sauce and make pasta sauce. It is often seen that it should be a distant relative of fish sauce, the seasoning of ancient Greece and Rome.

Hypothesis: According to the above materials, the correct option is "How does fish smell."


Premise: Tanner: The public should demand political debates before any election. Voters are better able to choose the candidate best suited for office if they watch the candidates seriously debate one another. Saldana: Political debates almost always benefit the candidate who has the better debating skills. Thus, they don' t really help voters determine which candidate is most qualified for office.

Hypothesis: Tanner and Saldana disagree over the claim that a voter who watches a political debate will likely be better able, as a result, to determine which candidate is more qualified for office.


Premise: Objectively speaking, in order to realize self-driving, it is far from enough to rely on the upgrading of the car itself, and it is also necessary to upgrade the urban road to intelligent management so as to achieve the linkage between the car and the urban transportation system. Cars can have more eyes to observe the surrounding road conditions and discover potential dangers. However, in the current technology and environment is not perfect, driverless cars can not be as accurate as the human brain, can not rush on the road. This is also what self-driving developers should pay attention to. Research and development should be thoughtful rather than radical. After all, whether self-driving can cope with a complex road environment must be tested by a road test.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the need for the steady application of autopilot technology.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to help their children take care of the next generation. In a recent urban survey, young people interviewed admitted that their parents were drifters. I have just started my career with my lover and I am under great pressure at work. I have no time to take care of the children and do housework at all. According to this, some experts assert that the group of old drifters in China's cities will be further expanded.

Hypothesis: After the implementation of the two-child policy, the birth rate of the second child in cities is lower than that in rural areas, if true, can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Some researchers believe that there is no difference between women and men in terms of knowledge background and intelligence, but they have natural advantages in communication skills and affinity.In the information age, female managers are more likely to be recognized by team members and are more suitable for building the cohesion of enterprises and giving full play to the enthusiasm of employees.

Hypothesis: There is no physiological difference in intelligence between women and men is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: Some people think that watching violence in TV programs will lead to the actual aggressive behavior of the audience, can it be said that just watching other people eat can feed their own stomach?

Hypothesis: The inference that some people think that nationalism has a certain reason and that it has not been used as an excuse for crime is most similar to the one used above.


Premise: The Rienzi, a passenger ship, sank as a result of a hole in its hull, possibly caused by sabotage. Normally, when a holed ship sinks as rapidly as the Rienzi did, water does not enter the ship quickly enough for the ship to be fully flooded when it reaches the ocean floor. Full flooding can be achieved, however, by sabotage. Any ship that sinks deep into the ocean when not fully flooded will implode. Deep-sea photographs, taken of the sunken Rienzi where it rests on the ocean floor, reveal that the Rienzi did not implode.

Hypothesis: The Rienzi was so strongly constructed as to resist imploding under deep-sea pressure must be true on the basis of the information above.


Premise: Seventeen copper coins have been unearthed in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, north of China's Silk Road. They have been identified as Kushan Dynasty coins left over from the ancient Silk Road. With central Asia into the han Chinese contemporary your frost dynasty, is a rise in Asia of slavery in the country, the development from 105 to 250 to its peak, is considered to be at that time, Europe and Asia, one of the four great powers, and the han dynasty, Rome, rest in peace. your frost coin is the ancient silk road has important historical value of a coin, Greece on method is used to manufacture, the quality of a material with gold, silver and copper Such as material. On the front side of the coin, characters and patterns are often designed with equal emphasis, and the shape is almost round or oval. Previously in loulan site and Hetian area have unearthed dozens of expensive frost coins.

Hypothesis: Kushan dynasty once participated in the ancient Silk Road trade is consistent with the text.


Premise: In recent years, as tourism exploration has become more and more popular by some people, there are more and more rescue operations. Should we charge for the deployment of public resources to rescue tourism explorers who commit intentional adventures? These issues have also become the topic that everyone is most concerned about. The positive side thinks that it should be charged; the opposite side thinks that it should not be charged.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The establishment of a professional rescue system requires a certain amount of financial support' cannot support the positive side's point of view.


Premise: Journalism' s purpose is to inform people about matters relevant to the choices they must make. Yet, clearly, people often buy newspapers or watch television news programs precisely because they contain sensationalistic gossip about people whom they will never meet and whose business is of little relevance to their lives. Obviously, then, the sensationalistic gossip contained in newspapers and television news programs__.

Hypothesis: The statement 'prevents those news media from achieving their purpose' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: In the process of urbanization in China, traditional opera is facing unprecedented ecological changes. Folk professional performances actively meet the needs of rural entertainment, or restore the traditional folk drama forms, with the help of festival etiquette and customs, give full play to the traditional etiquette and music education function of traditional opera, or keep pace with the times and enrich the opera Noumenon with fashionable and popular artistic elements. to derive a new form of drama entertainment. In the system, professional theatrical troupes carry out artistic inheritance in the process of tradition and innovation, or go deep into the countryside, send plays to the countryside, and still maintain their performances in grass-roots rural areas, or give up rural areas, seek diversified and innovative ways, and try their best to maintain the urban market. as a result, traditional opera tends to be weak and marginal in rural cultural life.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese Opera Art should seek pluralism and keep pace with the times.


Premise: An economist pointed out that if polluting industries are transferred from developed countries to developing countries, developed countries will benefit from the improvement of their natural environment; although the environment of developing countries is polluted, they will be compensated in terms of solving employment problems and increasing taxes. As a result, the situation on both sides has improved, resulting in an increase in overall global welfare.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis discussed by the economist is that a good natural environment is more important to people in developed countries than to people in developing countries.


Premise: In the past, in the countryside, only boys had the right to study. Zhang Fei came out of the countryside and successfully entered the university.

Hypothesis: Zhang Fei is a boy and is valued by the family can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: The statistical totality refers to the collection of many individuals that exist objectively and have a certain common nature according to the requirements of the statistical task.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, all industrial enterprises in a city under investigation on the production situation of industrial enterprises in the city does not belong to the totality.


Premise: Although the long-term lack of employee family welfare policy has brought obvious advantages to enterprises, such as reducing costs and increasing output, it is obviously not a reasonable career planning for employees to abandon young children and elderly parents. The lack of family welfare policy actually reflects the imbalance of rights between enterprises and employees in the U.S. economy. The share of economic output flowing into corporate profits is soaring, while employees' compensation is stagnant, which will inevitably lead to the plight of brain drain in the United States.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to emphasize the adverse effects of the lack of family welfare policy in the United States.


Premise: Global ecological problems reduce to the problem of balancing supply and demand. Supply is strictly confined by the earth' s limitations. Demand, however, is essentially unlimited, as there are no limits on the potential demands made by humans. The natural tendency for there to be an imbalance between demand and sustainable supply is the source of these global problems. Ttherefore, any solutions require reducing current human demand.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that actual human demand exceeds the earth's sustainable supply.


Premise: Parent P: Children will need computer skills to deal with tomorrow' s world. Computers should be introduced in kindergarten, and computer languages should be required in high school. Parent Q: That would be pointless. Technology advances so rapidly that the computers used by today' s kindergartners and the computer languages taught in today' s high schools would become obsolete by the time these children are adults.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the process of learning to work with any computer or computer language, children increase their ability to interact with computer technology' is the strongest logical counter parent P can make to parent Q's objection.


Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is whether or not to pass the road test test is the key to autopilot technology.


Premise: A commonly held belief is that cracking one' s knuckles causes arthritis. But this is, in fact, false, as indicated by the fact that most people with arthritis never cracked their knuckles.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is flawed because it makes a distinction between people who crack their knuckles and people who do not when there is no actual difference between these two groups of people.


Premise: Laird: Pure research provides us with new technologies that contribute to saving lives. Even more worthwhile than this, however, is its role in expanding our knowledge and providing new, unexplored ideas. Kim: Your priorities are mistaken. Saving lives is what counts most of all. Without pure research, medicine would not be as advanced as it is.

Hypothesis: Laird and Kim disagree on whether pure research derives its significance in part from its providing new technologies.


Premise: Political Advertisement: Mayor Delmont' s critics complain about the jobs that were lost in the city under Delmont' s leadership. Yet the fact is that not only were more jobs created than were eliminated, but each year since Delmont took office the average pay for the new jobs created has been higher than that year' s average pay for jobs citywide. So it stands to reason that throughout Delmont' s tenure the average paycheck in this city has been getting steadily bigger.

Hypothesis: Each year during Mayor Delmont's tenure, the average pay for jobs that were eliminated has been higher than the average pay for jobs citywide, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement.


Premise: At present, the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of automobiles in our country is over 20% more than that of developed countries. Studies have shown that diesel vehicles have 20% to 30% lower fuel consumption compared with gasoline vehicles. Under the situation of serious pollutant emissions from automobiles, the development of advanced diesel vehicles can make no increase in vehicle pollutants emissions or even emission reductions. In our country, diesel vehicles account for 23.7% of the number of vehicles and only 0.2% of the number of cars. Assuming that the proportion of diesel vehicles in passenger vehicles in 2020 is 30%, and the corresponding proportion in the total vehicle ownership is 39.7%, 28.37 million tons of crude oil can be saved in 2020.

Hypothesis: The diesel quality standards should be improved, and price monitoring methods should be used to encourage the production of high-quality diesel best supports the above statement.


Premise: The purpose of a crime refers to the mental attitude of the criminal who wants to achieve a certain endangering social result by committing a criminal act. The purpose of the crime directly reflects the content of the criminal intention and is the specific direction of the criminal motive.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A is jealous of B stealing B's property, and A's criminal purpose is to possess B's property is a correct statement.


Premise: In fact, there is no absolutely correct standard answer to the interpretation of life, morality, aesthetics and society. Every era, every nation, has the impulse to ask questions and the ability to solve problems. What meets this historical need is the so-called appropriate scholarship. You can laugh at Hu Shi's shallowness, saying that his experimentalism is rather shallow, even less elaborate than Babbitt's new humanism promoted by the Xueheng School, but useless, the latter is not as good as the former to suit the taste of the Chinese people of that era.

Hypothesis: The gist of the statement above is the relationship between life, morality, aesthetics, and society.


Premise: After winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, Marquez can still write A Pre-publicized Murder such a tightly narrated and fascinating story, a truly tragic work, it is really surprising.

Hypothesis: Marquez wrote many excellent works before winning the Nobel Prize for Literature is an assumption on which the above comment is based.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If H is the chairman in the first year, Y can be the chairman in the second year.


Premise: Disturbance of perceptive synthesis refers to that the patient is correct as an objective whole when perceiving a real thing, but has a perception inconsistent with the individual attributes of the thing, such as size, shape, color, spatial distance, etc.

Hypothesis: Zhang often feeling that the pendulum that is swinging has stopped swinging recently belongs to disturbance of perceptive synthesis according to the above definition.


Premise: Divergent thinking method is a thinking mode that takes a certain real thing as the starting point, makes full use of the original knowledge and experience, and induces all kinds of strange ideas through imagination, association and analogy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Sun - Heating - Heat is not a divergent thinking method.


Premise: After the computer test scores of a certain class were announced, student A said: Some students in our class passed, student B said: some students failed, student C said: Zhang Ming failed, but in fact, two of the three students did not tell the truth.

Hypothesis: None of the students in this class failed the exam reflects the real situation of the computer test scores of this class.


Premise: Letter to the editor: I was shocked to learn that Judge Mosston was convicted of criminal assault, but I disagree with my fellow citizens who believe that he should be forced to resign. I have played cards with Judge Mosston for many years, and he has always shown himself to be fair toward me and our fellow cardplayers. Our judicial system simply cannot afford to lose any just and fair judges.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the letter writer's argument is that Judge Mosston is a fair judge.


Premise: One of the characteristics of spotted geese in flight is that they often fly in a certain formation, and the birds behind usually fly behind the side of the previous bird, so they have a common human formation. Some researchers believe that this formation can reduce air resistance and flight energy consumption, but opponents believe that if it is to reduce resistance, birds should choose a straight line formation, because one flight after another can minimize the air resistance that followers need to overcome.

Hypothesis: The statement "When flying, the spotted geese deviate from their companions in front of them, which can not minimize the air resistance, but can greatly reduce the physical energy consumption required for ascent" most questions the opponent's conclusion.


Premise: Rural culture is a set of contextual production and life experience system, which is determined by the production and living conditions of the society. in any case, the import of advanced culture from the outside to such a society is divorced from reality.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the meaning of contextual in this paragraph is that it is connected with and integrated with the reality of the local rural society.


Premise: The Titanic sank in a sea of ice. As many as 1503 people were killed and only 704 were rescued. Survivors agreed to hold a rally in Lausanne, Switzerland, every 10 years to commemorate the event. At the party, Reed Paine recalled her husband affectionately when he sent her to a lifeboat. She didn't want to live alone and clung to her husband so helplessly that he knocked her unconscious with a fist. When she woke up, she was sitting in the boat. In return for her late husband's affection, she never remarried. Mrs. Smith recalled: at that time, my two children had been carried into the lifeboat, because of overload, I could not go on board. Out of maternal love, I shouted, Let me on board, the child can't do without a mother! Hearing this, a lady who had been on the boat left her seat, returned to the Titanic and pushed me into the boat. In an instant, the ship sank and the lady didn't even leave her name.

Hypothesis: It is awe-inspiring to give one's life to a stranger is not correct.


Premise: Goronian lawmaker: Goronia' s Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects. Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency' s cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.

Hypothesis: Knowing the answer to whether the Cheese Importation Board has reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument.


Premise: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is a self-determined behavior, which is not included in the formal job requirements of employees, but it will undoubtedly promote the effectiveness of the organization.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang often helping his colleague Xiao Li to take care of his sick father is an organizational citizenship behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: The introduction of the new drugs into the market is frequently prevented by a shortage of human subjects for the clinical trials needed to show that the drugs are safe and effective. Since the lives and health of people in future generations may depend on treatments that are currently experimental, practicing physicians are morally in the wrong when, in the absence of any treatment proven to be effective, they fail to encourage suitable patients to volunteer for clinical trials.

Hypothesis: Patients do not share the physician's professional concern for public health, but everyone has a moral obligation to alleviate suffering when able to do so casts most doubt on the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Herbalist: While standard antibiotics typically have just one active ingredient, herbal antibacterial remedies typically contain several. Thus, such herbal remedies are more likely to retain their effectiveness against new, resistant strains of bacteria than are standard antibiotics. For a strain of bacteria, the difficulty of developing resistance to an herbal antibacterial remedy is like a cook' s difficulty in trying to prepare a single meal that will please all of several dozen guests, a task far more difficult than preparing one meal that will please a single guest.

Hypothesis: In the analogy drawn in the argument above, a single guest corresponds to a standard antibiotic.


Premise: In the process of eternal change, some things should be persisted forever. That is learning methodology and savvy as well as being a human being.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that some things should not be discarded with eternal change.